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Grebe S, Porcar-Castell A, Riikonen A, Paakkarinen V, Aro EM. Accounting for photosystem I photoinhibition sheds new light on seasonal acclimation strategies of boreal conifers. J Exp Bot 2024:erae145. [PMID: 38572950 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erae145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
The photosynthetic acclimation of boreal evergreen conifers is controlled by regulatory and photoprotective mechanisms that allow conifers to cope with extreme environmental changes. However, the underlying dynamics of photosystem II (PSII) and photosystem I (PSI) remain unresolved. Here, we investigated the dynamics of PSII and PSI during the spring recovery of photosynthesis in Pinus sylvestris and Picea abies using a combination of chlorophyll-a fluorescence, P700 difference absorbance measurements, and quantification of key thylakoid protein abundances. In particular, we derived a new set of PSI quantum yield equations, correcting for the effects of PSI photoinhibition. Using the corrected equations, we found that the seasonal dynamics of PSII and PSI photochemical yields remained largely in balance, despite substantial seasonal changes in the stoichiometry of PSII and PSI core complexes driven by PSI photoinhibition. Similarly, the previously reported seasonal upregulation of cyclic electron flow was no longer evident, after accounting for PSI photoinhibition. Overall, our results emphasize the importance of considering the dynamics of PSII and PSI to elucidate the seasonal acclimation of photosynthesis in overwintering evergreens. Beyond the scope of conifers, our corrected PSI quantum yields expand the toolkit for future studies aimed at elucidating the dynamic regulation of PSI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Grebe
- Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Life Technologies, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland
- Optics of Photosynthesis Laboratory, Viikki Plant Science Center, Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Albert Porcar-Castell
- Optics of Photosynthesis Laboratory, Viikki Plant Science Center, Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anu Riikonen
- Optics of Photosynthesis Laboratory, Viikki Plant Science Center, Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Virpi Paakkarinen
- Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Life Technologies, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Eva-Mari Aro
- Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Life Technologies, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland
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2
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Fassl M, Aakala T, Östlund L. Elevation-dependent tree growth response to climate in a natural Scots pine/downy birch forest in northern Sweden. Plant Environ Interact 2024; 5:e10140. [PMID: 38562245 PMCID: PMC10984726 DOI: 10.1002/pei3.10140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Forests dominate the landscape at high latitudes in the boreal regions and contribute significantly to the global carbon stock. Large areas are protected and provide possibilities to analyze natural forest dynamics including resilience to climate change. In Fennoscandia, Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and downy birch (Betula pubescens Ehrh.) often coexist in natural forests close to the limits of their ecological ranges. Tree growth in these forests is generally thought to be limited by temperature, and changes in growth trends can therefore serve as early indicators of the impact of global warming on natural ecosystems. We sampled 592 Scots pine and downy birch trees along two elevational gradients spanning the transition from the forest zone to the coniferous treeline in Tjeggelvas nature reserve, northern Sweden. Based on the tree-ring data, we compared annual basal area increment (BAI) trends from 1902 to 2021, analyzed the ring-width indices (RWI) in relation to local climate data, and investigated trends in climate-growth relationships. We found that the mean annual growth of both species was higher in more recent years than at the beginning of the 20th century. The RWI were positively correlated with summer temperatures, however, we found a much stronger relationship for Scots pine than downy birch. We noticed a decrease in the importance of summer temperature for Scots pine growth, whereas the importance of late spring temperatures increased over the 120-year-long study period. Due to strongly positive BAI trends combined with a decrease in temperature sensitivity, the overall conclusion of our study is that the influence of increasing temperatures is still positive and outweighs the negative impacts of climate change on Scots pine growth in natural forests in northern Sweden, particularly at higher elevations. Natural forests are important natural experiments that contrast the managed forests and are key to understanding the latter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Fassl
- Department of Forest Ecology and ManagementSwedish University of Agricultural SciencesUmeåSweden
| | - Tuomas Aakala
- School of Forest SciencesUniversity of Eastern FinlandJoensuuFinland
| | - Lars Östlund
- Department of Forest Ecology and ManagementSwedish University of Agricultural SciencesUmeåSweden
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3
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Rajala O, Mäntynen M, Loimaranta V. Pine-Oil-Derived Sodium Resinate Inhibits Growth and Acid Production of Streptococcus mutans In Vitro. Dent J (Basel) 2024; 12:40. [PMID: 38392244 PMCID: PMC10887496 DOI: 10.3390/dj12020040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
S. mutans is a key pathogen in dental caries initiation and progression. It promotes oral biofilm dysbiosis and biofilm acidification. Sodium resinate is a salt of pine-oil-derived resin which has antimicrobial properties. Pine-oil-derived resin consists of terpenes, diterpenes, and abietic acids. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of pine (Pinus sylvestris) oil resinate (RS) on growth and acid production of cariogenic S. mutans strains in planktonic form and biofilm. The S. mutans type strain NCTC10449 and clinical isolate CI2366 were grown on 96-well plates for testing of RS effects on growth and biofilm formation, and on plates with integrated pH-sensitive optical ensors for real-time measurements of the effects of RS on bacterial acid production. We found that even short-time exposure to RS inhibits the growth and acid production of S. mutans in the planktonic phase and biofilms. In addition, RS was able to penetrate the biofilm matrix and reduce acid production inside S. mutans biofilm. RS thus shows potential as a novel antibacterial agent against cariogenic bacteria in biofilm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Otto Rajala
- Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Lemminkäisenkatu 2, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Matias Mäntynen
- Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Lemminkäisenkatu 2, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Vuokko Loimaranta
- Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Lemminkäisenkatu 2, 20520 Turku, Finland
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Bruxaux J, Zhao W, Hall D, Curtu AL, Androsiuk P, Drouzas AD, Gailing O, Konrad H, Sullivan AR, Semerikov V, Wang XR. Scots pine - panmixia and the elusive signal of genetic adaptation. New Phytol 2024. [PMID: 38308133 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
Scots pine is the foundation species of diverse forested ecosystems across Eurasia and displays remarkable ecological breadth, occurring in environments ranging from temperate rainforests to arid tundra margins. Such expansive distributions can be favored by various demographic and adaptive processes and the interactions between them. To understand the impact of neutral and selective forces on genetic structure in Scots pine, we conducted range-wide population genetic analyses on 2321 trees from 202 populations using genotyping-by-sequencing, reconstructed the recent demography of the species and examined signals of genetic adaptation. We found a high and uniform genetic diversity across the entire range (global FST 0.048), no increased genetic load in expanding populations and minor impact of the last glacial maximum on historical population sizes. Genetic-environmental associations identified only a handful of single-nucleotide polymorphisms significantly linked to environmental gradients. The results suggest that extensive gene flow is predominantly responsible for the observed genetic patterns in Scots pine. The apparent missing signal of genetic adaptation is likely attributed to the intricate genetic architecture controlling adaptation to multi-dimensional environments. The panmixia metapopulation of Scots pine offers a good study system for further exploration into how genetic adaptation and plasticity evolve under gene flow and changing environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jade Bruxaux
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umeå Plant Science Center, Umeå University, 901 87, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Wei Zhao
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umeå Plant Science Center, Umeå University, 901 87, Umeå, Sweden
| | - David Hall
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umeå Plant Science Center, Umeå University, 901 87, Umeå, Sweden
- Forestry Research Institute of Sweden (Skogforsk), 918 21, Sävar, Sweden
| | | | - Piotr Androsiuk
- Department of Plant Physiology, Genetics and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-719, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Andreas D Drouzas
- Laboratory of Systematic Botany and Phytogeography, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Oliver Gailing
- Department of Forest Genetics and Forest Tree Breeding, University of Göttingen, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Heino Konrad
- Department of Forest Biodiversity and Nature Conservation, Unit of Ecological Genetics, Austrian Research Centre for Forests (BFW), 1140, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alexis R Sullivan
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umeå Plant Science Center, Umeå University, 901 87, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Vladimir Semerikov
- Institute of Plant and Animal Ecology, Ural Division of Russian Academy of Sciences, 620144, Ekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Xiao-Ru Wang
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umeå Plant Science Center, Umeå University, 901 87, Umeå, Sweden
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Intas K. Scotch pine-induced liver injury: A case report. Hepatol Forum 2024; 5:47-48. [PMID: 38283266 PMCID: PMC10809342 DOI: 10.14744/hf.2022.2022.0046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Herbal medicines are widely used worldwide to treat minor ailments and prevent disease. Scotch pine (Pinus sylvestris) has many medicinal applications but is most well-known for its antiseptic properties and beneficial effects on the respiratory system. Herbal products can cause adverse side effects like liver injury, which is referred to as herb-induced liver damage (HILI). In this article, we present a patient who used Scotch pine to treat asthma and developed HILI. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case of Scotch pine-related HILI described in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kadir Intas
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Health Sciences, Diskapi Yildirim Beyazit Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkiye
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Kalugina OV, Afanasyeva LV, Mikhailova TA. Anatomical and morphological changes in Pinus sylvestris and Larix sibirica needles under impact of emissions from a large aluminum enterprise. Ecotoxicology 2024; 33:66-84. [PMID: 38183574 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-023-02723-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024]
Abstract
Species-specific anatomical and morphological characteristics of Pinus sylvestris and Larix sibirica needles were studied at different levels of tree stand pollution by aluminum smelter emissions. The anatomical characteristics of the needle were studied using light microscopy. The level of tree stand pollution was determined using the cluster analysis outcomes of the pollutant elements content (fluorine, sulfur, and heavy metals) in the needles. Four levels of tree stand pollution were separated: low, moderate, high, and critical, as well as background tree stand in unpolluted areas. It was found that the state of tree phytomass deteriorated with increasing levels of pollution (from low to critical): pine crown defoliation increased to 85%, and larch defoliation increased to 65%. The life span of pine needles was reduced to 2-3 years, with a background value of 6-7 years. The change of morphological parameters was more pronounced in P. sylvestris: the weight and length of the 2-year-old shoot decreased by 2.7-3.1 times compared to the background values; the weight of needles on the shoot and the number of needle pairs on the shoot-by 1.9-2.1 times. The length of the needle and shoot and the number of L. sibirica brachyblasts decreased by 1.8-1.9 times. The anatomical parameters of the needle also changed to a greater extent in P. sylvestris. Up to the high level of tree pollution, we observed a decrease in the cross-sectional area of the needle, central cylinder, vascular bundle, area and thickness of mesophyll, number and diameter of resin ducts by 18-66% compared to background values. At the critical pollution level, when the content of pollutant elements in pine needles reached maximum values, the anatomical parameters of the remaining few green needles were close to background values. In our opinion, this may be due to the activation of mechanisms aimed at maintaining the viability of trees. A reduction in thickness and area of assimilation tissue in the L. sibirica needle was detected only at the critical pollution level. An upward trend in these parameters was found at low, medium, and high pollution levels of tree stand, which may indicate an adaptive nature. The results suggested that at a similar pollution level of trees, the greatest amount of negative anatomical and morphological changes were recorded in pine needles, which indicates a greater sensitivity of this species to technogenic emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Vladimirovna Kalugina
- Laboratory of Natural and Anthropogenic Ecosystems, Siberian Institute of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Lermontov str., 132, 664033, Irkutsk, Russia
| | - Larisa Vladimirovna Afanasyeva
- Laboratory of Floristics and Geobotany, Institute of General and Experimental Biology Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Sakhyanova str., 6, 670047, Ulan-Ude, Russia.
| | - Tatiana Alekseevna Mikhailova
- Laboratory of Natural and Anthropogenic Ecosystems, Siberian Institute of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Lermontov str., 132, 664033, Irkutsk, Russia
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Šleglová K, Brichta J, Bílek L, Surový P. Measuring the Canopy Architecture of Young Vegetation Using the Fastrak Polhemus 3D Digitizer. Sensors (Basel) 2023; 24:109. [PMID: 38202971 PMCID: PMC10781307 DOI: 10.3390/s24010109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
In the context of climate change conditions, addressing the shifting composition of forest stands and changes in traditional forest management practices are necessary. For this purpose, understanding the biomass allocation directly influenced by crown architecture is crucial. In this paper, we want to demonstrate the possibility of 3D mensuration of canopy architecture with the digitizer sensor Fastrak Polhemus and demonstrate its capability for assessing important structural information for forest purposes. Scots pine trees were chosen for this purpose, as it is the most widespread tree species in Europe, which, paradoxically, is very negatively affected by climate change. In our study, we examined young trees since the architecture of young trees influences their growth potential. In order to get the most accurate measurement of tree architecture, we evaluated the use of the Fastrak Polhemus magnetic digitizer to create a 3D model of individual trees and perform a subsequent statistical analysis of the data obtained. It was found that the stand density affects the number of branches in different orders and the heights of the trees in the process of natural regeneration. Regarding the branches, in our case, the highest number of branch orders was found in the clear-cut areas (density = 0.0), whereas the lowest branching was on-site with mature stands (density = 0.8). The results showed that the intensity of branching (assessed as the number of third-order branches) depends on the total number of branches of the tree of different branch orders but also on stand density where the tree is growing. An important finding in this study was the negative correlation between the tree branching and the tree height. The growth in height is lower when the branching expansion is higher. Similar data could be obtained with Lidar sensors. However, the occlusion due to the complexity of the tree crown would impede the information from being complete when using the magnetic digitizer. These results provide vital information for the creation of structural-functional models, which can be used to predict and estimate future tree growth and carbon fixation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Peter Surový
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 16500 Prague, Czech Republic; (K.Š.); (J.B.); (L.B.)
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Liszka A, Wightman R, Latowski D, Bourdon M, Krogh KBRM, Pietrzykowski M, Lyczakowski JJ. Structural differences of cell walls in earlywood and latewood of Pinus sylvestris and their contribution to biomass recalcitrance. Front Plant Sci 2023; 14:1283093. [PMID: 38148867 PMCID: PMC10749964 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1283093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) is an evergreen coniferous tree with wide distribution and good growth performance in a range of habitats. Therefore, wood from P. sylvestris is produced in many managed forests and is frequently used in industry. Despite the importance of pine wood, we still do not fully understand its molecular structure what limits improvements in its processing. One of the basic features leading to variation in wood properties is the presence of earlywood and latewood which form annual growth rings. Here, we characterise biochemical traits that differentiate cell walls of earlywood and latewood in Scots pine. We discover that latewood is less recalcitrant to enzymatic digestion, with galactoglucomannan showing particularly pronounced difference in accessibility. Interestingly, characterisation of lignin reveals a higher proportion of coniferaldehydes in pine latewood and suggests the presence of a different linkage landscape in this wood type. With complementary analysis of wood polysaccharides this enabled us to propose the first detailed molecular model of earlywood and latewood and to conclude that the variation in lignin structure is likely the main determinant of differences in recalcitrance observed between the two wood types in pine. Our discoveries lay the foundation for improvements in industrial processes that use pine wood since we show clear pathways for increasing the efficiency of enzymatic processing of this renewable material. Our work will help guide future breeding of pine trees with desired timber properties and can help link molecular structure of softwood cell walls to function of the different types of xylem in conifers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Liszka
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
- Jagiellonian University, Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Krakow, Poland
| | - Raymond Wightman
- Microscopy Core Facility, Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Dariusz Latowski
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Matthieu Bourdon
- Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Marcin Pietrzykowski
- Department of Ecological Engineering and Forest Hydrology, Faculty of Forestry, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Jan J. Lyczakowski
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
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Ezediokpu MN, Halitschke R, Krause K, Boland W, Kothe E. Pre-symbiotic response of the compatible host spruce and low-compatibility host pine to the ectomycorrhizal fungus Tricholoma vaccinum. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1280485. [PMID: 38111643 PMCID: PMC10725908 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1280485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutualistic ectomycorrhizal symbiosis requires the exchange of signals even before direct contact of the partners. Volatiles, and specifically volatile terpenoids, can be detected at a distance and may trigger downstream signaling and reprogramming of metabolic responses. The late-stage ectomycorrhizal fungus Tricholoma vaccinum shows high host specificity with its main host spruce, Picea abies, while rarely associations can be found with pine, Pinus sylvestris. Hence, a comparison of the host and the low-compatibility host's responses can untangle differences in early signaling during mycorrhiza formation. We investigated sesquiterpenes and identified different patterns of phytohormone responses with spruce and pine. To test the specific role of volatiles, trees were exposed to the complete volatilome of the fungus versus volatiles present when terpene synthases were inhibited by rosuvastatin. The pleiotropic response in spruce included three non-identified products, a pyridine derivative as well as two diterpenes. In pine, other terpenoids responded to the fungal signal. Using exposure to the fungal volatilome with or without terpene synthesis inhibited, we could find a molecular explanation for the longer time needed to establish the low-compatibility interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marycolette Ndidi Ezediokpu
- Microbial Communication, Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
- Bioorganic Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Rayko Halitschke
- Mass Spectrometry and Metabolomics, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Katrin Krause
- Microbial Communication, Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Wilhelm Boland
- Bioorganic Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Erika Kothe
- Microbial Communication, Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
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Giberti GS, von Arx G, Giovannelli A, du Toit B, Unterholzner L, Bielak K, Carrer M, Uhl E, Bravo F, Tonon G, Wellstein C. The admixture of Quercus sp. in Pinus sylvestris stands influences wood anatomical trait responses to climatic variability and drought events. Front Plant Sci 2023; 14:1213814. [PMID: 38034580 PMCID: PMC10687546 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1213814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Forests are threatened by increasingly severe and more frequent drought events worldwide. Mono-specific forests, developed as a consequence of widespread management practices established early last century, seem particularly susceptible to global warming and drought compared with mixed-species forests. Although, in several contexts, mixed-species forests display higher species diversity, higher productivity, and higher resilience, previous studies highlighted contrasting findings, with not only many positive but also neutral or negative effects on tree performance that could be related to tree species diversity. Processes underlying this relationship need to be investigated. Wood anatomical traits are informative proxies of tree functioning, and they can potentially provide novel long-term insights in this regard. However, wood anatomical traits are critically understudied in such a context. Here, we assess the role of tree admixture on Pinus sylvestris L. xylem traits such as mean hydraulic diameter, cell wall thickness, and anatomical wood density, and we test the variability of these traits in response to climatic parameters such as temperature, precipitation, and drought event frequency and intensity. Methods Three monocultural plots of P. sylvestris and three mixed-stand plots of P. sylvestris and Quercus sp. were identified in Poland and Spain, representing Continental and Mediterranean climate types, respectively. In each plot, we analyzed xylem traits from three P. sylvestris trees, for a total of nine trees in monocultures and nine in mixed stands per study location. Results The results highlighted that anatomical wood density was one of the most sensitive traits to detect tree responses to climatic conditions and drought under different climate and forest types. Inter-specific facilitation mechanisms were detected in the admixture between P. sylvestris and Quercus sp., especially during the early growing season and during stressful events such as spring droughts, although they had negligible effects in the late growing season. Discussion Our findings suggest that the admixture between P. sylvestris and Quercus sp. increases the resilience of P. sylvestris to extreme droughts. In a global warming scenario, this admixture could represent a useful adaptive management option.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Silvia Giberti
- Faculty of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences, Free University of Bolzano - Bozen, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Georg von Arx
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Alessio Giovannelli
- Istituto di Ricerca sugli Ecosistemi Terrestri (IRET), Consiglio Nazionale Ricerche, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- National Biodiversity Future Center (NBFC), Palermo, Italy
| | - Ben du Toit
- Department of Forest and Wood Science, Faculty of AgriSciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Lucrezia Unterholzner
- Department of Land Environment Agriculture and Forestry, University of Padova, Legnaro, Italy
- Chair of Forest Growth and Woody Biomass Production, Technische Universität Dresden, Tharandt, Germany
| | - Kamil Bielak
- Department of Silviculture, Institute of Forest Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marco Carrer
- Department of Land Environment Agriculture and Forestry, University of Padova, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Enno Uhl
- School of Life Sciences, Chair for Forest Growth and Yield Science, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Freising, Germany
- Bavarian State Institute of Forestry (LWF), Freising, Germany
| | - Felipe Bravo
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Gestión Forestal Sostenible (iuFOR). Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenierías Agrarias de Palencia, Universidad de Valladolid, Palencia, Spain
| | - Giustino Tonon
- Faculty of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences, Free University of Bolzano - Bozen, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Camilla Wellstein
- Faculty of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences, Free University of Bolzano - Bozen, Bolzano, Italy
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Sewerniak P, Markiewicz M, Tarnawska P, Wójcik M. Environmental effects of a management method used after fire on development of temperate Scots pine ecosystem: a 15-year study from Poland. Environ Manage 2023; 72:978-990. [PMID: 37294317 PMCID: PMC10509113 DOI: 10.1007/s00267-023-01843-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Due to the ongoing climate changes, temperate forests are increasingly exposed to fires. However, until now the functioning of post-fire temperate forest ecosystems with regard to used forest management method has been weakly recognized. Here, we examined three variants of forest restoration after fire (two variants of natural regeneration with no soil preparation-NR, and artificial restoration by planting following soil preparation-AR) regarding their environmental consequences in development of post-fire Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) ecosystem. The study was conducted using a 15-year timespan in a long-term research site located in the Cierpiszewo area (N Poland) being one of the biggest post-fire grounds in European temperate forests in last decades. We focused on soil and microclimatic variables as well as on growth dynamics of post-fire pines generation. We found that the restoration rates of soil organic matter, carbon and most studied nutritional elements stocks were higher in NR plots than in AR. This could be primarily linked to the higher (p < 0.05) density of pines in naturally regenerated plots, and the subsequent faster organic horizon reconstruction after fire. The difference in tree density also involved regular differences in air and soil temperature among plots: consistently higher in AR than in both NR plots. In turn, lower water uptake by trees in AR implied that soil moisture was constantly the highest in this plot. Our study delivers strong arguments to pay more attention to restore post-fire forest areas with the use of natural regeneration with no soil preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Sewerniak
- Department of Soil Science and Landscape Management, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Lwowska 1, 87-100, Toruń, Poland.
| | - Maciej Markiewicz
- Department of Soil Science and Landscape Management, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Lwowska 1, 87-100, Toruń, Poland
| | - Patrycja Tarnawska
- Department of Environmental Microbiology and Biotechnology, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Lwowska 1, 87-100, Toruń, Poland
| | - Marta Wójcik
- Department of Soil Science and Landscape Management, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Lwowska 1, 87-100, Toruń, Poland
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12
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Ignatenko RV, Pomeranets AK, Gudkova KA, Nikerova KM. Estimation of scots pine cytogenetic parameters under the conditions of industrial air pollution in European boreal forests. Ecotoxicology 2023; 32:874-883. [PMID: 37676552 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-023-02696-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Cytogenetic studies of Pinus sylvestris seed progeny have been carried out for the first time in the Murmansk region of Russia. Seeds were collected in the territory of 6 district forestries: Zelenoborsky, Kovdorsky, Kandalakshsky, Zasheikovsky, Umbsky and Nickelsky, which were at different distances from large copper-nickel plants. Analysis revealed higher S, Cu, and Ni content in Pinus sylvestris tree seeds from the Zasheikovsky and Nickelsky district forestries. Seeds from the Zelenoborsky district forestry had a higher Cu content (13.6 ± 0.5 mg/kg) compared to other areas. It was found that the frequency of mitotic pathologies in all areas of the study exceeded the level of spontaneous mutation in 5%. The most frequent aberrant cells were registered in the root meristem of seedlings from the Zasheikovsky district forestry, and their proportion averaged 9.4 ± 1.3% of the total number of cells studied at the metaphase and ana-telophase of mitosis stages. In Pinus sylvestris seedlings, micronuclei were noted in the cells at the interphase stage, often varying on average from 0.2 ± 0.1% in plants from the Kandalakshsky district forestry to 0.9 ± 0.3% from the Zasheikovsky district forestry. The data obtained testify to the colossal impact of heavy metals on the living organism cell genetic apparatus. The negative effect from industries, as sources of air pollutants, extends over tens of kilometers. Therefore, regularly monitoring the cytogenetic parameters of bioindicators such as Pinus sylvestris is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman V Ignatenko
- Karelian Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 11 Pushkinskaya St., Petrozavodsk, 185910, Russia.
- Petrozavodsk State University, 33 Lenin Av., Petrozavodsk, 185910, Russia.
| | - Anastasia K Pomeranets
- Karelian Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 11 Pushkinskaya St., Petrozavodsk, 185910, Russia
- Petrozavodsk State University, 33 Lenin Av., Petrozavodsk, 185910, Russia
| | - Kseniya A Gudkova
- Petrozavodsk State University, 33 Lenin Av., Petrozavodsk, 185910, Russia
| | - Kseniya M Nikerova
- Petrozavodsk State University, 33 Lenin Av., Petrozavodsk, 185910, Russia
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13
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Surso M, Khviyuzov S, Chukhchin D. Compounds composition of pollen tubes of Scots pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.). Physiol Mol Biol Plants 2023; 29:1261-1268. [PMID: 38024955 PMCID: PMC10678875 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-023-01353-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this research was to study the composition of pollen tubes of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.). Pollen cultivation on deionized distilled water excluded the potential influence of the cultivation medium on the pollen tube growth and development. The fluorescent study indicated a gradual distribution of chemical compounds along the length of the tube. It was shown that the protoplast apical zone and the parietal layer near the tube's tip are most likely actively involved in the ion transport regulation in the growing pollen tube. The callose synthesis in the tip of matured pine tube completed the first stage of its active growth. Significant differences and pH gradients at the nucleus region and the parietal layer of the tube wall indicate that H+ gradient is the direct driving force of vesicle transport and can regulate the growth of pollen tubes. The distribution of amino acids, RNA, proteins and lipids was uniform throughout the length of the pine pollen tube. The content of amino acids, RNA, DNA and proteins slightly increased near the cell nucleus and drastically increased in the apical zone. At the very tip of the tube, a slight increase in the concentration of polysaccharides and a significant decrease in the content of amino acids, RNA, DNA, proteins and lipids were detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail Surso
- Federal Center for Integrated Arctic Research of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Arkhangelsk, Russian Federation
| | - Sergei Khviyuzov
- Federal Center for Integrated Arctic Research of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Arkhangelsk, Russian Federation
| | - Dmitry Chukhchin
- Northern (Arctic) Federal University named after M.V. Lomonosov, Arkhangelsk, Russian Federation
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Pashkovskiy P, Ivanov Y, Ivanova A, Kartashov A, Zlobin I, Lyubimov V, Ashikhmin A, Bolshakov M, Kreslavski V, Kuznetsov V, Allakhverdiev SI. Effect of Light of Different Spectral Compositions on Pro/Antioxidant Status, Content of Some Pigments and Secondary Metabolites and Expression of Related Genes in Scots Pine. Plants (Basel) 2023; 12:2552. [PMID: 37447113 DOI: 10.3390/plants12132552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of light quality (white fluorescent light, WFL, containing UV components), red light (RL, 660 nm), blue light (BL, 450 nm), and white LED light (WL, 450 + 580 nm) on the components of the cellular antioxidant system in Pinus sylvestris L. in needles, roots, and hypocotyls, focusing on the accumulation of key secondary metabolites and the expression of related genes. The qualitative and quantitative composition of carotenoids; the content of the main photosynthetic pigments, phenolic compounds, flavonoids (catechins, proanthocyanidins, anthocyanins), ascorbate, and glutathione; the activity of the main antioxidant enzymes; the content of hydrogen peroxide; and the intensity of lipid peroxidation (MDA and 4-HNE contents) were determined. RL resulted in an increase in the content of hydrogen peroxide and 4-HNE, as well as the total fraction of flavonoids in the needles. It also enhanced the expression of several PR (pathogen-related) genes compared to BL and WL. WFL increased the content of phenols, including flavonoids, and enhanced the overall activity of low-molecular antioxidants in needles and hypocotyls. BL increased the content of ascorbate and glutathione, including reduced glutathione, in the needles and simultaneously decreased the activity of peroxidases. Thus, by modifying the light quality, it is possible to regulate the accumulation of secondary metabolites in pine roots and needles, thereby influencing their resistance to various biotic and abiotic stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Pashkovskiy
- K.A. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Botanicheskaya Street 35, 127276 Moscow, Russia
| | - Yury Ivanov
- K.A. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Botanicheskaya Street 35, 127276 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexandra Ivanova
- K.A. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Botanicheskaya Street 35, 127276 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander Kartashov
- K.A. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Botanicheskaya Street 35, 127276 Moscow, Russia
| | - Ilya Zlobin
- K.A. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Botanicheskaya Street 35, 127276 Moscow, Russia
| | - Valery Lyubimov
- Institute of Basic Biological Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Institutskaya Street 2, 142290 Pushchino, Russia
| | - Aleksandr Ashikhmin
- Institute of Basic Biological Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Institutskaya Street 2, 142290 Pushchino, Russia
| | - Maksim Bolshakov
- Institute of Basic Biological Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Institutskaya Street 2, 142290 Pushchino, Russia
| | - Vladimir Kreslavski
- Institute of Basic Biological Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Institutskaya Street 2, 142290 Pushchino, Russia
| | - Vladimir Kuznetsov
- K.A. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Botanicheskaya Street 35, 127276 Moscow, Russia
| | - Suleyman I Allakhverdiev
- K.A. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Botanicheskaya Street 35, 127276 Moscow, Russia
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15
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Solly EF, Jaeger ACH, Barthel M, Werner RA, Zürcher A, Hagedorn F, Six J, Hartmann M. Water limitation intensity shifts carbon allocation dynamics in Scots pine mesocosms. Plant Soil 2023; 490:499-519. [PMID: 37780069 PMCID: PMC10533586 DOI: 10.1007/s11104-023-06093-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Background and aims Tree species worldwide suffer from extended periods of water limitation. These conditions not only affect the growth and vitality of trees but also feed back on the cycling of carbon (C) at the plant-soil interface. However, the impact of progressing water loss from soils on the transfer of assimilated C belowground remains unresolved. Methods Using mesocosms, we assessed how increasing levels of water deficit affect the growth of Pinus sylvestris saplings and performed a 13C-CO2 pulse labelling experiment to trace the pathway of assimilated C into needles, fine roots, soil pore CO2, and phospholipid fatty acids of soil microbial groups. Results With increasing water limitation, trees partitioned more biomass belowground at the expense of aboveground growth. Moderate levels of water limitation barely affected the uptake of 13C label and the transit time of C from needles to the soil pore CO2. Comparatively, more severe water limitation increased the fraction of 13C label that trees allocated to fine roots and soil fungi while a lower fraction of 13CO2 was readily respired from the soil. Conclusions When soil water becomes largely unavailable, C cycling within trees becomes slower, and a fraction of C allocated belowground may accumulate in fine roots or be transferred to the soil and associated microorganisms without being metabolically used. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11104-023-06093-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily F. Solly
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, Sustainable Agroecosystems Group, ETH Zürich, Universitätstrasse 2, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Astrid C. H. Jaeger
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, Sustainable Agroecosystems Group, ETH Zürich, Universitätstrasse 2, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Matti Barthel
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, Sustainable Agroecosystems Group, ETH Zürich, Universitätstrasse 2, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Roland A. Werner
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, Grassland Sciences Group, ETH Zurich, Universitätstrasse 2, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alois Zürcher
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Biogeochemistry Group, Zürcherstrasse 111, Birmensdorf, 8903 Switzerland
| | - Frank Hagedorn
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Biogeochemistry Group, Zürcherstrasse 111, Birmensdorf, 8903 Switzerland
| | - Johan Six
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, Sustainable Agroecosystems Group, ETH Zürich, Universitätstrasse 2, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Martin Hartmann
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, Sustainable Agroecosystems Group, ETH Zürich, Universitätstrasse 2, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
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16
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Reeves C, Tikkinen M, Aronen T, Krajnakova J. Application of Cold Storage and Short In Vitro Germination for Somatic Embryos of Pinus radiata and P. sylvestris. Plants (Basel) 2023; 12:plants12112095. [PMID: 37299075 DOI: 10.3390/plants12112095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Somatic embryogenesis (SE) is an advanced vegetative propagation technology that, when used in combination with breeding and cryopreservation, offers the forest industry a powerful tool for the deployment of elite genotypes. Germination and acclimatization are critical and cost-intensive phases in the production of somatic plants. The efficient conversion of somatic embryos into robust plants is a necessity if a propagation protocol is to be successfully adopted by the industry. In this work, these late phases of the SE protocol of two pine species were investigated. A shortened germination protocol and more controlled acclimatization were investigated for Pinus radiata, testing embryos from 18 embryogenic cell lines. A more simplified protocol, including a cold storage phase, was also compared among 10 of these cell lines. A shortened germination period and more controlled protocols significantly improved the acclimatization of somatic embryos directly from the lab to the glasshouse. When results for all cell lines were pooled, there were significant improvements in all growth characteristics (shoot height, root length, root collar diameter, and root quadrant score). When the more simplified protocol involving cold storage was tested, improvements were seen in the root architecture. For Pinus sylvestris, the late phases of somatic embryogenesis were investigated on seven cell lines in a set of two trials (four to seven cell lines per trial). During the germination phase, a shortened and simplified in vitro period, a cold storage option and basal media were explored. Viable plants were obtained from all treatments. However, there is still the need to improve germination and related protocols together with growing regimes for Pinus sylvestris. The improvements to protocols presented here, particularly for Pinus radiata, result in greater survival and quality of somatic emblings, leading to reduced costs and increased confidence in the technology. Simplified protocols using a cold storage option show great promise and, with some further research, could lead to reductions in the cost of the technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathie Reeves
- Scion, Te Papa Tipu Innovation Park, 49 Sala Street, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua 3046, New Zealand
| | - Mikko Tikkinen
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), FI-57200 Savonlinna, Finland
| | - Tuija Aronen
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), FI-57200 Savonlinna, Finland
| | - Jana Krajnakova
- Scion, Te Papa Tipu Innovation Park, 49 Sala Street, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua 3046, New Zealand
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17
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Kartashov AV, Zlobin IE, Pashkovskiy PP, Pojidaeva ES, Ivanov YV, Ivanova AI, Ivanov VP, Marchenko SI, Nartov DI, Kuznetsov VV. Effects of drought stress memory on the accumulation of stress-protective compounds in naturally grown pine and spruce. Plant Physiol Biochem 2023; 200:107761. [PMID: 37209454 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.107761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Forest trees are subjected to multiple stressors during their long lifetime and therefore require effective and finely regulated stress-protective systems. Stressors can induce protective systems either directly or with the involvement of stress memory mechanisms. Stress memory has only begun to be uncovered in model plants and is unexplored in coniferous species. Therefore, we studied the possible role of stress memory in the regulation of the accumulation of stress-protective compounds (heat shock proteins, dehydrins, proline) in the needles of naturally grown Scots pine and Norway spruce trees subjected to the subsequent action of long-term (multiyear) and short-term (seasonal) water shortages. Although the water deficit was relatively mild, it significantly influenced the pattern of expression of stress memory-related heat shock factor (HSF) and SWI/SNF genes, indicating the formation of stress memory in both species. In spruce, dehydrin accumulation was increased by water shortage in a manner compatible with Type II stress memory. The accumulation of HSP40 in spruce needles was positively influenced by long-term water shortage, but this increase was unlikely to be of biological importance due to the concomitant decrease in HSP70, HSP90 and HSP101 accumulation. Finally, proline accumulation was negatively influenced by short-term water deficit in spruce. In pine, no one protective compound accumulated in response to water stress. Taken together, the results indicate that the accumulation of stress-protective compounds was generally independent of stress memory effects both in pine and in spruce.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander V Kartashov
- K.A. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology RAS, 35 Botanicheskaya St, Moscow, 127276, Russia.
| | - Ilya E Zlobin
- K.A. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology RAS, 35 Botanicheskaya St, Moscow, 127276, Russia
| | - Pavel P Pashkovskiy
- K.A. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology RAS, 35 Botanicheskaya St, Moscow, 127276, Russia
| | - Elena S Pojidaeva
- K.A. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology RAS, 35 Botanicheskaya St, Moscow, 127276, Russia
| | - Yury V Ivanov
- K.A. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology RAS, 35 Botanicheskaya St, Moscow, 127276, Russia
| | - Alexandra I Ivanova
- K.A. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology RAS, 35 Botanicheskaya St, Moscow, 127276, Russia
| | - Valery P Ivanov
- Bryansk State Technological University of Engineering, 3, Stanke Dimitrova St, Bryansk, 241037, Russia
| | - Sergey I Marchenko
- Bryansk State Technological University of Engineering, 3, Stanke Dimitrova St, Bryansk, 241037, Russia
| | - Dmitry I Nartov
- Bryansk State Technological University of Engineering, 3, Stanke Dimitrova St, Bryansk, 241037, Russia
| | - Vladimir V Kuznetsov
- K.A. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology RAS, 35 Botanicheskaya St, Moscow, 127276, Russia
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18
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Pérez‐Izquierdo L, Bengtsson J, Clemmensen KE, Granath G, Gundale MJ, Ibáñez TS, Lindahl BD, Strengbom J, Taylor A, Viketoft M, Wardle DA, Nilsson M. Fire severity as a key determinant of aboveground and belowground biological community recovery in managed even-aged boreal forests. Ecol Evol 2023; 13:e10086. [PMID: 37206687 PMCID: PMC10191780 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.10086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Changes in fire regime of boreal forests in response to climate warming are expected to impact postfire recovery. However, quantitative data on how managed forests sustain and recover from recent fire disturbance are limited.Two years after a large wildfire in managed even-aged boreal forests in Sweden, we investigated how recovery of aboveground and belowground communities, that is, understory vegetation and soil microbial and faunal communities, responded to variation in the severity of soil (i.e., consumption of soil organic matter) and canopy fires (i.e., tree mortality).While fire overall enhanced diversity of understory vegetation through colonization of fire adapted plant species, it reduced the abundance and diversity of soil biota. We observed contrasting effects of tree- and soil-related fire severity on survival and recovery of understory vegetation and soil biological communities. Severe fires that killed overstory Pinus sylvestris promoted a successional stage dominated by the mosses Ceratodon purpureus and Polytrichum juniperinum, but reduced regeneration of tree seedlings and disfavored the ericaceous dwarf-shrub Vaccinium vitis-idaea and the grass Deschampsia flexuosa. Moreover, high tree mortality from fire reduced fungal biomass and changed fungal community composition, in particular that of ectomycorrhizal fungi, and reduced the fungivorous soil Oribatida. In contrast, soil-related fire severity had little impact on vegetation composition, fungal communities, and soil animals. Bacterial communities responded to both tree- and soil-related fire severity. Synthesis: Our results 2 years postfire suggest that a change in fire regime from a historically low-severity ground fire regime, with fires that mainly burns into the soil organic layer, to a stand-replacing fire regime with a high degree of tree mortality, as may be expected with climate change, is likely to impact the short-term recovery of stand structure and above- and belowground species composition of even-aged P. sylvestris boreal forests.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jan Bengtsson
- Department of EcologySwedish University of Agricultural SciencesUppsalaSweden
| | - Karina E. Clemmensen
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant PathologyUppsala BioCenterSwedish University of Agricultural SciencesUppsalaSweden
| | - Gustaf Granath
- Department of Ecology and GeneticsUppsala UniversityUppsalaSweden
| | - Michael J. Gundale
- Department of Forest Ecology and ManagementSwedish University of Agricultural SciencesUmeåSweden
| | - Theresa S. Ibáñez
- Department of WildlifeFish and Environmental StudiesSwedish University of Agricultural SciencesUmeåSweden
| | - Björn D. Lindahl
- Department of Soil and EnvironmentSwedish University of Agricultural SciencesUppsalaSweden
| | - Joachim Strengbom
- Department of EcologySwedish University of Agricultural SciencesUppsalaSweden
| | - Astrid Taylor
- Department of EcologySwedish University of Agricultural SciencesUppsalaSweden
| | - Maria Viketoft
- Department of EcologySwedish University of Agricultural SciencesUppsalaSweden
| | - David A. Wardle
- Department of Ecology and Environmental ScienceUmeå UniversityUmeåSweden
| | - Marie‐Charlotte Nilsson
- Department of Forest Ecology and ManagementSwedish University of Agricultural SciencesUmeåSweden
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Margalef-Marrase J, Molowny-Horas R, Jaime L, Lloret F. Modelling the dynamics of Pinus sylvestris forests after a die-off event under climate change scenarios. Sci Total Environ 2023; 856:159063. [PMID: 36202357 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In recent decades, die-off events in Pinus sylvestris populations have increased. The causes of these phenomena, which are usually related to local and regional extreme hot droughts, have been extensively investigated from a physiological viewpoint. However, the consequences of die-off process in terms of demography and vegetation dynamics have been less thoroughly addressed. Here, we projected P. sylvestris plot dynamics after a die-off event, under climate change scenarios, considering also their early demographic stages (i.e., seedlings, saplings and ingrowth from the sapling to adult class), to assess the resilience of P. sylvestris populations after such events. We used Integral Projection Models (IPMs) to project future plot structure under current climate, and under RCP4.5 and RCP8.0 climate scenarios, using climatic suitability - extracted from Species Distribution Models - as a covariable in the estimations of vital rates over time. Field data feeding IPMs were obtained from two successive surveys, at the end of the die-off event (2013) and four years later (2017), undertaken on populations situated across the P. sylvestris range of distribution in Catalonia (NE Spain). Plots affected by die-off experienced a loss of large trees, which causes that basal area, tree diameter and tree density will remain lower for decades relative to unaffected plots. After the event, this situation is partially counterbalanced in affected plots by a greater increase in basal area and seedling recruitment into tree stage, thus promoting resilience. However, resilience is delayed under the climate-change scenarios with warmer and drier conditions involving additional physiological stress, due to a reduced abundance of seedlings and a smaller plot basal area. The study shows lagged effect of drought-induced die-off events on forest structure, also revealing stabilizing mechanisms, such as recruitment and tree growth release, which enhance resilience. However, these mechanisms would be jeopardized by oncoming regional warming.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Roberto Molowny-Horas
- Centre de Recerca Ecològica i Aplicacions Forestals (CREAF), Bellaterra 08193, Spain
| | - Luciana Jaime
- Centre de Recerca Ecològica i Aplicacions Forestals (CREAF), Bellaterra 08193, Spain
| | - Francisco Lloret
- Centre de Recerca Ecològica i Aplicacions Forestals (CREAF), Bellaterra 08193, Spain; Unitat d'Ecologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra 08193, Spain
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20
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Orumaa A, Agan A, Anslan S, Drenkhan T, Drenkhan R, Kauer K, Köster K, Tedersoo L, Metslaid M. Long-term effects of forest fires on fungal community and soil properties along a hemiboreal Scots pine forest fire chronosequence. Sci Total Environ 2022; 851:158173. [PMID: 35988616 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We studied long-term effects of forest fires on the dynamics of soil fungal community along a post-fire chronosequence in hemiboreal Scots pine stands in north-western Estonia. Effects of fire on soil and fungi were studied on six sites that differed in time since fire (10, 21, 36, 67, 78 and 181 years ago), without further management interventions. Soil fungal communities along the chronosequence were dominated by soil saprotrophs and ectomycorrhizal (EcM) fungi. Across the chronosequence, the most dominant phylum was Ascomycota. The most abundant OTUs were identified as Umbelopsis sp., Hyaloscyphaceae sp. and Pezoloma ericae with relative abundances of 9.5, 8.9 and 6.8 %, respectively. Fungal species richness was similar among sample areas except in the area where fire occurred 36 years ago, where it was significantly lower. There were considerable differences in EcM fungal species composition along the chronosequence. The most recently burned site had Piloderma sphaerosporum, Pseudotomentella sp. and Clavulinaceae sp. as most abundant EcM OTUs while in three oldest burned areas Clavulinaceae sp. and Cortinarius sp. were abundant. Soil C and N stocks were lower in the most recently burned area but differences with other areas were not statistically significant. Soil pH had a significant effect on fungal species composition. Older areas had substantially lower pH compared to more recently burned areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Argo Orumaa
- Institute of Forestry and Engineering, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 5, 51006 Tartu, Estonia.
| | - Ahto Agan
- Institute of Forestry and Engineering, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 5, 51006 Tartu, Estonia; Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Ravila 14a, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Sten Anslan
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Ravila 14a, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Tiia Drenkhan
- Institute of Forestry and Engineering, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 5, 51006 Tartu, Estonia; Forest Health and Biodiversity, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Latokartanonkaari 9, FI-00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Rein Drenkhan
- Institute of Forestry and Engineering, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 5, 51006 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Karin Kauer
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 5, 51006 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Kajar Köster
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistokatu 7 (Natura), 80130 Joensuu, Finland
| | - Leho Tedersoo
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Ravila 14a, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Marek Metslaid
- Institute of Forestry and Engineering, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 5, 51006 Tartu, Estonia
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21
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Vuosku J, Martz F, Hallikainen V, Rautio P. Changing winter climate and snow conditions induce various transcriptional stress responses in Scots pine seedlings. Front Plant Sci 2022; 13:1050903. [PMID: 36570907 PMCID: PMC9780549 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1050903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In northern boreal forests the warming winter climate leads to more frequent snowmelt, rain-on-snow events and freeze-thaw cycles. This may be harmful or even lethal for tree seedlings that spend even a half of the year under snow. We conducted a snow cover manipulation experiment in a natural forest to find out how changing snow conditions affect young Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) seedlings. The ice encasement (IE), absence of snow (NoSNOW) and snow compaction (COMP) treatments affected ground level temperature, ground frost and subnivean gas concentrations compared to the ambient snow cover (AMB) and led to the increased physical damage and mortality of seedlings. The expression responses of 28 genes related to circadian clock, aerobic and anaerobic energy metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism and stress protection revealed that seedlings were exposed to different stresses in a complex way depending on the thickness and quality of the snow cover. The IE treatment caused hypoxic stress and probably affected roots which resulted in reduced water uptake in the beginning of the growing season. Without protective snowpack in NoSNOW seedlings suffered from cold and drought stresses. The combination of hypoxic and cold stresses in COMP evoked unique transcriptional responses including oxidative stress. Snow cover manipulation induced changes in the expression of several circadian clock related genes suggested that photoreceptors and the circadian clock system play an essential role in the adaptation of Scots pine seedlings to stresses under different snow conditions. Our findings show that warming winter climate alters snow conditions and consequently causes Scots pine seedlings various abiotic stresses, whose effects extend from overwintering to the following growing season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaana Vuosku
- Natural Resources Unit, Natural Resources Institute Finland, Rovaniemi, Finland
- Ecology and Genetics Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Françoise Martz
- Natural Resources Unit, Natural Resources Institute Finland, Rovaniemi, Finland
| | - Ville Hallikainen
- Natural Resources Unit, Natural Resources Institute Finland, Rovaniemi, Finland
| | - Pasi Rautio
- Natural Resources Unit, Natural Resources Institute Finland, Rovaniemi, Finland
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22
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Sazanova KV, Alekseeva-Popova NV, Drozdova IV, Belyaeva AI, Kalimova IB, Pavlova NI, Shavarda AL. Effects of Heavy Metals on the Metabolome of Pinus sylvestris (Pinaceae). Dokl Biol Sci 2022; 507:364-372. [PMID: 36781532 DOI: 10.1134/s0012496622060199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
The effects of Cu, Ni, and Cd on the Pinus sylvestris metabolome was studied in experimental conditions by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Structural changes in plant metabolite network became detectable on day 6 of exposure to the metals, 3-6 days earlier than visual signs of toxicity developed. Differences at the metabolome level arose earlier in a control group of plants, and specific effects of particular metals on the plant metabolome became distinct on day 9. Both nature and concentration of a metal equally contributed to the plant metabolome clustering. Plant responses (changes in concentrations of individual metabolites) to metal exposure substantially differed depending on the metal concentration (1 or 5 mM) and nature. The effects of Cd and Cu were generally similar, while the effect of Ni was often different. Dynamic changes visualized in plant metabolite matrix reflected the changes in its correlation structure, rather than depending on the set of particular compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- K V Sazanova
- Komarov Botanical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia.
| | - N V Alekseeva-Popova
- Komarov Botanical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - I V Drozdova
- Komarov Botanical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - A I Belyaeva
- Komarov Botanical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - I B Kalimova
- Komarov Botanical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - N I Pavlova
- Komarov Botanical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - A L Shavarda
- Komarov Botanical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia.,Research Park, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia
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23
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Ivanov YV, Pashkovskiy PP, Ivanova AI, Kartashov AV, Kuznetsov VV. Manganese Deficiency Suppresses Growth and Photosynthetic Processes but Causes an Increase in the Expression of Photosynthetic Genes in Scots Pine Seedlings. Cells 2022; 11:cells11233814. [PMID: 36497074 PMCID: PMC9739257 DOI: 10.3390/cells11233814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Manganese deficiency is a serious plant nutritional disorder, resulting in the loss of crop productivity in many parts of the world. Despite the progress made in the study of angiosperms, the demand for Mn in gymnosperms and the physiological responses to Mn deficiency remain unexplored. We studied the influence of Mn deficiency for 24 weeks on Pinus sylvestris L. seedling growth, ion homeostasis, pigment contents, lipid peroxidation, chlorophyll fluorescence indices and the transcript levels of photosynthetic genes and genes involved in chlorophyll biosynthesis. It was shown that Mn-deficient plants demonstrated suppressed growth when the Mn content in the needles decreased below 0.34 µmol/g DW. The contents of photosynthetic pigments decreased when the Mn content in the needles reached 0.10 µmol/g DW. Mn deficiency per se did not lead to a decrease in the nutrient content in the organs of seedlings. Photoinhibition of PSII was observed in Mn-deficient plants, although this was not accompanied by the development of oxidative stress. Mn-deficient plants had an increased transcript abundance of genes (psbO, psbP, psbQ, psbA and psbC), encoding proteins directly associated with the Mn cluster also as other proteins involved in photosynthesis, whose activities do not depend on Mn directly. Furthermore, the transcript levels of the genes encoding the large subunit of Rubisco, light-dependent NADPH-protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase and subunits of light-independent protochlorophyllide reductase were also increased in Mn-deficient plants.
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24
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Ivanov YV, Zlobin IE, Kartashov AV, Ivanova AI, Ivanov VP, Marchenko SI, Nartov DI, Kuznetsov VV. Mineral Nutrition of Naturally Growing Scots Pine and Norway Spruce under Limited Water Supply. Plants (Basel) 2022; 11:plants11192652. [PMID: 36235518 PMCID: PMC9573269 DOI: 10.3390/plants11192652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The deterioration of plant mineral nutrition during drought is a significant factor in the negative influence of drought on plant performance. We aimed to study the effects of seasonal and multiyear water shortages on nutrient supply and demand in Scots pine and Norway spruce. We studied pine and spruce trees naturally grown in the Bryansk region (Russia). The dynamics of several nutrients (K, Ca, Mg, P, Fe, Mn, Zn, and Ca) in wood, needles, and bark of current-year twigs and the dynamics of the available pools of these elements at different soil depths were analysed. To assess the physiological consequences of changes in element concentrations, lipid peroxidation products and photosynthetic pigments were measured in the needles. Water shortage increased the wood concentrations of all elements except for Mn. In pine, this increase was mainly due to seasonal water deficit, whereas in spruce, multiyear differences in water supply were more important. This increased availability of nutrients was not observed in soil-based analyses. In needles, quite similar patterns of changes were found between species, with Mg increasing almost twofold and Fe and Mn decreasing under water shortage, whereas the remainder of the elements did not change much under differing water supplies. Neither the concentrations of photosynthetic pigments nor the contents of lipid peroxidation products correlated with element dynamics in needles. In summary, water shortage increased the availability of all elements except Mn for the plant; however, needle element contents were regulated independently of element availability for plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yury V. Ivanov
- K.A. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Botanicheskaya Street 35, 127276 Moscow, Russia
| | - Ilya E. Zlobin
- K.A. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Botanicheskaya Street 35, 127276 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander V. Kartashov
- K.A. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Botanicheskaya Street 35, 127276 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexandra I. Ivanova
- K.A. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Botanicheskaya Street 35, 127276 Moscow, Russia
| | - Valery P. Ivanov
- Bryansk State Technological University of Engineering, 3, Stanke Dimitrova St., 241037 Bryansk, Russia
| | - Sergey I. Marchenko
- Bryansk State Technological University of Engineering, 3, Stanke Dimitrova St., 241037 Bryansk, Russia
| | - Dmitry I. Nartov
- Bryansk State Technological University of Engineering, 3, Stanke Dimitrova St., 241037 Bryansk, Russia
| | - Vladimir V. Kuznetsov
- K.A. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Botanicheskaya Street 35, 127276 Moscow, Russia
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25
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Blumenstein K, Bußkamp J, Langer GJ, Terhonen E. Diplodia tip blight pathogen's virulence empowered through host switch. Front Fungal Biol 2022; 3:939007. [PMID: 37746207 PMCID: PMC10512300 DOI: 10.3389/ffunb.2022.939007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Increased drought combined with emerging pathogens poses an increased threat to forest health. This is attributable to the unpredictable behaviour of forest pathosystems, which can favour fungal pathogens over the host under persistent drought stress conditions. Diplodia sapinea (≡ Sphaeropsis sapinea) is one of the most severe pathogens in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) causing Diplodia tip blight (conifer blight) under certain environmental conditions. Recently, the fungus has also been isolated from non-conifer hosts, indicating that it has a broader host range than previously known. In this study we compared the impact of different levels of water availability on necrosis length caused by D. sapinea strains isolated as endophytes (eight strains isolated from asymptomatic Scots pine) and pathogens (five strains isolated from symptomatic Scots pine) and five strains isolated from symptomatic non-pine hosts. For all strains the decreased water availability increased the necrosis length in Scots pine shoots. The isolates from non-pine hosts caused the most severe reactions under all water availabilities. The results of the study indicate the likelihood that effects of climatic changes such as drought will drive D. sapinea damage in Scots pine-dominated forests and increase mortality rates in affected trees. Further, the higher necrosis in the Scots pines caused by strains that had performed a host switch are concerning with regard to future scenarios thus increasing infection pressure on Scots pine from unknown sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Blumenstein
- Forest Pathology Research Group, Department of Forest Botany and Tree Physiology, Faculty of Forest Sciences and Forest Ecology, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Chair of Pathology of Trees, Institute of Forestry, Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Johanna Bußkamp
- Section Mycology and Complex Diseases, Department of Forest Protection, Northwest German Forest Research Institute, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Gitta Jutta Langer
- Section Mycology and Complex Diseases, Department of Forest Protection, Northwest German Forest Research Institute, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Eeva Terhonen
- Forest Pathology Research Group, Department of Forest Botany and Tree Physiology, Faculty of Forest Sciences and Forest Ecology, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Forest Health and Biodiversity, Helsinki, Finland
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26
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Wang A, Lehmann MM, Rigling A, Gessler A, Saurer M, Du Z, Li MH. There Is No Carbon Transfer Between Scots Pine and Pine Mistletoe but the Assimilation Capacity of the Hemiparasite Is Constrained by Host Water Use Under Dry Conditions. Front Plant Sci 2022; 13:902705. [PMID: 35720606 PMCID: PMC9201984 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.902705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Pine mistletoe is a hemiparasitic shrub that can produce its own photosynthates. There is a lack of knowledge about the interaction of mistletoe and host under varying environmental condition that might influence carbon gain and allocation. In a 13C-pulse labeling experiment with mature Pinus sylvestris (pine) infected by mistletoes grown in naturally dry or irrigated conditions, (1) mistletoe clusters were shielded from 13CO2 added, and (2) mistletoes or host needles were removed to manipulate the local assimilate and water availability. No 13C signal was found in shielded mistletoes, indicating no carbon transfer from the host to the mistletoe. When the pine needles were removed from girdled branches, no 13C signal was found in the host tissues, implying no carbon transfer from mistletoe to the host. However, mistletoes on needle-removed pine trees accumulated more labeled assimilates and had higher non-structural carbohydrate (NSC) concentrations only under naturally dry conditions but not in irrigated plots. Our results suggest that mistletoes show full carbon autonomy, as they neither receive carbon from nor provide carbon resource to the host trees. Moreover, the high assimilation capacity of mistletoes seems to be constrained by the host water use under dry conditions, suggesting that drought stress is not only negatively impacting trees but also mistletoes. Therefore, we conclude that the hemiparasites live on their own in terms of carbon gain which, however, depends on the water provided by the host tree.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ao Wang
- Forest Dynamics, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marco M Lehmann
- Forest Dynamics, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Rigling
- Forest Dynamics, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Arthur Gessler
- Forest Dynamics, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Saurer
- Forest Dynamics, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Zhong Du
- Forest Dynamics, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- School of Geographical Sciences, China West Normal University, Nanchong, China
| | - Mai-He Li
- Forest Dynamics, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
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27
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Kastally C, Niskanen AK, Perry A, Kujala ST, Avia K, Cervantes S, Haapanen M, Kesälahti R, Kumpula TA, Mattila TM, Ojeda DI, Tyrmi JS, Wachowiak W, Cavers S, Kärkkäinen K, Savolainen O, Pyhäjärvi T. Taming the massive genome of Scots pine with PiSy50k, a new genotyping array for conifer research. Plant J 2022; 109:1337-1350. [PMID: 34897859 PMCID: PMC9303803 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Pinus sylvestris (Scots pine) is the most widespread coniferous tree in the boreal forests of Eurasia, with major economic and ecological importance. However, its large and repetitive genome presents a challenge for conducting genome-wide analyses such as association studies, genetic mapping and genomic selection. We present a new 50K single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyping array for Scots pine research, breeding and other applications. To select the SNP set, we first genotyped 480 Scots pine samples on a 407 540 SNP screening array and identified 47 712 high-quality SNPs for the final array (called 'PiSy50k'). Here, we provide details of the design and testing, as well as allele frequency estimates from the discovery panel, functional annotation, tissue-specific expression patterns and expression level information for the SNPs or corresponding genes, when available. We validated the performance of the PiSy50k array using samples from Finland and Scotland. Overall, 39 678 (83.2%) SNPs showed low error rates (mean = 0.9%). Relatedness estimates based on array genotypes were consistent with the expected pedigrees, and the level of Mendelian error was negligible. In addition, array genotypes successfully discriminate between Scots pine populations of Finnish and Scottish origins. The PiSy50k SNP array will be a valuable tool for a wide variety of future genetic studies and forestry applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chedly Kastally
- Department of Ecology and GeneticsUniversity of OuluP.O. Box 300090014OuluFinland
| | - Alina K. Niskanen
- Department of Ecology and GeneticsUniversity of OuluP.O. Box 300090014OuluFinland
| | - Annika Perry
- UK Centre for Ecology & HydrologyBush EstatePenicuikMidlothianEH26 0QBUK
| | - Sonja T. Kujala
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke)Paavo Havaksen tie 390570OuluFinland
| | - Komlan Avia
- Université de StrasbourgINRAESVQV UMR‐A 1131F‐68000ColmarFrance
| | - Sandra Cervantes
- Department of Ecology and GeneticsUniversity of OuluP.O. Box 300090014OuluFinland
| | - Matti Haapanen
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke)Latokartanonkaari 9FI‐00790HelsinkiFinland
| | - Robert Kesälahti
- Department of Ecology and GeneticsUniversity of OuluP.O. Box 300090014OuluFinland
| | - Timo A. Kumpula
- Department of Ecology and GeneticsUniversity of OuluP.O. Box 300090014OuluFinland
| | - Tiina M. Mattila
- Department of Ecology and GeneticsUniversity of OuluP.O. Box 300090014OuluFinland
- Department of Organismal BiologyEBCUppsala UniversityNorbyvägen 18 AUppsala752 36Sweden
| | - Dario I. Ojeda
- Department of Ecology and GeneticsUniversity of OuluP.O. Box 300090014OuluFinland
- Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy ResearchP.O. Box 115Ås1431Norway
| | - Jaakko S. Tyrmi
- Department of Ecology and GeneticsUniversity of OuluP.O. Box 300090014OuluFinland
| | - Witold Wachowiak
- Institute of Environmental BiologyFaculty of BiologyAdam Mickiewicz University in PoznańUniwersytetu Poznańskiego 661‐614PoznańPoland
| | - Stephen Cavers
- UK Centre for Ecology & HydrologyBush EstatePenicuikMidlothianEH26 0QBUK
| | - Katri Kärkkäinen
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke)Paavo Havaksen tie 390570OuluFinland
| | - Outi Savolainen
- Department of Ecology and GeneticsUniversity of OuluP.O. Box 300090014OuluFinland
| | - Tanja Pyhäjärvi
- Department of Ecology and GeneticsUniversity of OuluP.O. Box 300090014OuluFinland
- Department of Forest SciencesUniversity of HelsinkiP.O. Box 2700014HelsinkiFinland
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28
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Łukowski A, Jagiełło R, Robakowski P, Adamczyk D, Karolewski P. Adaptation of a simple method to determine the total terpenoid content in needles of coniferous trees. Plant Sci 2022; 314:111090. [PMID: 34895553 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2021.111090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In ecological research, quantitative methods are often used to measure the total content of metabolites groups (i.e., phenols, carbohydrates). Until recently, there has been no simple and effective method to determine the total terpenoid content with satisfactory repeatability and sensitivity. The procedure proposed by Ghorai et al. (2012) requires the use of fresh plant material. That may be problematic when experimental units are located far from a laboratory. Our goals were to optimize the procedure, and to find the threshold of misestimation using the procedure adjusted to work with dried material. Needles of Pinus sylvestris were used to test the effect of changes in drying, grinding, storage, and extraction on determined total terpenoid content. All applied changes in material storage and grinding decreased the quantity of the terpenoids in needles. Only air-dried and ball-milled material produced similar results to those obtained with fresh material - can be recommended if the fresh material unattainable. Air-dried material may be stored for up to three months, but it resulted in greater variation and then greater sample size is needed. Lower sample mass and solvent volume have no impact on accuracy. Shorter extraction time, oven-drying or microwaving leads to unreliability of measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Łukowski
- Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Parkowa 5, 62-035, Kórnik, Poland; Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 71c, 60-625, Poznań, Poland.
| | - Radosław Jagiełło
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 71c, 60-625, Poznań, Poland
| | - Piotr Robakowski
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 71c, 60-625, Poznań, Poland
| | - Dawid Adamczyk
- Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Parkowa 5, 62-035, Kórnik, Poland
| | - Piotr Karolewski
- Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Parkowa 5, 62-035, Kórnik, Poland
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Held M, Ganthaler A, Lintunen A, Oberhuber W, Mayr S. Tracheid and Pit Dimensions Hardly Vary in the Xylem of Pinus sylvestris Under Contrasting Growing Conditions. Front Plant Sci 2021; 12:786593. [PMID: 34992621 PMCID: PMC8725801 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.786593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Maintaining sufficient water transport via the xylem is crucial for tree survival under variable environmental conditions. Both efficiency and safety of the water transport are based on the anatomical structure of conduits and their connections, the pits. Yet, the plasticity of the xylem anatomy, particularly that of the pit structures, remains unclear. Also, trees adjust conduit dimensions to the water transport distance (i.e., tree size), but knowledge on respective adjustments in pit dimensions is scarce. We compared tracheid traits [mean tracheid diameter d, mean hydraulic diameter d h , cell wall reinforcement (t/b)2], pit dimensions (diameters of pit aperture D a , torus D t , margo D m , and pit border D p ), and pit functional properties (margo flexibility F, absolute overlap O a , torus overlap O, and valve effect V ef ) of two Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) stands of similar tree heights but contrasting growth rates. Furthermore, we analyzed the trends of these xylem anatomical parameters across tree rings. Tracheid traits and pit dimensions were similar on both sites, whereas O a , O, and F were higher at the site with a lower growth rate. On the lower growth rate site, d h and pit dimensions increased across tree rings from pith to bark, and in trees from both sites, d h scaled with pit dimensions. Adjusted pit functional properties indicate slightly higher hydraulic safety in trees with a lower growth rate, although a lack of major differences in measured traits indicated overall low plasticity of the tracheid and pit architecture. Mean hydraulic diameter and pit dimension are well coordinated to increase the hydraulic efficiency toward the outer tree rings and thus with increasing tree height. Our results contribute to a better understanding of tree hydraulics under variable environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Held
- Department of Botany, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR)/Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Andrea Ganthaler
- Department of Botany, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Anna Lintunen
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR)/Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Walter Oberhuber
- Department of Botany, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Stefan Mayr
- Department of Botany, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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Zhang K, Tappero R, Ruytinx J, Branco S, Liao HL. Disentangling the role of ectomycorrhizal fungi in plant nutrient acquisition along a Zn gradient using X-ray imaging. Sci Total Environ 2021; 801:149481. [PMID: 34467922 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Zinc (Zn) is a plant essential micronutrient involved in a wide range of cellular processes. Ectomycorrhizal fungi (EMF) are known to play a critical role in regulating plant Zn status. However, how EMF control uptake and translocation of Zn and other nutrients in plant roots under different Zn conditions is not well known. Using X-ray fluorescence imaging, we found the EMF species Suillus luteus increased pine root Zn acquisition under low Zn concentrations and reduced its accumulation under higher Zn levels. By contrast, non-mycorrhizal pine roots exposed to high Zn indiscriminately take up and translocate Zn to root tissues, leading to Zn stress. Regardless of S. luteus inoculation, the absorption pattern of Ca and Cu was similar to Zn. Compared to Ca and Cu, effects of S. luteus on Fe acquisition were more marked, leading to a negative association between Zn addition and Fe concentration within EMF roots. Besides, higher nutrient accumulation in the fungal sheath, compared to hyphae inhabiting between intercellular space of cortex cells, implies the fungal sheath serves as a barrier to regulate nutrient transportation into fungal Hartig net. Our results demonstrate the crucial roles EMF play in plant nutrient uptake and how fungal partners ameliorate soil chemical conditions either by increasing or decreasing element uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaile Zhang
- North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Quincy, FL 32351, USA; Soil and Water Science Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Ryan Tappero
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, NSLS-II, Upton, NY 11973, USA
| | - Joske Ruytinx
- Research Groups Microbiology and Plant Genetics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussel, Belgium
| | - Sara Branco
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, CO 80204, USA
| | - Hui-Ling Liao
- North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Quincy, FL 32351, USA; Soil and Water Science Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
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Davydenko K, Vasaitis R, Elfstrand M, Baturkin D, Meshkova V, Menkis A. Fungal Communities Vectored by Ips sexdentatus in Declining Pinus sylvestris in Ukraine: Focus on Occurrence and Pathogenicity of Ophiostomatoid Species. Insects 2021; 12:1119. [PMID: 34940207 DOI: 10.3390/insects12121119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Drought-induced stress and attacks by bark beetle Ips sexdentatus currently result in a massive dieback of Pinus sylvestris in eastern Ukraine. Limited and fragmented knowledge is available on fungi vectored by the beetle and their roles in tree dieback. The aim was to investigate the fungal community vectored by I. sexdentatus and to test the pathogenicity of potentially aggressive species to P. sylvestris. Analysis of the fungal community was accomplished by combining different methods using insect, plant, and fungal material. The material consisted of 576 beetles and 96 infested wood samples collected from six sample plots within a 300 km radius in eastern Ukraine and subjected to fungal isolations and (beetles only) direct sequencing of ITS rDNA. Pathogenicity tests were undertaken by artificially inoculating three-to-four-year-old pine saplings with fungi. For the vector test, pine logs were exposed to pre-inoculated beetles. In all, 56 fungal taxa were detected, 8 exclusively by isolation, and 13 exclusively by direct sequencing. Those included nine ophiostomatoids, five of which are newly reported as I. sexdentatus associates. Two ophiostomatoid fungi, which exhibited the highest pathogenicity, causing 100% dieback and mortality, represented genera Graphium and Leptographium. Exposure of logs to beetles resulted in ophiostomatoid infections. In conclusion, the study revealed numerous I. sexdentatus-vectored fungi, several of which include aggressive tree pathogens.
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Pashkovskiy P, Kreslavski VD, Ivanov Y, Ivanova A, Kartashov A, Shmarev A, Strokina V, Kuznetsov VV, Allakhverdiev SI. Influence of Light of Different Spectral Compositions on the Growth, Photosynthesis, and Expression of Light-Dependent Genes of Scots Pine Seedlings. Cells 2021; 10:cells10123284. [PMID: 34943792 PMCID: PMC8699472 DOI: 10.3390/cells10123284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Varying the spectral composition of light is one of the ways to accelerate the growth of conifers under artificial conditions for the development of technologies and to obtain sustainable seedlings required to preserve the existing areas of forests. We studied the influence of light of different quality on the growth, gas exchange, fluorescence indices of Chl a, and expression of key light-dependent genes of Pinus sylvestris L. seedlings. It was shown that in plants growing under red light (RL), the biomass of needles and root system increased by more than two and three times, respectively, compared with those of the white fluorescent light (WFL) control. At the same time, the rates of photosynthesis and respiration in RL and blue light (BL) plants were lower than those of blue red light (BRL) plants, and the difference between the rates of photosynthesis and respiration, which characterizes the carbon balance, was maximum under RL. RL influenced the number of xylem cells, activated the expression of genes involved in the transduction of cytokinin (Histidine-containing phosphotransfer 1, HPT1, Type-A Response Regulators, RR-A) and auxin (Auxin-induced protein 1, Aux/IAA) signals, and reduced the expression of the gene encoding the transcription factor phytochrome-interacting factor 3 (PIF3). It was suggested that RL-induced activation of key genes of cytokinin and auxin signaling might indicate a phytochrome-dependent change in cytokinins and auxins activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Pashkovskiy
- K.A. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Botanicheskaya Street 35, 127276 Moscow, Russia; (Y.I.); (A.I.); (A.K.); (V.V.K.)
- Correspondence: (P.P.); (S.I.A.)
| | - Vladimir D. Kreslavski
- Institute of Basic Biological Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Institutskaya Street 2, 142290 Pushchino, Russia; (V.D.K.); (A.S.); (V.S.)
| | - Yury Ivanov
- K.A. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Botanicheskaya Street 35, 127276 Moscow, Russia; (Y.I.); (A.I.); (A.K.); (V.V.K.)
| | - Alexandra Ivanova
- K.A. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Botanicheskaya Street 35, 127276 Moscow, Russia; (Y.I.); (A.I.); (A.K.); (V.V.K.)
| | - Alexander Kartashov
- K.A. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Botanicheskaya Street 35, 127276 Moscow, Russia; (Y.I.); (A.I.); (A.K.); (V.V.K.)
| | - Alexander Shmarev
- Institute of Basic Biological Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Institutskaya Street 2, 142290 Pushchino, Russia; (V.D.K.); (A.S.); (V.S.)
| | - Valeriya Strokina
- Institute of Basic Biological Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Institutskaya Street 2, 142290 Pushchino, Russia; (V.D.K.); (A.S.); (V.S.)
| | - Vladimir V. Kuznetsov
- K.A. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Botanicheskaya Street 35, 127276 Moscow, Russia; (Y.I.); (A.I.); (A.K.); (V.V.K.)
| | - Suleyman I. Allakhverdiev
- K.A. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Botanicheskaya Street 35, 127276 Moscow, Russia; (Y.I.); (A.I.); (A.K.); (V.V.K.)
- Correspondence: (P.P.); (S.I.A.)
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Afanasyeva LV, Kalugina OV, Mikhailova TA. The effect of aluminum smelter emissions on nutritional status of coniferous trees (Irkutsk Region, Russia). Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2021; 28:62605-62615. [PMID: 34195945 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-15118-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Element contents in assimilation organs of trees are an essential component of a comprehensive forest condition diagnosis. They allow conclusions about the current nutritional status of trees and estimate the main risks for a sustainable forest ecosystem management in the future. The purpose of this research was to study the effect of highly aggressive fluorine-containing emissions from a large aluminum smelter on the nutritional status of coniferous trees Larix sibirica and Pinus sylvestris. Studies carried out in the background areas showed that the both species have the main part of the elements in optimal quantities. A deficiency is noted for potassium. The content of N, K, Mg, Na, S, F, Cu, Co, and Cd in L. sibirica needles was 1.2-5.2 times higher than in P. sylvestris needles. Under the influence of the aluminum smelter emissions, fluorine concentration in the tree needles increases by 13.8-30.0 times; sulfur by 2.9-3.6 times; heavy metals by 2.0-5.1 times; and nitrogen, calcium, magnesium, and sodium by 1.2-3.6 times, especially in the industrial zone and 5 km far from it. With the increasing distance from the smelter, the content of pollutants in the tree needles decreases. Values close to background are observed at a distance of over 40 km. According to index biogeochemical transformation, the elemental composition of P. sylvestris needles undergoes greater changes than L. sibirica ones under the influence emissions from the aluminum smelter. Changes in the element concentration of the tree needles caused by the impact of industrial emissions lead to a restructuring of the elements accumulation rows, as well as to a violation of the element quantitative ratios. Change of N:P:K, Ca:K, Ca:P, P:S, P:F, Mn:F, and Mn:Fe ratios points to serious nutrient imbalances in coniferous trees, which may reduce their vitality and growth in the long run.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larisa Vladimirovna Afanasyeva
- Institute of General and Experimental Biology Biochemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 6, Sakhyanova str, 670047, Ulan-Ude, Russia
| | - Olga Vladimirovna Kalugina
- Siberian Institute of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 132, Lermontova str, 664033, Irkutsk, Russia.
| | - Tatiana Alekseevna Mikhailova
- Siberian Institute of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 132, Lermontova str, 664033, Irkutsk, Russia
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Bag P, Schröder WP, Jansson S, Farci D. Solubilization Method for Isolation of Photosynthetic Mega- and Super-complexes from Conifer Thylakoids. Bio Protoc 2021; 11:e4144. [PMID: 34604449 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.4144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Photosynthesis is the main process by which sunlight is harvested and converted into chemical energy and has been a focal point of fundamental research in plant biology for decades. In higher plants, the process takes place in the thylakoid membranes where the two photosystems (PSI and PSII) are located. In the past few decades, the evolution of biophysical and biochemical techniques allowed detailed studies of the thylakoid organization and the interaction between protein complexes and cofactors. These studies have mainly focused on model plants, such as Arabidopsis, pea, spinach, and tobacco, which are grown in climate chambers even though significant differences between indoor and outdoor growth conditions are present. In this manuscript, we present a new mild-solubilization procedure for use with "fragile" samples such as thylakoids from conifers growing outdoors. Here, the solubilization protocol is optimized with two detergents in two species, namely Norway spruce (Picea abies) and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris). We have optimized the isolation and characterization of PSI and PSII multimeric mega- and super-complexes in a close-to-native condition by Blue-Native gel electrophoresis. Eventually, our protocol will not only help in the characterization of photosynthetic complexes from conifers but also in understanding winter adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pushan Bag
- Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Umeå University, Sweden
| | | | - Stefan Jansson
- Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Umeå University, Sweden
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Cervantes S, Vuosku J, Pyhäjärvi T. Atlas of tissue-specific and tissue-preferential gene expression in ecologically and economically significant conifer Pinus sylvestris. PeerJ 2021; 9:e11781. [PMID: 34466281 PMCID: PMC8380025 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.11781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite their ecological and economical importance, conifers genomic resources are limited, mainly due to the large size and complexity of their genomes. Additionally, the available genomic resources lack complete structural and functional annotation. Transcriptomic resources have been commonly used to compensate for these deficiencies, though for most conifer species they are limited to a small number of tissues, or capture only a fraction of the genes present in the genome. Here we provide an atlas of gene expression patterns for conifer Pinus sylvestris across five tissues: embryo, megagametophyte, needle, phloem and vegetative bud. We used a wide range of tissues and focused our analyses on the expression profiles of genes at tissue level. We provide comprehensive information of the per-tissue normalized expression level, indication of tissue preferential upregulation and tissue-specificity of expression. We identified a total of 48,001 tissue preferentially upregulated and tissue specifically expressed genes, of which 28% have annotation in the Swiss-Prot database. Even though most of the putative genes identified do not have functional information in current biological databases, the tissue-specific patterns discovered provide valuable information about their potential functions for further studies, as for example in the areas of plant physiology, population genetics and genomics in general. As we provide information on tissue specificity at both diploid and haploid life stages, our data will also contribute to the understanding of evolutionary rates of different tissue types and ploidy levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Cervantes
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Jaana Vuosku
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Tanja Pyhäjärvi
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Department of Forest Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Blumenstein K, Bußkamp J, Langer GJ, Langer EJ, Terhonen E. The Diplodia Tip Blight Pathogen Sphaeropsis sapinea Is the Most Common Fungus in Scots Pines' Mycobiome, Irrespective of Health Status-A Case Study from Germany. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:607. [PMID: 34436146 DOI: 10.3390/jof7080607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The opportunistic pathogen Sphaeropsis sapinea (≡Diplodia sapinea) is one of the most severe pathogens in Scots pine, causing the disease Diplodia tip blight on coniferous tree species. Disease symptoms become visible when trees are weakened by stress. Sphaeropsis sapinea has an endophytic mode in its lifecycle, making it difficult to detect before disease outbreaks. This study aims to record how S. sapinea accumulates in trees of different health status and, simultaneously, monitor seasonal and age-related fluctuations in the mycobiome. We compared the mycobiome of healthy and diseased Scots pines. Twigs were sampled in June and September 2018, and filamentous fungi were isolated. The mycobiome was analyzed by high-throughput sequencing (HTS) of the ITS2 region. A PERMANOVA analysis confirmed that the mycobiome community composition significantly differed between growth years (p < 0.001) and sampling time (p < 0.001) but not between healthy and diseased trees. Sphaeropsis sapinea was the most common endophyte isolated and the second most common in the HTS data. The fungus was highly abundant in symptomless (healthy) trees, presenting in its endophytic mode. Our results highlight the ability of S. sapinea to accumulate unnoticed as an endophyte in healthy trees before the disease breaks out, representing a sudden threat to Scots pines in the future, especially with increasing drought conditions experienced by pines.
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Pildain MB, Marchelli P, Azpilicueta MM, Starik C, Barroetaveña C. Understanding introduction history: Genetic structure and diversity of the edible ectomycorrhizal fungus, Suillus luteus, in Patagonia (Argentina). Mycologia 2021; 113:715-724. [PMID: 34106819 DOI: 10.1080/00275514.2021.1909449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Suillus luteus is a common ectomycorrhizal (EM) fungus associated with several Pinus species. It is distributed throughout the Northern Hemisphere and has been introduced into South America and New Zealand. We examined the genetic structure and population biology of S. luteus, which was introduced into Patagonian plantations with Pinus species in Argentina. Overall, 106 samples were collected at 11 geographically separated sites (i.e., Pinus plantations) along a latitudinal gradient in Patagonia (ca. 38°-46° south latitude). Phylogenetic analyses confirmed placement in S. luteus. Genetic analysis demonstrated moderate within-site genetic diversity, but low differentiation between sites. No clear clusters were detected geographically or in relation to host species of Pinus. Our results suggest that the weak genetic structure of the species reflects the short time that has elapsed since the introduction of S. luteus into Patagonia, and its expansion with exotic afforestation there. Moreover, the lack of structure is consistent with a founder effect, suggesting the introduction of a small number of genets that spread throughout all the plantations. Therefore, the high level of gene flow and weak genetic structure observed are probably related to the anthropogenic movement of inoculum associated with forestry practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Belén Pildain
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina.,Centro de Investigación y Extensión Forestal Andino Patagónico (CIEFAP), CC 14, Esquel, 9200, Chubut, Argentina
| | - Paula Marchelli
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina.,Instituto de Investigaciones Forestales y Agropecuarias Bariloche (IFAB), Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Agropecuarias (INTA)-CONICET, Bariloche, Río Negro, Argentina
| | - María Marta Azpilicueta
- Instituto de Investigaciones Forestales y Agropecuarias Bariloche (IFAB), Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Agropecuarias (INTA)-CONICET, Bariloche, Río Negro, Argentina
| | - Cristian Starik
- Centro de la Pequeña y Mediana Empresa - Agencia de Desarrollo Económico del Neuquén (Centro PyME-ADENEU), Neuquén, Neuquén, Argentina
| | - Carolina Barroetaveña
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina.,Centro de Investigación y Extensión Forestal Andino Patagónico (CIEFAP), CC 14, Esquel, 9200, Chubut, Argentina
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Kartashov AV, Zlobin IE, Pashkovskiy PP, Pojidaeva ES, Ivanov YV, Mamaeva AS, Fesenko IA, Kuznetsov VV. Quantitative analysis of differential dehydrin regulation in pine and spruce seedlings under water deficit. Plant Physiol Biochem 2021; 162:237-246. [PMID: 33706184 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.02.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Dehydrins are well-known components of plant responses to different stresses that cause dehydration, including drought, freezing, salinity, etc. In conifers, the dehydrin gene family is very large, implying that the members of this family have important physiological functions in conifer stress tolerance. However, dehydrin gene expression displays a wide range of responses to stress, from thousand-fold increased expression to decreased expression, and it is generally unknown how regulatory systems are connected at the mRNA and protein levels. Therefore, we studied these aspects of dehydrin regulation in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) H. Karst) seedlings under polyethylene glycol 6000-induced osmotic stress ranging from relatively low (culture medium water potential of -0.15 MPa) to very high (-1.0 MPa) intensities. In pine, the major dehydrin protein was Dhn1 in both the roots and needles, and in spruce, two isoforms of the Dhn4 protein were the major dehydrins; both of these proteins are AESK-type dehydrins. The genes encoding these major proteins were highly expressed even under control conditions; surprisingly, we also observed several highly expressed dehydrin genes that were not abundantly translated. Under osmotic stress, the most prominent expression changes were observed for the dehydrin genes with low basal expression levels, whereas highly expressed genes generally demonstrated rather modest changes in expression. We report proposed constitutive physiological functions of the AESK-type dehydrins in Pinaceae plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander V Kartashov
- K.A. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology RAS, 35 Botanicheskaya St., Moscow, 127276, Russia.
| | - Ilya E Zlobin
- K.A. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology RAS, 35 Botanicheskaya St., Moscow, 127276, Russia
| | - Pavel P Pashkovskiy
- K.A. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology RAS, 35 Botanicheskaya St., Moscow, 127276, Russia
| | - Elena S Pojidaeva
- K.A. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology RAS, 35 Botanicheskaya St., Moscow, 127276, Russia
| | - Yury V Ivanov
- K.A. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology RAS, 35 Botanicheskaya St., Moscow, 127276, Russia
| | - Anna S Mamaeva
- Laboratory of Functional Genomics and Plant Proteomics, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, 117997 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Igor A Fesenko
- Laboratory of Functional Genomics and Plant Proteomics, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, 117997 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Vladimir V Kuznetsov
- K.A. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology RAS, 35 Botanicheskaya St., Moscow, 127276, Russia
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Gruba P, Kania M, Kupka D, Pietrzykowski M. Sequestration of Mercury in Soils under Scots Pine and Silver Fir Stands Located in the Proximity to a Roadway. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021; 18:ijerph18094569. [PMID: 33925789 PMCID: PMC8123428 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18094569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Forest soils are the main source of mercury (Hg) in stream water. Stocks of Hg in forest soils are related to several factors, including forest species composition. In this study, the potential source of Hg pollution was a relatively new roadway traversing forested areas. We compared Hg accumulation in soils of two coniferous species: Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and silver fir (Abies alba Mill.). The experimental plots were located near the S7 expressway in Central Poland. The stands differed in the length of time they had been exposed to Hg, because different parts of the roadway were built and opened to traffic at different times. We analyzed 480 soil samples from organic horizons (O) and the top 10 cm of mineral soil (A) sampled from six plots. The overall average Hg concentrations (irrespective of forest stand, n = 240) was 0.225 mg kg−1 in the O horizons and 0.075 mg kg−1 in the mineral horizons. The Hg concentration in the O horizons was more than three times greater in fir stands than that in pine stands. The average Hg:C ratios in the O and A horizons were 1.0 and 2.3 mg Hg kg−1 C, respectively. Our data does not clearly show the effect of road on Hg accumulation near the road. The concentrations of Hg in investigated soils adjacent to the roadway were only slightly higher than ranges reported for unpolluted areas, and no clearly affected by the vicinity of roadway. In contrast to the other reports, our data indicate a significant impact of tree species on Hg concentrations in both the O and A horizons. Moreover, the average Hg:C ratio was strongly dependent on the tree species.
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Nováková T, Navrátil T, Demers JD, Roll M, Rohovec J. Contrasting tree ring Hg records in two conifer species: Multi-site evidence of species-specific radial translocation effects in Scots pine versus European larch. Sci Total Environ 2021; 762:144022. [PMID: 33360336 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Tree ring records are increasingly being used as a geochemical archive of past atmospheric mercury (Hg) pollution. However, it is not clear whether all tree species can be used reliably for this purpose. We compared tree-ring Hg records of two coniferous species - widely used Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) and less frequently used European larch (Larix decidua) at 6 study sites across the Czech Republic. Site-specific mean Hg concentrations in tree-ring segments of larch ranged from 2.1 to 5.2 μg kg-1, whereas pine had higher mean Hg concentrations (3.6-8.3 μg kg-1). Temporal records of Hg concentrations in tree rings of larch and pine differed significantly. Comparisons with previously documented peat Hg records showed that larch tree-ring Hg records more closely agreed with peat archive records. For pines, which had a large, tree-age dependent number of sapwood rings (62 ± 17, 1SD), we found a strong relationship between the year of peak Hg and the number of sapwood tree rings (p = 0.012, r2 = 0.35), as well as between peak Hg year and the sapwood-heartwood boundary year (p < 0.001, r2 = 0.65), rather than with temporal changes in atmospheric Hg levels. The much greater number of pine sapwood tree rings appears to promote radial Hg translocation, resulting in the shift of Hg peaks backward in time through the tree-ring record. In contrast, Larch consistently had a low number of sapwood tree rings (19 ± 6, 1SD), and more closely agreed with peat Hg records. This study suggests that European larch, a tree species characterized by a relatively low and consistent number of sapwood tree rings, records changes in atmospheric Hg concentrations more reliably than does Scots pine, a species with a relatively high and variable number of sapwood tree rings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tereza Nováková
- Institute of Geology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 269, 165 00 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
| | - Tomáš Navrátil
- Institute of Geology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 269, 165 00 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jason D Demers
- University of Michigan, 1100 North University Ave., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States of America
| | - Michal Roll
- Institute of Geology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 269, 165 00 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Rohovec
- Institute of Geology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 269, 165 00 Prague 6, Czech Republic
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41
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Ivanov YV, Ivanova AI, Kartashov AV, Kuznetsov VV. Phytotoxicity of short-term exposure to excess zinc or copper in Scots pine seedlings in relation to growth, water status, nutrient balance, and antioxidative activity. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2021; 28:14828-14843. [PMID: 33219509 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-11723-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The toxic effects of heavy metals pose a significant threat to the productivity and stability of forest ecosystems. Changes in the agrochemical properties of polluted forest soils due to global climate changes can increase the bioavailability of previously immobilized heavy metals. To test this hypothesis, we studied the effects of short-term shock exposure to ZnSO4 (50, 150, 300 μM) or CuSO4 (2.5, 5, 10 μM) in hydroculture on 4- to 6-week-old seedlings of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) with well-developed root systems. The effects of the excess heavy metals on mineral nutrients and the functioning of low-molecular-weight antioxidants and glutathione in protecting plants from oxidative damage were studied. Even short-term exposure to exogenous metals led to their rapid accumulation in the root system and their subsequent transport to aboveground organs. An increase in the 4-hydroxyalkenals content in seedling needles exposed to excess Cu led to an increase in the content of proanthocyanidins and catechins, which act as scavengers of reactive oxygen species. The impact of both metals led to the rapid development of mineral nutrient imbalances in the seedlings, which were most pronounced in the presence of excess Zn. Exposure to excess Zn led to a disruption in the translocation of Fe and a decrease in the Fe content in the needles. The most dramatic consequence of Zn exposure was the development of Mn deficiency in the roots, which was the likely cause of the inhibition of phenolic compound synthesis. A deficiency in phenolic compounds can have serious environmental consequences for pine populations that are at risk of contamination by Zn and Cu salts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yury V Ivanov
- K.A. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology RAS, 35 Botanicheskaya St, Moscow, 127276, Russia.
| | - Alexandra I Ivanova
- K.A. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology RAS, 35 Botanicheskaya St, Moscow, 127276, Russia
| | - Alexander V Kartashov
- K.A. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology RAS, 35 Botanicheskaya St, Moscow, 127276, Russia
| | - Vladimir V Kuznetsov
- K.A. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology RAS, 35 Botanicheskaya St, Moscow, 127276, Russia
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Nisca A, Ștefănescu R, Stegăruș DI, Mare AD, Farczadi L, Tanase C. Comparative Study Regarding the Chemical Composition and Biological Activity of Pine ( Pinus nigra and P. sylvestris) Bark Extracts. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:327. [PMID: 33671773 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10020327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The bark resulted after the industrial processing of wood represents a byproduct of the forestry industry, used in many suboptimal ways, being considered a natural waste. Currently, it has been highlighted that the bark of different woody plants may be an important source of several bioactive compounds, with various beneficial biological functions. The aim of this study is to evaluate and compare the chemical composition and biological activities of two different pine species (Pinus nigra and Pinus sylvestris) bark extracts. Ultrasound (UAE) and microwave (MAE) assisted extractions were performed in order to obtain the extracts. The total polyphenol (TPC) and total tannin (TTC) contents of the extracts were assessed via the Folin–Ciocâlteu method. The volatile and polyphenolic compounds were identified and quantified via a GC/MS analysis and an UPLC-PDA analysis, respectively. The antioxidant activity (AOA) was evaluated using the DPPH and ABTS assays, while the antibacterial activity was assessed using the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) protocol. The results showed that the Pinus sylvestris bark extracts obtained by UAE had a higher TPC, TTC and AOA, while the Pinus nigra bark extracts obtained by MAE had higher volatile compounds content (mainly α-pinene and β-pinene). Moreover, the inhibition of the bacterial growth was more efficient in the case of Pinus sylvestris extracts, Gram-positive bacteria being the most affected, while Gram-negative strains presented a relative resistance to the tested extract concentrations. These results may indicate the potential use of the pine bark extracts as antioxidant or antibacterial agents.
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43
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Gy Tóth E, Bagnoli F, Vendramin GG, György Z, Spanu I, Höhn M. Imprints of selection in peripheral and ecologically marginal central-eastern European Scots pine populations. Gene 2021; 779:145509. [PMID: 33600955 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2021.145509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Knowledge of the molecular mechanisms underlying the stress response in plants is essential to understand evolutionary processes that result in long-term persistence of populations. Populations inhabiting marginal ecological conditions at the distribution range periphery may have preserved imprints of natural selection that have shaped functional genetic variation of the species. Our aim was to evaluate the extent of selection processes in the extremely fragmented, peripheral and isolated populations of Scots pine in central-eastern Europe. Autochthonous populations of the Carpathian Mts. and the Pannonian Basin were sampled and drought stress-related candidate genes were re-sequenced. Neutrality tests and outlier detection approaches were applied to infer the effect and direction of selection. Populations retained high genetic diversity by preserving a high number of alleles and haplotypes, many of them being population specific. Neutrality tests and outlier detection highlighted nucleotide positions that are under divergent selection and may be involved in local adaptation. The detected genetic pattern confirms that natural selection has played an important role in shaping modern-day genetic variation in marginal Scots pine populations, allowing for the long-term persistence of populations. Selection detected at functional regions possibly acts to maintain diversity and counteract the effect of genetic erosion.
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Hämäläinen A, Ranius T, Strengbom J. Increasing the amount of dead wood by creation of high stumps has limited value for lichen diversity. J Environ Manage 2021; 280:111646. [PMID: 33213989 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Artificial creation of dead wood in managed forests can be used to mitigate the negative effects of forestry on biodiversity. For this to be successful, it is essential to understand the conservation value that the created dead wood has in comparison to naturally occurring dead wood, and, furthermore, where in the landscape addition of dead wood is most beneficial, i.e. how landscape composition influences species occurrence on dead wood. We examined these questions by surveying epixylic lichens on artificially created high stumps of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) in 3-17 years old clear-cuts. We compared lichen assemblages on high stumps to those on other types of pine dead wood in mature forests, and examined how stump age, the amount of dead wood at the clear-cuts, and landscape composition at 500 m - 2.5 km scale influenced the assemblages. In comparison to other dead wood types, high stumps hosted lower lichen richness and less variable assemblages containing mainly common generalist species. Species richness increased with stump age, whereas dead wood amount and landscape composition were not important; only the total amount of forests in the landscape had a minor positive effect. We conclude that at the studied timescale high stumps of Scots pine are not particularly valuable for epixylic lichens and provide a poor substitute for naturally occurring dead wood in mature forests, although their value may increase with age. Furthermore, directing dead wood creation to specific stands or landscapes does not appear beneficial for lichen biodiversity, given the minor effect of landscape composition found at scales below 2.5 km.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aino Hämäläinen
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7044, 75007, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Thomas Ranius
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7044, 75007, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Joachim Strengbom
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7044, 75007, Uppsala, Sweden
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Duarte GT, Volkova PY, Geras'kin SA. A Pipeline for Non-model Organisms for de novo Transcriptome Assembly, Annotation, and Gene Ontology Analysis Using Open Tools: Case Study with Scots Pine. Bio Protoc 2021; 11:e3912. [PMID: 33732799 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.3912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) has opened up the possibility of studying virtually any organism at the whole transcriptome level. Nevertheless, the absence of a sequenced and accurately annotated reference genome may be an obstacle for applying this technique to non-model organisms, especially for those with a complex genome. While de novo transcriptome assembly can circumvent this problem, it is often computationally demanding. Furthermore, the transcriptome annotation and Gene Ontology enrichment analysis without an automatized system is often a laborious task. Here we describe step-by-step the pipeline that was used to perform the transcriptome assembly, annotation, and Gene Ontology analysis of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris), a gymnosperm species with complex genome. Using only free software available for the scientific community and running on a standard personal computer, the pipeline intends to facilitate transcriptomic studies for non-model species, yet being flexible to be used with any organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo T Duarte
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam, Germany.,Russian Institute of Radiology and Agroecology, Obninsk, Russia
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46
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Šķipars V, Ruņģis D. Transcript Dynamics in Wounded and Inoculated Scots Pine. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22041505. [PMID: 33546141 PMCID: PMC7913219 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Comparative transcriptome analysis provides a useful tool for the exploration of plant-pathogen interaction by allowing in-depth comparison of gene expression between unaffected, inoculated and wounded organisms. Here we present the results of comparative transcriptome analysis in genetically identical one-year-old Scots pine ramets after wounding and inoculation with Heterobasidion annosum. We identified 230 genes that were more than 2-fold upregulated in inoculated samples (compared to controls) and 116 downregulated genes. Comparison of inoculated samp les with wounded samples identified 32 differentially expressed genes (30 were upregulated after inoculation). Several of the genes upregulated after inoculation are involved in protection from oxidative stress, while genes involved in photosynthesis, water transport and drought stress tolerance were downregulated. An NRT3 family protein was the most upregulated transcript in response to both inoculation and wounding, while a U-box domain-containing protein gene was the most upregulated gene comparing inoculation to wounding. The observed transcriptome dynamics suggest involvement of auxin, ethylene, jasmonate, gibberellin and reactive oxygen species pathways and cell wall modification regulation in response to H. annosum infection. The results are compared to methyl jasmonate induced transcriptome dynamics.
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Hall D, Olsson J, Zhao W, Kroon J, Wennström U, Wang XR. Divergent patterns between phenotypic and genetic variation in Scots pine. Plant Commun 2021; 2:100139. [PMID: 33511348 PMCID: PMC7816077 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2020.100139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/25/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
In boreal forests, autumn frost tolerance in seedlings is a critical fitness component because it determines survival rates during regeneration. To understand the forces that drive local adaptation in this trait, we conducted freezing tests in a common garden setting for 54 Pinus sylvestris (Scots pine) populations (>5000 seedlings) collected across Scandinavia into western Russia, and genotyped 24 of these populations (>900 seedlings) at >10 000 SNPs. Variation in cold hardiness among populations, as measured by QST , was above 80% and followed a distinct cline along latitude and longitude, demonstrating significant adaptation to climate at origin. In contrast, the genetic differentiation was very weak (mean FST 0.37%). Despite even allele frequency distribution in the vast majority of SNPs among all populations, a few rare alleles appeared at very high or at fixation in marginal populations restricted to northwestern Fennoscandia. Genotype-environment associations showed that climate variables explained 2.9% of the genetic differentiation, while genotype-phenotype associations revealed a high marker-estimated heritability of frost hardiness of 0.56, but identified no major loci. Very extensive gene flow, strong local adaptation, and signals of complex demographic history across markers are interesting topics of forthcoming studies on this species to better clarify signatures of selection and demography.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Hall
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umeå Plant Science Center, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Jenny Olsson
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umeå Plant Science Center, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Wei Zhao
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umeå Plant Science Center, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Johan Kroon
- The Forestry Research Institute of Sweden (Skogforsk), Uppsala Sweden
| | | | - Xiao-Ru Wang
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umeå Plant Science Center, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- Corresponding author
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48
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Paparokidou C, Leake JR, Beerling DJ, Rolfe SA. Phosphate availability and ectomycorrhizal symbiosis with Pinus sylvestris have independent effects on the Paxillus involutus transcriptome. Mycorrhiza 2021; 31:69-83. [PMID: 33200348 PMCID: PMC7782400 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-020-01001-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Many plant species form symbioses with ectomycorrhizal fungi, which help them forage for limiting nutrients in the soil such as inorganic phosphate (Pi). The transcriptional responses to symbiosis and nutrient-limiting conditions in ectomycorrhizal fungal hyphae, however, are largely unknown. An artificial system was developed to study ectomycorrhizal basidiomycete Paxillus involutus growth in symbiosis with its host tree Pinus sylvestris at different Pi concentrations. RNA-seq analysis was performed on P. involutus hyphae growing under Pi-limiting conditions, either in symbiosis or alone. We show that Pi starvation and ectomycorrhizal symbiosis have an independent effect on the P. involutus transcriptome. Notably, low Pi availability induces expression of newly identified putative high-affinity Pi transporter genes, while reducing the expression of putative organic acid transporters. Additionally, low Pi availability induces a close transcriptional interplay between P and N metabolism. GTP-related signalling was found to have a positive effect in the maintenance of ectomycorrhizal symbiosis, whereas multiple putative cytochrome P450 genes were found to be downregulated, unlike arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. We provide the first evidence of global transcriptional changes induced by low Pi availability and ectomycorrhizal symbiosis in the hyphae of P. involutus, revealing both similarities and differences with better-characterized arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jonathan R Leake
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - David J Beerling
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Stephen A Rolfe
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
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Kozlov MV, Prosvirov AS, Zvereva EL. Can Larvae of Forest Click Beetles (Coleoptera: Elateridae) Feed on Live Plant Roots? Insects 2020; 11:insects11120850. [PMID: 33265915 PMCID: PMC7760475 DOI: 10.3390/insects11120850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Detailed natural history information is still lacking for many species of soil-dwelling invertebrates. We asked whether the larvae (wireworms) of two click beetle species, which are most abundant in European boreal forests, feed on live roots of forest plants. The weight of root pieces of downy birch, Scots pine, Norway spruce and wavy hair-grass, offered to wireworms in a laboratory experiment, did not decrease, indicating that these larvae did not consume live root tissues. Therefore, Athous subfuscus and Dalopius marginatus should be excluded from the lists of forest pests damaging tree roots. Abstract The life histories of many soil-dwelling invertebrates remain poorly studied. The larvae of two click beetle species, Athous subfuscus and Dalopius marginatus, which are most abundant in European boreal forests, are both classified as omnivorous and are included in lists of root-damaging pests. Nevertheless, we are not aware of any direct proof of their ability (or inability) to consume plant roots. In this study, we asked whether these larvae actually feed on the roots of forest plants in the absence of other food sources. Live roots of boreal forest plants, including trees (Betula pubescens, Picea abies and Pinus sylvestris) and grass (Deschampsia flexuosa), were offered to click beetle larvae in a two-month microcosm experiment. The weight of roots placed in vials with the wireworms did not decrease, indicating that the larvae of these click beetle species did not feed on live roots, even in the absence of other food sources. This suggests that the feeding niches of A. subfuscus and D. marginatus larvae are narrower than previously thought and do not include live plant tissues. Therefore, these click beetle species should be excluded from the lists of forest pests damaging tree roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail V Kozlov
- Department of Biology, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Alexander S Prosvirov
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Biology, Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena L Zvereva
- Department of Biology, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland
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Calleja-Rodriguez A, Pan J, Funda T, Chen Z, Baison J, Isik F, Abrahamsson S, Wu HX. Evaluation of the efficiency of genomic versus pedigree predictions for growth and wood quality traits in Scots pine. BMC Genomics 2020; 21:796. [PMID: 33198692 PMCID: PMC7667760 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-020-07188-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genomic selection (GS) or genomic prediction is a promising approach for tree breeding to obtain higher genetic gains by shortening time of progeny testing in breeding programs. As proof-of-concept for Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), a genomic prediction study was conducted with 694 individuals representing 183 full-sib families that were genotyped with genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) and phenotyped for growth and wood quality traits. 8719 SNPs were used to compare different genomic with pedigree prediction models. Additionally, four prediction efficiency methods were used to evaluate the impact of genomic breeding value estimations by assigning diverse ratios of training and validation sets, as well as several subsets of SNP markers. RESULTS Genomic Best Linear Unbiased Prediction (GBLUP) and Bayesian Ridge Regression (BRR) combined with expectation maximization (EM) imputation algorithm showed slightly higher prediction efficiencies than Pedigree Best Linear Unbiased Prediction (PBLUP) and Bayesian LASSO, with some exceptions. A subset of approximately 6000 SNP markers, was enough to provide similar prediction efficiencies as the full set of 8719 markers. Additionally, prediction efficiencies of genomic models were enough to achieve a higher selection response, that varied between 50-143% higher than the traditional pedigree-based selection. CONCLUSIONS Although prediction efficiencies were similar for genomic and pedigree models, the relative selection response was doubled for genomic models by assuming that earlier selections can be done at the seedling stage, reducing the progeny testing time, thus shortening the breeding cycle length roughly by 50%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ainhoa Calleja-Rodriguez
- Skogforsk (The Forestry Research Institute of Sweden), Box 3, Sävar, SE 918 21 Sweden
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, SE - 901 83 Sweden
| | - Jin Pan
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, SE - 901 83 Sweden
| | - Tomas Funda
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, SE - 901 83 Sweden
- Department of Genetics and Breeding, Faculty of Agrobiology and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, 165 00 Czech Republic
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Biotechnology, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037 China
| | - Zhiqiang Chen
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, SE - 901 83 Sweden
| | - John Baison
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, SE - 901 83 Sweden
- RAGT Seeds, Essex, CB 101TA United Kingdom
| | - Fikret Isik
- Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA
| | - Sara Abrahamsson
- Skogforsk (The Forestry Research Institute of Sweden), Box 3, Sävar, SE 918 21 Sweden
| | - Harry X. Wu
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, SE - 901 83 Sweden
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083 China
- National Research Collection Australia, CSIRO, Canberra, ACT 2601 Australia
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