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Ackiss AS, Magee MR, Sass GG, Turnquist K, McIntyre PB, Larson WA. Genomic and environmental influences on resilience in a cold-water fish near the edge of its range. Evol Appl 2021; 14:2794-2814. [PMID: 34950230 PMCID: PMC8674893 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Small, isolated populations present a challenge for conservation. The dueling effects of selection and drift in a limited pool of genetic diversity make the responses of small populations to environmental perturbations erratic and difficult to predict. This is particularly true at the edge of a species range, where populations often persist at the limits of their environmental tolerances. Populations of cisco, Coregonus artedi, in inland lakes have experienced numerous extirpations along the southern edge of their range in recent decades, which are thought to result from environmental degradation and loss of cold, well-oxygenated habitat as lakes warm. Yet, cisco extirpations do not show a clear latitudinal pattern, suggesting that local environmental factors and potentially local adaptation may influence resilience. Here, we used genomic tools to investigate the nature of this pattern of resilience. We used restriction site-associated DNA capture (Rapture) sequencing to survey genomic diversity and differentiation in southern inland lake cisco populations and compared the frequency of deleterious mutations that potentially influence fitness across lakes. We also examined haplotype diversity in a region of the major histocompatibility complex involved in stress and immune system response. We correlated these metrics to spatial and environmental factors including latitude, lake size, and measures of oxythermal habitat and found significant relationships between genetic metrics and broad and local factors. High levels of genetic differentiation among populations were punctuated by a phylogeographic break and residual patterns of isolation-by-distance. Although the prevalence of deleterious mutations and inbreeding coefficients was significantly correlated with latitude, neutral and non-neutral genetic diversity were most strongly correlated with lake surface area. Notably, differences among lakes in the availability of estimated oxythermal habitat left no clear population genomic signature. Our results shed light on the complex dynamics influencing these isolated populations and provide valuable information for their conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda S. Ackiss
- Wisconsin Cooperative Fishery Research UnitCollege of Natural ResourcesUniversity of Wisconsin‐Stevens PointStevens PointWisconsinUSA
- U.S. Geological SurveyGreat Lakes Science CenterAnn ArborMichiganUSA
| | | | - Greg G. Sass
- Escanaba Lake Research StationWisconsin Department of Natural ResourcesBoulder JunctionWisconsinUSA
| | - Keith Turnquist
- Wisconsin Cooperative Fishery Research UnitCollege of Natural ResourcesUniversity of Wisconsin‐Stevens PointStevens PointWisconsinUSA
| | - Peter B. McIntyre
- Department of Natural Resources and the EnvironmentCornell UniversityIthacaNew YorkUSA
| | - Wesley A. Larson
- U.S. Geological SurveyWisconsin Cooperative Fishery Research UnitCollege of Natural ResourcesUniversity of Wisconsin‐Stevens PointStevens PointWisconsinUSA
- National Oceanographic and Atmospheric AdministrationNational Marine Fisheries ServiceAlaska Fisheries Science CenterAuke Bay LaboratoriesJuneauAlaskaUSA
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2
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Jaramillo-Correa JP, Bagnoli F, Grivet D, Fady B, Aravanopoulos FA, Vendramin GG, González-Martínez SC. Evolutionary rate and genetic load in an emblematic Mediterranean tree following an ancient and prolonged population collapse. Mol Ecol 2020; 29:4797-4811. [PMID: 33063352 DOI: 10.1111/mec.15684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Severe bottlenecks significantly diminish the amount of genetic diversity and the speed at which it accumulates (i.e., evolutionary rate). They further compromise the efficiency of natural selection to eliminate deleterious variants, which may reach fixation in the surviving populations. Consequently, expanding and adapting to new environments may pose a significant challenge when strong bottlenecks result in genetic pauperization. Herein, we surveyed the patterns of nucleotide diversity, molecular adaptation and genetic load across 177 gene-loci in a circum-Mediterranean conifer (Pinus pinea L.) that represents one of the most extreme cases of genetic pauperization in widespread outbreeding taxa. We found very little genetic variation in both hypervariable nuclear microsatellites (SSRs) and gene-loci, which translated into genetic diversity estimates one order of magnitude lower than those previously reported for pines. Such values were consistent with a strong population decline that began some ~1 Ma. Comparisons with the related and parapatric maritime pine (Pinus pinaster Ait.) revealed reduced rates of adaptive evolution (α and ωa ) and a significant accumulation of genetic load. It is unlikely that these are the result from differences in mutation rate or linkage disequilibrium between the two species; instead they are the presumable outcome of contrasting demographic histories affecting both the speed at which these taxa accumulate genetic diversity, and the global efficacy of selection. Future studies, and programs for conservation and management, should thus start testing for the effects of genetic load on fitness, and integrating such effects into predictive models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan P Jaramillo-Correa
- Department of Evolutionary Ecology, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Francesca Bagnoli
- Division of Florence, Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, National Research Council, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Delphine Grivet
- Department of Forest Ecology and Genetics, Forest Research Centre, INIA-CIFOR, Madrid, Spain
| | - Bruno Fady
- INRAE, Unité de Recherche Écologie des Forêts Méditerranéennes (URFM), Avignon, France
| | - Filippos A Aravanopoulos
- Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding, Department of Forestry and Natural Environment, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Giovanni G Vendramin
- Division of Florence, Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, National Research Council, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
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Purifying selection shaping the evolution of the Toll-like receptor 2 TIR domain in brown hares (Lepus europaeus) from Europe and the Middle East. Mol Biol Rep 2020; 47:2975-2984. [PMID: 32236892 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-020-05382-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are transmembrane proteins of the innate immune system, composed of the ectodomain involved in pathogen recognition and the intracellular Toll/interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) domain important for downstream signal transduction. Here, we analyze the genetic variability of TIR nucleotide and amino-acid sequences of the TLR2 gene in 243 brown hares from Europe and the Middle East and tested for the presence of selection signals and spatial structuring. TLR2 TIR domain sequences were PCR amplified and sequenced, while genotyping was performed by phasing. Genetic diversity indices were calculated in DnaSP and Arlequin, while presence of selection signals was tested using MEGA and the Datamonkey web server. The presence of spatial patterns in TIR sequence distribution was tested by spatial Principal Component Analysis (sPCA) in adegenet. A total of 13 haplotypes were revealed with haplotype diversity of 0.424, and nucleotide diversity (π) of 0.00138. Two spatial clusters were revealed: "Anatolia/Middle East" and "Europe". In Anatolia the two most prevalent amino-acid variants, A and B (the latter being the most ancestral) were maintained at similar frequencies; but in Europe a shift in genotype frequencies was observed as well as a higher number of nonsynonymous substitutions giving rise to novel amino-acid protein variants originating from the evolutionarily younger protein variant. Molecular diversity (haplotype and nucleotide diversity) indices were significantly higher in the "Anatolia/Middle East" cluster. A signal of purifying selection was detected acting on the TIR sequences.
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Hall D, Zhao W, Wennström U, Andersson Gull B, Wang XR. Parentage and relatedness reconstruction in Pinus sylvestris using genotyping-by-sequencing. Heredity (Edinb) 2020; 124:633-646. [PMID: 32123330 PMCID: PMC7171117 DOI: 10.1038/s41437-020-0302-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Estimating kinship is fundamental for studies of evolution, conservation, and breeding. Genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) and other restriction based genotyping methods have become widely applied in these applications in non-model organisms. However, sequencing errors, depth, and reproducibility between library preps could potentially hinder accurate genetic inferences. In this study, we tested different sets of parameters in data filtering, different reference populations and eight estimation methods to obtain a robust procedure for relatedness estimation in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.). We used a seed orchard as our study system, where candidate parents are known and pedigree reconstruction can be compared with theoretical expectations. We found that relatedness estimates were lower than expected for all categories of kinship estimated if the proportion of shared SNPs was low. However, estimates reached expected values if loci showing an excess of heterozygotes were removed and genotyping error rates were considered. The genetic variance-covariance matrix (G-matrix) estimation, however, performed poorly in kinship estimation. The reduced relatedness estimates are likely due to false heterozygosity calls. We analyzed the mating structure in the seed orchard and identified a selfing rate of 3% (including crosses between clone mates) and external pollen contamination of 33.6%. Little genetic structure was observed in the sampled Scots pine natural populations, and the degree of inbreeding in the orchard seed crop is comparable to natural stands. We illustrate that under our optimized data processing procedure, relatedness, and genetic composition, including level of pollen contamination within a seed orchard crop, can be established consistently by different estimators.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Hall
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, UPSC, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Wei Zhao
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, UPSC, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.,Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design; College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | | | | | - Xiao-Ru Wang
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, UPSC, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
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Pyhäjärvi T, Kujala ST, Savolainen O. 275 years of forestry meets genomics in Pinus sylvestris. Evol Appl 2020; 13:11-30. [PMID: 31988655 PMCID: PMC6966708 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pinus sylvestris has a long history of basic and applied research that is relevant for both forestry and evolutionary studies. Its patterns of adaptive variation and role in forest economic and ecological systems have been studied extensively for nearly 275 years, detailed demography for a 100 years and mating system more than 50 years. However, its reference genome sequence is not yet available and genomic studies have been lagging compared to, for example, Pinus taeda and Picea abies, two other economically important conifers. Despite the lack of reference genome, many modern genomic methods are applicable for a more detailed look at its biological characteristics. For example, RNA-seq has revealed a complex transcriptional landscape and targeted DNA sequencing displays an excess of rare variants and geographically homogenously distributed molecular genetic diversity. Current DNA and RNA resources can be used as a reference for gene expression studies, SNP discovery, and further targeted sequencing. In the future, specific consequences of the large genome size, such as functional effects of regulatory open chromatin regions and transposable elements, should be investigated more carefully. For forest breeding and long-term management purposes, genomic data can help in assessing the genetic basis of inbreeding depression and the application of genomic tools for genomic prediction and relatedness estimates. Given the challenges of breeding (long generation time, no easy vegetative propagation) and the economic importance, application of genomic tools has a potential to have a considerable impact. Here, we explore how genomic characteristics of P. sylvestris, such as rare alleles and the low extent of linkage disequilibrium, impact the applicability and power of the tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Pyhäjärvi
- Department of Ecology and GeneticsUniversity of OuluOuluFinland
- Biocenter OuluUniversity of OuluOuluFinland
| | | | - Outi Savolainen
- Department of Ecology and GeneticsUniversity of OuluOuluFinland
- Biocenter OuluUniversity of OuluOuluFinland
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Yourick MR, Sandkam BA, Gammerdinger WJ, Escobar-Camacho D, Nandamuri SP, Clark FE, Joyce B, Conte MA, Kocher TD, Carleton KL. Diurnal variation in opsin expression and common housekeeping genes necessitates comprehensive normalization methods for quantitative real-time PCR analyses. Mol Ecol Resour 2019; 19:1447-1460. [PMID: 31325910 DOI: 10.1111/1755-0998.13062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
To determine the visual sensitivities of an organism of interest, quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) is often used to quantify expression of the light-sensitive opsins in the retina. While qRT-PCR is an affordable, high-throughput method for measuring expression, it comes with inherent normalization issues that affect the interpretation of results, especially as opsin expression can vary greatly based on developmental stage, light environment or diurnal cycles. We tested for diurnal cycles of opsin expression over a period of 24 hr at 1-hr increments and examined how normalization affects a data set with fluctuating expression levels using qRT-PCR and transcriptome data from the retinae of the cichlid Pelmatolapia mariae. We compared five methods of normalizing opsin expression relative to (a) the average of three stably expressed housekeeping genes (Ube2z, EF1-α and β-actin), (b) total RNA concentration, (c) GNAT2, (the cone-specific subunit of transducin), (d) total opsin expression and (e) only opsins expressed in the same cone type. Normalizing by proportion of cone type produced the least variation and would be best for removing time-of-day variation. In contrast, normalizing by housekeeping genes produced the highest daily variation in expression and demonstrated that the peak of cone opsin expression was in the late afternoon. A weighted correlation network analysis showed that the expression of different cone opsins follows a very similar daily cycle. With the knowledge of how these normalization methods affect opsin expression data, we make recommendations for designing sampling approaches and quantification methods based upon the scientific question being examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miranda R Yourick
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland
| | | | | | | | | | - Frances E Clark
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland
| | - Brendan Joyce
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland
| | - Matthew A Conte
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland
| | - Thomas D Kocher
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland
| | - Karen L Carleton
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland
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Hanlon VCT, Otto SP, Aitken SN. Somatic mutations substantially increase the per-generation mutation rate in the conifer Picea sitchensis. Evol Lett 2019; 3:348-358. [PMID: 31388445 PMCID: PMC6675141 DOI: 10.1002/evl3.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The rates and biological significance of somatic mutations have long been a subject of debate. Somatic mutations in plants are expected to accumulate with vegetative growth and time, yet rates of somatic mutations are unknown for conifers, which can reach exceptional sizes and ages. We investigated somatic mutation rates in the conifer Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.) by analyzing a total of 276 Gb of nuclear DNA from the tops and bottoms of 20 old‐growth trees averaging 76 m in height. We estimate a somatic base substitution rate of 2.7 × 10−8 per base pair within a generation. To date, this is one of the highest estimated per‐generation rates of mutation among eukaryotes, indicating that somatic mutations contribute substantially to the total per‐generation mutation rate in conifers. Nevertheless, as the sampled trees are centuries old, the per‐year rate is low in comparison with nontree taxa. We argue that although somatic mutations raise genetic load in conifers, they generate important genetic variation and enable selection both among cell lineages within individual trees and among offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent C T Hanlon
- Faculty of Forestry Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences University of British Columbia Vancouver BC V6T 1Z4 Canada
| | - Sarah P Otto
- Department of Zoology & Biodiversity Research Centre University of British Columbia Vancouver BC V6T 1Z4 Canada
| | - Sally N Aitken
- Faculty of Forestry Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences University of British Columbia Vancouver BC V6T 1Z4 Canada
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Lu M, Hodgins KA, Degner JC, Yeaman S. Purifying selection does not drive signatures of convergent local adaptation of lodgepole pine and interior spruce. BMC Evol Biol 2019; 19:110. [PMID: 31138118 PMCID: PMC6537219 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-019-1438-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) and interior spruce (Picea glauca, Picea engelmannii, and their hybrids) are distantly related conifer species. Previous studies identified 47 genes containing variants associated with environmental variables in both species, providing evidence of convergent local adaptation. However, if the intensity of purifying selection varies with the environment, clines in nucleotide diversity could evolve through linked (background) selection that would yield allele frequency-environment signatures resembling local adaptation. If similar geographic patterns in the strength of purifying selection occur in these species, this could result in the convergent signatures of local adaptation, especially if the landscape of recombination is conserved. In the present study, we investigated whether spatially/environmentally varying purifying selection could give rise to the convergent signatures of local adaptation that had previously reported. RESULTS We analyzed 86 lodgepole pine and 50 interior spruce natural populations spanning heterogeneous environments in western Canada where previous analyses had found signatures of convergent local adaptation. We estimated nucleotide diversity and Tajima's D for each gene within each population and calculated the strength of correlations between nucleotide diversity and environmental variables. Overall, these estimates in the genes with previously identified convergent local adaptation signatures had no similar pattern between pine and spruce. Clines in nucleotide diversity along environmental variables were found for interior spruce, but not for lodgepole pine. In spruce, genes with convergent adaption signatures showed a higher strength of correlations than genes without convergent adaption signatures, but there was no such disparity in pine, which suggests the pattern in spruce may have arisen due to a combination of selection and hybridization. CONCLUSIONS The results rule out purifying/background selection as a driver of convergent local adaption signatures in lodgepole pine and interior spruce.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Lu
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 507 Campus Drive NW, Calgary, T2N 4S8, Canada.
| | - Kathryn A Hodgins
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University - Clayton Campus, Building 17, Wellington Road, Melbourne, 3800, Australia
| | - Jon C Degner
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, Forest Sciences Centre 3041, University of British Columbia, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Sam Yeaman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 507 Campus Drive NW, Calgary, T2N 4S8, Canada
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van Boheemen LA, Atwater DZ, Hodgins KA. Rapid and repeated local adaptation to climate in an invasive plant. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 222:614-627. [PMID: 30367474 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Biological invasions provide opportunities to study evolutionary processes occurring over contemporary timescales. To explore the speed and repeatability of adaptation, we examined the divergence of life-history traits to climate, using latitude as a proxy, in the native North American and introduced European and Australian ranges of the annual plant Ambrosia artemisiifolia. We explored niche changes following introductions using climate niche dynamic models. In a common garden, we examined trait divergence by growing seeds collected across three ranges with highly distinct demographic histories. Heterozygosity-fitness associations were used to explore the effect of invasion history on potential success. We accounted for nonadaptive population differentiation using 11 598 single nucleotide polymorphisms. We revealed a centroid shift to warmer, wetter climates in the introduced ranges. We identified repeated latitudinal divergence in life-history traits, with European and Australian populations positioned at either end of the native clines. Our data indicate rapid and repeated adaptation to local climates despite the recent introductions and a bottleneck limiting genetic variation in Australia. Centroid shifts in the introduced ranges suggest adaptation to more productive environments, potentially contributing to trait divergence between the ranges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lotte A van Boheemen
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Vic., 3800, Australia
| | - Daniel Z Atwater
- Department of Biology, Earlham College, Richmond, IN, 47374, USA
| | - Kathryn A Hodgins
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Vic., 3800, Australia
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Wang XJ, Hu QJ, Guo XY, Wang K, Ru DF, German DA, Weretilnyk EA, Abbott RJ, Lascoux M, Liu JQ. Demographic expansion and genetic load of the halophyte model plantEutrema salsugineum. Mol Ecol 2018; 27:2943-2955. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.14738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Juan Wang
- Key Laboratory for Bio-resource and Eco-environment of Ministry of Education; College of Life Sciences; Sichuan University; Chengdu China
| | - Quan-Jun Hu
- Key Laboratory for Bio-resource and Eco-environment of Ministry of Education; College of Life Sciences; Sichuan University; Chengdu China
| | - Xin-Yi Guo
- Key Laboratory for Bio-resource and Eco-environment of Ministry of Education; College of Life Sciences; Sichuan University; Chengdu China
| | - Kun Wang
- Key Laboratory for Bio-resource and Eco-environment of Ministry of Education; College of Life Sciences; Sichuan University; Chengdu China
| | - Da-Fu Ru
- Key Laboratory for Bio-resource and Eco-environment of Ministry of Education; College of Life Sciences; Sichuan University; Chengdu China
| | - Dmitry A. German
- Department of Biodiversity and Plant Systematics; Centre for Organismal Studies (COS Heidelberg); Heidelberg University; Heidelberg Germany
- South-Siberian Botanical Garden; Altai State University; Barnaul Russia
| | | | | | - Martin Lascoux
- Department of Ecology and Genetics; Evolutionary Biology Center and Science for Life Laboratory; Uppsala University; Uppsala Sweden
| | - Jian-quan Liu
- Key Laboratory for Bio-resource and Eco-environment of Ministry of Education; College of Life Sciences; Sichuan University; Chengdu China
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystem; College of Life Science; Lanzhou University; Lanzhou China
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Luikart G, Kardos M, Hand BK, Rajora OP, Aitken SN, Hohenlohe PA. Population Genomics: Advancing Understanding of Nature. POPULATION GENOMICS 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/13836_2018_60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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