1
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Giulietti S, Bigini V, Savatin DV. ROS and RNS production, subcellular localization, and signaling triggered by immunogenic danger signals. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2024; 75:4512-4534. [PMID: 37950493 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Plants continuously monitor the environment to detect changing conditions and to properly respond, avoiding deleterious effects on their fitness and survival. An enormous number of cell surface and intracellular immune receptors are deployed to perceive danger signals associated with microbial infections. Ligand binding by cognate receptors represents the first essential event in triggering plant immunity and determining the outcome of the tissue invasion attempt. Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) are secondary messengers rapidly produced in different subcellular localizations upon the perception of immunogenic signals. Danger signal transduction inside the plant cells involves cytoskeletal rearrangements as well as several organelles and interactions between them to activate key immune signaling modules. Such immune processes depend on ROS and RNS accumulation, highlighting their role as key regulators in the execution of the immune cellular program. In fact, ROS and RNS are synergic and interdependent intracellular signals required for decoding danger signals and for the modulation of defense-related responses. Here we summarize current knowledge on ROS/RNS production, compartmentalization, and signaling in plant cells that have perceived immunogenic danger signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Giulietti
- Department of Agriculture and Forest Sciences, University of Tuscia, Via S. Camillo de Lellis, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies 'Charles Darwin', Sapienza University of Rome, P. le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina Bigini
- Department of Agriculture and Forest Sciences, University of Tuscia, Via S. Camillo de Lellis, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
| | - Daniel V Savatin
- Department of Agriculture and Forest Sciences, University of Tuscia, Via S. Camillo de Lellis, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
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2
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Xu J, Zhao J, Liu J, Dong C, Zhao L, Ai N, Xu P, Feng G, Xu Z, Guo Q, Cheng J, Wang Y, Wang X, Wang N, Xiao S. GbCYP72A1 Improves Resistance to Verticillium Wilt via Multiple Signaling Pathways. PLANT DISEASE 2023; 107:3198-3210. [PMID: 36890127 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-01-23-0033-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Verticillium dahliae is a fungal pathogen that causes Verticillium wilt (VW), which seriously reduces the yield of cotton owing to biological stress. The mechanism underlying the resistance of cotton to VW is highly complex, and the resistance breeding of cotton is consequently limited by the lack of in-depth research. Using quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping, we previously identified a novel cytochrome P450 (CYP) gene on chromosome D4 of Gossypium barbadense that is associated with resistance to the nondefoliated strain of V. dahliae. In this study, the CYP gene on chromosome D4 was cloned together with its homologous gene on chromosome A4 and were denoted as GbCYP72A1d and GbCYP72A1a, respectively, according to their genomic location and protein subfamily classification. The two GbCYP72A1 genes were induced by V. dahliae and phytohormone treatment, and the findings revealed that the VW resistance of the lines with silenced GbCYP72A1 genes decreased significantly. Transcriptome sequencing and pathway enrichment analyses revealed that the GbCYP72A1 genes primarily affected disease resistance via the plant hormone signal transduction, plant-pathogen interaction, and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways. Interestingly, the findings revealed that although GbCYP72A1d and GbCYP72A1a had high sequence similarity and both genes enhanced the disease resistance of transgenic Arabidopsis, there was a difference between their disease resistance abilities. Protein structure analysis revealed that this difference was potentially attributed to the presence of a synaptic structure in the GbCYP72A1d protein. Altogether, the findings suggested that the GbCYP72A1 genes play an important role in plant response and resistance to VW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianwen Xu
- Key Laboratory of Cotton and Rapeseed, Institute of Industrial Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Jun Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Cotton and Rapeseed, Institute of Industrial Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Jianguang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Cotton and Rapeseed, Institute of Industrial Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Chengguang Dong
- Cotton Research Institute, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural and Reclamation Science, Shihezi 832000, China
| | - Liang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Cotton and Rapeseed, Institute of Industrial Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Nijiang Ai
- Shihezi Agricultural Science Research Institute, Shihezi 832000, China
| | - Peng Xu
- Key Laboratory of Cotton and Rapeseed, Institute of Industrial Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Guoli Feng
- Shihezi Agricultural Science Research Institute, Shihezi 832000, China
| | - Zhenzhen Xu
- Key Laboratory of Cotton and Rapeseed, Institute of Industrial Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Qi Guo
- Key Laboratory of Cotton and Rapeseed, Institute of Industrial Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Junling Cheng
- College of Agricultural, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China
| | - Yueping Wang
- College of Agricultural, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Cotton Research Institute, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural and Reclamation Science, Shihezi 832000, China
| | - Ningshan Wang
- Shihezi Agricultural Science Research Institute, Shihezi 832000, China
| | - Songhua Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Cotton and Rapeseed, Institute of Industrial Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
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Löwe M, Jürgens K, Zeier T, Hartmann M, Gruner K, Müller S, Yildiz I, Perrar M, Zeier J. N-hydroxypipecolic acid primes plants for enhanced microbial pattern-induced responses. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1217771. [PMID: 37645466 PMCID: PMC10461098 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1217771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
The bacterial elicitor flagellin induces a battery of immune responses in plants. However, the rates and intensities by which metabolically-related defenses develop upon flagellin-sensing are comparatively moderate. We report here that the systemic acquired resistance (SAR) inducer N-hydroxypipecolic acid (NHP) primes Arabidopsis thaliana plants for strongly enhanced metabolic and transcriptional responses to treatment by flg22, an elicitor-active peptide fragment of flagellin. While NHP powerfully activated priming of the flg22-induced accumulation of the phytoalexin camalexin, biosynthesis of the stress hormone salicylic acid (SA), generation of the NHP biosynthetic precursor pipecolic acid (Pip), and accumulation of the stress-inducible lipids γ-tocopherol and stigmasterol, it more modestly primed for the flg22-triggered generation of aromatic and branched-chain amino acids, and expression of FLG22-INDUCED RECEPTOR-KINASE1. The characterization of the biochemical and immune phenotypes of a set of different Arabidopsis single and double mutants impaired in NHP and/or SA biosynthesis indicates that, during earlier phases of the basal immune response of naïve plants to Pseudomonas syringae infection, NHP and SA mutually promote their biosynthesis and additively enhance camalexin formation, while SA prevents extraordinarily high NHP levels in later interaction periods. Moreover, SA and NHP additively contribute to Arabidopsis basal immunity to bacterial and oomycete infection, as well as to the flagellin-induced acquired resistance response that is locally observed in plant tissue exposed to exogenous flg22. Our data reveal mechanistic similarities and differences between the activation modes of flagellin-triggered acquired resistance in local tissue and the SAR state that is systemically induced in plants upon pathogen attack. They also corroborate that the NHP precursor Pip has no independent immune-related activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Löwe
- Institute for Molecular Ecophysiology of Plants, Department of Biology, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Katharina Jürgens
- Institute for Molecular Ecophysiology of Plants, Department of Biology, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Tatyana Zeier
- Institute for Molecular Ecophysiology of Plants, Department of Biology, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Michael Hartmann
- Institute for Molecular Ecophysiology of Plants, Department of Biology, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Katrin Gruner
- Institute for Molecular Ecophysiology of Plants, Department of Biology, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Sylvia Müller
- Institute for Molecular Ecophysiology of Plants, Department of Biology, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ipek Yildiz
- Institute for Molecular Ecophysiology of Plants, Department of Biology, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Mona Perrar
- Institute for Molecular Ecophysiology of Plants, Department of Biology, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jürgen Zeier
- Institute for Molecular Ecophysiology of Plants, Department of Biology, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
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4
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Zhai T, Teng J, Fan X, Yu S, Wang C, Guo X, Yang W, Zhang S. Nitrile-Specific Protein NSP2 and Its Interacting Protein MPK3 Synergistically Regulate Plant Disease Resistance in Arabidopsis. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:2857. [PMID: 37571011 PMCID: PMC10421354 DOI: 10.3390/plants12152857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Glucosinolates and their degradation products have a wide range of actions and are important components of plant defense. NSP2 (nitrile-specific protein 2) is a key regulator in the breakdown process of glucosinolates. However, the precise function of NSP2 in plant disease resistance beyond its role in glucosinolate degradation is still unclear. In this study, we discovered that NSP2 which was induced by Pst DC3000, influenced PR genes expression and reactive oxygen burst. Additionally, omics analysis revealed that NSP2 was engaged in plant-pathogen interaction and several hormone signal transduction pathways. Furthermore, immunoprecipitation-tandem mass spectrometry analysis (IP-MS), bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC), and co-immunoprecipitation demonstrated that NSP2 interacts with MPK3. Genetic analysis shows that NSP2 may be a function downstream of MPK3. Upon pathogen inoculation, NSP2 protein levels increase while MPK3 protein levels decrease. Moreover, the level of phosphorylated NSP2 decreases. Taken together, this study sheds light on a new mode of synergistic action between NSP2 and MPK3 in the disease resistance process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Zhai
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat Improvement, College of Life Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China; (T.Z.); (X.F.); (S.Y.); (C.W.)
| | - Jun Teng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China;
| | - Xintong Fan
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat Improvement, College of Life Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China; (T.Z.); (X.F.); (S.Y.); (C.W.)
| | - Shaowei Yu
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat Improvement, College of Life Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China; (T.Z.); (X.F.); (S.Y.); (C.W.)
| | - Chen Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat Improvement, College of Life Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China; (T.Z.); (X.F.); (S.Y.); (C.W.)
| | - Xingqi Guo
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Qilu Institute of Technology, Jinan 271018, China;
| | - Wei Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat Improvement, College of Life Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China; (T.Z.); (X.F.); (S.Y.); (C.W.)
| | - Shuxin Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat Improvement, College of Life Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China; (T.Z.); (X.F.); (S.Y.); (C.W.)
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5
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Siodmak A, Shahul Hameed UF, Rayapuram N, Völz R, Boudsocq M, Alharbi S, Alhoraibi H, Lee YH, Blilou I, Arold ST, Hirt H. Essential role of the CD docking motif of MPK4 in plant immunity, growth, and development. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 239:1112-1126. [PMID: 37243525 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
MAPKs are universal eukaryotic signaling factors whose functioning is assumed to depend on the recognition of a common docking motif (CD) by its activators, substrates, and inactivators. We studied the role of the CD domain of Arabidopsis MPK4 by performing interaction studies and determining the ligand-bound MPK4 crystal structure. We revealed that the CD domain of MPK4 is essential for interaction and activation by its upstream MAPKKs MKK1, MKK2, and MKK6. Cys181 in the CD site of MPK4 was shown to become sulfenylated in response to reactive oxygen species in vitro. To test the function of C181 in vivo, we generated wild-type (WT) MPK4-C181, nonsulfenylatable MPK4-C181S, and potentially sulfenylation mimicking MPK4-C181D lines in the mpk4 knockout background. We analyzed the phenotypes in growth, development, and stress responses, revealing that MPK4-C181S has WT activity and complements the mpk4 phenotype. By contrast, MPK4-C181D cannot be activated by upstream MAPKK and cannot complement the phenotypes of mpk4. Our findings show that the CD motif is essential and is required for activation by upstream MAPKK for MPK4 function. Furthermore, growth, development, or immunity functions require upstream activation of the MPK4 protein kinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Siodmak
- Plant Science Program, Center for Desert Agriculture, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Umar F Shahul Hameed
- Bioscience Program, Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Naganand Rayapuram
- Plant Science Program, Center for Desert Agriculture, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ronny Völz
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Marie Boudsocq
- Université Paris Saclay, CNRS, INRAE, Univ Evry, Université Paris Cité, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay IPS2, 91190, Gif sur-Yvette, France
| | - Siba Alharbi
- Bioscience Program, Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hannah Alhoraibi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21551, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yong-Hwan Lee
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
- Center for Fungal Genetic Resources, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
- Plant Immunity Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Ikram Blilou
- Plant Science Program, Center for Desert Agriculture, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Stefan T Arold
- Bioscience Program, Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
- Centre de Biologie Structurale (CBS), INSERM, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, F-34090, Montpellier, France
| | - Heribert Hirt
- Plant Science Program, Center for Desert Agriculture, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
- Max Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, Dr. Bohrgasse 9, 1030, Vienna, Austria
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6
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Rawat AA, Hartmann M, Harzen A, Lugan R, Stolze SC, Forzani C, Abts L, Reißenweber S, Rayapuram N, Nakagami H, Zeier J, Hirt H. OXIDATIVE SIGNAL-INDUCIBLE1 induces immunity by coordinating N-hydroxypipecolic acid, salicylic acid, and camalexin synthesis. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 237:1285-1301. [PMID: 36319610 PMCID: PMC10107268 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Expression of OXIDATIVE SIGNAL-INDUCIBLE1 (OXI1) is induced by a number of stress conditions and regulates the interaction of plants with pathogenic and beneficial microbes. In this work, we generated Arabidopsis OXI1 knockout and genomic OXI1 overexpression lines and show by transcriptome, proteome, and metabolome analysis that OXI1 triggers ALD1, SARD4, and FMO1 expressions to promote the biosynthesis of pipecolic acid (Pip) and N-hydroxypipecolic acid (NHP). OXI1 contributes to enhanced immunity by induced SA biosynthesis via CBP60g-induced expression of SID2 and camalexin accumulation via WRKY33-targeted transcription of PAD3. OXI1 regulates genes involved in reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation such as RbohD and RbohF. OXI1 knock out plants show enhanced expression of nuclear and chloroplast genes of photosynthesis and enhanced growth under ambient conditions, while OXI1 overexpressing plants accumulate NHP, SA, camalexin, and ROS and show a gain-of-function (GOF) cell death phenotype and enhanced pathogen resistance. The OXI1 GOF phenotypes are completely suppressed when compromising N-hydroxypipecolic acid (NHP) synthesis in the fmo1 or ald1 background, showing that OXI1 regulation of immunity is mediated via the NHP pathway. Overall, these results show that OXI1 plays a key role in basal and effector-triggered plant immunity by regulating defense and programmed cell death via biosynthesis of salicylic acid, N-hydroxypipecolic acid, and camalexin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anamika A. Rawat
- Darwin21 Desert Initiative, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering DivisionKing Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST)Thuwal23955Saudi Arabia
| | - Michael Hartmann
- Department of Biology, Institute for Molecular Ecophysiology of PlantsHeinrich Heine UniversityUniversitätsstraße 1DüsseldorfD‐40225Germany
| | - Anne Harzen
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding ResearchCologneD‐50829Germany
| | - Raphael Lugan
- UMR QualisudAvignon UniversitéAvignon Cedex 984916France
| | | | - Celine Forzani
- Department of Plant Molecular BiologyUniversity of ViennaDr. Bohrgasse 9Vienna1030Austria
| | - Laura Abts
- Department of Biology, Institute for Molecular Ecophysiology of PlantsHeinrich Heine UniversityUniversitätsstraße 1DüsseldorfD‐40225Germany
| | - Sophie Reißenweber
- Department of Biology, Institute for Molecular Ecophysiology of PlantsHeinrich Heine UniversityUniversitätsstraße 1DüsseldorfD‐40225Germany
| | - Naganand Rayapuram
- Darwin21 Desert Initiative, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering DivisionKing Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST)Thuwal23955Saudi Arabia
| | - Hirofumi Nakagami
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding ResearchCologneD‐50829Germany
| | - Jürgen Zeier
- Department of Biology, Institute for Molecular Ecophysiology of PlantsHeinrich Heine UniversityUniversitätsstraße 1DüsseldorfD‐40225Germany
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS)Heinrich Heine UniversityUniversitätsstraße 1DüsseldorfD‐40225Germany
| | - Heribert Hirt
- Darwin21 Desert Initiative, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering DivisionKing Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST)Thuwal23955Saudi Arabia
- Department of Plant Molecular BiologyUniversity of ViennaDr. Bohrgasse 9Vienna1030Austria
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris‐Saclay IPS2, CNRS, INRAe, Université Paris‐Sud, Université Evry, Université Paris‐SaclayBâtiment63091405 OrsayFrance
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7
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Sun K, Zhang X, Wei Z, Wang Z, Liu J, Liu J, Gao J, Guo J, Zhao X. Analysis of metabolic and transcription levels provides insights into the interactions of plant hormones and crosstalk with MAPKs in the early signaling response of cherry tomato fruit induced by the yeast cell wall. FOOD CHEMISTRY. MOLECULAR SCIENCES 2022; 6:100160. [PMID: 36619895 PMCID: PMC9816665 DOI: 10.1016/j.fochms.2022.100160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Yeast cell walls (YCW) are promising bio-based elicitors for controlling post-harvest fruit decay. In this study, 1% YCW induction increased the resistance of cherry tomato fruits, reducing disease incidence by 66%. This study aimed to explore the interaction of hormones and crosstalk with MAPKs (mitogen-activated protein kinases) in the early response of resistance regulation in cherry tomato fruits treated with YCW and U0126. We analyzed the temporal changes in hormone content, the expression of critical genes involved in phytohormone biosynthesis, and signal transduction in cherry tomato fruits response to the induction. Results revealed that jasmonic acid (JA) and brassinosteroids (BR) significantly regulated early resistance response in fruit induced by 1% YCW. The salicylic acid (SA) pathway is inhibited by the activation of the JA pathway. JA and SA signaling pathway crosstalk with the MAPK3 pathway. BR plays an essential role in the regulation of fruit resistance. The BR pathway may function independently when JA/SA and MAPK3 pathways are inhibited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keyu Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Health of Tianjin, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Xue Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Health of Tianjin, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Ze Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Health of Tianjin, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Ziwuzhen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Health of Tianjin, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Jifeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Health of Tianjin, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Jian Liu
- Institute of Health Quarantine, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100176, China,Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Product Quality Supervision and Inspection Institute, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830011, China
| | - Jianhua Gao
- College of Life Sciences, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, Shanxi 030801, China
| | - Jun Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Health of Tianjin, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China,Corresponding authors.
| | - Xin Zhao
- Institute of Health Quarantine, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100176, China,Corresponding authors.
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8
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Rozière J, Guichard C, Brunaud V, Martin ML, Coursol S. A comprehensive map of preferentially located motifs reveals distinct proximal cis-regulatory sequences in plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:976371. [PMID: 36311095 PMCID: PMC9597372 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.976371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Identification of cis-regulatory sequences controlling gene expression is an arduous challenge that is being actively explored to discover key genetic factors responsible for traits of agronomic interest. Here, we used a genome-wide de novo approach to investigate preferentially located motifs (PLMs) in the proximal cis-regulatory landscape of Arabidopsis thaliana and Zea mays. We report three groups of PLMs in both the 5'- and 3'-gene-proximal regions and emphasize conserved PLMs in both species, particularly in the 3'-gene-proximal region. Comparison with resources from transcription factor and microRNA binding sites shows that 79% of the identified PLMs are unassigned, although some are supported by MNase-defined cistrome occupancy analysis. Enrichment analyses further reveal that unassigned PLMs provide functional predictions that differ from those derived from transcription factor and microRNA binding sites. Our study provides a comprehensive map of PLMs and demonstrates their potential utility for future characterization of orphan genes in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Rozière
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INRAE, Université Evry, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), Gif sur Yvette, France
- Université de Paris Cité, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), Gif sur Yvette, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin (IJPB), Versailles, France
| | - Cécile Guichard
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INRAE, Université Evry, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), Gif sur Yvette, France
- Université de Paris Cité, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Véronique Brunaud
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INRAE, Université Evry, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), Gif sur Yvette, France
- Université de Paris Cité, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Marie-Laure Martin
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INRAE, Université Evry, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), Gif sur Yvette, France
- Université de Paris Cité, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), Gif sur Yvette, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, UMR MIA-Paris-Saclay, Palaiseau, France
| | - Sylvie Coursol
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin (IJPB), Versailles, France
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9
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Zhao J, Sun Y, Li X, Li Y. CYSTEINE-RICH RECEPTOR-LIKE KINASE5 (CRK5) and CRK22 regulate the response to Verticillium dahliae toxins. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 190:714-731. [PMID: 35674361 PMCID: PMC9434262 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Cysteine-rich receptor-like kinases (CRKs) play critical roles in responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. However, the molecular mechanisms of CRKs in plant defense responses remain unknown. Here, we demonstrated that two CRKs, CRK5 and CRK22, are involved in regulating defense responses to Verticillium dahliae toxins (Vd-toxins) in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Biochemical and genetic analyses showed that CRK5 and CRK22 may act upstream of MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE3 (MPK3) and MPK6 to regulate the salicylic acid (SA)-signaling pathway in response to Vd-toxins. In addition, MPK3 and MPK6 interact with the transcription factor WRKY70 to modulate defense responses to Vd-toxins. WRKY70 directly binds the promoter domains of the SA-signaling-related transcription factor genes TGACG SEQUENCE-SPECIFIC BINDING PROTEIN (TGA2) and TGA6 to regulate their expression in response to Vd-toxins. Thus, our study reveals a mechanism by which CRK5 and CRK22 regulate SA signaling through the MPK3/6-WRKY70-TGA2/6 pathway in response to Vd-toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yuhui Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xinyue Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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10
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Abulfaraj AA, Alhoraibi HM, Mariappan K, Bigeard J, Zhang H, Almeida-Trapp M, Artyukh O, Abdulhakim F, Parween S, Pflieger D, Blilou I, Hirt H, Rayapuram N. Analysis of the Arabidopsis coilin mutant reveals a positive role of AtCOILIN in plant immunity. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 190:745-761. [PMID: 35674377 PMCID: PMC9434284 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Biogenesis of ribonucleoproteins occurs in dynamic subnuclear compartments called Cajal bodies (CBs). COILIN is a critical scaffolding component essential for CB formation, composition, and activity. We recently showed that Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) AtCOILIN is phosphorylated in response to bacterial elicitor treatment. Here, we further investigated the role of AtCOILIN in plant innate immunity. Atcoilin mutants are compromised in defense responses to bacterial pathogens. Besides confirming a role of AtCOILIN in alternative splicing (AS), Atcoilin showed differential expression of genes that are distinct from those of AS, including factors involved in RNA biogenesis, metabolism, plant immunity, and phytohormones. Atcoilin mutant plants have reduced levels of defense phytohormones. As expected, the mutant plants were more sensitive to the necrotrophic fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea. Our findings reveal an important role for AtCOILIN in innate plant immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aala A Abulfaraj
- Biological Sciences Department, College of Science & Arts, King Abdulaziz University, Rabigh 21911, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hanna M Alhoraibi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, 21551 Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kiruthiga Mariappan
- Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jean Bigeard
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris Saclay (IPS2), CNRS, INRAE, Univ Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, Université de Paris, Orsay 91405, France
| | - Huoming Zhang
- Corelabs, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Marilia Almeida-Trapp
- Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Olga Artyukh
- Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fatimah Abdulhakim
- Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sabiha Parween
- Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Delphine Pflieger
- Universite Grenoble Alpes, INSERM, CEA, UMR BioSanté U1292, CNRS, CEA, FR2048 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Ikram Blilou
- Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
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11
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Zhang WM, Cheng XZ, Fang D, Cao J. AT-HOOK MOTIF NUCLEAR LOCALIZED (AHL) proteins of ancient origin radiate new functions. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 214:290-300. [PMID: 35716788 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.06.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
AHL (AT-HOOK MOTIF NUCLEAR LOCALIZED) protein is an important transcription factor in plants that regulates a wide range of biological process. It is considered to have evolved from an independent PPC domain in prokaryotes to a complete protein in modern plants. AT-hook motif and PPC conserved domains are the main functional domains of AHL. Since the discovery of AHL, their evolution and function have been continuously studied. The AHL gene family has been identified in multiple species and the functions of several members of the gene family have been studied. Here, we summarize the evolution and structural characteristics of AHL genes, and emphasize their biological functions. This review will provide a basis for further functional study and crop breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Meng Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiu-Zhu Cheng
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Da Fang
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jun Cao
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China.
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12
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Lang J, Genot B, Bigeard J, Colcombet J. MPK3 and MPK6 control salicylic acid signaling by up-regulating NLR receptors during pattern- and effector-triggered immunity. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:2190-2205. [PMID: 35032388 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Arabidopsis thaliana mitogen-activated protein kinases 3 and 6 (MPK3/6) are activated transiently during pathogen-associated molecular pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) and durably during effector-triggered immunity (ETI). The functional differences between these two kinds of activation kinetics and how they coordinate the two layers of plant immunity remain poorly understood. Here, by suppressor analyses, we demonstrate that ETI-mediating nucleotide-binding domain leucine-rich repeat receptors (NLRs) and the NLR signaling components NDR1 and EDS1 can promote the salicylic acid sector of defense downstream of MPK3 activity. Moreover, we provide evidence that both sustained and transient MPK3/6 activities positively control the expression of several NLR genes, including AT3G04220 and AT4G11170. We further show that NDR1 and EDS1 contribute to the up-regulation of these two NLRs in both an ETI and a PTI context. Remarkably, whereas in ETI MPK3/6 activities are dependent on NDR1 and EDS1, they are not in PTI, suggesting crucial differences in the two signaling pathways. Finally, we demonstrate that expression of the NLR AT3G04220 is sufficient to induce expression of defense genes from the salicylic acid branch. Overall, this study expands our knowledge of MPK3/6 functions during immunity and provides new insights into the intricate interplay of PTI and ETI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Lang
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INRAE, Univ Evry, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris Saclay (IPS2), 91405 Orsay, France
- Université de Paris, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris Saclay (IPS2), 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Baptiste Genot
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INRAE, Univ Evry, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris Saclay (IPS2), 91405 Orsay, France
- Université de Paris, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris Saclay (IPS2), 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Jean Bigeard
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INRAE, Univ Evry, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris Saclay (IPS2), 91405 Orsay, France
- Université de Paris, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris Saclay (IPS2), 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Jean Colcombet
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INRAE, Univ Evry, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris Saclay (IPS2), 91405 Orsay, France
- Université de Paris, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris Saclay (IPS2), 91405 Orsay, France
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13
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Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase and Substrate Identification in Plant Growth and Development. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23052744. [PMID: 35269886 PMCID: PMC8911294 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) form tightly controlled signaling cascades that play essential roles in plant growth, development, and defense response. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying MAPK cascades are still very elusive, largely because of our poor understanding of how they relay the signals. The MAPK cascade is composed of MAPK, MAPKK, and MAPKKK. They transfer signals through the phosphorylation of MAPKKK, MAPKK, and MAPK in turn. MAPKs are organized into a complex network for efficient transmission of specific stimuli. This review summarizes the research progress in recent years on the classification and functions of MAPK cascades under various conditions in plants, especially the research status and general methods available for identifying MAPK substrates, and provides suggestions for future research directions.
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14
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Sun T, Zhang Y. MAP kinase cascades in plant development and immune signaling. EMBO Rep 2022; 23:e53817. [PMID: 35041234 PMCID: PMC8811656 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202153817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades are important signaling modules regulating diverse biological processes. During the past 20 years, much progress has been made on the functions of MAPK cascades in plants. This review summarizes the roles of MAPKs, known MAPK substrates, and our current understanding of MAPK cascades in plant development and innate immunity. In addition, recent findings on the molecular links connecting surface receptors to MAPK cascades and the mechanisms underlying MAPK signaling specificity are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongjun Sun
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at ShenzhenChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesShenzhenChina
| | - Yuelin Zhang
- Department of BotanyUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBCCanada
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15
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Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 4-Regulated Metabolic Networks. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23020880. [PMID: 35055063 PMCID: PMC8779387 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinase 4 (MPK4) was first identified as a negative regulator of systemic acquired resistance. It is also an important kinase involved in many other biological processes in plants, including cytokinesis, reproduction, and photosynthesis. Arabidopsis thaliana mpk4 mutant is dwarf and sterile. Previous omics studies including genomics, transcriptomics, and proteomics have revealed new functions of MPK4 in different biological processes. However, due to challenges in metabolomics, no study has touched upon the metabolomic profiles of the mpk4 mutant. What metabolites and metabolic pathways are potentially regulated by MPK4 are not known. Metabolites are crucial components of plants, and they play important roles in plant growth and development, signaling, and defense. Here we used targeted and untargeted metabolomics to profile metabolites in the wild type and the mpk4 mutant. We found that in addition to the jasmonic acid and salicylic acid pathways, MPK4 is involved in polyamine synthesis and photosynthesis. In addition, we also conducted label-free proteomics of the two genotypes. The integration of metabolomics and proteomics data allows for an insight into the metabolomic networks that are potentially regulated by MPK4.
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16
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Luo P, Chen Y, Rong K, Lu Y, Wang N, Xu Z, Pang B, Zhou D, Weng J, Li M, Zhang D, Yong H, Han J, Zhou Z, Gao W, Hao Z, Li X. ZmSNAC13, a maize NAC transcription factor conferring enhanced resistance to multiple abiotic stresses in transgenic Arabidopsis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2022; 170:160-170. [PMID: 34891072 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Abiotic stress is the main factor that severely limits crop growth and yield. NAC (NAM, ATAF1/2 and CUC2) transcription factors play an important role in dealing with various abiotic stresses. Here, we discovered the ZmSNAC13 gene in drought-tolerant maize lines by RNA-seq analysis and verified its function in Arabidopsis thaliana. First, its gene structure showed that ZmSNAC13 had a typical NAC domain and a highly variable C-terminal. There were multiple cis-acting elements related to stress in its promoter region. Overexpression of ZmSNAC13 resulted in enhanced tolerances to drought and salt stresses in Arabidopsis, characterized by a reduction in the water loss rate, a sustained effective photosynthesis rate, and increased cell membrane stability in leaves under drought conditions. Transcriptome analysis showed that a large number of differentially expressed genes regulated by overexpression of ZmSNAC13 were identified, and the main drought tolerance regulatory pathways involved were the ABA pathway and MAPK cascade signaling pathway. Overexpression of ZmSNAC13 promoted the expression of genes, such as PYL9 and DREB3, thereby enhancing tolerance to adverse environments. Adaptability, while restraining genes expression such as WRKY53 and MPK3, facilitates regulation of senescence in Arabidopsis and improves plant responses to adversity. Therefore, ZmSNAC13 is promising gene of interest for use in transgenic breeding to improve abiotic stress tolerance in crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Luo
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, PR China; College of Agronomy, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, PR China.
| | - Yong Chen
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, PR China.
| | - Kewei Rong
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, PR China; College of Agronomy, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, PR China
| | - Yuelei Lu
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, PR China; College of Agronomy, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, PR China
| | - Nan Wang
- College of Agronomy, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, PR China
| | - Zhennan Xu
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Bo Pang
- College of Agronomy, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, PR China
| | - Di Zhou
- College of Agronomy, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, PR China
| | - Jianfeng Weng
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Mingshun Li
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Degui Zhang
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Hongjun Yong
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Jienan Han
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Zhiqiang Zhou
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Wenwei Gao
- College of Agronomy, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, PR China.
| | - Zhuanfang Hao
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, PR China.
| | - Xinhai Li
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, PR China.
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17
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Shu P, Zhang S, Li Y, Wang X, Yao L, Sheng J, Shen L. Over-expression of SlWRKY46 in tomato plants increases susceptibility to Botrytis cinerea by modulating ROS homeostasis and SA and JA signaling pathways. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2021; 166:1-9. [PMID: 34087740 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
WRKY, as one of the largest families of transcription factors (TFs), binds to cis-acting elements of downstream genes to regulate biotic and abiotic stress. However, the role of SlWRKY46 in fungal disease response induced by Botrytis cinerea (B.cinerea) and potential mechanism remains obscure. To ascertain the role of SlWRKY46 in response to B.cinerea, we constructed SlWRKY46-overexpression plants, which were then inoculated with B.cinerea. SlWRKY46-overexpression plants were more susceptible to B.cinerea and accompanied by the inhibited activities of phenylalanine ammonialyase (PAL), polyphenol oxidase (PPO), chitinase (CHI), and β-1,3-glucanase (GLU). Additionally, SlWRKY46-overexpression plants showed the decreased activities of ascorbate peroxidase (APX), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and the content of H2O2, and the increased content of O2•-. Moreover, over-expression of SlWRKY46 suppressed the salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA) marker genes, pathogenesis related protein (PR1), and proteinase inhibitors (PI Ⅰ and PI Ⅱ) and consequently aggravated the disease symptoms. Therefore, we speculated that SlWRKY46 played negative regulatory roles in B. cinerea infection probably by inhibiting the activities of antioxidants and disease resistance enzymes, regulating SA and JA signaling pathways and modulating reactive oxygen (ROS) homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Shu
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Shujuan Zhang
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yujing Li
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Xinyu Wang
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Lan Yao
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Jiping Sheng
- School of Agricultural Economics and Rural Development, Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872, China
| | - Lin Shen
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China.
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18
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Mei Y, Wang Y, Hu T, He Z, Zhou X. The C4 protein encoded by Tomato leaf curl Yunnan virus interferes with mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade-related defense responses through inhibiting the dissociation of the ERECTA/BKI1 complex. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 231:747-762. [PMID: 33829507 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades are involved in host defense against pathogens and are often activated by upstream plasma membrane leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinases (LRR-RLKs). ERECTA (ER) is an LRR-RLK that regulates plant developmental processes through activating MAPK cascades. Tomato leaf curl Yunnan virus (TLCYnV) C4 protein interacts with BKI1, stabilizes it at the plasma membrane and impairs ER autophosphorylation through suppressing the dissociation of the BKI1/ER complex, and then inhibits the activation of downstream MAPK cascades, which ultimately creates a favorable environment for TLCYnV infection. This study provides a novel viral strategy to impair MAPK activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhen Mei
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yaqin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
| | - Tao Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
| | - Zifu He
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of High Technology for Plant Protection, Plant Protection Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Xueping Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
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19
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Shan D, Wang C, Zheng X, Hu Z, Zhu Y, Zhao Y, Jiang A, Zhang H, Shi K, Bai Y, Yan T, Wang L, Sun Y, Li J, Zhou Z, Guo Y, Kong J. MKK4-MPK3-WRKY17-mediated salicylic acid degradation increases susceptibility to Glomerella leaf spot in apple. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 186:1202-1219. [PMID: 33693824 PMCID: PMC8195508 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Glomerella leaf spot (GLS), a fungal disease caused by Colletotrichum fructicola, severely affects apple quality and yield, yet few resistance genes have been identified in apple (Malus domestica Borkh.). Here we found a transcription factor MdWRKY17 significantly induced by C. fructicola infection in the susceptible apple cultivar "Gala." MdWRKY17 overexpressing transgenic "Gala" plants exhibited increased susceptibility to C. fructicola, whereas MdWRKY17 RNA-interference plants showed opposite phenotypes, indicating MdWRKY17 acts as a plant susceptibility factor during C. fructicola infection. Furthermore, MdWRKY17 directly bound to the promoter of the salicylic acid (SA) degradation gene Downy Mildew Resistant 6 (MdDMR6) and promoted its expression, resulting in reduced resistance to C. fructicola. Additionally, Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) 3 (MdMPK3) directly interacted with and phosphorylated MdWRKY17. Importantly, predicted phosphorylation residues in MdWRKY17 by MAPK kinase 4 (MdMEK4)-MdMPK3 were critical for the activity of MdWRKY17 to regulate MdDMR6 expression. In the six susceptible germplasms, MdWRKY17 levels were significantly higher than the six tolerant germplasms after infection, which corresponded with lower SA content, confirming the critical role of MdWRKY17-mediated SA degradation in GLS tolerance. Our study reveals a rapid regulatory mechanism of MdWRKY17, which is essential for SA degradation and GLS susceptibility, paving the way to generate GLS resistant apple.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongqian Shan
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Chanyu Wang
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiaodong Zheng
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zehui Hu
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yunpeng Zhu
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yu Zhao
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Awei Jiang
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Haixia Zhang
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Kun Shi
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yixue Bai
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Tianci Yan
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Lin Wang
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yanzhao Sun
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jianfang Li
- College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhaoyang Zhou
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yan Guo
- College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jin Kong
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- Author for communication:
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20
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Zhang H, Li F, Li Z, Cheng J, Chen X, Wang Q, Joosten MH, Shan W, Du Y. Potato StMPK7 is a downstream component of StMKK1 and promotes resistance to the oomycete pathogen Phytophthora infestans. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2021; 22:644-657. [PMID: 33764635 PMCID: PMC8126187 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
A cascade formed by phosphorylation events of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) takes part in plant stress responses. However, the roles of these MAPKs in resistance of potato (Solanum tuberosum) against Phytophthora pathogens is not well studied. Our previous work showed that a Phytophthora infestans RXLR effector targets and stabilizes the negative regulator of MAPK kinase 1 of potato (StMKK1). Because in Arabidopsis thaliana the AtMPK4 is the downstream phosphorylation target of AtMKK1, we performed a phylogenetic analysis and found that potato StMPK4/6/7 are closely related and are orthologs of AtMPK4/5/11/12. Overexpression of StMPK4/7 enhances plant resistance to P. infestans and P. parasitica. Yeast two-hybrid analysis revealed that StMPK7 interacts with StMKK1, and StMPK7 is phosphorylated on flg22 treatment and by expressing constitutively active StMKK1 (CA-StMKK1), indicating that StMPK7 is a direct downstream signalling partner of StMKK1. Overexpression of StMPK7 in potato enhances potato resistance to P. infestans. Constitutively active StMPK7 (CA-StMPK7; StMPK7D198G, E202A ) was found to promote immunity to Phytophthora pathogens and to trigger host cell death when overexpressed in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves. Cell death triggered by CA-StMPK7 is SGT1/RAR1-dependent. Furthermore, cell death triggered by CA-StMPK7 is suppressed on coexpression with the salicylate hydroxylase NahG, and StMPK7 activation promotes salicylic acid (SA)-responsive gene expression. We conclude that potato StMPK7 is a downstream signalling component of the phosphorelay cascade involving StMKK1 and StMPK7 plays a role in immunity to Phytophthora pathogens via an SA-dependent signalling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houxiao Zhang
- College of HorticultureNorthwest A&F University and State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid AreasYanglingChina
- Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for VegetablesYanglingChina
| | - Fangfang Li
- College of HorticultureNorthwest A&F University and State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid AreasYanglingChina
- Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for VegetablesYanglingChina
| | - Zhenzhen Li
- College of HorticultureNorthwest A&F University and State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid AreasYanglingChina
- Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for VegetablesYanglingChina
| | - Jing Cheng
- College of HorticultureNorthwest A&F University and State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid AreasYanglingChina
- Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for VegetablesYanglingChina
| | - Xiaokang Chen
- College of HorticultureNorthwest A&F University and State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid AreasYanglingChina
- Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for VegetablesYanglingChina
| | - Qinhu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | | | - Weixing Shan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of AgronomyNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Yu Du
- College of HorticultureNorthwest A&F University and State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid AreasYanglingChina
- Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for VegetablesYanglingChina
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Chromatin phosphoproteomics unravels a function for AT-hook motif nuclear localized protein AHL13 in PAMP-triggered immunity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2004670118. [PMID: 33419940 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2004670118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In many eukaryotic systems during immune responses, mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) link cytoplasmic signaling to chromatin events by targeting transcription factors, chromatin remodeling complexes, and the RNA polymerase machinery. So far, knowledge on these events is scarce in plants and no attempts have been made to focus on phosphorylation events of chromatin-associated proteins. Here we carried out chromatin phosphoproteomics upon elicitor-induced activation of Arabidopsis The events in WT were compared with those in mpk3, mpk4, and mpk6 mutant plants to decipher specific MAPK targets. Our study highlights distinct signaling networks involving MPK3, MPK4, and MPK6 in chromatin organization and modification, as well as in RNA transcription and processing. Among the chromatin targets, we characterized the AT-hook motif containing nuclear localized (AHL) DNA-binding protein AHL13 as a substrate of immune MAPKs. AHL13 knockout mutant plants are compromised in pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP)-induced reactive oxygen species production, expression of defense genes, and PAMP-triggered immunity. Transcriptome analysis revealed that AHL13 regulates key factors of jasmonic acid biosynthesis and signaling and affects immunity toward Pseudomonas syringae and Botrytis cinerea pathogens. Mutational analysis of the phosphorylation sites of AHL13 demonstrated that phosphorylation regulates AHL13 protein stability and thereby its immune functions.
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Takáč T, Křenek P, Komis G, Vadovič P, Ovečka M, Ohnoutková L, Pechan T, Kašpárek P, Tichá T, Basheer J, Arick M, Šamaj J. TALEN-Based HvMPK3 Knock-Out Attenuates Proteome and Root Hair Phenotypic Responses to flg22 in Barley. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:666229. [PMID: 33995462 PMCID: PMC8117018 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.666229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPKs) integrate elicitor perception with both early and late responses associated with plant defense and innate immunity. Much of the existing knowledge on the role of plant MAPKs in defense mechanisms against microbes stems from extensive research in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. In the present study, we investigated the involvement of barley (Hordeum vulgare) MPK3 in response to flagellin peptide flg22, a well-known bacterial elicitor. Using differential proteomic analysis we show that TALEN-induced MPK3 knock-out lines of barley (HvMPK3 KO) exhibit constitutive downregulation of defense related proteins such as PR proteins belonging to thaumatin family and chitinases. Further analyses showed that the same protein families were less prone to flg22 elicitation in HvMPK3 KO plants compared to wild types. These results were supported and validated by chitinase activity analyses and immunoblotting for HSP70. In addition, differential proteomes correlated with root hair phenotypes and suggested tolerance of HvMPK3 KO lines to flg22. In conclusion, our study points to the specific role of HvMPK3 in molecular and root hair phenotypic responses of barley to flg22.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomáš Takáč
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Pavel Křenek
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - George Komis
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Pavol Vadovič
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Miroslav Ovečka
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Ludmila Ohnoutková
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Palacký University and Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Tibor Pechan
- Institute for Genomics, Biocomputing and Biotechnology, Mississippi Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, United States
| | - Petr Kašpárek
- Laboratory of Transgenic Models of Diseases, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the CAS, Vestec, Czechia
| | - Tereza Tichá
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Jasim Basheer
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Mark Arick
- Institute for Genomics, Biocomputing and Biotechnology, Mississippi Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, United States
| | - Jozef Šamaj
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
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Wang X, Lu D, Tian C. Mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade CgSte50-Ste11-Ste7-Mk1 regulates infection-related morphogenesis in the poplar anthracnose fungus Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. Microbiol Res 2021; 248:126748. [PMID: 33752111 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2021.126748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The hemibiotrophic pathogen Colletotrichum gloeosporioides is the causal agent of poplar anthracnose and causes considerable economic losses. This fungus infects its host through a specialized structure called an appressorium. In a previous study, we demonstrated that the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) CgMk1 plays a critical role in appressorium formation and pathogenicity. In this study, we identified three upstream components of CgMk1, the putative adaptor protein CgSte50, MAPKKK CgSte11, and MAPKK CgSte7, and showed that CgSte50, CgSte11, and CgSte7 positively regulate the phosphorylation of CgMk1. Deletion of CgSte50, CgSte11, and CgSte7 resulted in the loss of appressorium formation, penetration of the cellophane membrane, invasive growth and pathogenicity, similar to the defects observed in the CgMk1 mutant. CgSte50, CgSte11, CgSte7 and CgMk1 were also required for polarity during conidial germination. At the initial stage of appressorium formation, the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was altered in the CgSte50, CgSte11, CgSte7 and CgMk1 deletion mutants compared with that in wild type (WT). Furthermore, the CgSte50, CgSte11, CgSte7 and CgMk1 deletion mutants manifested pleiotropic defects during vegetative growth; all mutants exhibited albino colonies, and the aerial hyphae had reduced hydrophobicity. In the mutants, autolysis was detected at the colony edge, and septum formation in the hyphae was elevated compared with that in the WT hyphae. Moreover, deletion of CgSte50, CgSte11, CgSte7 and CgMk1 affected vegetative growth under nitrogen-limiting and osmotic stress conditions. CgSte50, CgSte11, and CgSte7 but not CgMk1 were required for the oxidative stress response. Taken together, these results indicate that the CgMk1 MAPK cascade plays vital roles in various important functions in C. gloeosporioides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolian Wang
- The Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation of Ministry of Education, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Dongxiao Lu
- The Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation of Ministry of Education, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Chengming Tian
- The Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation of Ministry of Education, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China.
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Zhang C, Li J, Li S, Ma C, Liu H, Wang L, Qi J, Wu J. ZmMPK6 and ethylene signalling negatively regulate the accumulation of anti-insect metabolites DIMBOA and DIMBOA-Glc in maize inbred line A188. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 229:2273-2287. [PMID: 32996127 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
2,4-Dihydroxy-7-methoxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one (DIMBOA) and DIMBOA-glucoside (DIMBOA-Glc) are anti-insect benzoxazinoids in maize, yet very little information is known about how they are regulated. Reverse genetics, kinase activity analysis, phytohormone and DIMBOA/DIMBOA-Glc quantification, bioassays and transcriptome analysis were employed to study the function of ZmMPK6, a mitogen-activated protein kinase, in maize response to herbivory. ZmMPK6 was rapidly activated by wounding and simulated herbivory. Silencing ZmMPK6 in maize A188 compromised simulated herbivory-induced ethylene levels but not those of jasmonic acid or salicylic acid, and the ZmMPK6-silenced plants exhibited elevated DIMBOA/DIMBOA-Glc and insect resistance. An ethylene complementation experiment revealed that ZmMPK6 repressed the accumulation of DIMBOA/DIMBOA-Glc in an ethylene-dependent manner. Transcriptome analysis revealed that ZmMPK6 might meditate the transcription of BX1 by controlling a MYB transcription factor that is likely to be located in the ethylene signalling pathway and, furthermore, ZmMPK6 and ethylene signalling also specifically and commonly regulate the transcription of other benzoxazinoid biosynthetic genes. We also show that different maize lines have very different responses to simulated herbivory in terms of ZmMPK6 activation, ethylene emission and benzoxazinoid levels. These results uncover that ZmMPK6 and ethylene pathway are novel repressors of DIMBOA/DIMBOA-Glc and provide new insight into the regulatory mechanisms underlying these two pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuiping Zhang
- Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Sen Li
- Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Canrong Ma
- Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Hui Liu
- Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Jinfeng Qi
- Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Jianqiang Wu
- Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
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Křenek P, Chubar E, Vadovič P, Ohnoutková L, Vlčko T, Bergougnoux V, Cápal P, Ovečka M, Šamaj J. CRISPR/Cas9-Induced Loss-of-Function Mutation in the Barley Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 6 Gene Causes Abnormal Embryo Development Leading to Severely Reduced Grain Germination and Seedling Shootless Phenotype. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:670302. [PMID: 34394137 PMCID: PMC8361755 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.670302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The diverse roles of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs, MPKs) in plant development could be efficiently revealed by reverse genetic studies. In Arabidopsis, mpk6 knockout mutants complete the life cycle; however, ~40% of their embryos show defects in the development leading to abnormal phenotypes of seeds and seedlings' roots. Contrary to the Arabidopsis MPK6, the rice MPK6 (OsMPK6) is an essential gene as transfer DNA (T-DNA) insertion and CRISPR/Cas9 induced loss-of-function mutations in the OsMPK6 cause early embryo arrest. In this study, we successfully developed a viable transgenic barley line with the CRISPR/Cas9-induced heterozygous single base pair cytosine-guanine (CG) deletion [wild type (WT)/-1C] in the third exon of the HvMPK6 gene, a barley ortholog of the Arabidopsis and rice MPK6. There were no obvious macroscopic phenotype differences between the WT/-1C plants and WT plants. All the grains collected from the WT/-1C plants were of similar size and appearance. However, seedling emergence percentage (SEP) from these grains was substantially decreased in the soil in the T2 and T3 generation. The mutation analysis of the 248 emerged T2 and T3 generation plants showed that none of them was a biallelic mutant in the HvMPK6 gene, suggesting lethality of the -1C/-1C homozygous knockout mutation. In the soil, the majority of the -1C/-1C grains did not germinate and the minority of them developed into abnormal seedlings with a shootless phenotype and a reduced root system. Some of the -1C/-1C seedlings also developed one or more small chlorotic leaf blade-like structure/structures. The -1C/-1C grains contained the late-stage developed abnormal embryos with the morphologically obvious scutellum and root part of the embryonic axis but with the missing or substantially reduced shoot part of the embryonic axis. The observed embryonic abnormalities correlated well with the shootless phenotype of the seedlings and suggested that the later-stage defect is predetermined already during the embryo development. In conclusion, our results indicate that barley MPK6 is essential for the embryologically predetermined shoot formation, but not for the most aspects of the embryo and early seedling development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Křenek
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
- *Correspondence: Pavel Křenek
| | - Elizaveta Chubar
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Pavol Vadovič
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Ludmila Ohnoutková
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Science, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Tomáš Vlčko
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Science, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Véronique Bergougnoux
- Centre of Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Petr Cápal
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Miroslav Ovečka
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Jozef Šamaj
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
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26
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Kato H, Onai K, Abe A, Shimizu M, Takagi H, Tateda C, Utsushi H, Singkarabanit-Ogawa S, Kitakura S, Ono E, Zipfel C, Takano Y, Ishiura M, Terauchi R. Lumi-Map, a Real-Time Luciferase Bioluminescence Screen of Mutants Combined with MutMap, Reveals Arabidopsis Genes Involved in PAMP-Triggered Immunity. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2020; 33:1366-1380. [PMID: 32876529 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-05-20-0118-ta] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Plants recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) to activate PAMP-triggered immunity (PTI). However, our knowledge of PTI signaling remains limited. In this report, we introduce Lumi-Map, a high-throughput platform for identifying causative single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) for studying PTI signaling components. In Lumi-Map, a transgenic reporter plant line is produced that contains a firefly luciferase (LUC) gene driven by a defense gene promoter, which generates luminescence upon PAMP treatment. The line is mutagenized and the mutants with altered luminescence patterns are screened by a high-throughput real-time bioluminescence monitoring system. Selected mutants are subjected to MutMap analysis, a whole-genome sequencing-based method of rapid mutation identification, to identify the causative SNP responsible for the luminescence pattern change. We generated nine transgenic Arabidopsis reporter lines expressing the LUC gene fused to multiple promoter sequences of defense-related genes. These lines generate luminescence upon activation of FLAGELLIN-SENSING 2 (FLS2) by flg22, a PAMP derived from bacterial flagellin. We selected the WRKY29-promoter reporter line to identify mutants in the signaling pathway downstream of FLS2. After screening 24,000 ethylmethanesulfonate-induced mutants of the reporter line, we isolated 22 mutants with altered WRKY29 expression upon flg22 treatment (abbreviated as awf mutants). Although five flg22-insensitive awf mutants harbored mutations in FLS2 itself, Lumi-Map revealed three genes not previously associated with PTI. Lumi-Map has the potential to identify novel PAMPs and their receptors as well as signaling components downstream of the receptors.[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2020 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Kato
- Iwate Biotechnology Research Center, Kitakami, Japan
- Laboratory of Crop Evolution, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Onai
- Laboratory of Crop Evolution, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Akira Abe
- Iwate Biotechnology Research Center, Kitakami, Japan
| | | | - Hiroki Takagi
- Iwate Biotechnology Research Center, Kitakami, Japan
| | - Chika Tateda
- Iwate Biotechnology Research Center, Kitakami, Japan
| | - Hiroe Utsushi
- Iwate Biotechnology Research Center, Kitakami, Japan
| | | | - Saeko Kitakura
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Erika Ono
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Cyril Zipfel
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, U.K
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Yoshitaka Takano
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | - Ryohei Terauchi
- Iwate Biotechnology Research Center, Kitakami, Japan
- Laboratory of Crop Evolution, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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27
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Jamshed M, Sankaranarayanan S, Abhinandan K, Samuel MA. Stigma Receptivity Is Controlled by Functionally Redundant MAPK Pathway Components in Arabidopsis. MOLECULAR PLANT 2020; 13:1582-1593. [PMID: 32890733 DOI: 10.1101/2020.03.09.983767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
In angiosperms, the process of pollination relies on species-specific interaction and signaling between the male (pollen) and female (pistil) counterparts where the interplay between several pollen and stigma proteins decides the fate of the pollen. In Brassicaceae, the dry stigmatic papillary cells control pollen germination by releasing resources only to compatible pollen thereby allowing pollen to hydrate and germinate. Despite the identification of a number of stigmatic proteins that facilitate pollination responses, the signaling mechanisms that regulate functions of these proteins have remained unknown. Here, we show that, in Arabidopsis, an extremely functionally redundant mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade is required for maintaining stigma receptivity to accept compatible pollen. Our genetic analyses demonstrate that in stigmas, five MAPK kinases (MKKs), MKK1/2/3/7/9 are required to transmit upstream signals to two MPKs, MPK3/4, to mediate compatible pollination. Compromised functions of these five MKKs in the quintuple mutant (mkk1/2/3RNAi/mkk7/9) phenocopied pollination defects observed in the mpk4RNAi/mpk3 double mutant. We further show that this MAPK nexus converges on Exo70A1, a previously identified stigma receptivity factor essential for pollination. Given that pollination is the crucial initial step during plant reproduction, understanding the mechanisms that govern successful pollination could lead to development of strategies to improve crop yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Jamshed
- University of Calgary, BI 392, Department of Biological Sciences, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada; Senior Scientist, Frontier Agri-Science Inc, 98 Ontario Street, Port Hope, ON L1A 2V2, Canada
| | - Subramanian Sankaranarayanan
- University of Calgary, BI 392, Department of Biological Sciences, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada; Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Kumar Abhinandan
- University of Calgary, BI 392, Department of Biological Sciences, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Marcus A Samuel
- University of Calgary, BI 392, Department of Biological Sciences, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada.
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28
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Jamshed M, Sankaranarayanan S, Abhinandan K, Samuel MA. Stigma Receptivity Is Controlled by Functionally Redundant MAPK Pathway Components in Arabidopsis. MOLECULAR PLANT 2020; 13:1582-1593. [PMID: 32890733 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2020.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In angiosperms, the process of pollination relies on species-specific interaction and signaling between the male (pollen) and female (pistil) counterparts where the interplay between several pollen and stigma proteins decides the fate of the pollen. In Brassicaceae, the dry stigmatic papillary cells control pollen germination by releasing resources only to compatible pollen thereby allowing pollen to hydrate and germinate. Despite the identification of a number of stigmatic proteins that facilitate pollination responses, the signaling mechanisms that regulate functions of these proteins have remained unknown. Here, we show that, in Arabidopsis, an extremely functionally redundant mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade is required for maintaining stigma receptivity to accept compatible pollen. Our genetic analyses demonstrate that in stigmas, five MAPK kinases (MKKs), MKK1/2/3/7/9 are required to transmit upstream signals to two MPKs, MPK3/4, to mediate compatible pollination. Compromised functions of these five MKKs in the quintuple mutant (mkk1/2/3RNAi/mkk7/9) phenocopied pollination defects observed in the mpk4RNAi/mpk3 double mutant. We further show that this MAPK nexus converges on Exo70A1, a previously identified stigma receptivity factor essential for pollination. Given that pollination is the crucial initial step during plant reproduction, understanding the mechanisms that govern successful pollination could lead to development of strategies to improve crop yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Jamshed
- University of Calgary, BI 392, Department of Biological Sciences, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada; Senior Scientist, Frontier Agri-Science Inc, 98 Ontario Street, Port Hope, ON L1A 2V2, Canada
| | - Subramanian Sankaranarayanan
- University of Calgary, BI 392, Department of Biological Sciences, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada; Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Kumar Abhinandan
- University of Calgary, BI 392, Department of Biological Sciences, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Marcus A Samuel
- University of Calgary, BI 392, Department of Biological Sciences, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada.
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29
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Sustained Incompatibility between MAPK Signaling and Pathogen Effectors. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21217954. [PMID: 33114762 PMCID: PMC7672596 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21217954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In plants, Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases (MAPKs) are important signaling components involved in developemental processes as well as in responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. In this review, we focus on the roles of MAPKs in Effector-Triggered Immunity (ETI), a specific layer of plant defense responses dependent on the recognition of pathogen effector proteins. Having inspected the literature, we synthesize the current state of knowledge concerning this topic. First, we describe how pathogen effectors can manipulate MAPK signaling to promote virulence, and how in parallel plants have developed mechanisms to protect themselves against these interferences. Then, we discuss the striking finding that the recognition of pathogen effectors can provoke a sustained activation of the MAPKs MPK3/6, extensively analyzing its implications in terms of regulation and functions. In line with this, we also address the question of how a durable activation of MAPKs might affect the scope of their substrates, and thereby mediate the emergence of possibly new ETI-specific responses. By highlighting the sometimes conflicting or missing data, our intention is to spur further research in order to both consolidate and expand our understanding of MAPK signaling in immunity.
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30
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Wang X, Ren M, Liu D, Zhang D, Zhang C, Lang Z, Macho AP, Zhang M, Zhu JK. Large-scale identification of expression quantitative trait loci in Arabidopsis reveals novel candidate regulators of immune responses and other processes. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 62:1469-1484. [PMID: 32246811 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The extensive phenotypic diversity within natural populations of Arabidopsis is associated with differences in gene expression. Transcript levels can be considered as inheritable quantitative traits, and used to map expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) in genome-wide association studies (GWASs). In order to identify putative genetic determinants for variations in gene expression, we used publicly available genomic and transcript variation data from 665 Arabidopsis accessions and applied the single nucleotide polymorphism-set (Sequence) Kernel Association Test (SKAT) method for the identification of eQTL. Moreover, we used the penalized orthogonal-components regression (POCRE) method to increase the power of statistical tests. Then, gene annotations were used as test units to identify genes that are associated with natural variations in transcript accumulation, which correspond to candidate regulators, some of which may have a broad impact on gene expression. Besides increasing the chances to identify real associations, the analysis using POCRE and SKAT significantly reduced the computational cost required to analyze large datasets. As a proof of concept, we used this approach to identify eQTL that represent novel candidate regulators of immune responses. The versatility of this approach allows its application to any process that is subjected to natural variation among Arabidopsis accessions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingang Wang
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907, USA
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, 11724, USA
| | - Min Ren
- Department of Statistics, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907, USA
| | - Danni Liu
- Department of Statistics, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907, USA
| | - Dabao Zhang
- Department of Statistics, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907, USA
| | - Cuijun Zhang
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907, USA
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Center of Excellence for Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Zhaobo Lang
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907, USA
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Center of Excellence for Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Alberto P Macho
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Center of Excellence for Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Min Zhang
- Department of Statistics, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907, USA
| | - Jian-Kang Zhu
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907, USA
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Center of Excellence for Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
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Patavardhan SS, Subba P, Najar A, Awasthi K, D'Souza L, Prasad TSK, Nivas SK. Plant-Pathogen Interactions: Broad Mite ( Polyphagotarsonemus latus)-Induced Proteomic Changes in Chili Pepper Plant ( Capsicum frutescens). OMICS-A JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY 2020; 24:714-725. [PMID: 32780627 DOI: 10.1089/omi.2020.0080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Plant-pathogen interactions are key biological events that shape ecological dynamics, food production, agriculture and economy. In this context, Capsicum frutescens is an economically and culturally significant chili pepper plant grown widely across the globe as an essential ingredient of hot sauces, chili concentrates, oleoresin flavors, and also in traditional medicines. An important pathogen that limits chili cultivation causing low yield and economic loss is the broad mite, Polyphagotarsonemus latus. Broad mite-infested chili plants have stunted growth and leaves appear coppery and dark, which show symptoms of leaf curl and more importantly the smaller fruits unfit for consumption. The molecular mechanisms of how broad mite affect chili remain poorly understood. In this study, we report a tandem mass tag (TMT)-labeled mass spectrometry-based quantitative proteomic analysis of leaves and apical meristems of healthy and infected chili pepper plants. In total, we identified 5799 proteins, of which 1677 proteins were found to be differentially regulated in infested plants. Related signaling pathways of the differentially expressed proteins were examined using bioinformatics tools. Predominantly, we identified pathways associated with jasmonic acid synthesis, mitogen-activated protein kinase, and plant defense and hormone signal transduction. We also observed upregulation of several enzymes of the phenylpropanoid and carotenoid biosynthetic pathways. This study provides the first in-depth proteomic analysis that correlates broad mite infestation in chili and dysregulation of various pathways that take part in plant defense. In the future, data can be extrapolated for innovation in pest management methods whose ecological footprints are better understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachin S Patavardhan
- Laboratory of Applied Biology, St Aloysius College (Autonomous), Mangalore, India.,Department of Biotechnology, Mangalore University, Mangalore, India
| | - Pratigya Subba
- Center for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine, Yenepoya Research Center, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, India
| | - Altaf Najar
- Center for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine, Yenepoya Research Center, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, India
| | - Kriti Awasthi
- Center for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine, Yenepoya Research Center, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, India
| | - Leo D'Souza
- Laboratory of Applied Biology, St Aloysius College (Autonomous), Mangalore, India
| | | | - Shashi Kiran Nivas
- Laboratory of Applied Biology, St Aloysius College (Autonomous), Mangalore, India
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Sözen C, Schenk ST, Boudsocq M, Chardin C, Almeida-Trapp M, Krapp A, Hirt H, Mithöfer A, Colcombet J. Wounding and Insect Feeding Trigger Two Independent MAPK Pathways with Distinct Regulation and Kinetics. THE PLANT CELL 2020; 32:1988-2003. [PMID: 32265268 PMCID: PMC7268812 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.19.00917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Abiotic and biotic factors cause plant wounding and trigger complex short- and long-term responses at the local and systemic levels. These responses are under the control of complex signaling pathways, which are still poorly understood. Here, we show that the rapid activation of clade-A mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) MPK3 and MPK6 by wounding depends on the upstream MAPK kinases MKK4 and MKK5 but is independent of jasmonic acid (JA) signaling. In addition, this fast module does not control wound-triggered JA accumulation in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), unlike its orthologs in tobacco. We also demonstrate that a second MAPK module, composed of MKK3 and the clade-C MAPKs MPK1/2/7, is activated by wounding in a MKK4/5-independent manner. We provide evidence that the activation of this MKK3-MPK1/2/7 module occurs mainly through wound-induced JA production via the transcriptional regulation of upstream clade-III MAP3Ks, particularly MAP3K14. We show that mkk3 mutant plants are more susceptible to herbivory from larvae of the generalist lepidopteran herbivore Spodoptera littoralis, indicating that the MKK3-MPK1/2/7 module is involved in counteracting insect feeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Sözen
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INRAE, Univ Evry, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Sebastian T Schenk
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INRAE, Univ Evry, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Marie Boudsocq
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INRAE, Univ Evry, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Camille Chardin
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France
| | - Marilia Almeida-Trapp
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Anne Krapp
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France
| | - Heribert Hirt
- Center for Desert Agriculture, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Axel Mithöfer
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany
- Research Group Plant Defense Physiology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Jean Colcombet
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INRAE, Univ Evry, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), 91405 Orsay, France
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Role of MPK4 in pathogen-associated molecular pattern-triggered alternative splicing in Arabidopsis. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008401. [PMID: 32302366 PMCID: PMC7164602 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Alternative splicing (AS) of pre-mRNAs in plants is an important mechanism of gene regulation in environmental stress tolerance but plant signals involved are essentially unknown. Pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP)-triggered immunity (PTI) is mediated by mitogen-activated protein kinases and the majority of PTI defense genes are regulated by MPK3, MPK4 and MPK6. These responses have been mainly analyzed at the transcriptional level, however many splicing factors are direct targets of MAPKs. Here, we studied alternative splicing induced by the PAMP flagellin in Arabidopsis. We identified 506 PAMP-induced differentially alternatively spliced (DAS) genes. Importantly, of the 506 PAMP-induced DAS genes, only 89 overlap with the set of 1950 PAMP-induced differentially expressed genes (DEG), indicating that transcriptome analysis does not identify most DAS events. Global DAS analysis of mpk3, mpk4, and mpk6 mutants in the absence of PAMP treatment showed no major splicing changes. However, in contrast to MPK3 and MPK6, MPK4 was found to be a key regulator of PAMP-induced DAS events as the AS of a number of splicing factors and immunity-related protein kinases is affected, such as the calcium-dependent protein kinase CPK28, the cysteine-rich receptor like kinases CRK13 and CRK29 or the FLS2 co-receptor SERK4/BKK1. Although MPK4 is guarded by SUMM2 and consequently, the mpk4 dwarf and DEG phenotypes are suppressed in mpk4 summ2 mutants, MPK4-dependent DAS is not suppressed by SUMM2, supporting the notion that PAMP-triggered MPK4 activation mediates regulation of alternative splicing. Alternative splicing (AS) of pre-mRNAs in plants is an important mechanism of gene regulation in environmental stress tolerance but plant signals involved are essentially unknown. Pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP)-triggered immunity (PTI) is mediated by mitogen-activated protein kinases and the majority of PTI defense genes are regulated by MPK3, MPK4 and MPK6. These responses have been mainly analyzed at the transcriptional level, however many splicing factors are direct targets of MAPKs. Here, we studied PAMP-induced alternative splicing in Arabidopsis and identified several hundred differentially alternatively spliced (DAS) genes. Importantly, of these PAMP-induced DAS genes, only 18% overlap with the set of PAMP-induced differentially expressed genes (DEG), indicating that transcriptome analysis does not identify most DAS events. Global DAS analysis of MAPK mutants identified MPK4 as a key regulator of PAMP-induced DAS events. Although MPK4 is guarded by SUMM2 and consequently, the mpk4 dwarf and DEG phenotypes are suppressed in mpk4 summ2 mutants, MPK4-dependent DAS is not suppressed by SUMM2, showing that PAMP-triggered MPK4 activation mediates regulation of alternative splicing.
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Bunea F, Giraud C, Luo X, Royer M, Verzelen N. MODEL ASSISTED VARIABLE CLUSTERING: MINIMAX-OPTIMAL RECOVERY AND ALGORITHMS. Ann Stat 2020; 48:111-137. [PMID: 35847529 PMCID: PMC9286061 DOI: 10.1214/18-aos1794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
The problem of variable clustering is that of estimating groups of similar components of a p-dimensional vector X = (X 1, … , X p ) from n independent copies of X. There exists a large number of algorithms that return data-dependent groups of variables, but their interpretation is limited to the algorithm that produced them. An alternative is model-based clustering, in which one begins by defining population level clusters relative to a model that embeds notions of similarity. Algorithms tailored to such models yield estimated clusters with a clear statistical interpretation. We take this view here and introduce the class of G-block covariance models as a background model for variable clustering. In such models, two variables in a cluster are deemed similar if they have similar associations will all other variables. This can arise, for instance, when groups of variables are noise corrupted versions of the same latent factor. We quantify the difficulty of clustering data generated from a G-block covariance model in terms of cluster proximity, measured with respect to two related, but different, cluster separation metrics. We derive minimax cluster separation thresholds, which are the metric values below which no algorithm can recover the model-defined clusters exactly, and show that they are different for the two metrics. We therefore develop two algorithms, COD and PECOK, tailored to G-block covariance models, and study their minimax-optimality with respect to each metric. Of independent interest is the fact that the analysis of the PECOK algorithm, which is based on a corrected convex relaxation of the popular K-means algorithm, provides the first statistical analysis of such algorithms for variable clustering. Additionally, we compare our methods with another popular clustering method, spectral clustering. Extensive simulation studies, as well as our data analyses, confirm the applicability of our approach.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christophe Giraud
- Laboratoire de Mathématiques d’Orsay, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay
| | - Xi Luo
- Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston
| | - Martin Royer
- Laboratoire de Mathématiques d’Orsay, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay
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Li P, Lu YJ, Chen H, Day B. The Lifecycle of the Plant Immune System. CRITICAL REVIEWS IN PLANT SCIENCES 2020; 39:72-100. [PMID: 33343063 PMCID: PMC7748258 DOI: 10.1080/07352689.2020.1757829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Throughout their life span, plants confront an endless barrage of pathogens and pests. To successfully defend against biotic threats, plants have evolved a complex immune system responsible for surveillance, perception, and the activation of defense. Plant immunity requires multiple signaling processes, the outcome of which vary according to the lifestyle of the invading pathogen(s). In short, these processes require the activation of host perception, the regulation of numerous signaling cascades, and transcriptome reprograming, all of which are highly dynamic in terms of temporal and spatial scales. At the same time, the development of a single immune event is subjective to the development of plant immune system, which is co-regulated by numerous processes, including plant ontogenesis and the host microbiome. In total, insight into each of these processes provides a fuller understanding of the mechanisms that govern plant-pathogen interactions. In this review, we will discuss the "lifecycle" of plant immunity: the development of individual events of defense, including both local and distal processes, as well as the development and regulation of the overall immune system by ontogenesis regulatory genes and environmental microbiota. In total, we will integrate the output of recent discoveries and theories, together with several hypothetical models, to present a dynamic portrait of plant immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pai Li
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Yi-Ju Lu
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Huan Chen
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Graduate Program in Genetics and Genome Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Brad Day
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Graduate Program in Genetics and Genome Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
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Lambert I, Paysant-Le Roux C, Colella S, Martin-Magniette ML. DiCoExpress: a tool to process multifactorial RNAseq experiments from quality controls to co-expression analysis through differential analysis based on contrasts inside GLM models. PLANT METHODS 2020; 16:68. [PMID: 32426025 PMCID: PMC7216733 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-020-00611-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND RNAseq is nowadays the method of choice for transcriptome analysis. In the last decades, a high number of statistical methods, and associated bioinformatics tools, for RNAseq analysis were developed. More recently, statistical studies realised neutral comparison studies using benchmark datasets, shedding light on the most appropriate approaches for RNAseq data analysis. RESULTS DiCoExpress is a script-based tool implemented in R that includes methods chosen based on their performance in neutral comparisons studies. DiCoExpress uses pre-existing R packages including FactoMineR, edgeR and coseq, to perform quality control, differential, and co-expression analysis of RNAseq data. Users can perform the full analysis, providing a mapped read expression data file and a file containing the information on the experimental design. Following the quality control step, the user can move on to the differential expression analysis performed using generalized linear models thanks to the automated contrast writing function. A co-expression analysis is implemented using the coseq package. Lists of differentially expressed genes and identified co-expression clusters are automatically analyzed for enrichment of annotations provided by the user. We used DiCoExpress to analyze a publicly available RNAseq dataset on the transcriptional response of Brassica napus L. to silicon treatment in plant roots and mature leaves. This dataset, including two biological factors and three replicates for each condition, allowed us to demonstrate in a tutorial all the features of DiCoExpress. CONCLUSIONS DiCoExpress is an R script-based tool allowing users to perform a full RNAseq analysis from quality controls to co-expression analysis through differential analysis based on contrasts inside generalized linear models. DiCoExpress focuses on the statistical modelling of gene expression according to the experimental design and facilitates the data analysis leading the biological interpretation of the results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilana Lambert
- LSTM, Laboratoire des Symbioses Tropicales et Méditerranéennes, IRD, CIRAD, INRAE, SupAgro, Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Christine Paysant-Le Roux
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INRAE, Univ Evry, Bat. 630, 91405 Orsay, France
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris Saclay (IPS2), Université de Paris, CNRS, INRAE, Bat. 630, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Stefano Colella
- LSTM, Laboratoire des Symbioses Tropicales et Méditerranéennes, IRD, CIRAD, INRAE, SupAgro, Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Marie-Laure Martin-Magniette
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INRAE, Univ Evry, Bat. 630, 91405 Orsay, France
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris Saclay (IPS2), Université de Paris, CNRS, INRAE, Bat. 630, 91405 Orsay, France
- UMR MIA-Paris, AgroParisTech, INRAE, Université Paris-Saclay, 75005 Paris, France
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37
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Bacillus amyloliquefaciens MBI600 differentially induces tomato defense signaling pathways depending on plant part and dose of application. Sci Rep 2019; 9:19120. [PMID: 31836790 PMCID: PMC6910970 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-55645-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The success of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens as a biological control agent relies on its ability to outgrow plant pathogens. It is also thought to interact with its plant host by inducing systemic resistance. In this study, the ability of B. amyloliquefaciens MBI600 to elicit defense (or other) responses in tomato seedlings and plants was assessed upon the expression of marker genes and transcriptomic analysis. Spray application of Serifel, a commercial formulation of MBI600, induced responses in a dose-dependent manner. Low dosage primed plant defense by activation of SA-responsive genes. Suggested dosage induced defense by mediating synergistic cross-talk between JA/ET and SA-signaling. Saturation of tomato roots or leaves with MBI600 elicitors activated JA/ET signaling at the expense of SA-mediated responses. The complex signaling network that is implicated in MBI600-tomato seedling interactions was mapped. MBI600 and flg22 (a bacterial flagellin peptide) elicitors induced, in a similar manner, biotic and abiotic stress responses by the coordinated activation of genes involved in JA/ET biosynthesis as well as hormone and redox signaling. This is the first study to suggest the activation of plant defense following the application of a commercial microbial formulation under conditions of greenhouse crop production.
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Vï Lz R, Kim SK, Mi J, Mariappan KG, Siodmak A, Al-Babili S, Hirt H. A Chimeric IDD4 Repressor Constitutively Induces Immunity in Arabidopsis via the Modulation of Salicylic Acid and Jasmonic Acid Homeostasis. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 60:1536-1555. [PMID: 30989238 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcz057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
INDETERMINATE DOMAIN (IDD)/BIRD proteins belong to a highly conserved plant-specific group of transcription factors with dedicated functions in plant physiology and development. Here, we took advantage of the chimeric repressor gene-silencing technology (CRES-T, SRDX) to widen our view on the role of IDD4/IMPERIAL EAGLE and IDD family members in plant immunity. The hypomorphic idd4SRDX lines are compromised in growth and show a robust autoimmune phenotype. Hormonal measurements revealed the concomitant accumulation of salicylic acid and jasmonic acid suggesting that IDDs are involved in regulating the metabolism of these biotic stress hormones. The analysis of immunity-pathways showed enhanced activation of immune MAP kinase-signaling pathways, the accumulation of hydrogen peroxide and spontaneous programmed cell death. The transcriptome of nonelicited idd4SRDX lines can be aligned to approximately 40% of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in flg22-treated wild-type plants. The pattern of DEGs implies IDDs as pivotal repressors of flg22-dependent gene induction. Infection experiments showed the increased resistance of idd4SRDX lines to Pseudomonas syringae and Botrytis cinerea implying a function of IDDs in defense adaptation to hemibiotrophs and necrotrophs. Genome-wide IDD4 DNA-binding studies (DAP-SEQ) combined with DEG analysis of idd4SRDX lines identified IDD4-regulated functional gene clusters that contribute to plant growth and development. In summary, we discovered that the expression of idd4SRDX activates a wide range of defense-related traits opening up the possibility to apply idd4SRDX as a powerful tool to stimulate innate immunity in engineered crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronny Vï Lz
- Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Center for Desert Agriculture, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Center for Fungal Genetic Resources and Plant Immunity Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Soon-Kap Kim
- Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Center for Desert Agriculture, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jianing Mi
- Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Center for Desert Agriculture, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kiruthiga G Mariappan
- Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Center for Desert Agriculture, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Anna Siodmak
- Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Center for Desert Agriculture, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Salim Al-Babili
- Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Center for Desert Agriculture, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Heribert Hirt
- Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Center for Desert Agriculture, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay IPS2, CNRS, INRA, Universit� Paris-Sud, Universit� Evry, Universit� Paris-Saclay, B�timent 630, Orsay, France
- Max Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Zhou S, Chen M, Zhang Y, Gao Q, Noman A, Wang Q, Li H, Chen L, Zhou P, Lu J, Lou Y. OsMKK3, a Stress-Responsive Protein Kinase, Positively Regulates Rice Resistance to Nilaparvata lugens via Phytohormone Dynamics. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E3023. [PMID: 31226870 PMCID: PMC6628034 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20123023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants undergo several but very precise molecular, physiological, and biochemical modulations in response to biotic stresses. Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades orchestrate multiple cellular processes including plant growth and development as well as plant responses against abiotic and biotic stresses. However, the role of MAPK kinases (MAPKKs/MKKs/MEKs) in the regulation of plant resistance to herbivores has not been extensively investigated. Here, we cloned a rice MKK gene, OsMKK3, and investigated its function. It was observed that mechanical wounding, infestation of brown planthopper (BPH) Nilaparvata lugens, and treatment with methyl jasmonate (MeJA) or salicylic acid (SA) could induce the expression of OsMKK3. The over-expression of OsMKK3 (oe-MKK3) increased levels of jasmonic acid (JA), jasmonoyl-L-isoleucine (JA-Ile), and abscisic acid (ABA), and decreased SA levels in rice after BPH attack. Additionally, the preference for feeding and oviposition, the hatching rate of BPH eggs, and BPH nymph survival rate were significantly compromised due to over-expression of OsMKK3. Besides, oe-MKK3 also augmented chlorophyll content but impaired plant growth. We confirm that MKK3 plays a pivotal role in the signaling pathway. It is proposed that OsMKK3 mediated positive regulation of rice resistance to BPH by means of herbivory-induced phytohormone dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuxing Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology & Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Agricultural Entomology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Mengting Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology & Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Agricultural Entomology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Yuebai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology & Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Agricultural Entomology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Qing Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology & Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Agricultural Entomology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Ali Noman
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology & Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Agricultural Entomology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
- Department of Botany, Government college university, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan.
| | - Qi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology & Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Agricultural Entomology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Heng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology & Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Agricultural Entomology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Lin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology & Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Agricultural Entomology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Pengyong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology & Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Agricultural Entomology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Jing Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology & Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Agricultural Entomology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Yonggen Lou
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology & Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Agricultural Entomology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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Park J, Kim TH, Takahashi Y, Schwab R, Dressano K, Stephan AB, Ceciliato PHO, Ramirez E, Garin V, Huffaker A, Schroeder JI. Chemical genetic identification of a lectin receptor kinase that transduces immune responses and interferes with abscisic acid signaling. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 98:492-510. [PMID: 30659683 PMCID: PMC6488365 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Insight into how plants simultaneously cope with multiple stresses, for example, when challenged with biotic stress from pathogen infection and abiotic stress from drought, is important both for understanding evolutionary trade-offs and optimizing crop responses to these stresses. Mechanisms by which initial plant immune signaling antagonizes abscisic acid (ABA) signal transduction require further investigation. Using a chemical genetics approach, the small molecule [5-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)furan-2-yl]-piperidine-1-ylmethanethione (DFPM) has previously been identified due to its ability to suppress ABA signaling via plant immune signaling components. Here, we have used forward chemical genetics screening to identify DFPM-insensitive loci by monitoring the activity of ABA-inducible pRAB18::GFP in the presence of DFPM and ABA. The ability of DFPM to attenuate ABA signaling was reduced in rda mutants (resistant to DFPM inhibition of ABA signaling). One of the mutants, rda2, was mapped and is defective in a gene encoding a lectin receptor kinase. RDA2 functions in DFPM-mediated inhibition of ABA-mediated reporter expression. RDA2 is required for DFPM-mediated activation of immune signaling, including phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) 3 (MPK3) and MPK6, and induction of immunity marker genes. Our study identifies a previously uncharacterized receptor kinase gene that is important for DFPM-mediated immune signaling and inhibition of ABA signaling. We demonstrate that the lectin receptor kinase RDA2 is essential for perceiving the DFPM signal and activating MAPKs, and that MKK4 and MKK5 are required for DFPM interference with ABA signal transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyoung Park
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla CA 92093-0116, USA
| | - Tae-Houn Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, Duksung Women’s University, 01369, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yohei Takahashi
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla CA 92093-0116, USA
| | - Rebecca Schwab
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Keini Dressano
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla CA 92093-0116, USA
| | - Aaron B Stephan
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla CA 92093-0116, USA
| | - Paulo HO Ceciliato
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla CA 92093-0116, USA
| | - Eduardo Ramirez
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla CA 92093-0116, USA
| | - Vince Garin
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla CA 92093-0116, USA
| | - Alisa Huffaker
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla CA 92093-0116, USA
| | - Julian I Schroeder
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla CA 92093-0116, USA
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McNeece BT, Sharma K, Lawrence GW, Lawrence KS, Klink VP. The mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) gene family functions as a cohort during the Glycine max defense response to Heterodera glycines. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2019; 137:25-41. [PMID: 30711881 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2019.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPKs) play important signal transduction roles. However, little is known regarding how they influence the gene expression of other family members and the relationship to a biological process, including the Glycine max defense response to Heterodera glycines. Transcriptomics have identified MAPK gene expression occurring within root cells undergoing a defense response to a pathogenic event initiated by H. glycines in the allotetraploid Glycine max. Functional analyses are presented for its 32 MAPKs revealing 9 have a defense role, including homologs of Arabidopsis thaliana MAPK (MPK) MPK2, MPK3, MPK4, MPK5, MPK6, MPK13, MPK16 and MPK20. Defense signaling occurring through pathogen activated molecular pattern (PAMP) triggered immunity (PTI) and effector triggered immunity (ETI) have been determined in relation to these MAPKs. Five different types of gene expression relate to MAPK expression, influencing PTI and ETI gene expression and proven defense genes including an ABC-G transporter, 20S membrane fusion particle components, glycoside biosynthesis, carbon metabolism, hemicellulose modification, transcription and secretion. The experiments show MAPKs broadly influence defense MAPK gene expression, including the co-regulation of parologous MAPKs and reveal its relationship to proven defense genes. The experiments reveal each defense MAPK induces the expression of a G. max homolog of a PATHOGENESIS RELATED1 (PR1), itself shown to function in defense in the studied pathosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brant T McNeece
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, 39762, USA
| | - Keshav Sharma
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, 39762, USA
| | - Gary W Lawrence
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, 39762, USA
| | - Kathy S Lawrence
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, 209 Life Science Building, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - Vincent P Klink
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, 39762, USA.
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Hu T, Huang C, He Y, Castillo-González C, Gui X, Wang Y, Zhang X, Zhou X. βC1 protein encoded in geminivirus satellite concertedly targets MKK2 and MPK4 to counter host defense. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007728. [PMID: 30998777 PMCID: PMC6499421 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant viruses have evolved multiple strategies to overcome host defense to establish an infection. Here, we identified two components of a host mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade, MKK2 and MPK4, as bona fide targets of the βC1 protein encoded by the betasatellite of tomato yellow leaf curl China virus (TYLCCNV). βC1 interacts with the kinase domain of MKK2 and inhibits its activity. In vivo, βC1 suppresses flagellin-induced MAPK activation and downstream responses by targeting MKK2. Furthermore, βC1 also interacts with MPK4 and inhibits its kinase activity. TYLCCNV infection induces the activation of the MAPK cascade, mutation in MKK2 or MPK4 renders the plant more susceptible to TYLCCNV, and can complement the lack of βC1. This work shows for the first time that a plant virus both activates and suppresses a MAPK cascade, and the discovery of the ability of βC1 to selectively interfere with the host MAPK activation illustrates a novel virulence function and counter-host defense mechanism of geminiviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States of America
| | - Changjun Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuting He
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Claudia Castillo-González
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States of America
- Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States of America
| | - Xiaojian Gui
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yaqin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiuren Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States of America
- Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States of America
| | - Xueping Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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Völz R, Kim SK, Mi J, Rawat AA, Veluchamy A, Mariappan KG, Rayapuram N, Daviere JM, Achard P, Blilou I, Al-Babili S, Benhamed M, Hirt H. INDETERMINATE-DOMAIN 4 (IDD4) coordinates immune responses with plant-growth in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007499. [PMID: 30677094 PMCID: PMC6345439 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
INDETERMINATE DOMAIN (IDD)/ BIRD proteins are a highly conserved plant-specific family of transcription factors which play multiple roles in plant development and physiology. Here, we show that mutation in IDD4/IMPERIAL EAGLE increases resistance to the hemi-biotrophic pathogen Pseudomonas syringae, indicating that IDD4 may act as a repressor of basal immune response and PAMP-triggered immunity. Furthermore, the idd4 mutant exhibits enhanced plant-growth indicating IDD4 as suppressor of growth and development. Transcriptome comparison of idd4 mutants and IDD4ox lines aligned to genome-wide IDD4 DNA-binding studies revealed major target genes related to defense and developmental-biological processes. IDD4 is a phospho-protein that interacts and becomes phosphorylated on two conserved sites by the MAP kinase MPK6. DNA-binding studies of IDD4 after flg22 treatment and with IDD4 phosphosite mutants show enhanced binding affinity to ID1 motif-containing promoters and its function as a transcriptional regulator. In contrast to the IDD4-phospho-dead mutant, the IDD4 phospho-mimicking mutant shows altered susceptibility to PstDC3000, salicylic acid levels and transcriptome reprogramming. In summary, we found that IDD4 regulates various hormonal pathways thereby coordinating growth and development with basal immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronny Völz
- Center for Desert Agriculture, Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Soon-Kap Kim
- Center for Desert Agriculture, Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jianing Mi
- Center for Desert Agriculture, Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Anamika A Rawat
- Center for Desert Agriculture, Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alaguraj Veluchamy
- Center for Desert Agriculture, Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kiruthiga G Mariappan
- Center for Desert Agriculture, Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Naganand Rayapuram
- Center for Desert Agriculture, Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jean-Michel Daviere
- Institut de biologie moléculaire des plantes, CNRS-Université de Strasbourg 12 Rue Général Zimmer, Strasbourg cedex, France
| | - Patrick Achard
- Institut de biologie moléculaire des plantes, CNRS-Université de Strasbourg 12 Rue Général Zimmer, Strasbourg cedex, France
| | - Ikram Blilou
- Center for Desert Agriculture, Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Salim Al-Babili
- Center for Desert Agriculture, Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Moussa Benhamed
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, University Paris-Sud, University of Évry Val d'Essonne, University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris-Cite, University of Paris-Saclay, UMR9213 Institut des Sciences des Plantes de Paris Saclay, Essonne, France
| | - Heribert Hirt
- Center for Desert Agriculture, Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia.,Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay IPS2, CNRS, INRA, Université Paris-Sud, Université Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France.,Max Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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44
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Wang Z, Bao LL, Zhao FY, Tang MQ, Chen T, Li Y, Wang BX, Fu B, Fang H, Li GY, Cao J, Ding LN, Zhu KM, Liu SY, Tan XL. BnaMPK3 Is a Key Regulator of Defense Responses to the Devastating Plant Pathogen Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in Oilseed Rape. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:91. [PMID: 30800136 PMCID: PMC6376111 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The disease caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum has traditionally been difficult to control, resulting in tremendous economic losses in oilseed rape (Brassica napus). Identification of important genes in the defense responses is critical for molecular breeding, an important strategy for controlling the disease. Here, we report that a B. napus mitogen-activated protein kinase gene, BnaMPK3, plays an important role in the defense against S. sclerotiorum in oilseed rape. BnaMPK3 is highly expressed in the stems, flowers and leaves, and its product is localized in the nucleus. Furthermore, BnaMPK3 is highly responsive to infection by S. sclerotiorum and treatment with jasmonic acid (JA) or the biosynthesis precursor of ethylene (ET), but not to treatment with salicylic acid (SA) or abscisic acid. Moreover, overexpression (OE) of BnaMPK3 in B. napus and Nicotiana benthamiana results in significantly enhanced resistance to S. sclerotiorum, whereas resistance is diminished in RNAi transgenic plants. After S. sclerotiorum infection, defense responses associated with ET, JA, and SA signaling are intensified in the BnaMPK3-OE plants but weakened in the BnaMPK3-RNAi plants when compared to those in the wild type plants; by contrast the level of both H2O2 accumulation and cell death exhibits a reverse pattern. The candidate gene association analyses show that the BnaMPK3-encoding BnaA06g18440D locus is a cause of variation in the resistance to S. sclerotiorum in natural B. napus population. These results suggest that BnaMPK3 is a key regulator of multiple defense responses to S. sclerotiorum, which may guide the resistance improvement of oilseed rape and related economic crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Wang
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Ling-Li Bao
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Feng-Yun Zhao
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Min-Qiang Tang
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Ting Chen
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Yaoming Li
- School of Agricultural Equipment Engineering, Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Bing-Xu Wang
- Faculty of Science, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Benzhong Fu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Hubei Engineering University, Xiaogan, China
| | - Hedi Fang
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Guan-Ying Li
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Jun Cao
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Li-Na Ding
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Ke-Ming Zhu
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Sheng-Yi Liu
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiao-Li Tan
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
- *Correspondence: Xiao-Li Tan,
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Vadovič P, Šamajová O, Takáč T, Novák D, Zapletalová V, Colcombet J, Šamaj J. Biochemical and Genetic Interactions of Phospholipase D Alpha 1 and Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3 Affect Arabidopsis Stress Response. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:275. [PMID: 30936884 PMCID: PMC6431673 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Phospholipase D alpha 1 (PLDα1, AT3G15730) and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) participate on signaling-dependent events in plants. MAPKs are able to phosphorylate a wide range of substrates putatively including PLDs. Here we have focused on functional regulations of PLDα1 by interactions with MAPKs, their co-localization and impact on salt stress and abscisic acid (ABA) tolerance in Arabidopsis. Yeast two-hybrid and bimolecular fluorescent assays showed that PLDα1 interacts with MPK3. Immunoblotting analyses likewise confirmed connection between both these enzymes. Subcellularly we co-localized PLDα1 with MPK3 in the cortical cytoplasm close to the plasma membrane and in cytoplasmic strands. Moreover, genetic interaction studies revealed that pldα1mpk3 double mutant was resistant to a higher salinity and showed a higher tolerance to ABA during germination in comparison to single mutants and wild type. Thus, this study revealed importance of new biochemical and genetic interactions between PLDα1 and MPK3 for Arabidopsis stress (salt and ABA) response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavol Vadovič
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Olga Šamajová
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Tomáš Takáč
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Dominik Novák
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Veronika Zapletalová
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Jean Colcombet
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INRA, Université Paris-Sud, Université d’Evry, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Saclay, Orsay, France
| | - Jozef Šamaj
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
- *Correspondence: Jozef Šamaj,
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46
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Calcium Signaling-Mediated Plant Response to Cold Stress. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19123896. [PMID: 30563125 PMCID: PMC6320992 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19123896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Low temperatures have adverse impacts on plant growth, developmental processes, crop productivity and food quality. It is becoming clear that Ca2+ signaling plays a crucial role in conferring cold tolerance in plants. However, the role of Ca2+ involved in cold stress response needs to be further elucidated. Recent studies have shown how the perception of cold signals regulate Ca2+ channels to induce Ca2+ transients. In addition, studies have shown how Ca2+ signaling and its cross-talk with nitric oxide (NO), reactive oxygen species (ROS) and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) signaling pathways ultimately lead to establishing cold tolerance in plants. Ca2+ signaling also plays a key role through Ca2+/calmodulin-mediated Arabidopsis signal responsive 1 (AtSR1/CAMTA3) when temperatures drop rapidly. This review highlights the current status in Ca2+ signaling-mediated cold tolerance in plants.
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47
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Lian K, Gao F, Sun T, van Wersch R, Ao K, Kong Q, Nitta Y, Wu D, Krysan P, Zhang Y. MKK6 Functions in Two Parallel MAP Kinase Cascades in Immune Signaling. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 178:1284-1295. [PMID: 30185442 PMCID: PMC6236617 DOI: 10.1104/pp.18.00592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) MAP KINASE (MPK) proteins can function in multiple MAP kinase cascades and physiological processes. For instance, MPK4 functions in regulating development as well as in plant defense by participating in two independent MAP kinase cascades: the MEKK1-MKK1/MKK2-MPK4 cascade promotes basal resistance against pathogens and is guarded by the NB-LRR protein SUMM2, whereas the ANPs-MKK6-MPK4 cascade plays an essential role in cytokinesis. Here, we report a novel role for MKK6 in regulating plant immune responses. We found that MKK6 functions similarly to MKK1/MKK2 and works together with MEKK1 and MPK4 to prevent autoactivation of SUMM2-mediated defense responses. Interestingly, loss of MKK6 or ANP2/ANP3 results in constitutive activation of plant defense responses. The autoimmune phenotypes of mkk6 and anp2 anp3 mutant plants can be largely suppressed by a constitutively active mpk4 mutant. Further analysis showed that the constitutive defense response in anp2 anp3 is dependent on the defense regulators PAD4 and EDS1, but not on SUMM2, suggesting that the ANP2/ANP3-MKK6-MPK4 cascade may be guarded by a TIR-NB-LRR protein. Our study shows that MKK6 has multiple functions in plant defense responses in addition to cytokinesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kehui Lian
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Fang Gao
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Tongjun Sun
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Rowan van Wersch
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Kevin Ao
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Qing Kong
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Yukino Nitta
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Di Wu
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Patrick Krysan
- Department of Horticulture and Genome Center of Wisconsin, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Yuelin Zhang
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
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48
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Völz R, Kim SK, Mi J, Mariappan KG, Guo X, Bigeard J, Alejandro S, Pflieger D, Rayapuram N, Al-Babili S, Hirt H. The Trihelix transcription factor GT2-like 1 (GTL1) promotes salicylic acid metabolism, and regulates bacterial-triggered immunity. PLoS Genet 2018; 14:e1007708. [PMID: 30352065 PMCID: PMC6198943 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The Trihelix Transcription factor GT2-like 1 (GTL1) was previously shown to be a key regulator of ploidy-dependent trichome growth and drought tolerance. Here, we report that GTL1 plays an important role in coordinating plant immunity. We show that gtl1 mutants are compromised in the regulation of basal immunity, microbial pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) and effector-triggered RIN4-mediated immunity. Transcriptome analysis revealed that GTL1 positively regulates defense genes and inhibits factors that mediate growth and development. By performing hormonal measurements and chromatin-immunoprecipitation studies, we found GTL1 to coordinate genes involved in salicylic acid metabolism, transport and response. Interaction studies and comparative transcriptomics to known data sets revealed that GTL1 is part of the MPK4 pathway and regulates oppositely the expression of differentially expressed genes in mpk4 plants. We introduced the gtl1 mutation in the mpk4 mutant and thereby partially suppressed its dwarfism and the high resistance against a bacterial invader. Our data show that GTL1 is part of the MPK4 pathway and acts as a positive regulator of bacterial-triggered immunity and SA homeostasis. The trihelix-transcription factor GT-2-like 1 (GTL1) belongs to the seven genes containing GT-2 family of the plant-specific trihelix transcription factors. Previously, GTL1 was shown to be a key regulator of ploidy-dependent trichome growth and drought tolerance. In this report, we show that GTL1 is part of the MPK4-signaling cascade that coordinates immunity to virulent and avirulent Pseudomonas syringae strains. gtl1 mutants are compromised in basal immunity, PTI and ETI. Comparative transcriptomics revealed a common set of differentially regulated genes in gtl1 and mpk4. In this context, GTL1 positively regulates defense genes and inhibits factors that mediate growth and development. Salicylic acid measurements and Chromatin-Immunoprecipitation assays indicate that GTL1 directly binds and regulates genes involved in SA-biosynthesis, transport and response. The mpk4/gtl1 double mutant is compromised in the resistance to Pst AvrRPM1 and partially restored in the growth inhibition compared to mpk4 single mutant. In summary, the reduced resistance of the double mutant indicates MPK4 as a negative regulator of GTL1-mediated AvrRPM1-triggered immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronny Völz
- Desert Agriculture, Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
- * E-mail: (RV); (HH)
| | - Soon-Kap Kim
- Desert Agriculture, Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jianing Mi
- Desert Agriculture, Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kiruthiga G. Mariappan
- Desert Agriculture, Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Xiujie Guo
- Desert Agriculture, Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jean Bigeard
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris Saclay IPS2, CNRS, INRA, Université Paris-Sud, Université Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay IPS2, Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Orsay, France
| | - Santiago Alejandro
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris Saclay IPS2, CNRS, INRA, Université Paris-Sud, Université Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay IPS2, Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Orsay, France
| | - Delphine Pflieger
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, Inserm, BIG-BGE, Grenoble, France
- CNRS, BIG-BGE, Grenoble, France
| | - Naganand Rayapuram
- Desert Agriculture, Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Salim Al-Babili
- Desert Agriculture, Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Heribert Hirt
- Desert Agriculture, Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris Saclay IPS2, CNRS, INRA, Université Paris-Sud, Université Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay IPS2, Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Orsay, France
- * E-mail: (RV); (HH)
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Zhang S, Wang L, Zhao R, Yu W, Li R, Li Y, Sheng J, Shen L. Knockout of SlMAPK3 Reduced Disease Resistance to Botrytis cinerea in Tomato Plants. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:8949-8956. [PMID: 30092129 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b02191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) play an important role in defense responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. In order to investigate the role of SlMAPK3 in tomato plant resistance to Botrytis cinerea, two lines of slmapk3 mutants and wild-type (WT) tomato plants were used. The results showed that slmapk3 mutants were more susceptible to B. cinerea and that knockout of SlMAPK3 reduced the activities of defense enzymes and enhanced the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Furthermore, we detected the expressions of salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA) signaling-related genes and found that knockout of SlMAPK3 enhanced the expressions of SlPR1, SlPAD4 and SlEDS1, whereas reduced the expressions of SlLoxC, SlPI I and SlPI II and enhanced the expressions of SlJAZ1 and SlMYC2. We postulate that SlMAPK3 plays a positive role in tomato plant resistance to B. cinerea through regulating ROS accumulation and SA and JA defense signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shujuan Zhang
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering , China Agricultural University , Beijing 100083 , China
| | - Liu Wang
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering , China Agricultural University , Beijing 100083 , China
| | - Ruirui Zhao
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering , China Agricultural University , Beijing 100083 , China
| | - Wenqing Yu
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering , China Agricultural University , Beijing 100083 , China
| | - Rui Li
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering , China Agricultural University , Beijing 100083 , China
| | - Yujing Li
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering , China Agricultural University , Beijing 100083 , China
| | - Jiping Sheng
- School of Agricultural Economics and Rural Development , Renmin University of China , Beijing 100872 , China
| | - Lin Shen
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering , China Agricultural University , Beijing 100083 , China
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50
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Pan Y, Liu Z, Rocheleau H, Fauteux F, Wang Y, McCartney C, Ouellet T. Transcriptome dynamics associated with resistance and susceptibility against fusarium head blight in four wheat genotypes. BMC Genomics 2018; 19:642. [PMID: 30157778 PMCID: PMC6116500 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-5012-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Fusarium head blight (FHB) of wheat in North America is caused mostly by the fungal pathogen Fusarium graminearum (Fg). Upon exposure to Fg, wheat initiates a series of cellular responses involving massive transcriptional reprogramming. In this study, we analyzed transcriptomics data of four wheat genotypes (Nyubai, Wuhan 1, HC374, and Shaw), at 2 and 4 days post inoculation (dpi) with Fg, using RNA-seq technology. Results A total of 37,772 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified, 28,961 from wheat and 8811 from the pathogen. The susceptible genotype Shaw exhibited the highest number of host and pathogen DEGs, including 2270 DEGs associating with FHB susceptibility. Protein serine/threonine kinases and LRR-RK were associated with susceptibility at 2 dpi, while several ethylene-responsive, WRKY, Myb, bZIP and NAC-domain containing transcription factors were associated with susceptibility at 4 dpi. In the three resistant genotypes, 220 DEGs were associated with resistance. Glutathione S-transferase (GST), membrane proteins and distinct LRR-RKs were associated with FHB resistance across the three genotypes. Genes with unique, high up-regulation by Fg in Wuhan 1 were mostly transiently expressed at 2 dpi, while many defense-associated genes were up-regulated at both 2 and 4 dpi in Nyubai; the majority of unique genes up-regulated in HC374 were detected at 4 dpi only. In the pathogen, most genes showed increased expression between 2 and 4 dpi in all genotypes, with stronger levels in the susceptible host; however two pectate lyases and a hydrolase were expressed higher at 2 dpi, and acetyltransferase activity was highly enriched at 4 dpi. Conclusions There was an early up-regulation of LRR-RKs, different between susceptible and resistant genotypes; subsequently, distinct sets of genes associated with defense response were up-regulated. Differences in expression profiles among the resistant genotypes indicate genotype-specific defense mechanisms. This study also shows a greater resemblance in transcriptomics of HC374 to Nyubai, consistent with their sharing of two FHB resistance QTLs on 3BS and 5AS, compared to Wuhan 1 which carries one QTL on 2DL in common with HC374. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-018-5012-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youlian Pan
- Digital Technologies Research Centre, NRC, 1200 Montreal Road, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0R6, Canada.
| | - Ziying Liu
- Digital Technologies Research Centre, NRC, 1200 Montreal Road, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Hélène Rocheleau
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre, AAFC, 960 Carling Ave, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0C6, Canada
| | - François Fauteux
- Digital Technologies Research Centre, NRC, 1200 Montreal Road, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Yunli Wang
- Digital Technologies Research Centre, NRC, 1200 Montreal Road, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Curt McCartney
- Morden Research and Development Centre, AAFC, 101 Route 100, Morden, MB, R6M 1Y5, Canada
| | - Thérèse Ouellet
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre, AAFC, 960 Carling Ave, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0C6, Canada.
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