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Resistance Genes, Plasmids, Multilocus Sequence Typing (MLST), and Phenotypic Resistance of Non-Typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) Isolated from Slaughtered Chickens in Burkina Faso. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11060782. [PMID: 35740187 PMCID: PMC9219948 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11060782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria in developing countries increases risks to the health of both such countries' residents and the global community due to international travel. It is consequently necessary to investigate antimicrobial-resistant pathogens in countries such as Burkina Faso, where surveillance data are not available. To study the epidemiology of antibiotic resistance in Salmonella, 102 Salmonella strains isolated from slaughtered chickens were subjected to whole-genome sequencing (WGS) to obtain information on antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes and other genetic factors. Twenty-two different serotypes were identified using WGS, the most prevalent of which were Hato (28/102, 27.5%) and Derby (23/102, 22.5%). All strains analyzed possessed at least one and up to nine AMR genes, with the most prevalent being the non-functional aac(6')-Iaa gene, followed by aph(6)-Id. Multi-drug resistance was found genotypically in 36.2% of the isolates for different classes of antibiotics, such as fosfomycin and β-lactams, among others. Plasmids were identified in 43.1% of isolates (44/102), and 25 plasmids were confirmed to carry AMR genes. The results show that chicken can be considered as a reservoir of antibiotic-resistant Salmonella strains. Due to the prevalence of these drug-resistant pathogens and the potential for foodborne illnesses, poultry processing and cooking should be performed with attention to prescribed safe handling methods to avoid cross-contamination with chicken products.
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Ramtahal MA, Amoako DG, Akebe ALK, Somboro AM, Bester LA, Essack SY. A Public Health Insight into Salmonella in Poultry in Africa: A Review of the Past Decade: 2010-2020. Microb Drug Resist 2022; 28:710-733. [PMID: 35696336 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2021.0384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Poultry is a cheap source of animal protein and constituent of diets in Africa. Poultry can serve as a reservoir for Salmonella and cause food-borne infections in humans. This review describes Salmonella contamination of food, poultry, and the farming environment, antimicrobial resistance profiles, and serotypes of Salmonella, as well as the farming systems, antimicrobial use (AMU), hygiene, and husbandry conditions used to rear poultry in Africa. Using the PRISMA (preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analysis) guidelines, PubMed, Science Direct, and Web of Science databases were searched using a set of predefined keywords. Full-length research articles in English were examined for the period 2010-2020 and relevant information extracted for the narrative synthesis. Of the articles that met the inclusion criteria, 63.1% were conducted on farms and among households, while 36.9% were undertaken at government-controlled laboratories, which quarantine imported birds, processing plants, and retail outlets. The farming systems were intensive, semi-intensive, and extensive. AMU was described in 11.5% of the studies and varied within and across countries. Multidrug-resistant (MDR) Salmonella isolates were detected in 30 studies and the prevalence ranged from 12.1% in Zimbabwe to 100% in Egypt, Ethiopia, Nigeria, Senegal, and South Africa. A total of 226 different Salmonella serotypes were reported. Twenty-four (19.7%) of the studies reported food-borne Salmonella contamination in eggs, poultry, and poultry products at retail outlets and processing plants. The apparent extensive use of antimicrobials and circulation of MDR Salmonella isolates of various serotypes in Africa is a concern. It is important to implement stricter biosecurity measures on farms, regulate the use of antimicrobials and implement surveillance systems, in addition to food safety measures to monitor the quality of poultry and poultry products for human consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A Ramtahal
- Antimicrobial Research Unit, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Daniel G Amoako
- Antimicrobial Research Unit, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.,Centre for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Abia L K Akebe
- Antimicrobial Research Unit, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Anou M Somboro
- Antimicrobial Research Unit, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.,Biomedical Resource Unit, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Linda A Bester
- Biomedical Resource Unit, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Sabiha Y Essack
- Antimicrobial Research Unit, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
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Nikiema MEM, Kakou-Ngazoa S, Ky/Ba A, Sylla A, Bako E, Addablah AYA, Ouoba JB, Sampo E, Gnada K, Zongo O, Traoré KA, Sanou A, Bonkoungou IJO, Ouédraogo R, Barro N, Sangaré L. Characterization of virulence factors of Salmonella isolated from human stools and street food in urban areas of Burkina Faso. BMC Microbiol 2021; 21:338. [PMID: 34895140 PMCID: PMC8665542 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-021-02398-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background This study was undertaken to identify and functionally characterize virulence genes from Salmonella isolates in street food and stool cultures. From February 2017 to May 2018, clinical and food Salmonella strains were isolated in three regions in Burkina Faso. Salmonella was serotyped according to the White-Kauffmann-Le Minor method, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to detec invA, spvR, spvC, fimA and stn virulence genes commonly associated with salmonellosis in Sub-Saharan Africa. Results A total of 106 Salmonella isolates (77 human stools; 14 sandwiches) was analyzed using a serological identification with an O-group test reagent. The presence of Salmonella was confirmed in 86% (91/106) of the samples were reactive (OMA-positive/OMB-positive). Salmonella serogroup O:4,5 was the most common serogroup detected (40%; 36/91). Salmonella Enteritidis and Typhimurium represented 5.5% (5/91) and 3.3% (3/91), respectively and were identified only from clinical isolates. Furthermore, 14 serotypes of Salmonella (12/91 human strains and 2/15 sandwich strains) were evocative of Kentucky/Bargny serotype. For the genetic profile, 66% (70/106) of the Salmonella had invA and stn genes; 77.4% (82/106) had the fimA gene. The spvR gene was found in 36.8% (39/106) of the isolates while 48.1% (51/106) had the spvC gene. Among the identified Salmonella Enteritidis and Salmonella Typhimurium isolated from stools, the virulence genes detected were invA (3/5) versus (2/3), fimA (4/5) versus (3/3), stn (3/5) versus (2/3), spvR (4/5) versus (2/3) and spvC (3/5) versus (2/3), respectively. Conclusion This study reports the prevalence of Salmonella serotypes and virulence genes in clinical isolates and in street foods. It shows that food could be a significant source of Salmonella transmission to humans. Our results could help decision-making by the Burkina Faso health authority in the fight against street food-related diseases, in particular by training restaurateurs in food hygiene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marguerite E M Nikiema
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire d'Epidémiologie et de Surveillance des Bactéries et Virus Transmis par les Aliments (LaBESTA). Ecole Doctorale Sciences et Technologies, Université Joseph Ki-Zerbo, 03 BP 7021, Ouagadougou, 03, Burkina Faso. .,Plateforme de Biologie Moléculaire, Institut Pasteur de Côte d'Ivoire, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire. .,Service de Bactériologie-Virologie, CHU-Yalgado OUEDRAOGO, 03 BP 7022, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.
| | - Solange Kakou-Ngazoa
- Plateforme de Biologie Moléculaire, Institut Pasteur de Côte d'Ivoire, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Absatou Ky/Ba
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie-Virologie, CHU-Bogodogo, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Aboubacar Sylla
- Plateforme de Biologie Moléculaire, Institut Pasteur de Côte d'Ivoire, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Evariste Bako
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire d'Epidémiologie et de Surveillance des Bactéries et Virus Transmis par les Aliments (LaBESTA). Ecole Doctorale Sciences et Technologies, Université Joseph Ki-Zerbo, 03 BP 7021, Ouagadougou, 03, Burkina Faso
| | | | - Jean Bienvenue Ouoba
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire d'Epidémiologie et de Surveillance des Bactéries et Virus Transmis par les Aliments (LaBESTA). Ecole Doctorale Sciences et Technologies, Université Joseph Ki-Zerbo, 03 BP 7021, Ouagadougou, 03, Burkina Faso
| | - Emmanuel Sampo
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire d'Epidémiologie et de Surveillance des Bactéries et Virus Transmis par les Aliments (LaBESTA). Ecole Doctorale Sciences et Technologies, Université Joseph Ki-Zerbo, 03 BP 7021, Ouagadougou, 03, Burkina Faso.,Hôpital Protestant Schiphra, 07 BP 5246, Ouagadougou, 07, Burkina Faso
| | - Kobo Gnada
- Centre MURAZ, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Oumarou Zongo
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et Immunologie Appliquées (LABIA), Université Joseph Ki-Zerbo, 03 BP 7021, Ouagadougou, 03, Burkina Faso
| | - Kuan Abdoulaye Traoré
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire d'Epidémiologie et de Surveillance des Bactéries et Virus Transmis par les Aliments (LaBESTA). Ecole Doctorale Sciences et Technologies, Université Joseph Ki-Zerbo, 03 BP 7021, Ouagadougou, 03, Burkina Faso
| | - Adama Sanou
- Centre MURAZ, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.,Université Nazi Boni, 01 BP 1091, Bobo-Dioulasso, 01, Burkina Faso
| | - Isidore Juste Ouindgueta Bonkoungou
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire d'Epidémiologie et de Surveillance des Bactéries et Virus Transmis par les Aliments (LaBESTA). Ecole Doctorale Sciences et Technologies, Université Joseph Ki-Zerbo, 03 BP 7021, Ouagadougou, 03, Burkina Faso
| | - Rasmata Ouédraogo
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie-Virologie, CHU-Pédiatrie Charles De Gaulle, 01 BP 1198 BP, Ouagadougou, 01, Burkina Faso
| | - Nicolas Barro
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire d'Epidémiologie et de Surveillance des Bactéries et Virus Transmis par les Aliments (LaBESTA). Ecole Doctorale Sciences et Technologies, Université Joseph Ki-Zerbo, 03 BP 7021, Ouagadougou, 03, Burkina Faso
| | - Lassana Sangaré
- Service de Bactériologie-Virologie, CHU-Yalgado OUEDRAOGO, 03 BP 7022, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
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Nikiema MEM, Pardos de la Gandara M, Compaore KAM, Ky Ba A, Soro KD, Nikiema PA, Barro N, Sangare L, Weill FX. Contamination of street food with multidrug-resistant Salmonella, in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0253312. [PMID: 34138936 PMCID: PMC8211238 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0253312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Gastrointestinal infections are a global public health problem. In Burkina Faso, West Africa, exposure to Salmonella through the consumption of unhygienic street food represents a major risk of infection requiring detailed evaluation. Methods Between June 2017 and July 2018, we sampled 201 street food stalls, in 11 geographic sectors of Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. We checked for Salmonella contamination in 201 sandwiches (one per seller), according to the ISO 6579:2002 standard. All Salmonella isolates were characterized by serotyping and antimicrobial susceptibility testing, and whole-genome sequencing was performed on a subset of isolates, to investigate their phylogenetic relationships and antimicrobial resistance determinants. Results The prevalence of Salmonella enterica was 17.9% (36/201) and the Salmonella isolates belonged to 16 different serotypes, the most frequent being Kentucky, Derby and Tennessee, with five isolates each. Six Salmonella isolates from serotypes Brancaster and Kentucky were multidrug-resistant (MDR). Whole-genome sequencing revealed that four of these MDR isolates belonged to the emergent S. enterica serotype Kentucky clone ST198-X1 and to an invasive lineage of S. enterica serotype Enteritidis (West African clade). Conclusion This study reveals a high prevalence of Salmonella spp. in sandwiches sold in Ouagadougou. The presence of MDR Salmonella in food on sale detected in this study is also matter of concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marguerite E. M. Nikiema
- Laboratoire d’Epidémiologie et de Surveillance des Bactéries et Virus transmissibles par les Aliments, Ecole Doctorale Sciences et Technologie (EDST), Université Joseph Ki-Zerbo, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
- Centre National de Référence des Escherichia coli, Shigella et Salmonella, Unité des Bactéries Pathogènes Entériques, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- * E-mail: (MEMN); (FXW)
| | - Maria Pardos de la Gandara
- Centre National de Référence des Escherichia coli, Shigella et Salmonella, Unité des Bactéries Pathogènes Entériques, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Kiswensida A. M. Compaore
- Laboratoire d’Epidémiologie et de Surveillance des Bactéries et Virus transmissibles par les Aliments, Ecole Doctorale Sciences et Technologie (EDST), Université Joseph Ki-Zerbo, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
- Laboratoire National de Santé Publique, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Absétou Ky Ba
- Unité de Formation et de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (UFR/SDS)/Ecole Doctorale Sciences et Santé (EDSS), Université Joseph Ki-Zerbo, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Karna D. Soro
- Laboratoire d’Epidémiologie et de Surveillance des Bactéries et Virus transmissibles par les Aliments, Ecole Doctorale Sciences et Technologie (EDST), Université Joseph Ki-Zerbo, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Philippe A. Nikiema
- Laboratoire d’Epidémiologie et de Surveillance des Bactéries et Virus transmissibles par les Aliments, Ecole Doctorale Sciences et Technologie (EDST), Université Joseph Ki-Zerbo, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Nicolas Barro
- Laboratoire d’Epidémiologie et de Surveillance des Bactéries et Virus transmissibles par les Aliments, Ecole Doctorale Sciences et Technologie (EDST), Université Joseph Ki-Zerbo, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Lassana Sangare
- Unité de Formation et de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (UFR/SDS)/Ecole Doctorale Sciences et Santé (EDSS), Université Joseph Ki-Zerbo, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie-Virologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Yalgado Ouédraogo, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - François-Xavier Weill
- Centre National de Référence des Escherichia coli, Shigella et Salmonella, Unité des Bactéries Pathogènes Entériques, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- * E-mail: (MEMN); (FXW)
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Bringhenti L, Pallu M, Silva JC, Tomazi T, Tomazi ACCH, Rodrigues MX, Cruzado-Bravo M, Bilby TR, Bicalho RC. Effect of treatment of pneumonia and otitis media with tildipirosin or florfenicol + flunixin meglumine on health and upper respiratory tract microbiota of preweaned Holstein dairy heifers. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:10291-10309. [PMID: 34099293 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-19945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this randomized clinical study was to compare the effect of 2 antimicrobial interventions, tildipirosin or florfenicol + flunixin meglumine, used for treatment of pneumonia and extralabel treatment for otitis on health parameters and upper respiratory tract (URT) microbiota of preweaned Holstein calves. Housed preweaned Holstein heifers diagnosed with either otitis or pneumonia were assigned into 1 of 2 treatment groups, receiving a single subcutaneous injection of either 4 mg/kg of tildipirosin (TLD; n = 444) or 40 mg/kg of florfenicol combined with 2.2 mg/kg of a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory, flunixin meglumine (FLF; n = 442). Calves were enrolled and treated on the day of diagnosis of the first case of pneumonia or otitis. If a calf had a recurrent case, the opposite drug was administered, respecting an interval of 5 d between drug injections. Blood samples for leukocyte counts were collected at 0, 2, 4, and 6 d after treatment, and rectal temperature was measured daily during the 5 d after treatment. Ear scores were observed from calves with otitis. Additionally, swabs of the URT were collected from a subset of 20 calves in each treatment group at d 0, 3, 6, 9, and 11 following enrollment for analysis of URT microbiota through next-generation sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene and quantitative PCR. Swabs were also collected from a comparative group of 20 healthy calves that did not receive any drug. No differences were observed between groups for recurrence risk of either pneumonia (TLD = 32.4%; FLF = 29.7%) or otitis (TLD = 72.7%; FLF = 73.6%). Similarly, no differences were observed for the total number of treatments for pneumonia (TLD = 1.45; FLF = 1.42) or otitis (TLD = 2.96; FLF = 3.07). On the other hand, both drugs reduced rectal temperature, ear scores, and leukocyte counts, with FLF calves having a greater reduction in rectal temperature within 4 d after treatment. Both TLD and FLF reduced the total bacterial load when compared with healthy untreated calves, but no differences were observed between treatment groups. Furthermore, compared with the untreated group, treated calves had lower mean relative abundances (MRA) of the genera Mannheimia, Moraxella, and Pasteurella within 11, 9, and 3 d after treatment, respectively; however, no significant differences were observed between TLD and FLF. On the other hand, MRA of Mycoplasma was not decreased by both treatments compared to untreated animals, and a higher MRA was observed in the TLD group during 11 d after treatment in comparison to FLF and untreated calves. Based on this data, we concluded that both drugs used in the study were effective in reducing rectal temperature, ear scores, leukocyte counts, and MRA of the genera Mannheimia, Pasteurella, and Moraxella in the URT, and calves treated with FLF had a greater reduction in rectal temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Bringhenti
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-6401
| | - M Pallu
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-6401
| | - J C Silva
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-6401
| | - T Tomazi
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-6401
| | - A C C H Tomazi
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-6401
| | - M X Rodrigues
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-6401
| | - M Cruzado-Bravo
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-6401
| | | | - R C Bicalho
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-6401.
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