Design, structure prediction and molecular dynamics simulation of a fusion construct containing malaria pre-erythrocytic vaccine candidate, PfCelTOS, and human interleukin 2 as adjuvant

Computational Development of Transmission-Blocking Vaccine Candidates Based on Fused Antigens of Pre- and Post-fertilization Gametocytes Against Plasmodium falciparum

Plasmodium falciparum is the most fatal species of malaria parasites in humans. Attempts at developing vaccines against the malaria parasites have not been very successful even after the approval of the RTS, S/AS01 vaccine. There is a continuous need for more effective vaccines including sexual-stage antigens that could block the transmission of malaria parasites between mosquitoes and humans. Low immunogenicity, expression, and stability are some of the challenges of transmission-blocking vaccine (TBV). This study was designed to computationally identify TBV candidates based on fused antigens by combining highly antigenic peptides from prefertilization (Pfs230, Pfs48/45) and postfertilization (Pfs25, Pfs28) gametocytes. The peptides were selected based on their antigenicity, nonallergenicity, and lack of similarity with the human proteome. Two fused antigens vaccine candidates (FAVCs) were constructed using Flagellin Salmonella enterica (FAVC-FSE) and Cholera toxin B (FAVC-CTB) as adjuvants. The constructs were evaluated for their physicochemical properties, structural stability, immunogenicity, and potential to elicit cross-protection across multiple Plasmodium species. The results yielded antigenic peptides, with antigenicity scores between 0.7589 and 1.1821. The structural analysis of FAVC-FSE and FAVC-CTB showed a Z-score of -6.70 and -4.79, a Ramachandran plot of 96.94% and 94.86% with overall quality of 94.20% and 89.85%, respectively. The FAVCs contained CD8+, CD4+, and linear B-cell epitopes with antigenicity scores between 1.2089 and 2.8623, 0.5663 and 2.4132, and 1.5196 and 2.2212, respectively. Each FAVC generated 6 conformational B-cells. High population coverage values were recorded for the FAVCs. The ability of the FAVCs to trigger immune response was evaluated through an in silico immune stimulation. The low-binding interaction energy that resulted from molecular docking and dynamics simulations showed a strong affinity of FAVCs to Toll-like receptor 5 (TLR5). The results indicate that the FAVC-FSE vaccine candidate is more promising to interrupt P falciparum transmission and provides a baseline for experimental validation.

In Silico Search for Drug Candidates Targeting the PAX8-PPARγ Fusion Protein in Thyroid Cancer

The PAX8/PPARγ rearrangement, producing the PAX8-PPARγ fusion protein (PPFP), is thought to play an essential role in the oncogenesis of thyroid follicular tumors. To identify PPFP-targeted drug candidates and establish an early standard of care for thyroid tumors, we performed ensemble-docking-based compound screening. Specifically, we investigated the pocket structure that should be adopted to search for a promising ligand compound for the PPFP; the position of the ligand-binding pocket on the PPARγ side of the PPFP is similar to that of PPARγ; however, the shape is slightly different between them due to environmental factors. We developed a method for selecting a PPFP structure with a relevant pocket and high prediction accuracy for ligand binding. This method was validated using PPARγ, whose structure and activity values are known for many compounds. Then, we performed docking calculations to the PPFP for 97 drug or drug-like compounds registered in the DrugBank database with a thiazolidine backbone, which is one of the characteristics of ligands that bind well to PPARγ. Furthermore, the binding affinities of promising ligand candidates were estimated more reliably using the molecular mechanics Poisson-Boltzmann surface area method. Thus, we propose promising drug candidates for the PPFP with a thiazolidine backbone.

Structure Based in Silico Screening Revealed a Potent Acinetobacter Baumannii Ftsz Inhibitor From Asinex Antibacterial Library

The superbug Acinetobacter baumannii is an increasingly prevalent pathogen of the intensive care units where its treatment is challenging. The identification of newer drug targets and the development of propitious therapeutics against this pathogen is of utmost importance. A drug target, cell division enzyme (FtsZ), involved in A. baumannii cytokinesis is a promising avenue for antibacterial therapy. Structure based virtual screening illustrated a lead-like molecule from Asinex antibacterial library to have the best binding affinity for the FtsZ active pocket. Computational pharmacokinetics predicted the compound to have the safest pharmacokinetics profile, thus maximizing the chances of the molecule reaching the market with enhanced efficacy and lesser toxicity. Molecular dynamics simulations in an aqueous environment revealed the flexibility of protein loop regions, and upward extension followed by the backward movement of the inhibitor N, N-dimethylpyridazin-3-amine ring on its axis. The active pocket residue Thr310 demonstrated to play significant role in inhibitor binding. The binding free energy predicted by MM/GBSA and MM/PBSA reflected system stability with a total value of -62.15 kcal/mol and -10.60 kcal/mol, respectively. The absolute binding free energy estimated by WaterSwap was -16 kcal/mol that validates and affirms complex stability. The inhibitor represents a promising scaffold as a lead optimization for the FtsZ enzyme.

Peptide sequence-driven direct electron transfer properties and binding behaviors of gold-binding peptide-fused glucose dehydrogenase on electrode

Oriented enzyme immobilization on electrodes is crucial for interfacial electrical coupling of direct electron transfer (DET)-based enzyme-electrode systems. As inorganic-binding peptides are introduced as molecular binders and enzyme-orienting agents, inorganic-binding peptide-fused enzymes should be designed and constructed to achieve efficient DET. In this study, it is aimed to compare the effects of various gold-binding peptides (GBPs) fused to enzymes on electrocatalytic activity, bioactivity, and material-binding behaviors. Here, GBPs with identical gold-binding properties but different amino acid sequences were fused to the FAD-dependent glucose dehydrogenase gamma-alpha complex (GDHγα) to generate four GDHγα variants. The structural, biochemical, mechanical, and bioelectrochemical properties of these GDHγα variants immobilized on electrode were determined by their fused GBPs. Our results confirmed that the GBP type is vital in the design, construction, and optimization of GBP-fused enzyme-modified electrodes for facile interfacial DET and practical DET-based enzyme-electrode systems.

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The four GBP sequences are genetically fused to catalytic subunit of GDHγα complex

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The cofactor-surface interface was investigated with 3D models of fusion enzymes

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The four systems exhibit diverse electrochemical results depending on GBP type

Molecular modeling and co-expression analysis of human stem cell factor as fusion partner to granulocyte colony stimulating factor for improving their bioactivity

Human granulocyte colony stimulating factor (hG-CSF) is an expensive hematopoietic growth factor that is clinically used in human for the treatment of neutropenia in diseases such as AIDS, aplastic anemia, myelodysplastic syndrome and congenital or chemotherapy-induced neutropenia. Here, through a computational biology approach, we show that human stem cell factor (hSCF) could be a better fusion partner than human thyroid peroxidase (hTPO), human erythropoietin (hEPO) and human interleukin-3 (hIL3) for co-expression with hG-CSF. Molecular modeling of hG-CSF-hSCF fusion protein with hG-CSF and hSCF receptors showed that binding of fusion protein with human granulocyte colony stimulating factor receptor (hG-CSFR) did not inhibit its binding to human stem cell factor receptor (hSCFR) and vice versa. To validate the results, coding sequences of hG-CSF and hSCF were cloned and co-expressed as fusion protein and their bioactivity was evaluated on hG-CSF responsive 3T3 cell line. The fused expression vector expressed recombinant hG-CSF-hSCF upon IPTG-induction, as revealed by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and Western blot analysis. Bioactivity analysis confirmed that rhG-CSF-hSCF protein had higher bioactivity than hG-CSF. Thus, hSCF could be a good fusion partner for hG-CSF and its co-expression as hG-CSF-hSCF may offer an alternative to individual use of two hematopoietic factors in clinics. Future studies should determine the purification strategies, folding status and mechanism of action of the recombinant proteins. Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.

Expression of BMP2-Hydrophobin fusion protein in the tobacco plant and molecular dynamic evaluation of its simulated model

Plants are one of the ideal models for therapeutic protein production, however the recombinant protein purification problems in them must be overcome. Bone Morphogenetic Protein2 (BMP2) is employed for the restoration and construction of bone tissues. Hydrophobin is a fungal based protein with high hydrophobic characteristics. Due to this specificity, it is suitable for the purification of chimer protein from complex solutions when is fused to a protein utilizing an aqueous two-phase (A2P) technique. The plant optimized mature human BMP2 gene was designed and evaluated by in silico method. This process involves simulating molecular dynamics using the RMSD, RMSF and Gyration radius indexes. The synthesized Hyd-BMP2 gene was cloned into a pTRAkc-ERH plasmid and Transferred into Agrobacterium (Gv3101). The Nicotiana benthamiana plant leaves were co-agroinfiltrated with HA-Hyd-BMP2 and P19-pCambia1304 containing silencing suppressor. After purification of plant extract utilizing the A2P method, the sample was subjected to SDS-PAGE and Western-blot. By in silico study, the simulated fusion protein profitably shows reasonable protein compactness and the effect of amino acid substitution on protein-protein interaction is not remarkable. Western-blotting using anti HA tag has shown that the A2P technique partially purified the two 22 kDa and 44 kDa forms of Hydrophobin-BMP2. These results confirmed the presence of monomer and dimer forms of Hydrophobin-BMP2 proteins. Moreover, the expression level of the protein using P19 silencing suppressor increased six times and to 0.018% as shown by ELISA. This study presents a fast and easy technique for the purification of transient expressed pharmaceutical proteins from plants.

Production of Recombinant HIV-1 p24-Nef Protein in Two Forms as Potential Candidate Vaccines in Three Vehicles

BACKGROUND

Different approaches have been investigated to develop a preventive or therapeutic vaccine, although none of them has been fully practical. Therapeutic vaccines against HIV-1 have been studied with the aim of eliminating the virus from reservoir cells with or without HAART (Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy). Fusion proteins with the most immunogenic features among conserved regions can facilitate this achievement in such a variable virus. To achieve the most immunogenic and also conserved regions, bioinformatics tools are widely used to predict antigens' features before applying them.

OBJECTIVE

This study aimed at the in vitro evaluation of p24 -Nef fusion protein based on the previous in silico design to achieve a potential therapeutic subunit vaccine against HIV-1.

METHODS

The truncated form of p24-Nef using AAY flexible linker and the full protein were expressed and evaluated in the prokaryotic system and confirmed by western blotting. We also used pcDNA3.1 to transfect Lenti-X 293T cells. Moreover, lentiviral vectors were applied to produce recombinant virions harboring the genes of interest and cell transduction.

RESULTS

Both fusion proteins in a truncated and a full form were expressed and confirmed by Anti Nef polyclonal antibody in western blotting. Recombinant virions were generated and transduced Lenti-X 293T cells confirming by immunofluorescence microscope and p24 ELISA assay kit. Transduced cells were analyzed by SDS-PAGE and western blotting, which resulted in approved protein expression.

CONCLUSION

Fusion protein of p24 and Nef is well expressed in eukaryotic cell lines according to its pre-evaluated features by bioinformatics tools.

In silico modeling of PAX8-PPARγ fusion protein in thyroid carcinoma: influence of structural perturbation by fusion on ligand-binding affinity

Paired box 8 (PAX8)-peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) rearrangement is believed to play an important role in tumorigenesis of PAX8-PPARγ fusion protein (PPFP) thyroid carcinomas, while without establishing any standard treatment, including drugs. Although PPFP is a potential promising target for therapeutic agents, the three-dimensional (3D) structure and functions have not yet been experimentally elucidated. In this study, we aimed to construct the 3D structure of PPFP and to aid in the development of therapies that can target PPFP for thyroid carcinomas. The 3D structure of PPFP was constructed by homology modeling based on crystallographic structure data. To validate the modeled structure, we analyzed the thermal fluctuations by molecular dynamics simulations and predicted the physical properties using bioinformatic analyses. We found that the modeled structure was stable under hydrated conditions and had features indicating the actual existence of the structure. Furthermore, the binding free energies of the ligand rosiglitazone with PPARγ and PPFP were evaluated by the molecular mechanics-Poisson-Boltzmann surface area method. We found that rosiglitazone has different binding affinities for the same binding pockets of PPARγ and PPFP, and the optimal compound for PPFP can differ from that of PPARγ. This suggests the need for the development of drugs targeting PPFP that allow for the fusion, rather than focusing on the PPARγ side of PPFP and searching for the best compounds for that pocket. Our findings are expected to lead to the development of new therapies for thyroid tumors.

Towards a novel peptide vaccine for Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus and its possible use against pandemic COVID-19

Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) is an emerging health concern due to its high mortality rate of 35%. At present, no vaccine is available to protect against MERS-CoV infections. Therefore, an in silico search for potential antigenic epitopes in the non-redundant proteome of MERS-CoV was performed herein. First, a subtractive proteome-based approach was employed to look for the surface exposed and host non-homologous proteins. Following, immunoinformatics analysis was performed to predict antigenic B and T cell epitopes that were used in the design of a multi-epitopes peptide. Molecular docking study was carried out to predict vaccine construct affinity of binding to Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) and understand its binding conformation to extract ideas about its processing by the host immune system. We identified membrane protein, envelope small membrane protein, non-structural protein ORF3, non-structural protein ORF5, and spike glycoprotein as potential candidates for subunit vaccine designing. The designed multi-epitope peptide then linked to β-defensin adjuvant is showing high antigenicity. Further, the sequence of the designed vaccine construct is optimized for maximum expression in the Escherichia coli expression system. A rich pattern of hydrogen and hydrophobic interactions of the construct was observed with the TLR3 allowing stable binding of the construct at the docked site as predicted by the molecular dynamics simulation and MM-PBSA binding energies. We expect that the panel of subunit vaccine candidates and the designed vaccine construct could be highly effective in immunizing populations from infections caused by MERS-CoV and could possible applied on the current pandemic COVID-19.

The COVID-19 Vaccine Race: Challenges and Opportunities in Vaccine Formulation

In the race for a safe and effective vaccine against coronavirus disease (COVID)-19, pharmaceutical formulation science plays a critical role throughout the development, manufacturing, distribution, and vaccination phases. The proper choice of the type of vaccine, carrier or vector, adjuvant, excipients, dosage form, and route of administration can directly impact not only the immune responses induced and the resultant efficacy against COVID-19, but also the logistics of manufacturing, storing and distributing the vaccine, and mass vaccination. In this review, we described the COVID-19 vaccines that are currently tested in clinical trials and provided in-depth insight into the various types of vaccines, their compositions, advantages, and potential limitations. We also addressed how challenges in vaccine distribution and administration may be alleviated by applying vaccine-stabilization strategies and the use of specific mucosal immune response-inducing, non-invasive routes of administration, which must be considered early in the development process.

Computational evaluation of a fusion protein consisted of pertussis toxin and filamentous hemagglutinin from Bordetella pertussis to target Claudin-4 using C-terminal fragment of Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin

Pertussis, caused by Bordetella pertussis is still one of the controversial diseases worldwide due to its high prevalence in both the developed and the developing countries, especially among young children. As currently approved vaccines are not protective enough and provide Th2-type immune responses, there is an urgent need to develop new vaccines. In the current study, we applied the C-terminal fragment of Clostridium perferingens enterotoxin (C-CPE) as a delivery system and F1S1 fragment (Filamentous hemagglutinin (F1) and subunit 1 of pertussis toxin (S1) of B. pertussis to design a novel chimeric protein in silico, to target Claudin-4 receptors in mice lung cells. To achieve this goal, the primary, secondary and tertiary structures of the fusion protein were evaluated and the interaction of this protein with Claudin-4 receptors was studied. Molecular dynamic (MD) simulation analysis was performed to investigate the physical movement of atoms in a fixed period. According to the results; the full-length fusion protein has consisted of 807 amino acid residues which could be classified as a stable protein. There was a convenient consistency between the 3D predicted structure and the secondary structure prediction. An acceptable percentage of the residues were also detected in the most favored and allowed regions for the model. Based on HADDOCK results, there were no considerable differences between the interactions and MD simulation analysis, indicating that the predicted structures were stable during the simulation. Altogether, the data reported in this study represents the first step toward developing a nasal vaccine candidate against B. pertussis infection. Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.

Development of chimeric peptides to facilitate the neutralisation of lipopolysaccharides during bactericidal targeting of multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli

Pathogenic Escherichia coli can cause fatal diarrheal diseases in both animals and humans. However, no antibiotics or antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) can adequately kill resistant bacteria and clear bacterial endotoxin, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) which leads to inflammation and sepsis. Here, the LPS-targeted smart chimeric peptides (SCPs)-A6 and G6 are generated by connecting LPS-targeting peptide-LBP14 and killing domain-N6 via different linkers. Rigid and flexible linkers retain the independent biological activities from each component. SCPs-A6 and G6 exert low toxicity and no bacterial resistance, and they more rapidly kill multiple-drug-resistant E. coli and more effectively neutralize LPS toxicity than N6 alone. The SCPs can enhance mouse survival more effectively than N6 or polymyxin B and alleviate lung injuries by blocking mitogen-activated protein kinase and nuclear factor kappa-B p65 activation. These findings uniquely show that SCPs-A6 and G6 may be promising dual-function candidates as improved antibacterial and anti-endotoxin agents to treat bacterial infection and sepsis.

Wang ZL and Wang XM design bactericidal peptides in which an antimicrobial domain is fused to a domain that facilitates the neutralisation of lipoplysaccaride (LPS) to prevent inflammation associated with the targeting of Gram-negative bacteria. They characterise their properties and structures, and show their efficiency in vitro and in vivo.

Molecular docking studies of bioactive compounds from Annona muricata Linn as potential inhibitors for Bcl-2, Bcl-w and Mcl-1 antiapoptotic proteins

Annona muricata Linn or usually identified as soursop is a potential anticancer plant that has been widely reported to contain valuable chemopreventive agents known as annonaceous acetogenins. The antiproliferative and anticancer activities of this tropical and subtropical plant have been demonstrated in cell culture and animal studies. A. muricata L. exerts inhibition against numerous types of cancer cells, involving multiple mechanism of actions such as apoptosis, a programmed cell death that are mainly regulated by Bcl-2 family of proteins. Nonetheless, the binding mode and the molecular interactions of the plant's bioactive constituents have not yet been unveiled for most of these mechanisms. In the current study, we aim to elucidate the binding interaction of ten bioactive phytochemicals of A. muricata L. to three Bcl-2 family of antiapoptotic proteins viz. Bcl-2, Bcl-w and Mcl-1 using an in silico molecular docking analysis software, Autodock 4.2. The stability of the complex with highest affinity was evaluated using MD simulation. We compared the docking analysis of these substances with pre-clinical Bcl-2 inhibitor namely obatoclax. The study identified the potential chemopreventive agent among the bioactive compounds. We also characterized the important interacting residues of protein targets which involve in the binding interaction. Results displayed that anonaine, a benzylisoquinoline alkaloid, showed a high affinity towards the Bcl-2, thus indicating that this compound is a potent inhibitor of the Bcl-2 antiapoptotic family of proteins.

Structural insights into betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase (BADH2) from Oryza sativa explored by modeling and simulations

Betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (BADH2) plays a key role in the accumulation of 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline (2AP), a fragrant compound in rice (Oryza sativa). BADH2 catalyses the oxidation of aminoaldehydes to carboxylic acids. An inactive BADH2 is known to promote fragrance in rice. The 3D structure and atomic level protein-ligand interactions are currently unknown. Here, the 3D dimeric structure of BADH2 was modeled using homology modeling. Furthermore, two 0.5 µs simulations were performed to explore the nature of BADH2 dimer structurally and dynamically. Each monomer comprises of 3 domains (substrate-binding, NAD⁺-binding, and oligomerization domains). The NAD⁺-binding domain is the most mobile. A scissor-like motion was observed between the monomers. Inside the binding pocket, N162 and E260 are tethered by strong hydrogen bonds to residues in close proximity. In contrast, the catalytic C294 is very mobile and interacts occasionally with N162. The flexibility of the nucleophilic C294 could facilitate the attack of free carbonyl on an aldehyde substrate. Key inter-subunit salt bridges contributing to dimerization were also identified. E487, D491, E492, K498, and K502 were found to form strong salt bridges with charged residues on the adjacent monomer. Specifically, the nearly permanent R430-E487 hydrogen bond (>90%) highlights its key role in dimer association. Structural and dynamic insights of BADH2 obtained here could play a role in the improvement of rice fragrance, which could lead to an enhancement in rice quality and market price.

IMMUNOGENIC PROPERTIES OF RECOMBINANT MOZAIC PROTEINS BASED ON ANTIGENS NS4A AND NS4B OF HEPATITIS C VIRUS

The aim of the study was to investigate immunogenic properties of mosaic recombinant proteins constructed on the data of hepatitis C virus NS4A and NS4B antigens. Four mosaic recombinant proteins, containing the T and B epitopes of the NS4A and NS4B antigens, were created by genetic engineering methods in the E. coli system. To enhance the immune response they were linked in different variations to the nucleotide sequences of murine interleukin-2 (IL-2), the Neisseria meningiditis lipopeptide, and the T helper epitope of the core protein of hepatitis C virus. The immunogenic properties of these recombinant proteins were analyzed by immunoblotting, ELISA and ELISpot using sera from immunized mice and patients infected with hepatitis C virus. Recombinant proteins specifically reacted with the sera of immunized mice and infected patients in immunoblotting. According to the ELISA data, the predominant formation of antibodies to NS4B was observed when mice were immunized with the recombinant proteins containing both antigens. Analysis of gamma-interferon production by T-lymphocytes upon contact with activated dendritic cells showed in ELISpot that the maximum production of this cytokine was detected when adjuvant components were located at the N- and C-ends of the recombinant protein. The highest level of gamma-interferon production during stimulation with this drug was detected in lymphocytes from the bone marrow and lymph nodes. The recombinant protein containing the T and B epitopes of NS4A and NS4B, murine IL-2 and the lipopeptide Neisseria meningiditis had the greatest immunostimulate effect among the four constructions. This recombinant protein formed nanoparticles of 100-120 nm in size.

In Silico Design and Immunologic Evaluation of HIV-1 p24-Nef Fusion Protein to Approach a Therapeutic Vaccine Candidate

BACKGROUND

Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) has been a major global health concern for over 38 years. No safe and effective preventive or therapeutic vaccine has been developed although many products have been investigated. Computational methods have facilitated vaccine developments in recent decades. Among HIV-1 proteins, p24 and Nef are two suitable targets to provoke the cellular immune response. However, the fusion form of these two proteins has not been analyzed in silico yet.

OBJECTIVE

This study aimed at the evaluation of possible fusion forms of p24 and Nef in order to achieve a potential therapeutic subunit vaccine against HIV-1.

METHOD

In this study, various computational approaches have been applied to predict the most effective fusion form of p24-Nef including CTL (Cytotoxic T lymphocytes) response, immunogenicity, conservation and population coverage. Moreover, binding to MHC (Major histocompatibility complex) molecules was assessed in both human and BALB/c.

RESULTS

After analyzing six possible fusion protein forms using AAY linker, we came up with the most practical form of p24 from 80 to 231 and Nef from 120 to 150 regions (according to their reference sequence of HXB2 strain) using an AAY linker, based on their peptides affinity to MHC molecules which are located in a conserved region among different virus clades. The selected fusion protein contains seventeen MHC I antigenic epitopes, among them KRWIILGLN, YKRWIILGL, DIAGTTSTL and FPDWQNYTP are fully conserved between the virus clades. Furthermore, analyzed class I CTL epitopes showed greater affinity binding to HLA-B 57*01, HLA-B*51:01 and HLA-B 27*02 molecules. The population coverage with the rate of >70% coverage in the Persian population supports this truncated form as an appropriate candidate against HIV-I virus.

CONCLUSION

The predicted fusion protein, p24-AAY-Nef in a truncated form with a high rate of T cell epitopes and high conservancy rate among different clades, provides a helpful model for developing a therapeutic vaccine candidate against HIV-1.

Genome-wide identification of novel vaccine candidates for Plasmodium falciparum malaria using integrative bioinformatics approaches

In spite of decades of malaria research and clinical trials, a fully effective and long-lasting preventive vaccine remains elusive. In the present study, 5370 proteins of Plasmodium falciparum genome were screened for the presence of signal peptide/anchor and GPI anchor motifs. Out of 45 screened surface-associated proteins, 22 were consensually predicted as antigens and had no orthologs in human and mouse except circumsporozoite protein (PF3D7_0304600). Among 22 proteins, 19 were identified as new antigens. In the next step, a total of 4944 peptides were predicted as CD8+ T cell epitopes from 22 probable antigens. Of these, the highest scoring 262 epitopes from each antigen were taken for optimization study in the malaria-endemic regions which covered a broad human population (~93.95%). The predicted epitope 13ILFYFFLWV21 of antigen 6-cysteine (PF3D7_1346800) was binding to the HLA-A*0201 allele with the highest fraction (26%) of immunogenicity in the target populations of North-East Asia, South-East Asia, and sub-Saharan Africa. Therefore, these epitopes are proposed to be favored in vaccine designs against malaria.

In Silico Drug Design of Thiolactomycin Derivatives Against Mtb-KasA Enzyme to Inhibit Multidrug Resistance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Tuberculosis (TB) is a leading infectious disease which kills a huge number of people every year over a decade, caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The conventional drugs in the market are no longer effective due to the increasing mycobacterial resistance to antibiotics. Hence, the need of finding efficient drugs to solve this multiple drug resistant factor is becoming an immediate issue. The first-line drugs in current practice for the treatment of TB emphasize on mycolic acid, which protects the bacteria from an immune response generated by the host. A key enzyme involved in this mycolic acid biosynthesis, M. tuberculosis beta-ketoacyl-ACP synthase A (MTB-KasA) is a prime candidate in this study. Thiolactomycin is a natural product inhibitor has shown good inhibitory activity against MTB-KasA. Hence, several thiolactomycin derivatives collected from the literature were taken for absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion and toxicity prediction, molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation studies with MTB-KasA. The in silico drug designing methods used in this study suggests that the thiolactomycin derivatives are having a better binding activity against MTB-KasA and among them the ligand C14 is identified as a promising lead molecule to inhibit multidrug resistance of tuberculosis by showing a long time binding activity.