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Bürkle F, Doll J, Neide A, Gantz S, Tsitlakidis S, Fischer C. New perspectives for investigating muscular perfusion response after dietary supplement intake: an exploratory, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover trial in healthy young athletes using contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS). J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2022; 19:397-416. [PMID: 35859621 PMCID: PMC9291664 DOI: 10.1080/15502783.2022.2097018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Various dietary supplements have been reported to enhance muscular perfusion in athletes practicing resistance training, especially through modulation of nitric oxide signaling. Objectives The aim of this study was therefore to investigate selected ‘NO-boosting’ supplements in a real-life setting i) to generate novel hypotheses and perfusion estimates for power calculation in view of a definitive trial and ii) to assess the feasibility of the study design with particular focus on the use of contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) for perfusion quantification. Methods Thirty young male athletes (24 ± 4 years) regularly practicing resistance training were enrolled in this three-arm, placebo(PL)-controlled crossover trial with ingestion of two commercially available supplements: an amino acid combination (AA) (containing 3 g of L-arginine-hydrochloride and 8 g of L-citrulline-malate) and 300 mg of a specific green tea extract (GTE). After intake, CEUS examinations of the dominant biceps brachii muscle were performed under resting conditions and following standardized resistance exercising. Quantitative parameters of biceps perfusion (peak enhancement, PE; wash-in perfusion index, WiPI) and caliber were derived from corresponding CEUS video files. Additionally, subjective muscle pump was determined after exercise. Results For PE, WiPI, and biceps caliber, the standard deviation (SD) of the within-subject differences between PL, AA, and GTE was determined, thereby allowing future sample size calculations. No significant differences between PL, AA, and GTE were observed for biceps perfusion, caliber, or muscle pump. When comparing resting with post-exercise measurements, the increase in biceps perfusion significantly correlated with the caliber increase (PE: r = 0.266, p = 0.0113; WiPI: r = 0.269, p = 0.0105). Similarly, the biceps perfusion correlated with muscle pump in the post-exercise conditions (PE: r = 0.354, p = 0.0006; WiPI: r = 0.350, p = 0.0007). A high participant adherence was achieved, and the acquisition of good quality CEUS video files was feasible. No adverse events occurred. Conclusion Based on our novel examination protocol, CEUS seems to be feasible following higher-load resistance exercising and may be used as a new method for high-resolution perfusion quantification to investigate the effects of pre-exercise dietary supplementation on muscle perfusion and related muscle size dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Bürkle
- Center for Orthopedics, Trauma Surgery and Spinal Cord Injury, Ultrasound Center, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Julian Doll
- Center for Orthopedics, Trauma Surgery and Spinal Cord Injury, Ultrasound Center, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Arndt Neide
- Center for Orthopedics, Trauma Surgery and Spinal Cord Injury, Ultrasound Center, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Simone Gantz
- Center for Orthopedics, Trauma Surgery and Spinal Cord Injury, Ultrasound Center, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefanos Tsitlakidis
- Center for Orthopedics, Trauma Surgery and Spinal Cord Injury, Ultrasound Center, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christian Fischer
- Center for Orthopedics, Trauma Surgery and Spinal Cord Injury, Ultrasound Center, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
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Value of Contrast-enhanced Ultrasound in Evaluating Synovitis and Predicting Recurrent Joint Bleeding of Hemophilia. Curr Med Sci 2022; 42:439-446. [PMID: 35292874 DOI: 10.1007/s11596-022-2520-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) is advantageous for evaluating microcirculation, and has been applied to assess arthritis in previous studies. However, CEUS examinations have not been studied for hemophilia arthritis. Hemophilia arthritis is different from other arthritis, because it is induced by spontaneous joint bleeding. Hence, CEUS may have special value in evaluating hemophilia arthritis. The present study assessed the value of CEUS in evaluating synovial hypertrophy and predicting recurrent joint bleeding in severe hemophilia A patients. METHODS From August 2016 to January 2017, 81 severe hemophilia A patients, who were referred to our hospital for ultrasound joint assessment with conventional ultrasound, were enrolled. Among these 81 patients, 46 patients consented for CEUS examinations on the same day. RESULTS Compared to color Doppler flow imaging (CDFI), four more joints presented with a blood flow signal under CEUS mode. In addition, the synovial hypertrophy measured by CEUS was thicker than that measured by conventional ultrasound. The ultrasound scores (including the total grey-scale ultrasound score, joint effusion/hemarthrosis, synovial hypertrophy, CDFI semi-quantitative score, and CEUS semi-quantitative score) were significantly higher in the joint bleeding group than in the no joint bleeding group (P<0.05). Furthermore, these ultrasound scores were positively correlated with the joint bleeding frequency, and had the highest correlation with the CEUS score (r=0.620, P<0.05). CONCLUSION CEUS can more accurately assess the degree of synovial hypertrophy and vascularization, and diagnose synovitis, when compared to conventional ultrasound. In addition, CEUS appears to be essential for evaluating the possibility of recurrent joint bleeding, and providing more reliable evidence for individualized treatment.
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Ntoulia A, Barnewolt CE, Doria AS, Ho-Fung VM, Lorenz N, Mentzel HJ, Back SJ. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound for musculoskeletal indications in children. Pediatr Radiol 2021; 51:2303-2323. [PMID: 33783575 DOI: 10.1007/s00247-021-04964-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The increasing use of contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) has opened exciting new frontiers for musculoskeletal applications in adults and children. The most common musculoskeletal-related CEUS applications in adults are for detecting inflammatory joint diseases, imaging skeletal muscles and tendon perfusion, imaging postoperative viability of osseous and osseocutaneous tissue flaps, and evaluating the malignant potential of soft-tissue masses. Pediatric musculoskeletal-related CEUS has been applied for imaging juvenile idiopathic arthritis and Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease and for evaluating femoral head perfusion following surgical hip reduction in children with developmental hip dysplasia. CEUS can improve visualization of the capillary network in superficial and deep tissues and also in states of slow- or low-volume blood flow. In addition, measurements of blood flow imaging parameters performed by quantitative CEUS are valuable when monitoring the outcome of treatment interventions. In this review article we present current experience regarding a wide range of CEUS applications in musculoskeletal conditions in adults and children, with emphasis on the latter, and discuss imaging techniques and CEUS findings in musculoskeletal applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aikaterini Ntoulia
- Department of Radiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 3401 Civic Center Blvd., Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
| | - Carol E Barnewolt
- Department of Radiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Andrea S Doria
- Department of Medical Imaging, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Victor M Ho-Fung
- Department of Radiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 3401 Civic Center Blvd., Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.,Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Norbert Lorenz
- Children's Hospital, Dresden Municipal Hospital, Teaching-Hospital of Technical University, Dresden, Germany
| | - Hans-Joachim Mentzel
- Section of Pediatric Radiology, Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital of Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Susan J Back
- Department of Radiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 3401 Civic Center Blvd., Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.,Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Fischer C, Krix M, Weber MA, Loizides A, Gruber H, Jung EM, Klauser A, Radzina M, Dietrich CF. Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound for Musculoskeletal Applications: A World Federation for Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology Position Paper. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2020; 46:1279-1295. [PMID: 32139152 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2020.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This World Federation for Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology position paper reviews the diagnostic potential of ultrasound contrast agents for clinical decision-making and provides general advice for optimal contrast-enhanced ultrasound performance in musculoskeletal issues. In this domain, contrast-enhanced ultrasound performance has increasingly been investigated with promising results, but still lacks everyday clinical application and standardized techniques; therefore, experts summarized current knowledge according to published evidence and best personal experience. The goal was to intensify and standardize the use and administration of ultrasound contrast agents to facilitate correct diagnoses and ultimately to improve the management and outcomes of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Fischer
- Center for Orthopaedics, Trauma Surgery and Spinal Cord Injury, Ultrasound Center, HTRG-Heidelberg Trauma Research Group, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | | | - Marc-André Weber
- Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Pediatric Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Medical Center Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Alexander Loizides
- Department of Radiology, Ultrasound Center, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Hannes Gruber
- Department of Radiology, Ultrasound Center, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - Andrea Klauser
- Department of Radiology, Ultrasound Center, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Maija Radzina
- Diagnostic Radiology Institute, Riga Stradins University, Riga, Latvia
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Back SJ, Chauvin NA, Ntoulia A, Ho-Fung VM, Calle Toro JS, Sridharan A, Morgan TA, Kozak B, Darge K, Sankar WN. Intraoperative Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound Imaging of Femoral Head Perfusion in Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip: A Feasibility Study. JOURNAL OF ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE 2020; 39:247-257. [PMID: 31334874 DOI: 10.1002/jum.15097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) is one of the most common developmental deformities of the lower extremity. Although many children are successfully treated with a brace or harness, some require intraoperative closed or open reduction and spica casting. Surgical reduction is largely successful to relocate the hip; however, iatrogenic avascular necrosis is a major source of morbidity. Recent research showed that postoperative gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can depict hip perfusion, which may predict a future incidence of avascular necrosis. As contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) assesses blood flow in real time, it may be an effective intraoperative alternative to evaluate femoral head perfusion. Here we describe our initial experience regarding the feasibility of intraoperative CEUS of the hip for the assessment of femoral head perfusion before and after DDH reduction. METHODS This single-institution retrospective Institutional Review Board-approved study with a waiver of informed consent evaluated intraoperative hip CEUS in children with DDH compared to postoperative contrast-enhanced MRI. Pediatric radiologists, blinded to prior imaging findings and outcomes, reviewed both CEUS and MRI examinations separately and some time from the initial examination both independently and in consensus. RESULTS Seventeen patients had 20 intraoperative CEUS examinations. Twelve of 17 (70.6%) had prereduction hip CEUS, postreduction hip CEUS, and postreduction gadolinium-enhanced MRI. Seven of 12 (58.3%) were evaluable retrospectively. All CEUS studies showed blood flow in the femoral epiphysis before and after reduction, and all MRI studies showed femoral head enhancement after reduction. The CEUS and MRI for all 7 patients also showed physeal blood flow. CONCLUSIONS Contrast-enhanced ultrasound is a feasible intraoperative tool for assessing adequate blood flow after hip reduction surgery in DDH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan J Back
- Department of Radiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Nancy A Chauvin
- Department of Radiology, Penn State Hershey Children's Hospital, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Aikaterini Ntoulia
- Department of Radiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Victor M Ho-Fung
- Department of Radiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Juan S Calle Toro
- Department of Radiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Anush Sridharan
- Department of Radiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Trudy A Morgan
- Department of Radiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Brandi Kozak
- Department of Radiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kassa Darge
- Department of Radiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Wudbhav N Sankar
- Division of Orthopedic Surgery, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Abstract
METHODICAL ISSUE Contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) offers easily accessible visualization and quantification of the skeletal muscle microcirculation and other tissues in vivo and in real-time with almost no side effects. AIM The aim of this review is to present the increasing number of musculoskeletal CEUS applications. METHODICAL INNOVATIONS/PERFORMANCE CEUS applications regarding the musculoskeletal system include applications at bone and joints extending beyond the visualization of only the muscular microcirculation. Besides basic muscle physiology, impaired microcirculation in patients with peripheral artery disease or diabetes mellitus and the diagnosis of inflammatory myopathies have been the subject of previous CEUS studies. More recent studies in orthopedics and traumatology have focused on osseous and muscular perfusion characteristics, e. g., in differentiating infected and aseptic non-unions or the impact of different types of implants and prostheses on muscular microcirculation as a surrogate marker of clinical success. PRACTICAL RECOMMENDATIONS CEUS of the musculoskeletal system is used in clinical trials or off-label. Therefore, it is not well established in clinical routine. However, considering the increasing number of musculoskeletal CEUS applications, this could change in the future.
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Entzündungen des Fußes. Radiologe 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s00117-018-0364-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Simpson E, Hock E, Stevenson M, Wong R, Dracup N, Wailoo A, Conaghan P, Estrach C, Edwards C, Wakefield R. What is the added value of ultrasound joint examination for monitoring synovitis in rheumatoid arthritis and can it be used to guide treatment decisions? A systematic review and cost-effectiveness analysis. Health Technol Assess 2018; 22:1-258. [PMID: 29712616 PMCID: PMC5949573 DOI: 10.3310/hta22200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Synovitis (inflamed joint synovial lining) in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) can be assessed by clinical examination (CE) or ultrasound (US). OBJECTIVE To investigate the added value of US, compared with CE alone, in RA synovitis in terms of clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness. DATA SOURCES Electronic databases including MEDLINE, EMBASE and the Cochrane databases were searched from inception to October 2015. REVIEW METHODS A systematic review sought RA studies that compared additional US with CE. Heterogeneity of the studies with regard to interventions, comparators and outcomes precluded meta-analyses. Systematic searches for studies of cost-effectiveness and US and treatment-tapering studies (not necessarily including US) were undertaken. MATHEMATICAL MODEL A model was constructed that estimated, for patients in whom drug tapering was considered, the reduction in costs of disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs) and serious infections at which the addition of US had a cost per quality-adjusted life-year (QALY) gained of £20,000 and £30,000. Furthermore, the reduction in the costs of DMARDs at which US becomes cost neutral was also estimated. For patients in whom dose escalation was being considered, the reduction in number of patients escalating treatment and in serious infections at which the addition of US had a cost per QALY gained of £20,000 and £30,000 was estimated. The reduction in number of patients escalating treatment for US to become cost neutral was also estimated. RESULTS Fifty-eight studies were included. Two randomised controlled trials compared adding US to a Disease Activity Score (DAS)-based treat-to-target strategy for early RA patients. The addition of power Doppler ultrasound (PDUS) to a Disease Activity Score 28 joints-based treat-to-target strategy in the Targeting Synovitis in Early Rheumatoid Arthritis (TaSER) trial resulted in no significant between-group difference for change in Disease Activity Score 44 joints (DAS44). This study found that significantly more patients in the PDUS group attained DAS44 remission (p = 0.03). The Aiming for Remission in Rheumatoid Arthritis (ARCTIC) trial found that the addition of PDUS and grey-scale ultrasound (GSUS) to a DAS-based strategy did not produce a significant between-group difference in the primary end point: composite DAS of < 1.6, no swollen joints and no progression in van der Heijde-modified total Sharp score (vdHSS). The ARCTIC trial did find that the erosion score of the vdHS had a significant advantage for the US group (p = 0.04). In the TaSER trial there was no significant group difference for erosion. Other studies suggested that PDUS was significantly associated with radiographic progression and that US had added value for wrist and hand joints rather than foot and ankle joints. Heterogeneity between trials made conclusions uncertain. No studies were identified that reported the cost-effectiveness of US in monitoring synovitis. The model estimated that an average reduction of 2.5% in the costs of biological DMARDs would be sufficient to offset the costs of 3-monthly US. The money could not be recouped if oral methotrexate was the only drug used. LIMITATIONS Heterogeneity of the trials precluded meta-analysis. Therefore, no summary estimates of effect were available. Additional costs and health-related quality of life decrements, relating to a flare following tapering or disease progression, have not been included. The feasibility of increased US monitoring has not been assessed. CONCLUSION Limited evidence suggests that US monitoring of synovitis could provide a cost-effective approach to selecting RA patients for treatment tapering or escalation avoidance. Considerable uncertainty exists for all conclusions. Future research priorities include evaluating US monitoring of RA synovitis in longitudinal clinical studies. STUDY REGISTRATION This study is registered as PROSPERO CRD42015017216. FUNDING The National Institute for Health Research Health Technology Assessment programme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Simpson
- School of Health and Related Research (ScHARR), University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Emma Hock
- School of Health and Related Research (ScHARR), University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Matt Stevenson
- School of Health and Related Research (ScHARR), University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Ruth Wong
- School of Health and Related Research (ScHARR), University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Naila Dracup
- School of Health and Related Research (ScHARR), University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Allan Wailoo
- School of Health and Related Research (ScHARR), University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Philip Conaghan
- Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Leeds Biomedical Research Centre, Leeds, UK
| | - Cristina Estrach
- Aintree University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK
| | - Christopher Edwards
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Facility, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Richard Wakefield
- Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Leeds Biomedical Research Centre, Leeds, UK
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Taljanovic MS, Melville DM, Gimber LH, Scalcione LR, Miller MD, Kwoh CK, Klauser AS. High-Resolution US of Rheumatologic Diseases. Radiographics 2016; 35:2026-48. [PMID: 26562235 DOI: 10.1148/rg.2015140250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
For the past 15 years, high-resolution ultrasonography (US) is being routinely and increasingly used for initial evaluation and treatment follow-up of rheumatologic diseases. This imaging technique is performed by using high-frequency linear transducers and has proved to be a powerful diagnostic tool in evaluation of articular erosions, simple and complex joint and bursal effusions, tendon sheath effusions, and synovitis, with results comparable to those of magnetic resonance imaging, excluding detection of bone marrow edema. Crystal deposition diseases including gouty arthropathy and calcium pyrophosphate deposition disease (CPPD) have characteristic appearances at US, enabling differentiation between these two diseases and from inflammatory arthropathies. Enthesopathy, which frequently accompanies psoriatic and reactive arthritis, also has a characteristic appearance at high-resolution US, distinguishing these two entities from other inflammatory and metabolic arthropathies. The presence of Doppler signal in examined joints, bursae, and tendon sheaths indicates active synovitis. Microbubble echo contrast agents augment detection of tissue vascularity and may act in the future as a drug delivery vehicle. Frequently, joint, tendon sheath, and bursal fluid aspirations and therapeutic injections are performed under US guidance. The authors describe the high-resolution US technique including gray-scale, color or power Doppler, and contrast agent-enhanced US that is used in evaluation of rheumatologic diseases of the wrist and hand and the ankle and foot in their routine clinical practice. This article demonstrates imaging findings of normal joints, rheumatoid arthritis, gouty arthritis, CPPD, psoriatic and reactive arthritis, and osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihra S Taljanovic
- From the Department of Medical Imaging (M.S.T., D.M.M., L.H.G., L.R.S.), Department of Medicine (M.D.M.), and Division of Rheumatology (C.K.K.), University of Arizona, Banner-University Medical Center, 1501 N Campbell Ave, PO Box 245067, Tucson, AZ 85724; and Department of Radiology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria (A.S.K.)
| | - David M Melville
- From the Department of Medical Imaging (M.S.T., D.M.M., L.H.G., L.R.S.), Department of Medicine (M.D.M.), and Division of Rheumatology (C.K.K.), University of Arizona, Banner-University Medical Center, 1501 N Campbell Ave, PO Box 245067, Tucson, AZ 85724; and Department of Radiology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria (A.S.K.)
| | - Lana H Gimber
- From the Department of Medical Imaging (M.S.T., D.M.M., L.H.G., L.R.S.), Department of Medicine (M.D.M.), and Division of Rheumatology (C.K.K.), University of Arizona, Banner-University Medical Center, 1501 N Campbell Ave, PO Box 245067, Tucson, AZ 85724; and Department of Radiology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria (A.S.K.)
| | - Luke R Scalcione
- From the Department of Medical Imaging (M.S.T., D.M.M., L.H.G., L.R.S.), Department of Medicine (M.D.M.), and Division of Rheumatology (C.K.K.), University of Arizona, Banner-University Medical Center, 1501 N Campbell Ave, PO Box 245067, Tucson, AZ 85724; and Department of Radiology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria (A.S.K.)
| | - Margaret D Miller
- From the Department of Medical Imaging (M.S.T., D.M.M., L.H.G., L.R.S.), Department of Medicine (M.D.M.), and Division of Rheumatology (C.K.K.), University of Arizona, Banner-University Medical Center, 1501 N Campbell Ave, PO Box 245067, Tucson, AZ 85724; and Department of Radiology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria (A.S.K.)
| | - C Kent Kwoh
- From the Department of Medical Imaging (M.S.T., D.M.M., L.H.G., L.R.S.), Department of Medicine (M.D.M.), and Division of Rheumatology (C.K.K.), University of Arizona, Banner-University Medical Center, 1501 N Campbell Ave, PO Box 245067, Tucson, AZ 85724; and Department of Radiology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria (A.S.K.)
| | - Andrea S Klauser
- From the Department of Medical Imaging (M.S.T., D.M.M., L.H.G., L.R.S.), Department of Medicine (M.D.M.), and Division of Rheumatology (C.K.K.), University of Arizona, Banner-University Medical Center, 1501 N Campbell Ave, PO Box 245067, Tucson, AZ 85724; and Department of Radiology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria (A.S.K.)
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Pingel J, Harrison A, Simonsen L, Suetta C, Bülow J, Langberg H. The microvascular volume of the Achilles tendon is increased in patients with tendinopathy at rest and after a 1-hour treadmill run. Am J Sports Med 2013; 41:2400-8. [PMID: 23940204 DOI: 10.1177/0363546513498988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Achilles tendinopathy (AT) is initiated asymptomatically and is therefore often discovered at a very late stage. PURPOSE To elucidate whether the microvascular volume (MV) of the Achilles tendon is elevated in patients with AT compared with healthy controls during pre-exercise rest, after acute exercise, and 24 hours after exercise. Additionally, this study investigated the muscle activation pattern of the gastrocnemius muscle and the relative elasticity of the Achilles tendon during a 1-hour treadmill run in healthy patients and in patients with AT. STUDY DESIGN Controlled laboratory study. METHODS Real-time harmonic contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEU) measurements of the MV of the Achilles tendon were taken in 18 volunteers (9 patients with AT, 9 healthy controls). The CEU analyses were conducted before exercise, immediately after a 1-hour treadmill run, and 24 hours after exercise. Surface electromyography (EMG) signals of the gastrocnemius were recorded continuously during the 1-hour treadmill run. RESULTS In both the controls and the patients with AT, the MV of the Achilles tendon was increased after exercise as compared with before exercise (P < .005). Additionally, the MV signal was significantly larger in the patients with AT before, immediately after, and 24 hours after the running exercise compared with values in healthy controls (P < .0001). The muscle activation pattern differed in patients with AT compared with controls in that controls had increased EMG amplitudes at the end of the 1-hour treadmill run in the medial and lateral gastrocnemius (P < .0001). Moreover, patients with AT had approximately 15% less elastic Achilles tendons at the beginning of the 1-hour treadmill run, a condition that did not change because of exercise. CONCLUSION Acute exercise increases the MV of the Achilles tendon in healthy patients and patients with AT in a similar manner. However, patients with AT have a significantly larger MV at all time points compared with healthy patients, supporting the hypothesis that microvascular changes may be involved in the pathogenesis of tendinopathy. CLINICAL RELEVANCE This study underlines that tendon flexibility is altered in patients with AT and that CEU is a promising tool to establish the early diagnosis of this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Pingel
- Jessica Pingel, Institute of Sports Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Bispebjerg Bakke 23, Building 8, 1st Floor, DK-2400 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Bouta EM, Ju Y, Rahimi H, de Mesy-Bentley KL, Wood RW, Xing L, Schwarz EM. Power Doppler ultrasound phenotyping of expanding versus collapsed popliteal lymph nodes in murine inflammatory arthritis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e73766. [PMID: 24040061 PMCID: PMC3767819 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0073766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2013] [Accepted: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic inflammatory disease manifested by episodic flares in affected joints that are challenging to predict and treat. Longitudinal contrast enhanced-MRI (CE-MRI) of inflammatory arthritis in tumor necrosis factor-transgenic (TNF-Tg) mice has demonstrated that popliteal lymph nodes (PLN) increase in volume and contrast enhancement during the pre-arthritic “expanding” phase of the disease, and then suddenly “collapse” during knee flare. Given the potential of this biomarker of arthritic flare, we aimed to develop a more cost-effective means of phenotyping PLN using ultrasound (US) imaging. Initially we attempted to recapitulate CE-MRI of PLN with subcutaneous footpad injection of US microbubbles (DEFINITY®). While this approach allowed for phenotyping via quantification of lymphatic sinuses in PLN, which showed a dramatic decrease in collapsed PLN versus expanding or wild-type (WT) PLN, electron microscopy demonstrated that DEFINITY® injection also resulted in destruction of the lymphatic vessels afferent to the PLN. In contrast, Power Doppler (PD) US is innocuous to and efficiently quantifies blood flow within PLN of WT and TNF-Tg mice. PD-US demonstrated that expanding PLN have a significantly higher normalized PD volume (NPDV) versus collapsed PLN (0.553±0.007 vs. 0.008±0.003; p<0.05). Moreover, we define the upper (>0.030) and lower (<0.016) quartile NPDVs in this cohort of mice, which serve as conservative thresholds to phenotype PLN as expanding and collapsed, respectively. Interestingly, of the 12 PLN phenotyped by the two methods, there was disagreement in 4 cases in which they were determined to be expanding by CE-MRI and collapsed by PD-US. Since the adjacent knee had evidence of synovitis in all 4 cases, we concluded that the PD-US phenotyping was correct, and that this approach is currently the safest and most cost-effective in vivo approach to phenotype murine PLN as a biomarker of arthritic flare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Echoe M. Bouta
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Yawen Ju
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, United States of America
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Homaira Rahimi
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Karen L. de Mesy-Bentley
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Ronald W. Wood
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, United States of America
- Department of Urology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Lianping Xing
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, United States of America
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Edward M. Schwarz
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, United States of America
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, United States of America
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, United States of America
- Department of Urology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Ferucci ED, Darrah E, Smolik I, Choromanski TL, Robinson DB, Newkirk MM, Fritzler MJ, Rosen A, El-Gabalawy HS. Prevalence of anti-peptidylarginine deiminase type 4 antibodies in rheumatoid arthritis and unaffected first-degree relatives in indigenous North American Populations. J Rheumatol 2013; 40:1523-8. [PMID: 23908443 DOI: 10.3899/jrheum.130293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether anti-peptidylarginine deiminase type 4 (PAD4) antibodies were present in first-degree relatives (FDR) of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in 2 indigenous North American populations with high prevalence of RA. METHODS Participants were recruited from 2 indigenous populations in Canada and the United States, including patients with RA (probands), their unaffected FDR, and healthy unrelated controls. Sera were tested for the presence of anti-PAD4 antibodies, anticyclic citrullinated peptide (anti-CCP) antibodies, and rheumatoid factor (RF). HLA-DRB1 subtyping was performed and participants were classified according to number of shared-epitope alleles present. RESULTS Antibodies to PAD4 were detected in 24 of 82 (29.3%) probands; 2 of 147 (1.4%) relatives; and no controls (p < 0.0001). Anti-CCP was present in 39/144 (27.1%) of the relatives, and there was no overlap between positivity for anti-CCP and PAD4 in the relatives. In RA patients, anti-PAD4 antibodies were associated with disease duration (p = 0.0082) and anti-CCP antibodies (p = 0.008), but not smoking or shared-epitope alleles. CONCLUSION Despite a significant prevalence of anti-CCP in FDR, anti-PAD4 antibodies were almost exclusively found in established RA. The prevalence of anti-PAD4 antibodies in RA is similar to the prevalence described in other populations and these autoantibodies are associated with disease duration and anti-CCP in RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth D Ferucci
- Division of Community Health Services, Alaska Native Tribal Health Consortium, Anchorage, Alaska, USA
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Pingel J, Fredberg U, Mikkelsen LR, Schjerling P, Heinemeier KM, Kjaer M, Harisson A, Langberg H. No inflammatory gene-expression response to acute exercise in human Achilles tendinopathy. Eur J Appl Physiol 2013; 113:2101-9. [PMID: 23588255 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-013-2638-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2012] [Accepted: 03/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Although histology data favour the view of a degenerative nature of tendinopathy, indirect support for inflammatory reactions to loading in affected tendons exists. The purpose of the present study was to elucidate whether inflammatory signalling responses after acute mechanical loading were more pronounced in tendinopathic versus healthy regions of human tendon and if treatment with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medications (NSAID's) reduces this response. Twenty-seven tendinopathy patients (>6 months) were randomly assigned to a placebo (n = 14) or NSAID (Ibumetin NYCOMED GmbH Plant Oranienburg Germany (600 mg) × 3/day/1 week) group (n = 13) in a double-blinded-fashion. Tendon biopsies were taken from the painful and a healthy region of the same tendon 2 h after 1 h running. Gene-expression of several targets was analysed in the sampled Achilles tendon biopsies. The mRNA for TGF-β, collagen-I and collagen-III were significantly higher expressed, and decorin, CTGF, IL-6 and IL-10 were significantly lower expressed in the tendinopathic versus healthy tendon area. Only IL-10 was lower in expression in experiments with NSAID administration, while all other determined parameters were unaffected by NSAID. All ultrasonographic outcomes were unchanged in response to acute exercise and not influenced by NSAID. The signalling for collagen and TGF-beta was upregulated after acute loading in tendinopathic tendon. In contrast to the hypothesis, inflammatory signalling was not exaggerated in tendinopathic tendon 2 h after acute mechanical loading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Pingel
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery M. Bispebjerg Hospital and Center for Healthy Aging, Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, University of Copenhagen, Bispebjerg Bakke 23, Copenhagen NV, Denmark.
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Pingel J, Harrison A, Suetta C, Simonsen L, Langberg H, Bülow J. The acute effects of exercise on the microvascular volume of Achilles tendons in healthy young subjects. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging 2013; 33:252-7. [PMID: 23692613 DOI: 10.1111/cpf.12021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2012] [Accepted: 12/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Real-time harmonic contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEU) is used in several diseases to visualize the microvascularization in various tissues, due to its high sensitivity. AIM The aim of the present study was to investigate whether CEU could be used to detect an increase in the microvascular volume (MV) in healthy tendon tissue in response to exercise comprising a 1-h run. METHODS After a bolus injection of the ultrasound contrast SonoVue(®), CEU measurements of (MV) in the Achilles tendon were taken prior to exercise, immediately after a 1-h run, and 24 h after exercise in nine healthy young subjects (seven men and two women) mean age 31 ± 4 years. In addition, the effect of 15 min of arm cycling exercise on the flow within the Achilles tendon was tested in four athletes (mean age 33 ± 6 years) using the CEU method before and after exercise. RESULTS The present data show a significant increase in the (MV) of the Achilles tendon for all subjects following the run compared with before exercise. No significant change in (MV) was seen in the Achilles tendon after 15-min arm cycling exercise (P = 0·96). This indicates that the increase in microvascular blood volume within the Achilles tendon in response to running is a local response. CONCLUSION The present data reveal that real-time harmonic CEU can be used to determine the MV of healthy Achilles tendons both at rest and after 1 h of running exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Pingel
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen and Centre for Healthy Aging, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Naredo E, D'Agostino MA, Wakefield RJ, Möller I, Balint PV, Filippucci E, Iagnocco A, Karim Z, Terslev L, Bong DA, Garrido J, Martínez-Hernández D, Bruyn GAW. Reliability of a consensus-based ultrasound score for tenosynovitis in rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2012; 72:1328-34. [PMID: 22984169 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2012-202092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To produce consensus-based scoring systems for ultrasound (US) tenosynovitis and to assess the intraobserver and interobserver reliability of these scoring systems in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). METHODS We undertook a Delphi process on US-defined tenosynovitis and US scoring system of tenosynovitis in RA among 35 rheumatologists, experts in musculoskeletal US (MSUS), from 16 countries. Then, we assessed the intraobserver and interobserver reliability of US in scoring tenosynovitis on B-mode and with a power Doppler (PD) technique. Ten patients with RA with symptoms in the hands or feet were recruited. Ten rheumatologists expert in MSUS blindly, independently and consecutively scored for tenosynovitis in B-mode and PD mode three wrist extensor compartments, two finger flexor tendons and two ankle tendons of each patient in two rounds in a blinded fashion. Intraobserver reliability was assessed by Cohen's κ. Interobserver reliability was assessed by Light's κ. Weighted κ coefficients with absolute weighting were computed for B-mode and PD signal. RESULTS Four-grade semiquantitative scoring systems were agreed upon for scoring tenosynovitis in B-mode and for scoring pathological peritendinous Doppler signal within the synovial sheath. The intraobserver reliability for tenosynovitis scoring on B-mode and PD mode was good (κ value 0.72 for B-mode; κ value 0.78 for PD mode). Interobserver reliability assessment showed good κ values for PD tenosynovitis scoring (first round, 0.64; second round, 0.65) and moderate κ values for B-mode tenosynovitis scoring (first round, 0.47; second round, 0.45). CONCLUSIONS US appears to be a reproducible tool for evaluating and monitoring tenosynovitis in RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esperanza Naredo
- Department of Rheumatology, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Complutense University, and Hospital Universitario Severo Ochoa, Madrid, Spain.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Imaging of inflammatory activity is of increasing importance, and among available modalities, ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) seem to be of highest impact. The present review includes recent studies describing several aspects of these modalities as well as short descriptions of other promising imaging methods in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). RECENT FINDINGS High reliability has been shown for evaluation of ultrasonography still images. Recently excellent reliability was found when an atlas was used as reference for scoring dynamic images with ultrasonography. The optimal number of joints to examine by ultrasonography for follow-up during therapeutic interventions needs to be further explored. Use of ultrasonographic guidance for injections has showed improved clinical results when compared with blind injections. Ultrasonographic pathology, especially power Doppler, was found to be of predictive value in patients with arthritis. Cartilage damage is an important aspect of structural joint damage in RA, and a reliable assessment system of joint space narrowing has been developed for use with conventional MRI, and various biochemical MRI techniques are being developed to visualize cartilage quality, of which delayed gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging of cartilage seems to be the most promising method in RA. SUMMARY Novel imaging modalities, especially ultrasonography and MRI, will be of increasing importance to visualize joint inflammation and aid in the diagnosis, treatment and follow-up of patients with RA.
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Alcalde M, D'Agostino MA, Bruyn GAW, Möller I, Iagnocco A, Wakefield RJ, Naredo E. A systematic literature review of US definitions, scoring systems and validity according to the OMERACT filter for tendon lesion in RA and other inflammatory joint diseases. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2012; 51:1246-60. [PMID: 22378717 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/kes018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To present the published data concerning the US assessment of tendon lesions as well as the US metric properties investigated in inflammatory arthritis. METHODS A systematic literature search of PubMed, Embase and the Cochrane Library was performed. Selection criteria were original articles in the English language reporting US, Doppler, tenosynovitis and other tendon lesions in patients with RA and other inflammatory arthritis. Data extraction focused on the definition and quantification of US-detected tenosynovitis and other tendon abnormalities and the metric properties of US according to the OMERACT filter for evaluating the above tendon lesions. RESULTS Thirty-three of 192 identified articles were included in the review. Most articles were case series (42%) or case-control (33%) studies describing hand and/or foot tenosynovitis in RA patients. The majority of older articles used only B-mode, whereas the most recent studies have incorporated Doppler mode. Definition of tenosynovitis or other tendon lesion was provided in 70% of the evaluated studies. Most of the studies (61%) used a binary score for evaluating tendon abnormalities. Concerning the OMERACT filter, 24 (73%) articles dealt with construct validity. The comparator most commonly used was clinical assessment and MRI. There were few studies assessing criterion validity. Some studies evaluated reliability (36%), responsiveness (21%) and feasibility (12%). CONCLUSION US seems a promising tool for evaluating inflammatory tendon lesions. However, further validation is necessary for implementation in clinical practice and trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Alcalde
- Department of Rheumatology, Hospital Universitario Severo Ochoa, Doctor Alvarez Sierra 4, 4° A, 28033 Madrid, Spain
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Fisher BA, Venables PJ. Inhibiting citrullination in rheumatoid arthritis: taking fuel from the fire. Arthritis Res Ther 2012; 14:108. [PMID: 22380578 PMCID: PMC3392831 DOI: 10.1186/ar3740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Citrullination is a post-translational modification catalysed by peptidylarginine deiminase and is a common feature of inflammation. The presence of anti-citrullinated protein/peptide antibodies (ACPA), however, is unique to rheumatoid arthritis. Several lines of evidence suggest that ACPA are important in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis. A popular hypothesis for this pathogenesis is a two-hit model. The first hit gives rise to ACPA, and the second hit, an unrelated episode of synovial inflammation accompanied by citrullination, is perpetuated by the pre-existing antibodies. This model suggests that reducing citrullination might ameliorate disease. Recent findings indicate that citrullination closely correlates with inflammation, and that glucocorticoids decrease peptidylarginine deiminase expression independent of their other anti-inflammatory effects.
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Routsias JG, Goules JD, Goules A, Charalampakis G, Pikazis D. Autopathogenic correlation of periodontitis and rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2011; 50:1189-93. [PMID: 21343168 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/ker090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, a number of studies have pointed to a potential relationship between periodontitis (PO) and RA and vice versa. Both diseases are characterized by chronic inflammation, osseous destruction, damage of the supporting soft tissues, similar cellular immune responses and common immunogenetic findings. Although a definite, methodological report associating these diseases is missing from the literature, it is possible that both diseases share a common aetiopathogenic background. This background includes the post-translation modification citrullination, which guides the conversion of the amino acid arginine to citrulline in certain self-proteins, generating neo-epitope structures. This results in reduced self-tolerance, development of autoimmunity and the production of ACPAs. The current hypothesis suggests that certain oral bacteria induce the citrullination of proteins under the action of the enzyme peptidyl arginine deiminase (PAD), which exists in both Porphyromonas gingivalis and inflammatory cells. Antibodies against citrullinated proteins and peptides constitute a common serological finding in both RA and PO. The aim of this review is to map the immunological and serological profiles of PO, and to unveil the parameters that connect PO with the appearance of RA at clinical, prognostic and pathogenetic levels. Until now, there have been no reports sufficiently mapping the immunological profile of PO and defining its aetiopathogenic connection with RA, although a similarity between the immunological profile of PO and RA is highly expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- John G Routsias
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
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