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Kamble PR, Kulkarni B, Malaviya A, Bajaj M, Breed AA, Jagtap D, Mahale S, Pathak BR. Comparison of Anti-Trop2 Extracellular Domain Antibodies Generated Against Peptide and Protein Immunogens for Targeting Trop2-Positive Tumour Cells. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2024; 196:3402-3419. [PMID: 37656352 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-023-04706-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Trophoblast antigen 2 (Trop2) is a transmembrane glycoprotein upregulated in multiple solid tumours. Trop2-based passive immunotherapies are in clinical trials, while Trop2 targeting CAR-T cell-based therapies are also reported. Information about its T- and B-cell epitopes is needed for it to be pursued as an active immunotherapeutic target. This study focused on identification of immunodominant epitopes in the Trop2 extracellular domain (ECD) that can mount an efficient anti-Trop2 antibody response. In silico analysis using various B-cell epitope prediction tools was carried out to identify linear and conformational B-cell epitopes in the ECD of Trop2. Three linear peptide immunogens were shortlisted and synthesized. Along with linear peptides, truncated Trop2 ECD that possesses combination of linear and conformational epitopes was also selected. Recombinant protein immunogen was produced in 293-F suspension culture system and affinity purified. Antisera against different immunogens were characterized by ELISA and Western blotting. Two anti-peptide antisera detected recombinant and ectopically expressed Trop2 protein; however, they were unable to recognize the endogenous Trop2 protein expressed by cancer cells. Antibodies against truncated Trop2 ECD could bind to the endogenous Trop2 expressed on the surface of cancer cells. In addition to their high avidity, these polyclonal anti-sera against truncated Trop2 protein also mediated antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC). In summary, our comparative analysis demonstrated the utility of truncated Trop2 ECD as a promising candidate to be pursued as an active immunotherapeutic molecule against Trop2-positive cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradnya R Kamble
- Cellular and Structural Biology Division, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Reproductive and Child Health, Mumbai, 400012, India
| | - Bhalchandra Kulkarni
- Cellular and Structural Biology Division, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Reproductive and Child Health, Mumbai, 400012, India
| | | | - Madhulika Bajaj
- Cellular and Structural Biology Division, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Reproductive and Child Health, Mumbai, 400012, India
| | - Ananya A Breed
- Cellular and Structural Biology Division, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Reproductive and Child Health, Mumbai, 400012, India
| | - Dhanashree Jagtap
- Cellular and Structural Biology Division, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Reproductive and Child Health, Mumbai, 400012, India
| | - Smita Mahale
- Cellular and Structural Biology Division, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Reproductive and Child Health, Mumbai, 400012, India
| | - Bhakti R Pathak
- Cellular and Structural Biology Division, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Reproductive and Child Health, Mumbai, 400012, India.
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Shbeer AM. Current state of knowledge and challenges for harnessing the power of dendritic cells in cancer immunotherapy. Pathol Res Pract 2024; 253:155025. [PMID: 38147726 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2023.155025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
DCs have great promise for cancer immunotherapy and are essential for coordinating immune responses. In the battle against cancer, using DCs' ability to stimulate the immune system and focus it on tumor cells has shown to be a viable tactic. This study offers a thorough summary of recent developments as well as potential future paths for DC-based immunotherapy against cancer. This study reviews the many methods used in DC therapy, such as vaccination and active cellular immunotherapy. The effectiveness and safety of DC-based treatments for metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer and non-small cell lung cancer are highlighted in these investigations. The findings indicate longer survival times and superior results for particular patient groups. We are aware of the difficulties and restrictions of DC-based immunotherapy, though. These include the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment, the intricacy of DC production, and the heterogeneity within DC populations. More study and development are needed to overcome these challenges to enhance immunological responses, optimize treatment regimens, and increase scalability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah M Shbeer
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia.
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3
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Tong X, Dong C, Liang S. Mucin1 as a potential molecule for cancer immunotherapy and targeted therapy. J Cancer 2024; 15:54-67. [PMID: 38164273 PMCID: PMC10751670 DOI: 10.7150/jca.88261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Mucin1 is a highly glycosylated type 1 transmembrane mucin that ranks second among 75 tumor-related antigens published by the National Cancer Institute, and has been identified as a possible therapeutic target over the past 30 years. MUC1 plays an important role in malignant transformation and disease evolution, including cell proliferation, survival, self-renewal, and metastatic invasion. MUC1 has been shown to interact with diverse effectors such as β-catenin, receptor tyrosine kinases, and cellular-abelsongene, which are of importance in the pathogenesis of various malignant tumors. Targeting MUC1 has been shown to be an effective way to induce tumor cell death in vivo and in vitro models. In recent years, a number of therapeutic strategies targeting MUC1 have been developed and their value for tumor therapy have been demonstrated experimentally. This review summarizes recent findings on the structure of MUC1, its expression in different tumors and its involved mechanism pathways, with emphasis on new progress in cancer therapy which related MUC1 in the past decade and evaluates their therapeutic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chunyan Dong
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Shujing Liang
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
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Tassi E, Bergamini A, Wignall J, Sant’Angelo M, Brunetto E, Balestrieri C, Redegalli M, Potenza A, Abbati D, Manfredi F, Cangi MG, Magliacane G, Scalisi F, Ruggiero E, Maffia MC, Trippitelli F, Rabaiotti E, Cioffi R, Bocciolone L, Candotti G, Candiani M, Taccagni G, Schultes B, Doglioni C, Mangili G, Bonini C. Epithelial ovarian cancer is infiltrated by activated effector T cells co-expressing CD39, PD-1, TIM-3, CD137 and interacting with cancer cells and myeloid cells. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1212444. [PMID: 37868997 PMCID: PMC10585363 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1212444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Despite predicted efficacy, immunotherapy in epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) has limited clinical benefit and the prognosis of patients remains poor. There is thus a strong need for better identifying local immune dynamics and immune-suppressive pathways limiting T-cell mediated anti-tumor immunity. Methods In this observational study we analyzed by immunohistochemistry, gene expression profiling and flow cytometry the antigenic landscape and immune composition of 48 EOC specimens, with a focus on tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs). Results Activated T cells showing features of partial exhaustion with a CD137+CD39+PD-1+TIM-3+CD45RA-CD62L-CD95+ surface profile were exclusively present in EOC specimens but not in corresponding peripheral blood or ascitic fluid, indicating that the tumor microenvironment might sustain this peculiar phenotype. Interestingly, while neoplastic cells expressed several tumor-associated antigens possibly able to stimulate tumor-specific TILs, macrophages provided both co-stimulatory and inhibitory signals and were more abundant in TILs-enriched specimens harboring the CD137+CD39+PD-1+TIM-3+CD45RA-CD62L-CD95+ signature. Conclusion These data demonstrate that EOC is enriched in CD137+CD39+PD-1+TIM-3+CD45RA-CD62L-CD95+ T lymphocytes, a phenotype possibly modulated by antigen recognition on neoplastic cells and by a combination of inhibitory and co-stimulatory signals largely provided by infiltrating myeloid cells. Furthermore, we have identified immunosuppressive pathways potentially hampering local immunity which might be targeted by immunotherapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Tassi
- Experimental Hematology Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Disease, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milano, Italy
- Cell Therapy Immunomonitoring Laboratory (MITiCi), Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Alice Bergamini
- Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Jessica Wignall
- Experimental Hematology Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Disease, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milano, Italy
| | - Miriam Sant’Angelo
- Department of Surgical Pathology, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Emanuela Brunetto
- Department of Surgical Pathology, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Balestrieri
- Experimental Hematology Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Disease, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milano, Italy
| | - Miriam Redegalli
- Department of Surgical Pathology, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessia Potenza
- Experimental Hematology Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Disease, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milano, Italy
| | - Danilo Abbati
- Experimental Hematology Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Disease, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milano, Italy
| | - Francesco Manfredi
- Experimental Hematology Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Disease, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milano, Italy
- Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Giulia Cangi
- Department of Surgical Pathology, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Gilda Magliacane
- Department of Surgical Pathology, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Fabiola Scalisi
- Department of Surgical Pathology, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Eliana Ruggiero
- Experimental Hematology Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Disease, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milano, Italy
| | - Maria Chiara Maffia
- Experimental Hematology Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Disease, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milano, Italy
| | - Federica Trippitelli
- Experimental Hematology Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Disease, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milano, Italy
| | - Emanuela Rabaiotti
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Raffaella Cioffi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Bocciolone
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Giorgio Candotti
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Massimo Candiani
- Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Gianluca Taccagni
- Department of Surgical Pathology, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Claudio Doglioni
- Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
- Department of Surgical Pathology, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Giorgia Mangili
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Bonini
- Experimental Hematology Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Disease, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milano, Italy
- Cell Therapy Immunomonitoring Laboratory (MITiCi), Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
- Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
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5
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Wang Y, Liu L, Yu Y. Mucins and mucinous ovarian carcinoma: Development, differential diagnosis, and treatment. Heliyon 2023; 9:e19221. [PMID: 37664708 PMCID: PMC10468386 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e19221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucinous ovarian carcinoma (MOC) is a rare histological type of epithelial ovarian cancer. It has poor response to conventional platinum-based chemotherapy regimens and PARPi-based maintenance treatment, resulting in short survival and poor prognosis in advanced-disease patients. MOC is characterized by mucus that is mainly composed of mucin in the cystic cavity. Our review discusses in detail the role of mucins in MOC. Mucins are correlated with MOC development. Furthermore, they are valuable in the differential diagnosis of primary and secondary ovarian mucinous tumors. Some types of mucins have been studied in the context of chemoresistance and targeted therapy for ovarian cancer. This review may provide a new direction for the diagnosis and treatment of advanced MOC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yicong Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Dalian Municipal Central Hospital, Dalian, China
| | - Lifeng Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Dalian Municipal Central Hospital, Dalian, China
| | - Yongai Yu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Dalian Municipal Central Hospital, Dalian, China
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Cox KE, Liu S, Lwin TM, Hoffman RM, Batra SK, Bouvet M. The Mucin Family of Proteins: Candidates as Potential Biomarkers for Colon Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15051491. [PMID: 36900282 PMCID: PMC10000725 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15051491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucins (MUC1-MUC24) are a family of glycoproteins involved in cell signaling and barrier protection. They have been implicated in the progression of numerous malignancies including gastric, pancreatic, ovarian, breast, and lung cancer. Mucins have also been extensively studied with respect to colorectal cancer. They have been found to have diverse expression profiles amongst the normal colon, benign hyperplastic polyps, pre-malignant polyps, and colon cancers. Those expressed in the normal colon include MUC2, MUC3, MUC4, MUC11, MUC12, MUC13, MUC15 (at low levels), and MUC21. Whereas MUC5, MUC6, MUC16, and MUC20 are absent from the normal colon and are expressed in colorectal cancers. MUC1, MUC2, MUC4, MUC5AC, and MUC6 are currently the most widely covered in the literature regarding their role in the progression from normal colonic tissue to cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin E. Cox
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, CA 92161, USA
| | - Shanglei Liu
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Thinzar M. Lwin
- Department of Surgical Oncology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Robert M. Hoffman
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, CA 92161, USA
- AntiCancer, Inc., San Diego, CA 92111, USA
| | - Surinder K. Batra
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Michael Bouvet
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, CA 92161, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-858-822-6191; Fax: +1-858-249-0483
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7
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Post-Translational Modifications in Tumor-Associated Antigens as a Platform for Novel Immuno-Oncology Therapies. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 15:cancers15010138. [PMID: 36612133 PMCID: PMC9817968 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15010138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-translational modifications (PTMs) are generated by adding small chemical groups to amino acid residues after the translation of proteins. Many PTMs have been reported to correlate with tumor progression, growth, and survival by modifying the normal functions of the protein in tumor cells. PTMs can also elicit humoral and cellular immune responses, making them attractive targets for cancer immunotherapy. This review will discuss how the acetylation, citrullination, and phosphorylation of proteins expressed by tumor cells render the corresponding tumor-associated antigen more antigenic and affect the immune response in multiple cancers. In addition, the role of glycosylated protein mucins in anti-cancer immunotherapy will be considered. Mucin peptides in combination with stimulating adjuvants have, in fact, been utilized to produce anti-tumor antibodies and vaccines. Finally, we will also outline the results of the clinical trial exploiting glycosylated-MUC1 as a vaccine in different cancers. Overall, PTMs in TAAs could be considered in future therapies to result in lasting anti-tumor responses.
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8
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Caro AA, Deschoemaeker S, Allonsius L, Coosemans A, Laoui D. Dendritic Cell Vaccines: A Promising Approach in the Fight against Ovarian Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14164037. [PMID: 36011029 PMCID: PMC9406463 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14164037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary With an overall 5-year survival of only 20% for advanced-stage ovarian cancer patients, enduring and effective therapies are a highly unmet clinical need. Current standard-of-care therapies are able to improve progression-free survival; however, patients still relapse. Moreover, immunotherapy has not resulted in clear patient benefits so far. In this situation, dendritic cell vaccines can serve as a potential therapeutic addition against ovarian cancer. In the current review, we provide an overview of the different dendritic cell subsets and the roles they play in ovarian cancer. We focus on the advancements in dendritic cell vaccination against ovarian cancer and highlight the key outcomes and pitfalls associated with currently used strategies. Finally, we address future directions that could be taken to improve the dendritic cell vaccination outcomes in ovarian cancer. Abstract Ovarian cancer (OC) is the deadliest gynecological malignancy in developed countries and is the seventh-highest cause of death in women diagnosed with cancer worldwide. Currently, several therapies are in use against OC, including debulking surgery, chemotherapy, as well as targeted therapies. Even though the current standard-of-care therapies improve survival, a vast majority of OC patients relapse. Additionally, immunotherapies have only resulted in meager patient outcomes, potentially owing to the intricate immunosuppressive nexus within the tumor microenvironment. In this scenario, dendritic cell (DC) vaccination could serve as a potential addition to the therapeutic options available against OC. In this review, we provide an overview of current therapies in OC, focusing on immunotherapies. Next, we highlight the potential of using DC vaccines in OC by underscoring the different DC subsets and their functions in OC. Finally, we provide an overview of the advances and pitfalls of current DC vaccine strategies in OC while providing future perspectives that could improve patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aarushi Audhut Caro
- Laboratory of Myeloid Cell Immunology, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy, Department of Oncology, Leuven Cancer Institute, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sofie Deschoemaeker
- Laboratory of Myeloid Cell Immunology, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Lize Allonsius
- Laboratory of Myeloid Cell Immunology, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - An Coosemans
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy, Department of Oncology, Leuven Cancer Institute, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Damya Laoui
- Laboratory of Myeloid Cell Immunology, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +32-2-6291969
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9
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Chavda VP, Patel AB, Vora LK, Apostolopoulos V, Uhal BD. Dendritic cell-based vaccine: the state-of-the-art vaccine platform for COVID-19 management. Expert Rev Vaccines 2022; 21:1395-1403. [PMID: 35929957 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2022.2110076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A correlation between new coronaviruses and host immunity, as well as the role of defective immune function in host response, would be extremely helpful in understanding coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pathogenicity, and a coherent structure of treatments and vaccines. As existing vaccines may be inadequate for new viral variants emerging in various regions of the world, it is a vital requirement for fresh and effective therapeutic alternatives. AREA COVERED Immunotherapy may give a viable protective option for COVID-19, a disease that is currently a big burden on global health and economic systems. Herein, we have outlined three dendritic cell (DC)-based vaccines for COVID-19 which are in human clinical trials and have shown encouraging outcomes. EXPERT OPINION With existing knowledge of the virus, and the nature of DC, DC-based vaccines may be proven to be effective in inducing long-lasting protective immunity, especially T cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek P Chavda
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, L M College of Pharmacy, Ahmedabad - 380009, Gujarat, India
| | - Aayushi B Patel
- Pharmacy Section, LM College of Pharmacy, Ahmedabad - 380058, Gujarat, India
| | - Lalitkumar K Vora
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Vasso Apostolopoulos
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, 3030, Australia
| | - Bruce D Uhal
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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10
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Matsoukas JM, Ligielli I, Chasapis CT, Kelaidonis K, Apostolopoulos V, Mavromoustakos T. Novel Approaches in the Immunotherapy of Multiple Sclerosis: Cyclization of Myelin Epitope Peptides and Conjugation with Mannan. Brain Sci 2021; 11:1583. [PMID: 34942885 PMCID: PMC8699547 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11121583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a serious autoimmune disease. The patient in an advanced state of the disease has restrained mobility and remains handicapped. It is therefore understandable that there is a great need for novel drugs and vaccines for the treatment of MS. Herein we summarise two major approaches applied for the treatment of the disease using peptide molecules alone or conjugated with mannan. The first approach focuses on selective myelin epitope peptide or peptide mimetic therapy alone or conjugated with mannan, and the second on immune-therapy by preventing or controlling disease through the release of appropriate cytokines. In both approaches the use of cyclic peptides offers the advantage of increased stability from proteolytic enzymes. In these approaches, the synthesis of myelin epitope peptides conjugated to mannan is of particular interest as this was found to protect mice against experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, an animal model of MS, in prophylactic and therapeutic protocols. Protection was peptide-specific and associated with reduced antigen-specific T cell proliferation. The aim of the studies of these peptide epitope analogs is to understand their molecular basis of interactions with human autoimmune T-cell receptor and a MS-associated human leucocyte antigen (HLA)-DR2b. This knowledge will lead the rational design to new beneficial non-peptide mimetic analogs for the treatment of MS. Some issues of the use of nanotechnology will also be addressed as a future trend to tackle the disease. We highlight novel immunomodulation and vaccine-based research against MS based on myelin epitope peptides and strategies developed in our laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Matsoukas
- NewDrug PC, Patras Science Park, 265 04 Platani, Greece
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3030, Australia
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Irene Ligielli
- Department of Chemistry, University of Athens, 157 72 Athens, Greece
| | - Christos T Chasapis
- NMR Facility, Instrumental Analysis Laboratory, Institute of Chemical, School of Natural Sciences, University of Patras, 265 04 Patras, Greece
- Engineering Sciences, Foundation for Research and Technology, Hellas (FORTH/ICE-HT), 265 04 Patra, Greece
| | | | - Vasso Apostolopoulos
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3030, Australia
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), Immunology Program, Melbourne, VIC 3021, Australia
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11
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Lee DH, Choi S, Park Y, Jin HS. Mucin1 and Mucin16: Therapeutic Targets for Cancer Therapy. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14101053. [PMID: 34681277 PMCID: PMC8537522 DOI: 10.3390/ph14101053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The mucin (MUC) family is a group of highly glycosylated macromolecules that are abundantly expressed in mammalian epithelial cells. MUC proteins contribute to the formation of the mucus barrier and thus have protective functions against infection. Interestingly, some MUC proteins are aberrantly expressed in cancer cells and are involved in cancer development and progression, including cell growth, proliferation, the inhibition of apoptosis, chemoresistance, metabolic reprogramming, and immune evasion. With their unique biological and structural features, MUC proteins have been considered promising therapeutic targets and also biomarkers for human cancer. In this review, we discuss the biological roles of the transmembrane mucins MUC1 and MUC16 in the context of hallmarks of cancer and current efforts to develop MUC1- and MUC16-targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Hee Lee
- Department of Convergence Medicine, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea;
| | - Seunghyun Choi
- Center for Theragnosis, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Korea;
| | - Yoon Park
- Center for Theragnosis, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Korea;
- Correspondence: (Y.P.); (H.-s.J.)
| | - Hyung-seung Jin
- Department of Convergence Medicine, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea;
- Correspondence: (Y.P.); (H.-s.J.)
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Chiang CLL, Rovelli R, Sarivalasis A, Kandalaft LE. Integrating Cancer Vaccines in the Standard-of-Care of Ovarian Cancer: Translating Preclinical Models to Human. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13184553. [PMID: 34572778 PMCID: PMC8469371 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13184553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The overall survival of ovarian cancer (OC) remains poor for most patients. Despite incorporation of novel therapeutic agents such as bevacizumab and PARP inhibitors to OC standard-of-care, efficacy is only observed in a subset of patients. Cancer vaccination has demonstrated effectiveness in OC patients and could be considered for potential incorporation into OC standard-of-care. This review provides an overview of the different types of cancer vaccination strategies and discusses the use of murine OC tumor models to evaluate combinatorial regimens comprising cancer vaccines and OC standard-of-care. Abstract As the majority of ovarian cancer (OC) patients are diagnosed with metastatic disease, less than 40% will survive past 5 years after diagnosis. OC is characterized by a succession of remissions and recurrences. The most promising time point for immunotherapeutic interventions in OC is following debulking surgery. Accumulating evidence shows that T cells are important in OC; thus, cancer vaccines capable of eliciting antitumor T cells will be effective in OC treatment. In this review, we discuss different cancer vaccines and propose strategies for their incorporation into the OC standard-of-care regimens. Using the murine ID8 ovarian tumor model, we provide evidence that a cancer vaccine can be effectively combined with OC standard-of-care to achieve greater overall efficacy. We demonstrate several important similarities between the ID8 model and OC patients, in terms of response to immunotherapies, and the ID8 model can be an important tool for evaluating combinatorial regimens and clinical trial designs in OC. Other emerging models, including patient-derived xenograft and genetically engineered mouse models, are continuing to improve and can be useful for evaluating cancer vaccination therapies in the near future. Here, we provide a comprehensive review of the completed and current clinical trials evaluating cancer vaccines in OC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl Lai-Lai Chiang
- Department of Oncology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), University of Lausanne, CH-1011 Lausanne, Switzerland; (R.R.); (A.S.)
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, CH-1066 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Correspondence: (C.L.-L.C.); (L.E.K.)
| | - Raphaël Rovelli
- Department of Oncology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), University of Lausanne, CH-1011 Lausanne, Switzerland; (R.R.); (A.S.)
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, CH-1066 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Apostolos Sarivalasis
- Department of Oncology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), University of Lausanne, CH-1011 Lausanne, Switzerland; (R.R.); (A.S.)
| | - Lana E. Kandalaft
- Department of Oncology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), University of Lausanne, CH-1011 Lausanne, Switzerland; (R.R.); (A.S.)
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, CH-1066 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Center of Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Oncology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), CH-1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Correspondence: (C.L.-L.C.); (L.E.K.)
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13
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Zhang X, He T, Li Y, Chen L, Liu H, Wu Y, Guo H. Dendritic Cell Vaccines in Ovarian Cancer. Front Immunol 2021; 11:613773. [PMID: 33584699 PMCID: PMC7874064 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.613773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer (OC) is one of the most lethal malignant gynecologic tumors, characterized by an uncertain presentation and poor outcomes. With or without neoadjuvant chemotherapy, surgery followed by platinum-based chemotherapy and maintenance therapy are the basis for the treatment of ovarian cancer patients, but the outcome is still highly restricted by their advanced stage when diagnosed and high recurrence rate after chemotherapy. To enhance the anti-tumor effect and postpone recurrence, anti-VEGF agents and PARP inhibitors are suggested as maintenance therapy, but the population that can benefit from these treatments is small. Based on the interactions of immune cells in the tumor microenvironment, immunotherapies are being explored for ovarian cancer treatment. Disappointingly, the immune checkpoint inhibitors show relatively low responses in ovarian cancer. As shown in several studies that have uncovered a relationship between DC infiltration and outcome in ovarian cancer patients, dendritic cell (DC)-based treatments might have a potential effect on ovarian cancer. In this review, we summarize the functions of dendritic cells (DCs) in the tumor microenvironment, as well as the responses and drawbacks of existing clinical studies to draw a comprehensive picture of DC vaccine treatment in ovarian cancer and to discuss the promising future of immune biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Zhang
- Department of OB/GYN, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Tianhui He
- Department of OB/GYN, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Li
- Department of OB/GYN, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ling Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Hongyu Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hainan Hospital of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Sanya, China
| | - Yu Wu
- Department of OB/GYN, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Hongyan Guo
- Department of OB/GYN, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
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14
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The Use of Electrochemical Voltammetric Techniques and High-Pressure Liquid Chromatography to Evaluate Conjugation Efficiency of Multiple Sclerosis Peptide-Carrier Conjugates. Brain Sci 2020; 10:brainsci10090577. [PMID: 32825557 PMCID: PMC7565688 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10090577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have shown the ability of electrochemical methods to sense and determine, even at very low concentrations, the presence and quantity of molecules or analytes including pharmaceutical samples. Furthermore, analytical methods, such as high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC), can also detect the presence and quantity of peptides at very low concentrations, in a simple, fast, and efficient way, which allows the monitoring of conjugation reactions and its completion. Graphite/SiO2 film electrodes and HPLC methods were previously shown by our group to be efficient to detect drug molecules, such as losartan. We now use these methods to detect the conjugation efficiency of a peptide from the immunogenic region of myelin oligodendrocyte to a carrier, mannan. The HPLC method furthermore confirms the stability of the peptide with time in a simple one pot procedure. Our study provides a general method to monitor, sense and detect the presence of peptides by effectively confirming the conjugation efficiency. Such methods can be used when designing conjugates as potential immunotherapeutics in the treatment of diseases, including multiple sclerosis.
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15
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Guo Q, Yang Q, Li J, Liu G, Nikoulin I, Jia S. Advanced clinical trials of dendritic cell vaccines in ovarian cancer. J Investig Med 2020; 68:1223-1227. [PMID: 32718940 DOI: 10.1136/jim-2020-001355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is the most common and leading cause of death for gynecologic cancer in the western world. Current standard treatments with limited selection of chemotherapies cannot meet patients' urgent needs. Immunotherapies have recently demonstrated clinical benefits in a variety of solid tumors and may offer a promising frontier for treating EOC. Dendritic cells (DCs) are key coordinators of the innate and adaptive immune system in induction of antitumor immunity. DC-based vaccinations showed clinical benefits and encouraging safety profiles in a few phase II clinical trials for patients with EOC and currently are in a phase III double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. In this review, we have searched Pubmed and Clinicaltrials. gov databases for past and current phase II or phase III clinical trials with focus on EOC and DC vaccines. Outcomes and implications of the completed and ongoing trials are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan Guo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Qing Yang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Guipeng Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Igor Nikoulin
- Research and Development, IriSys, LLC, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Steve Jia
- RD Center, Pacificbio Inc, Irvine, California, USA
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16
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Apostolopoulos V, Rostami A, Matsoukas J. The Long Road of Immunotherapeutics against Multiple Sclerosis. Brain Sci 2020; 10:E288. [PMID: 32403377 PMCID: PMC7287601 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10050288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This commentary highlights novel immunomodulation and vaccine-based research against multiple sclerosis (MS) and reveals the amazing story that triggered this cutting-edge MS research in Greece and worldwide. It further reveals the interest and solid support of some of the world's leading scientists, including sixteen Nobel Laureates who requested from European leadership to take action in supporting Greece and its universities in the biggest ever financial crisis the country has encountered in the last decades. This support endorsed vaccine-based research on MS, initiated in Greece and Australia, leading to a worldwide network aiming to treat or manage disease outcomes. Initiatives by bright and determined researchers can result in frontiers science. We shed light on a unique story behind great research on MS which is a step forward in our efforts to develop effective treatments for MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasso Apostolopoulos
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3030, Australia;
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17
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Bouzid R, Peppelenbosch M, Buschow SI. Opportunities for Conventional and in Situ Cancer Vaccine Strategies and Combination with Immunotherapy for Gastrointestinal Cancers, A Review. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12051121. [PMID: 32365838 PMCID: PMC7281593 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12051121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Survival of gastrointestinal cancer remains dismal, especially for metastasized disease. For various cancers, especially melanoma and lung cancer, immunotherapy has been proven to confer survival benefits, but results for gastrointestinal cancer have been disappointing. Hence, there is substantial interest in exploring the usefulness of adaptive immune system education with respect to anti-cancer responses though vaccination. Encouragingly, even fairly non-specific approaches to vaccination and immune system stimulation, involving for instance influenza vaccines, have shown promising results, eliciting hopes that selection of specific antigens for vaccination may prove useful for at least a subset of gastrointestinal cancers. It is widely recognized that immune recognition and initiation of responses are hampered by a lack of T cell help, or by suppressive cancer-associated factors. In this review we will discuss the hurdles that limit efficacy of conventional cancer therapeutic vaccination methods (e.g., peptide vaccines, dendritic cell vaccination). In addition, we will outline other forms of treatment (e.g., radiotherapy, chemotherapy, oncolytic viruses) that also cause the release of antigens through immunogenic tumor cell death and can thus be considered unconventional vaccination methods (i.e., in situ vaccination). Finally, we focus on the potential additive value that vaccination strategies may have for improving the effect immunotherapy. Overall, a picture will emerge that although the field has made substantial progress, successful immunotherapy through the combination with cancer antigen vaccination, including that for gastrointestinal cancers, is still in its infancy, prompting further intensification of the research effort in this respect.
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18
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Buettner MJ, Shah SR, Saeui CT, Ariss R, Yarema KJ. Improving Immunotherapy Through Glycodesign. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2485. [PMID: 30450094 PMCID: PMC6224361 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy is revolutionizing health care, with the majority of high impact "drugs" approved in the past decade falling into this category of therapy. Despite considerable success, glycosylation-a key design parameter that ensures safety, optimizes biological response, and influences the pharmacokinetic properties of an immunotherapeutic-has slowed the development of this class of drugs in the past and remains challenging at present. This article describes how optimizing glycosylation through a variety of glycoengineering strategies provides enticing opportunities to not only avoid past pitfalls, but also to substantially improve immunotherapies including antibodies and recombinant proteins, and cell-based therapies. We cover design principles important for early stage pre-clinical development and also discuss how various glycoengineering strategies can augment the biomanufacturing process to ensure the overall effectiveness of immunotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Buettner
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and the Translational Tissue Engineering Center, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Sagar R Shah
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and the Translational Tissue Engineering Center, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Christopher T Saeui
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and the Translational Tissue Engineering Center, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Pharmacology/Toxicology Branch I, Division of Clinical Evaluation and Pharmacology/Toxicology, Office of Tissues and Advanced Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Ryan Ariss
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and the Translational Tissue Engineering Center, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Kevin J Yarema
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and the Translational Tissue Engineering Center, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
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19
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Taylor-Papadimitriou J, Burchell JM, Graham R, Beatson R. Latest developments in MUC1 immunotherapy. Biochem Soc Trans 2018; 46:659-668. [PMID: 29784646 PMCID: PMC6008591 DOI: 10.1042/bst20170400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Currently, there is renewed interest in attempting to recruit the host immune system to eliminate cancers, and within this renewed activity, MUC1 continues to arouse interest. MUC1 has been considered a possible therapeutic target for the past 30 years as it is up-regulated, aberrantly glycosylated and its polarization is lost in many adenocarcinomas. Moreover, MUC1 is expressed by some haematopoietic cancers, including acute myeloid leukaemia and myeloma. Although multiple clinical trials have been initiated and immune responses have been documented, effective clinical benefit worthy of approval for general application has not as yet been achieved. However, this does not appear to have quelled the interest in MUC1 as a therapeutic target, as shown by the increase in the number of MUC1-based clinical trials initiated in 2017 ( Figure 1). As with all translational studies, incorporating new relevant research findings into therapeutic strategy is difficult. Decisions are made to commit to a specific strategy based on the information and data available when the trial is initiated. However, the time required for preclinical studies and early trials can render the founding concept not always appropriate for proceeding to a larger definitive trial. Here, we summarize the attempts made, to date, to bring MUC1 into the world of cancer immunotherapy and discuss how research findings regarding MUC1 structure and function together with expanded knowledge of its interactions with the tumour environment and immune effector cells could lead to improved therapeutic approaches. ppbiost;46/3/659/BST20170400CF1F1BST-2017-0400CF1Figure 1.Number of MUC1-targeted trials initiated each year.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyce Taylor-Papadimitriou
- Breast Cancer Biology Lab, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, London, U.K.
| | - Joy M Burchell
- Breast Cancer Biology Lab, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, London, U.K
| | - Rosalind Graham
- Breast Cancer Biology Lab, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, London, U.K
| | - Richard Beatson
- Breast Cancer Biology Lab, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, London, U.K
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20
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Son HY, Apostolopoulos V, Kim CW. Mannosylated T/Tn with Freund's adjuvant induces cellular immunity. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2017; 31:394632017742504. [PMID: 29251002 PMCID: PMC5849214 DOI: 10.1177/0394632017742504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Inducing cancer-specific cellular immune responses has become an attractive
strategy in cancer treatment. In this study, we investigated the role of several
adjuvants in eliciting T/Tn-specific cellular immunity and protection against
T/Tn expressing tumor challenge. T/Tn (9:1) antigen was purified from blood type
“O” erythrocytes donated from healthy Korean volunteers. Immunization was
performed using: T/Tn only, T/Tn mixed with Freund’s adjuvant (T/Tn + FA),
keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH)-conjugated T/Tn mixed with FA (KLH-T/Tn + FA),
and oxidized mannan-conjugated T/Tn mixed with FA (ox-M-T/Tn + FA). Mice
immunized with ox-M-T/Tn + FA generated T/Tn-specific CD3, helper T (Th) cells,
major histocompatibility complex (MHC) II, and MHC I; T/Tn presentation was
significantly high and tolerogenic CD11b+ was the lowest among the
tumor models. To verify Th type, we stained intracellular cytokines (interferon
gamma (IFN-γ), granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF),
interleukin (IL)-4, and IL-10) using CD3 co-staining. Th1 (IFN-γ and GM-CSF)
cytokines were highly expressed and showed high FasL/Fas ratios, cytotoxic T
lymphocyte (CTL) activity, and cytotoxic T lymphocyte precursor (CTLp) activity
in mice immunized with ox-M-T/Tn + FA. Lymphocyte infiltration was highest in
mice immunized with ox-M-T/Tn + FA. Additionally, we monitored FasL, MHC I,
CD301, and T/Tn expression levels using immunohistochemistry (IHC) on macrophage
and tumor sites. The expression of all markers was highest in the ox-M-T/Tn + FA
group. Furthermore, tumor retardation and survival rate were highest in the
ox-M-T/Tn + FA group. These results demonstrate that a vaccine formulation of
T/Tn conjugated with ox-M and mixed with FA-induced cellular immunity and
sustained a humoral immune response without over-activating the immune system,
thus effectively inhibiting tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Youn Son
- 1 Tumor Immunity Medical Research Center, Cancer Research Institute and Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Vasso Apostolopoulos
- 2 Centre for Chronic Disease, College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, Footscray, VIC, Australia
| | - Chul-Woo Kim
- 1 Tumor Immunity Medical Research Center, Cancer Research Institute and Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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21
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Multiple Sclerosis: Immunopathology and Treatment Update. Brain Sci 2017; 7:brainsci7070078. [PMID: 28686222 PMCID: PMC5532591 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci7070078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS) has changed over the last 20 years. All immunotherapeutic drugs target relapsing remitting MS (RRMS) and it still remains a medical challenge in MS to develop a treatment for progressive forms. The most common injectable disease-modifying therapies in RRMS include β-interferons 1a or 1b and glatiramer acetate. However, one of the major challenges of injectable disease-modifying therapies has been poor treatment adherence with approximately 50% of patients discontinuing the therapy within the first year. Herein, we go back to the basics to understand the immunopathophysiology of MS to gain insights in the development of new improved drug treatments. We present current disease-modifying therapies (interferons, glatiramer acetate, dimethyl fumarate, teriflunomide, fingolimod, mitoxantrone), humanized monoclonal antibodies (natalizumab, ofatumumb, ocrelizumab, alentuzumab, daclizumab) and emerging immune modulating approaches (stem cells, DNA vaccines, nanoparticles, altered peptide ligands) for the treatment of MS.
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Rivalland G, Scott AM, John T. Standard of care in immunotherapy trials: Challenges and considerations. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2017; 13:2164-2178. [PMID: 28267397 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2016.1277845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The success of immunotherapeutics over the past decade has fundamentally altered the therapeutic landscape in melanoma and non-small cell lung (NSCLC) cancer care. Multiple clinical trials have confirmed significant improvements in survival with a variety of immunotherapeutic strategies. The careful and appropriate selection of standard of care (SOC) therapies is key to the successful design and interpretation of these trials. To date immunotherapeutic trials have used best supportive care, matched placebo, chemotherapy, targeted therapy or, more recently, established immunotherapeutics in melanoma clinical trials as SOCs. Each of these SOC choices has a fundamental impact on the selection and validity of response assessment criteria and clinical endpoints. As yet there is no established approach, thus new data must be interpreted with an understanding of the limitations of the current paradigm. Additionally, the pace of development has mandated the use of novel clinical trial designs, answering multiple therapeutic questions simultaneously and designed to expedite regulatory approval. This review addresses the most important challenges in the selection of SOC in immunotherapeutic trials and the current and future challenges in trial design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gareth Rivalland
- a Department of Medical Oncology , Austin Health, Olivia-Newton John Cancer and Wellness Centre , Victoria , Australia.,b University of Melbourne , Victoria , Australia.,c The Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute , Victoria , Australia
| | - Andrew M Scott
- b University of Melbourne , Victoria , Australia.,c The Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute , Victoria , Australia.,d School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University , Victoria , Australia
| | - Thomas John
- a Department of Medical Oncology , Austin Health, Olivia-Newton John Cancer and Wellness Centre , Victoria , Australia.,b University of Melbourne , Victoria , Australia.,c The Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute , Victoria , Australia.,d School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University , Victoria , Australia
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24
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Gray HJ, Benigno B, Berek J, Chang J, Mason J, Mileshkin L, Mitchell P, Moradi M, Recio FO, Michener CM, Secord AA, Tchabo NE, Chan JK, Young J, Kohrt H, Gargosky SE, Goh JC. Progression-free and overall survival in ovarian cancer patients treated with CVac, a mucin 1 dendritic cell therapy in a randomized phase 2 trial. J Immunother Cancer 2016; 4:34. [PMID: 27330807 PMCID: PMC4915201 DOI: 10.1186/s40425-016-0137-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background CAN-003 was a randomized, open-label, Phase 2 trial evaluating the safety, efficacy and immune outcomes of CVac, a mucin 1 targeted-dendritic cell (DC) treatment as a maintenance therapy to patients with epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC). Methods Patients (n = 56) in first (CR1) or second clinical remission (CR2) were randomized (1:1) to standard of care (SOC) observation or CVac maintenance treatment. Ten doses were administered over 56 weeks. Both groups were followed for progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). Results Fifty-six patients were randomized: 27 to SOC and 29 to CVac. Therapy was safe with only seven patients with Grade 3–4 treatment-emergent adverse events. A variable but measurable mucin 1 T cell-specific response was induced in all CVac-treated and some standard of care (SOC) patients. Progression free survival (PFS) was not significantly longer in the treated group compared to SOC group (13 vs. 9 months, p = 0.36, hazard ratio [HR] = 0.73). Analysis by remission status showed in the CR1 subgroup a median PFS of 18 months (SOC) vs. 13 months (CVac); p = 0.69 (HR = 1.18; CI 0.52–2.71). However CR2 patients showed a longer median PFS in the CVac-treated group (median PFS not yet reached, >13 vs. 5 months; p = 0.04, HR = 0.32 CI). OS for CR2 patients at 42 months of follow-up showed a difference of 26 months for SOC vs. > 42 months for CVac-treated (as median OS had not been reached; HR = 0.17 (CI 0.02–1.4) with a p = 0.07). Conclusions CVac, a mucin 1-dendritic cell maintenance treatment was safe and well tolerated in ovarian cancer patients. A variable but observed CVac-derived, mucin 1-specific T cell response was measured. Notably, CR2 patients showed an improved PFS and lengthened OS. Further studies in CR2 ovarian cancer patients are warranted (NCT01068509). Trial registration NCT01068509. Study Initiation Date (first patient screened): 20 July 2010. Study Completion Date (last patient observation): 20 August 2013, the last patient observation for progression-free survival; 29 April 2015, the last patient was documented regarding overall survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J Gray
- University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, WA USA
| | | | - J Berek
- Stanford Women's Cancer Center, Stanford, CA USA
| | - J Chang
- Marin Cancer Care, Greenbrae, CA USA
| | - J Mason
- Scripps Cancer Center, San Diego, CA USA
| | - L Mileshkin
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Vic Australia
| | - P Mitchell
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer and Wellness Centre, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Vic Australia
| | - M Moradi
- New York Downtown Hospital, New York, NY USA
| | - F O Recio
- South Florida Center for Gynecologic Oncology, Boca Raton, FL USA
| | | | - A Alvarez Secord
- Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University Health System, Durham, NC USA
| | - N E Tchabo
- Morristown Medical Center, Morristown, NJ USA
| | - J K Chan
- University of California, San Francisco & Sutter Health Research Institute, San Francisco, CA USA
| | - J Young
- Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC USA
| | - H Kohrt
- Stanford University Cancer Institute, Stanford, CA USA
| | | | - J C Goh
- Greenslopes Private Hospital, Royal Brisbane & Women's Hospital, University of Queensland & Gallipoli Research Foundation, Greenslopes, QLD Australia
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25
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Drakes ML, Stiff PJ. Understanding dendritic cell immunotherapy in ovarian cancer. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2016; 16:643-52. [DOI: 10.1080/14737140.2016.1178576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Openshaw MR, Fotopoulou C, Blagden S, Gabra H. The next steps in improving the outcomes of advanced ovarian cancer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 11:355-67. [PMID: 26102473 DOI: 10.2217/whe.15.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Worldwide ovarian cancer affects over 200,000 women per year. Overall survival rates are poor due to two predominate reasons. First, the majority of patients present with advanced disease creating significant difficulty with effecting disease eradication. Second, acquisition of chemotherapy resistance results in untreatable progressive disease. Advances in treatment of advanced ovarian cancer involve a spectrum of interventions including improvements in frontline debulking surgery and combination chemotherapy. Anti-angiogenic factors have been shown to have activity in frontline and recurrent disease while novel chemotherapeutic agents and targeted treatments are in development particularly for disease that is resistant to platinum-based chemotherapy. These developments aim to improve the progression-free and overall survival of women with advanced ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark R Openshaw
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College NHS, London, UK
| | - Christina Fotopoulou
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College NHS, London, UK
| | - Sarah Blagden
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College NHS, London, UK
| | - Hani Gabra
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College NHS, London, UK
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A Nanoparticle Based Sp17 Peptide Vaccine Exposes New Immuno-Dominant and Species Cross-reactive B Cell Epitopes. Vaccines (Basel) 2015; 3:875-93. [PMID: 26529027 PMCID: PMC4693223 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines3040875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Revised: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Sperm protein antigen 17 (Sp17), expressed in primary as well as in metastatic lesions in >83% of patients with ovarian cancer, is a promising ovarian cancer vaccine candidate. Herein we describe the formulation of nanoparticle based vaccines based on human Sp17 (hSp17) sequence derived peptides, and map the immuno-dominant T cell and antibody epitopes induced using such formulations. The primary T and B cell immuno-dominant region within Sp17 was found to be the same when using biocompatible nanoparticle carriers or the conventional “mix-in” pro-inflammatory adjuvant CpG, both mapping to amino acids (aa) 111–142. However, delivery of hSp17111–142 as a nanoparticle conjugate promoted a number of new properties, changing the dominant antibody isotype induced from IgG2a to IgG1 and the fine specificity of the B cell epitopes within hSp17111–142, from an immuno-dominant region 134–142 aa for CpG, to region 121–138 aa for nanoparticles. Associated with this change in specificity was a substantial increase in antibody cross-reactivity between mouse and human Sp17. These results indicate conjugation of antigen to nanoparticles can have major effects on fine antigen specificity, which surprisingly could be beneficially used to increase the cross-reactivity of antibody responses.
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Rivalland G, Loveland B, Mitchell P. Update on Mucin-1 immunotherapy in cancer: a clinical perspective. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2015; 15:1773-87. [PMID: 26453294 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2015.1088519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Mucin 1 (MUC1) is particularly well suited as a cancer immunotherapy target due to the elevated protein expression and aberrant forms associated with malignancy. A variety of therapeutic strategies have been explored, including antibodies intended to induce cancer cell destruction, and vaccinations with peptides, tumor extracts, and gene expression systems. AREAS COVERED MUC1 immunotherapeutic strategies have included vaccination with peptide sequences, glycan molecules, viruses, and dendritic cells, monoclonal antibodies and monoclonal antibody conjugates. Here we review the relevant clinical trials in each field of immunotherapy with particular focus on large and recently published trials. EXPERT OPINION Long clinical experience in the trial setting has reduced concerns of immunotherapy associated toxicities and inappropriate immune responses, with the main limitation (common to many experimental approaches) being a lack of clinical efficacy. However, there have been sufficient treatment-associated responses to justify continued pursuit of MUC1 targeted immunotherapies. The focus now should be on application to the relevant cancers under appropriate circumstances and combination with the emerging non-specific immunotherapy approaches such as the PD-1 pathway inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gareth Rivalland
- a 1 Austin Health, Olivia Newton-John Cancer and Wellness Centre , Studley Rd, Heidelberg VIC 3084, Australia
| | - Bruce Loveland
- b 2 Burnet Institute, Centre for Biomedical Research , Melbourne VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Paul Mitchell
- c 3 Austin Health, Level 4, Olivia Newton-John Cancer and Wellness Centre , Studley Rd, Heidelberg VIC 3084, Australia +613 94 96 57 63 ; +613 94 57 66 98 ;
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29
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Xiang SD, Gao Q, Wilson KL, Heyerick A, Plebanski M. Mapping T and B cell epitopes in sperm protein 17 to support the development of an ovarian cancer vaccine. Vaccine 2015; 33:5950-9. [PMID: 26263201 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.07.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Revised: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Ovarian cancer (OC) is the seventh most common cancer in women worldwide, and the leading cause of death from gynaecological malignancy. Immunotherapeutic strategies including cancer vaccines are considered less toxic and more specific than current treatments. Sperm surface protein (Sp17) is a protein aberrantly expressed in primary as well as in metastatic lesions in >83% of ovarian cancer patients. Vaccines based on the Sp17 protein are immunogenic and protective in animal models. To map the immunogenic regions and support the development of human Sp17 peptide based vaccines, we used 6 overlapping peptides of the human Sp17 sequence adjuvanted with CpG to immunise humanised HLA-A2.1 transgenic C57BL/6 mice, and assessed immunogenicity by ELISPOT and ELISA. No CD8 T cells were found to be induced to a comprehensive panel of 10 HLA-A2.1 or H-2K(b) binding predicted epitopes. However, one of the 6 peptides, hSp17111-142, induced high levels of antibodies and IFN-γ producing T cells (but not IL-17 or IL-4) both in C57BL/6 and in C57BL/6-HLA-A2.1 transgenic mice. C57BL/6 mice immunised with CpG adjuvanted hSp17111-142 significantly prolonged the life-span of the mice bearing the ovarian carcinoma ID8 cell line. We further mapped the immuno-dominant B and T cell epitope regions within hSp17111-142 using ELISPOT and competition ELISA. Herein, we report the identification of a single immuno-dominant B cell (134-142 aa) epitope and 2 T helper 1 (Th1) cell epitopes (111-124 aa and 124-138 aa). These result together support further exploration of hSp17111-142 peptide formulations as vaccines against ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sue D Xiang
- Department of Immunology, Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, 89 Commercial Rd, Melbourne 3004, VIC, Australia.
| | - Qian Gao
- Department of Immunology, Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, 89 Commercial Rd, Melbourne 3004, VIC, Australia.
| | - Kirsty L Wilson
- Department of Immunology, Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, 89 Commercial Rd, Melbourne 3004, VIC, Australia.
| | - Arne Heyerick
- PX Biosolutions Pty Ltd, PO Box 290, South Melbourne 3205, VIC, Australia.
| | - Magdalena Plebanski
- Department of Immunology, Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, 89 Commercial Rd, Melbourne 3004, VIC, Australia.
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Bergamini A, Leone Roberti Maggiore U, Ferrero S, Rabaiotti E, Viganò R, Petrone M, De Marzi P, Salvatore S, Candiani M, Mangili G. Investigational therapies currently in Phase II clinical trials for the treatment of pelvic serous carcinomas. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2015; 24:345-62. [DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2015.999154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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31
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Coosemans A, Baert T, Vergote I. A view on dendritic cell immunotherapy in ovarian cancer: how far have we come? Facts Views Vis Obgyn 2015; 7:73-8. [PMID: 25897374 PMCID: PMC4402447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is the second most important pelvic gynaecologic malignancy and nowadays still kills 80% of patients. New treatment options are mandatory. Although it has been shown that ovarian cancer is an immunogenic tumor, the possibility of developing immunotherapy has been neglected for a long time. This article focuses on the importance of the immune system in the development and progression of cancer and the possibilities and problems of dendritic cell-based immunotherapy to influence the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Coosemans
- Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
,UZ Leuven, Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - T. Baert
- Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
,UZ Leuven, Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - I. Vergote
- UZ Leuven, Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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