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Staphylococcus ratti sp. nov. Isolated from a Lab Rat. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11010051. [PMID: 35055999 PMCID: PMC8779110 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11010051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococci from the Staphylococcus intermedius-Staphylococcus hyicus species group include numerous animal pathogens and are an important reservoir of virulence and antimicrobial resistance determinants. Due to their pathogenic potential, they are possible causative agents of zoonoses in humans; therefore, it is important to address the properties of these strains. Here we used a polyphasic taxonomic approach to characterize the coagulase-negative staphylococcal strain NRL/St 03/464T, isolated from the nostrils of a healthy laboratory rat during a microbiological screening of laboratory animals. The 16S rRNA sequence, MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry and positive urea hydrolysis and beta-glucuronidase tests clearly distinguished it from closely related Staphylococcus spp. All analyses have consistently shown that the closest relative is Staphylococcus chromogenes; however, values of digital DNA-DNA hybridization <35.3% and an average nucleotide identity <81.4% confirmed that the analyzed strain is a distinct Staphylococcus species. Whole-genome sequencing and expert annotation of the genome revealed the presence of novel variable genetic elements, including two plasmids named pSR9025A and pSR9025B, prophages, genomic islands and a composite transposon that may confer selective advantages to other bacteria and enhance their survival. Based on phenotypic, phylogenetic and genomic data obtained in this study, the strain NRL/St 03/464T (= CCM 9025T = LMG 31873T = DSM 111348T) represents a novel species with the suggested name Staphylococcus ratti sp. nov.
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Lerche CJ, Schwartz F, Theut M, Fosbøl EL, Iversen K, Bundgaard H, Høiby N, Moser C. Anti-biofilm Approach in Infective Endocarditis Exposes New Treatment Strategies for Improved Outcome. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:643335. [PMID: 34222225 PMCID: PMC8249808 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.643335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Infective endocarditis (IE) is a life-threatening infective disease with increasing incidence worldwide. From early on, in the antibiotic era, it was recognized that high-dose and long-term antibiotic therapy was correlated to improved outcome. In addition, for several of the common microbial IE etiologies, the use of combination antibiotic therapy further improves outcome. IE vegetations on affected heart valves from patients and experimental animal models resemble biofilm infections. Besides the recalcitrant nature of IE, the microorganisms often present in an aggregated form, and gradients of bacterial activity in the vegetations can be observed. Even after appropriate antibiotic therapy, such microbial formations can often be identified in surgically removed, infected heart valves. Therefore, persistent or recurrent cases of IE, after apparent initial infection control, can be related to biofilm formation in the heart valve vegetations. On this background, the present review will describe potentially novel non-antibiotic, antimicrobial approaches in IE, with special focus on anti-thrombotic strategies and hyperbaric oxygen therapy targeting the biofilm formation of the infected heart valves caused by Staphylococcus aureus. The format is translational from preclinical models to actual clinical treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Johann Lerche
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Franziska Schwartz
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marie Theut
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Emil Loldrup Fosbøl
- Department of Cardiology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kasper Iversen
- Department of Cardiology, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark.,Department of Emergency Medicine, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Henning Bundgaard
- Department of Cardiology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Niels Høiby
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Costerton Biofilm Center, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Claus Moser
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Kış TT, Köse Ş, Yılmaz O, Kış M, Yurt F, Acar E, Bekiş R, Yılmaz C, Barış M, Diniz G, Tatar B, Tunçel A. Evaluation of 99mTechnetium-Vancomycin Imaging Potential in Experimental Rat Model for the Diagnosis of Infective Endocarditis. Curr Med Imaging 2020; 17:781-789. [PMID: 33372880 DOI: 10.2174/1573405616666201229161850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infective endocarditis (IE) is an infection of the heart's endocardial surface. In recent years, nuclear imaging methods have gained importance in the diagnosis of IE. The present study aims to investigate the imaging potential of 99mTc-labeled vancomycin (99mTc-Vancomycin) as a new agent that would enable the diagnosis of IE in its early stages when it is difficult to diagnose or has small vegetation in the experimental rat model. METHODS 99mTc-Vancomycin scintigraphy was evaluated for its accumulation in IE with Staphylococcus aureus performed in an experimental rat model. Serial planar scintigraphic and biodistribution analysis of infected vegetations are compared to rats with sterile vegetations. The heart was identified as an infected organ, the liver was identified as a non-infected organ and the heart/liver uptake ratio (T / NT ratio) was compared between infective endocarditis and sterile endocarditis groups. RESULTS Planar scintigrams (in vivo measurements) showed more uptake in the heart of rats in the infective endocarditis group compared to the uptake in the heart of rats in the sterile endocarditis group, but this difference was not statistically significant (p>0.05). From the ex vivo measurements, the 99mTc-Vancomycin heart uptake increased significantly (p = 0.016), liver uptake was significantly decreased (p = 0.045) and the T/NT ratio was significantly higher (p = 0.014) in the infective endocarditis group compared to the sterile endocarditis group. CONCLUSION In this experimental study, 99mTc-Vancomycin scintigraphy ensured the detection of ex vivo infected tissue in a rat model of IE. In addition, the absence of significant 99mTc-Vancomycin uptake in the sterile endocarditis group indicates that this agent targeted the infected tissue instead of the sterile inflammatory tissue. Finally, this agent should also be evaluated with animal- specific imaging devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuba Tatlı Kış
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, University of Health Sciences Tepecik Training and Research Hospital, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Şükran Köse
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, University of Health Sciences Tepecik Training and Research Hospital, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Osman Yılmaz
- Department of Laboratory Animals Science, Dokuz Eylul University School of Medicine, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Kış
- Depertment of Cardiology, Ege University School of Medicine, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Fatma Yurt
- Department of Nuclear Applications, Institute of Nuclear Science, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Emine Acar
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Katip Celebi University School of Medicine, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Recep Bekiş
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University School of Medicine, Izmir, Turkey
| | | | - Mustafa Barış
- Department of Radiology, Dokuz Eylul University School of Medicine, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Gülden Diniz
- Department of Pathology, Izmir Democracy University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Bengü Tatar
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, University of Health Sciences Tepecik Training and Research Hospital, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Ayça Tunçel
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, University of Health Sciences Tepecik Training and Research Hospital, Izmir, Turkey
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Molecular Epidemiology of Methicillin-Susceptible and Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Wild, Captive and Laboratory Rats: Effect of Habitat on the Nasal S. aureus Population. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12020080. [PMID: 31991690 PMCID: PMC7076793 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12020080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Rats are a reservoir of human- and livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). However, the composition of the natural S. aureus population in wild and laboratory rats is largely unknown. Here, 144 nasal S. aureus isolates from free-living wild rats, captive wild rats and laboratory rats were genotyped and profiled for antibiotic resistances and human-specific virulence genes. The nasal S. aureus carriage rate was higher among wild rats (23.4%) than laboratory rats (12.3%). Free-living wild rats were primarily colonized with isolates of clonal complex (CC) 49 and CC130 and maintained these strains even in husbandry. Moreover, upon livestock contact, CC398 isolates were acquired. In contrast, laboratory rats were colonized with many different S. aureus lineages—many of which are commonly found in humans. Five captive wild rats were colonized with CC398-MRSA. Moreover, a single CC30-MRSA and two CC130-MRSA were detected in free-living or captive wild rats. Rat-derived S. aureus isolates rarely harbored the phage-carried immune evasion gene cluster or superantigen genes, suggesting long-term adaptation to their host. Taken together, our study revealed a natural S. aureus population in wild rats, as well as a colonization pressure on wild and laboratory rats by exposure to livestock- and human-associated S. aureus, respectively.
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Qosimah D, Aryani DE, Beltran MAG, Aulanni'am A. Diabetes sepsis on Wistar rat strain ( Rattus norvegicus) induced by streptozotocin and bacteria Staphylococcus aureus. Vet World 2019; 12:849-854. [PMID: 31440004 PMCID: PMC6661491 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2019.849-854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Sepsis is characterized by loss of control of the inflammatory response, which can be triggered by various microorganisms and toxic secretions. The mortality rate increases due to impaired endothelial function caused dysfunctional organ systems. Diabetes is closely related to sepsis. The study aimed to determine the method of using animal models of sepsis diabetes through a combination of streptozotocin (STZ) and Staphylococcus aureus infection based on biological marker parameters. Materials and Methods: A total of 30 male Wistar rats of 2.5-3 months old weighing approximately 150-250 g body weight (BW) divided into six treatment groups with five replications per group were used in the study. Treatment A was negative control (healthy rats) and Treatment B was the positive control (with diabetes) where rats were given STZ dose at 45 mg/kg BW on day 8 intraperitoneally (IP). The blood glucose was measured on day 10, Treatment C was a positive control (bacteria), rats inoculated with S. aureus with a concentration of 108 CFU/mL on day 8 given IP and observed sepsis conditions on day 10th. Treatment group (D, E, and F): Rats given STZ dose at 45 mg/kg BW on day 8th by IP and measured blood glucose on day 10th, then inoculated with S. aureus with different concentrations of 105 CFU/mL, 106 CFU/mL, and 107 CFU/mL on the 10th day, respectively, and were later observed the condition of sepsis on day 12th. Data on diabetes bacteremia were quantitative used blood glucose levels, the bacterial count, and C-reactive protein (CRP) and were analyzed using the one-way analysis of variance test with a confidence level of 95%. Physical examination (temperature and respiration) is qualitative. Results: Physical examination showed that all treatments had a normal temperature, an increased pulse in Groups D, E, and F and a decrease in respiratory rate in the treatment of E and F, the bacteria found in the vital organs in all groups, and CRP levels were not significantly different at all. Conclusion: Animal model of diabetes sepsis can be observed through a combination of pancreas damage, and respiration, the bacteria in the vital organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dahliatul Qosimah
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Brawijaya University, Indonesia
| | - Dhita Evi Aryani
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Brawijaya University, Indonesia
| | - Ma Asuncion Guiang Beltran
- Department of Microbiology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Tarlac Agricultural University, Camiling, Tarlac, Philippines
| | - Aulanni'am Aulanni'am
- Laboratory of Biochemical, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Brawijaya University, Indonesia
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Omics Approaches for the Study of Adaptive Immunity to Staphylococcus aureus and the Selection of Vaccine Candidates. Proteomes 2016; 4:proteomes4010011. [PMID: 28248221 PMCID: PMC5217363 DOI: 10.3390/proteomes4010011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Revised: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a dangerous pathogen both in hospitals and in the community. Due to the crisis of antibiotic resistance, there is an urgent need for new strategies to combat S. aureus infections, such as vaccination. Increasing our knowledge about the mechanisms of protection will be key for the successful prevention or treatment of S. aureus invasion. Omics technologies generate a comprehensive picture of the physiological and pathophysiological processes within cells, tissues, organs, organisms and even populations. This review provides an overview of the contribution of genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics and immunoproteomics to the current understanding of S. aureus‑host interaction, with a focus on the adaptive immune response to the microorganism. While antibody responses during colonization and infection have been analyzed in detail using immunoproteomics, the full potential of omics technologies has not been tapped yet in terms of T-cells. Omics technologies promise to speed up vaccine development by enabling reverse vaccinology approaches. In consequence, omics technologies are powerful tools for deepening our understanding of the “superbug” S. aureus and for improving its control.
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Kobylarz MJ, Grigg JC, Liu Y, Lee MSF, Heinrichs DE, Murphy MEP. Deciphering the Substrate Specificity of SbnA, the Enzyme Catalyzing the First Step in Staphyloferrin B Biosynthesis. Biochemistry 2016; 55:927-39. [PMID: 26794841 PMCID: PMC5084695 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.5b01045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
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Staphylococcus aureus assembles the siderophore,
staphyloferrin B, from l-2,3-diaminopropionic acid (l-Dap), α-ketoglutarate, and citrate. Recently, SbnA and SbnB
were shown to produce l-Dap and α-ketoglutarate from O-phospho-l-serine (OPS) and l-glutamate.
SbnA is a pyridoxal 5′-phosphate (PLP)-dependent enzyme with
homology to O-acetyl-l-serine sulfhydrylases;
however, SbnA utilizes OPS instead of O-acetyl-l-serine (OAS), and l-glutamate serves as a nitrogen
donor instead of a sulfide. In this work, we examined how SbnA dictates
substrate specificity for OPS and l-glutamate using a combination
of X-ray crystallography, enzyme kinetics, and site-directed mutagenesis.
Analysis of SbnA crystals incubated with OPS revealed the structure
of the PLP-α-aminoacrylate intermediate. Formation of the intermediate
induced closure of the active site pocket by narrowing the channel
leading to the active site and forming a second substrate binding
pocket that likely binds l-glutamate. Three active site residues
were identified: Arg132, Tyr152, Ser185 that were essential for OPS
recognition and turnover. The Y152F/S185G SbnA double mutant was completely
inactive, and its crystal structure revealed that the mutations induced
a closed form of the enzyme in the absence of the α-aminoacrylate
intermediate. Lastly, l-cysteine was shown to be a competitive
inhibitor of SbnA by forming a nonproductive external aldimine with
the PLP cofactor. These results suggest a regulatory link between
siderophore and l-cysteine biosynthesis, revealing a potential
mechanism to reduce iron uptake under oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek J Kobylarz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Life Sciences Institute, The University of British Columbia , Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z3
| | - Jason C Grigg
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Life Sciences Institute, The University of British Columbia , Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z3
| | - Yunan Liu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Life Sciences Institute, The University of British Columbia , Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z3
| | - Mathew S F Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Life Sciences Institute, The University of British Columbia , Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z3
| | | | - Michael E P Murphy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Life Sciences Institute, The University of British Columbia , Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z3
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