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Kozlov MV, Prosvirov AS, Zvereva EL. Can Larvae of Forest Click Beetles (Coleoptera: Elateridae) Feed on Live Plant Roots? Insects 2020; 11:insects11120850. [PMID: 33265915 PMCID: PMC7760475 DOI: 10.3390/insects11120850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Detailed natural history information is still lacking for many species of soil-dwelling invertebrates. We asked whether the larvae (wireworms) of two click beetle species, which are most abundant in European boreal forests, feed on live roots of forest plants. The weight of root pieces of downy birch, Scots pine, Norway spruce and wavy hair-grass, offered to wireworms in a laboratory experiment, did not decrease, indicating that these larvae did not consume live root tissues. Therefore, Athous subfuscus and Dalopius marginatus should be excluded from the lists of forest pests damaging tree roots. Abstract The life histories of many soil-dwelling invertebrates remain poorly studied. The larvae of two click beetle species, Athous subfuscus and Dalopius marginatus, which are most abundant in European boreal forests, are both classified as omnivorous and are included in lists of root-damaging pests. Nevertheless, we are not aware of any direct proof of their ability (or inability) to consume plant roots. In this study, we asked whether these larvae actually feed on the roots of forest plants in the absence of other food sources. Live roots of boreal forest plants, including trees (Betula pubescens, Picea abies and Pinus sylvestris) and grass (Deschampsia flexuosa), were offered to click beetle larvae in a two-month microcosm experiment. The weight of roots placed in vials with the wireworms did not decrease, indicating that the larvae of these click beetle species did not feed on live roots, even in the absence of other food sources. This suggests that the feeding niches of A. subfuscus and D. marginatus larvae are narrower than previously thought and do not include live plant tissues. Therefore, these click beetle species should be excluded from the lists of forest pests damaging tree roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail V Kozlov
- Department of Biology, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Alexander S Prosvirov
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Biology, Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena L Zvereva
- Department of Biology, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland
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Kindtler NL, Ekelund F, Rønn R, Kjøller R, Hovmand M, Vestergård M, Christensen S, Johansen JL. Wood ash effects on growth and cadmium uptake in Deschampsia flexuosa (Wavy hair-grass). Environ Pollut 2019; 249:886-893. [PMID: 30965540 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.03.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Wood ash recycling to forests is beneficial because it regains nutrients and prevents acidification, but wood ash application is restricted due to its cadmium (Cd) content. We question if Cd in wood ash represents a problem, since decreases in Cd bioavailability due to ash-induced pH changes may counteract increased total Cd concentration. We studied effects of wood ash (0, 3, 9 and 30 t ha-1) and lime (pH increase equivalent to the wood ash treatments) on growth and Cd uptake in Deschampsia flexuosa. After four months, we measured plant biomass and Cd accumulation, and extracted Cd from the soil using three different methods; HNO3 (total), EDTA (chelator-based) and NH4NO3 (salt-based). Wood ash and lime strongly stimulated plant growth. Cd concentration in the plant tissue decreased with wood ash and lime addition, and correlated positively with the NH4NO3 extractable fraction of Cd in the soil. In contrast, HNO3 and EDTA extracted more Cd with increased wood ash application. We conclude that wood ash amendment increases soil pH, total Cd concentration, nutrient levels and stimulates plant growth. However, it does not increase Cd accumulation in D. flexuosa, as pH-driven decreases in Cd bioavailability leads to reduced plant Cd uptake. Finally, soil bioavailable Cd is best determined using NH4NO3-extraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaj Lunding Kindtler
- Center for Bioenergy Recycling - ASHBACK, Terrestrial Ecology Section, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, DK2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Flemming Ekelund
- Center for Bioenergy Recycling - ASHBACK, Terrestrial Ecology Section, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, DK2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Regin Rønn
- Center for Bioenergy Recycling - ASHBACK, Terrestrial Ecology Section, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, DK2100, Copenhagen, Denmark; Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, China
| | - Rasmus Kjøller
- Center for Bioenergy Recycling - ASHBACK, Terrestrial Ecology Section, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, DK2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mads Hovmand
- Center for Bioenergy Recycling - ASHBACK, Terrestrial Ecology Section, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, DK2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mette Vestergård
- Center for Bioenergy Recycling - ASHBACK, Terrestrial Ecology Section, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, DK2100, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Agroecology, AU-Flakkebjerg, Aarhus University, Forsøgsvej 1, DK4200, Slagelse, Denmark
| | - Søren Christensen
- Center for Bioenergy Recycling - ASHBACK, Terrestrial Ecology Section, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, DK2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jesper Liengaard Johansen
- Center for Bioenergy Recycling - ASHBACK, Terrestrial Ecology Section, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, DK2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Wojtuń B, Samecka-Cymerman A, Żołnierz L, Rajsz A, Kempers AJ. Vascular plants as ecological indicators of metals in alpine vegetation (Karkonosze, SW Poland). Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2017; 24:20093-20103. [PMID: 28702907 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-9608-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Calluna vulgaris, Carex rigida, Deschampsia flexuosa, Nardus stricta and Vaccinium myrtillus are abundant in the vegetation of mountainous areas in Northern and Central Europe. Knowledge of their ability to accumulate increased amounts of metals could be useful in the evaluation of environmental pollution in the alpine tundra of high mountains. Additionally, this investigation may contribute to understanding the rate and direction of recent vegetation change in Karkonosze and similar types of environments. Our investigation revealed that Carex rigida, C. vulgaris and V. myrtillus contain excessive Mn concentrations in shoots with the highest BF for this element compared to the BFs of other elements. C. rigida, with Cu, Mn and Zn concentrations exceeding the toxicity thresholds for plants, seems to be the best metal phytoaccumulator for Nardus stricta grasslands Carici (rigidae)-Nardetum (CrN) and alpine heathlands Carici (rigidae)-Festucetum airoidis (CrFa) associations in the Karkonosze. Based on relevant BFs >1, it can be stated that the following plant available metals were transferred to shoots: Cu, Mn and Ni by C. vulgaris; Cd, Cu, Mn, Ni and Zn by C. rigida; Cd, Cu, Mn, Ni and Zn by D. flexuosa; Cu, Mn, Ni and Zn by N. stricta and Cu, Mn and Zn by V. myrtillus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bronisław Wojtuń
- Department of Ecology, Biogeochemistry and Environmental Protection, Institute of Botany, Wrocław University, ul. Kanonia 6/8, 50-328, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Samecka-Cymerman
- Department of Ecology, Biogeochemistry and Environmental Protection, Institute of Botany, Wrocław University, ul. Kanonia 6/8, 50-328, Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Ludwik Żołnierz
- Department of Botany and Plant Ecology, University of Environmental and Life Studies, Pl. Grunwaldzki 24a, 50-363, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Adam Rajsz
- Department of Ecology, Biogeochemistry and Environmental Protection, Institute of Botany, Wrocław University, ul. Kanonia 6/8, 50-328, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Alexander J Kempers
- Department of Environmental Science, Radboud University Nijmegen, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Huusko K, Ruotsalainen AL, Markkola AM. A shift from arbuscular mycorrhizal to dark septate endophytic colonization in Deschampsia flexuosa roots occurs along primary successional gradient. Mycorrhiza 2017; 27:129-138. [PMID: 27761663 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-016-0736-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Soil fungal community and dominant mycorrhizal types are known to shift along with plant community changes during primary succession. However, it is not well understood how and why root fungal symbionts and colonization types vary within the plant host when the host species is able to thrive both at young and at old successional stages with different light and nutrient resource availability. We asked (i) how root fungal colonization of Deschampsia flexuosa (Poaceae) by arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi and dark septate endophytes (DSE) changes along a postglacial primary successional land uplift gradient. As neighboring vegetation may play a role in root fungal colonization, we also asked (ii) whether removal of the dominant neighbor, Empetrum nigrum ssp. hermaphroditum (Ericaceae), affects root fungal colonization of Deschampsia. We also studied whether (iii) foliar carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) concentration of Deschampsia is related to successional changes along a land uplift gradient. AM colonization decreased (-50 %), DSE colonization increased (+200 %), and foliar C declined in Deschampsia along with increasing successional age, whereas foliar N was not affected. Empetrum removal did not affect AM colonization but increased DSE sclerotial colonization especially at older successional stages. The observed decrease in foliar C coincides with an increase in canopy closure along with increasing successional age. We suggest that the shift from an AM-dominated to a DSE-dominated root fungal community in Deschampsia along a land uplift successional gradient may be related to different nutritional benefits gained through these root fungal groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Huusko
- Department of Ecology, University of Oulu, PO Box 3000, 90014, Oulu, Finland.
| | - A L Ruotsalainen
- Department of Ecology, University of Oulu, PO Box 3000, 90014, Oulu, Finland
| | - A M Markkola
- Department of Ecology, University of Oulu, PO Box 3000, 90014, Oulu, Finland
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Rinnan R, Gierth D, Bilde M, Rosenørn T, Michelsen A. Off-season biogenic volatile organic compound emissions from heath mesocosms: responses to vegetation cutting. Front Microbiol 2013. [PMID: 23966983 PMCID: PMC3744039 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2013.00224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) affect both atmospheric processes and ecological interactions. Our primary aim was to differentiate between BVOC emissions from above- and belowground plant parts and heath soil outside the growing season. The second aim was to assess emissions from herbivory, mimicked by cutting the plants. Mesocosms from a temperate Deschampsia flexuosa-dominated heath ecosystem and a subarctic mixed heath ecosystem were either left intact, the aboveground vegetation was cut, or all plant parts (including roots) were removed. For 3–5 weeks, BVOC emissions were measured in growth chambers by an enclosure method using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. CO2 exchange, soil microbial biomass, and soil carbon and nitrogen concentrations were also analyzed. Vegetation cutting increased BVOC emissions by more than 20-fold, and the induced compounds were mainly eight-carbon compounds and sesquiterpenes. In the Deschampsia heath, the overall low BVOC emissions originated mainly from soil. In the mixed heath, root, and soil emissions were negligible. Net BVOC emissions from roots and soil of these well-drained heaths do not significantly contribute to ecosystem emissions, at least outside the growing season. If insect outbreaks become more frequent with climate change, ecosystem BVOC emissions will periodically increase due to herbivory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riikka Rinnan
- Terrestrial Ecology Section, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen Copenhagen, Denmark ; Center for Permafrost, University of Copenhagen Copenhagen, Denmark
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Rinnan R, Gierth D, Bilde M, Rosenørn T, Michelsen A. Off-season biogenic volatile organic compound emissions from heath mesocosms: responses to vegetation cutting. Front Microbiol 2013; 4:224. [PMID: 23966983 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2013.00220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Accepted: 07/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) affect both atmospheric processes and ecological interactions. Our primary aim was to differentiate between BVOC emissions from above- and belowground plant parts and heath soil outside the growing season. The second aim was to assess emissions from herbivory, mimicked by cutting the plants. Mesocosms from a temperate Deschampsia flexuosa-dominated heath ecosystem and a subarctic mixed heath ecosystem were either left intact, the aboveground vegetation was cut, or all plant parts (including roots) were removed. For 3-5 weeks, BVOC emissions were measured in growth chambers by an enclosure method using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. CO2 exchange, soil microbial biomass, and soil carbon and nitrogen concentrations were also analyzed. Vegetation cutting increased BVOC emissions by more than 20-fold, and the induced compounds were mainly eight-carbon compounds and sesquiterpenes. In the Deschampsia heath, the overall low BVOC emissions originated mainly from soil. In the mixed heath, root, and soil emissions were negligible. Net BVOC emissions from roots and soil of these well-drained heaths do not significantly contribute to ecosystem emissions, at least outside the growing season. If insect outbreaks become more frequent with climate change, ecosystem BVOC emissions will periodically increase due to herbivory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riikka Rinnan
- Terrestrial Ecology Section, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen Copenhagen, Denmark ; Center for Permafrost, University of Copenhagen Copenhagen, Denmark
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