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Lompo P, Heroes AS, Ouédraogo K, Okitale P, Wakpo A, Kalema J, Lunguya O, Tinto H, Affolabi D, Sangaré L, Jacobs J. Knowledge, awareness, and risk practices related to bacterial contamination of antiseptics, disinfectants, and hand hygiene products among healthcare workers in sub-saharan Africa: a cross-sectional survey in three tertiary care hospitals (Benin, Burkina Faso, and DR Congo). Antimicrob Resist Infect Control 2024; 13:44. [PMID: 38627805 PMCID: PMC11020199 DOI: 10.1186/s13756-024-01396-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antiseptics, disinfectants, and hand hygiene products can be contaminated with bacteria and cause healthcare-associated infections, which are underreported from low- and middle-income countries. To better understand the user-related risk factors, we conducted a knowledge, awareness, and practice survey among hospital staff in sub-Saharan Africa. METHODS Self-administered questionnaire distributed among healthcare workers in three tertiary care hospitals (Burkina Faso, Benin, Democratic Republic of the Congo). RESULTS 617 healthcare workers (85.3% (para)medical and 14.7% auxiliary staff) participated. Less than half (45.5%) had been trained in Infection Prevention & Control (IPC), and only 15.7% were trained < 1 year ago. Near two-thirds (64.2%) preferred liquid soap for hand hygiene, versus 33.1% for alcohol-based hand rub (ABHR). Most (58.3%) expressed confidence in the locally available products. Knowledge of product categories, storage conditions and shelf-life was inadequate: eosin was considered as an antiseptic (47.5% of (para)medical staff), the shelf life and storage conditions (non-transparent container) of freshly prepared chlorine 0.5% were known by only 42.6% and 34.8% of participants, respectively. Approximately one-third of participants approved using tap water for preparation of chlorine 0.5% and liquid soap. Most participants (> 80%) disapproved recycling soft-drink bottles as liquid soap containers. Nearly two-thirds (65.0%) declared that bacteria may be resistant to and survive in ABHR, versus 51.0% and 37.4% for povidone iodine and chlorine 0.5%, respectively. Depicted risk practices (n = 4) were ignored by 30 to 40% of participants: they included touching the rim or content of stock containers with compresses or small containers, storing of cotton balls soaked in an antiseptic, and hand-touching the spout of pump dispenser. Filling containers by topping-up was considered good practice by 18.3% of participants. Half (52.1%) of participants acknowledged indefinite reuse of containers. Besides small differences, the findings were similar across the study sites and professional groups. Among IPC-trained staff, proportions recognizing all 4 risk practices were higher compared to non-trained staff (35.9% versus 23.8%, p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS The present findings can guide tailored training and IPC implementation at the healthcare facility and national levels, and sensitize stakeholders' and funders' interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Palpouguini Lompo
- Clinical Research Unit of Nanoro, Institut de Recherche en Science de la Santé, Ouagadougou, 11 BP 218, Burkina Faso.
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nationalestraat 155, Antwerp, 2000, Belgium.
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Naamsestraat 22, Box 5401, Leuven, 3000, Belgium.
| | - Anne-Sophie Heroes
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nationalestraat 155, Antwerp, 2000, Belgium
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Naamsestraat 22, Box 5401, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
| | - Kadija Ouédraogo
- Clinical Research Unit of Nanoro, Institut de Recherche en Science de la Santé, Ouagadougou, 11 BP 218, Burkina Faso
| | - Patient Okitale
- Département de Microbiologie, Cliniques Universitaires de Kinshasa, BP 127, Kinshasa, Congo
| | - Abel Wakpo
- Centre National Hospitalier Universitaire Hubert Koutoukou Maga, Cotonou, 01 BP 386, Benin
| | - Jocelyne Kalema
- Département de Microbiologie, Cliniques Universitaires de Kinshasa, BP 127, Kinshasa, Congo
- Département de Microbiologie, National Institute of Biomedical Research, Av. De la Démocratie N°5345, Kinshasa, Congo
| | - Octavie Lunguya
- Département de Microbiologie, Cliniques Universitaires de Kinshasa, BP 127, Kinshasa, Congo
- Département de Microbiologie, National Institute of Biomedical Research, Av. De la Démocratie N°5345, Kinshasa, Congo
| | - Halidou Tinto
- Clinical Research Unit of Nanoro, Institut de Recherche en Science de la Santé, Ouagadougou, 11 BP 218, Burkina Faso
| | - Dissou Affolabi
- Centre National Hospitalier Universitaire Hubert Koutoukou Maga, Cotonou, 01 BP 386, Benin
| | - Lassana Sangaré
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Yalgado Ouédraogo, Ouagadougou, 03 BP 7022, Burkina Faso
| | - Jan Jacobs
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nationalestraat 155, Antwerp, 2000, Belgium
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Naamsestraat 22, Box 5401, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
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Garba Z, Kaboré B, Bonkoungou IJO, Natama MH, Rouamba T, Haukka K, Kirveskari JP, Tinto H, Sangaré L, Barro N, Kantele A. Phenotypic Detection of Carbapenemase and AmpC-β-Lactamase Production among Extended Spectrum β-Lactamase (ESBL)-Producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella spp. Isolated from Clinical Specimens. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 13:31. [PMID: 38247589 PMCID: PMC10812623 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13010031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Data on antimicrobial resistance (AMR) are sparse across numerous African countries, as microbiological analyses are not routinely conducted and surveillance data are not collected. Accordingly, clinical samples are not routinely tested for carbapenem-resistant bacteria and, therefore, the general understanding of their prevalence in the region remains limited. Methods: Between January 2020 and June 2022, we collected extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Enterobacterales (ESBL-PE) isolates from five hospitals in Burkina Faso. After an initial culture on ESBL-selective media, the species were identified using API20E and isolates were tested against 13 antimicrobial agents using the disc diffusion method on Mueller-Hinton (MH) agar. ESBL production was confirmed via a double-disc synergy test. Production of carbapenemases and AmpC-β-lactamases and phenotypic co-resistance were determined. Results: Among the 473 ESBL-PE, 356 were ESBL-E. coli (ESBL-Ec) and 117 were Klebsiella spp. (ESBL-K). Of these isolates, 5.3% were carbapenemase and 5.3% were AmpC-β-lactamase-positive. Three types of carbapenemases were identified: 19 NDM, 3 OXA-48-like and 1 VIM. Two isolates produced both NDM and OXA-48-like carbapenemases. Carbapenemase producers were detected at all levels of healthcare. Co-resistance rates were up to 85% for aminoglycosides, 90% for sulfonamides, 95% for fluoroquinolones and 25% for chloramphenicol. Fosfomycin resistance was 6% for ESBL-Ec and 49% for ESBL-K (49%). Conclusions: Some of the ESBL-Ec and ESBL-K co-produced carbapenemases and/or AmpC-β-lactamases at all healthcare levels and in various sample types with high co-resistance rates to non-betalactams. Carbapenem resistance is no longer rare, calling for testing in routine diagnostics, a comprehensive resistance surveillance system and infection control within healthcare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zakaria Garba
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Université Joseph KI-ZERBO, Ouagadougou 03 BP 7021, Burkina Faso; (I.J.O.B.); (N.B.)
- Clinical Research Unit of Nanoro, Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Ouagadougou 11 BP 218, Burkina Faso; (B.K.); (M.H.N.); (T.R.); (H.T.)
| | - Bérenger Kaboré
- Clinical Research Unit of Nanoro, Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Ouagadougou 11 BP 218, Burkina Faso; (B.K.); (M.H.N.); (T.R.); (H.T.)
| | - Isidore J. O. Bonkoungou
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Université Joseph KI-ZERBO, Ouagadougou 03 BP 7021, Burkina Faso; (I.J.O.B.); (N.B.)
| | - Magloire H. Natama
- Clinical Research Unit of Nanoro, Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Ouagadougou 11 BP 218, Burkina Faso; (B.K.); (M.H.N.); (T.R.); (H.T.)
| | - Toussaint Rouamba
- Clinical Research Unit of Nanoro, Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Ouagadougou 11 BP 218, Burkina Faso; (B.K.); (M.H.N.); (T.R.); (H.T.)
| | - Kaisa Haukka
- Department of Microbiology, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland;
- Human Microbiome Research Program, Medical Faculty, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Juha P. Kirveskari
- Helsinki Innovation Services Ltd., University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland;
| | - Halidou Tinto
- Clinical Research Unit of Nanoro, Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Ouagadougou 11 BP 218, Burkina Faso; (B.K.); (M.H.N.); (T.R.); (H.T.)
| | - Lassana Sangaré
- Department of Health Sciences, Université Joseph KI-ZERBO, Ouagadougou 03 BP 7021, Burkina Faso;
| | - Nicolas Barro
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Université Joseph KI-ZERBO, Ouagadougou 03 BP 7021, Burkina Faso; (I.J.O.B.); (N.B.)
| | - Anu Kantele
- Human Microbiome Research Program, Medical Faculty, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Meilahti Infectious Diseases and Vaccine Research Center MeiVac, Helsinki University Hospital, 00029 Helsinki, Finland
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Garba Z, Bonkoungou IOJ, Millogo NO, Natama HM, Vokouma PAP, Bonko MDA, Karama I, Tiendrebeogo LAW, Haukka K, Tinto H, Sangaré L, Barro N. Wastewater from healthcare centers in Burkina Faso is a source of ESBL, AmpC-β-lactamase and carbapenemase-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae. BMC Microbiol 2023; 23:351. [PMID: 37978428 PMCID: PMC10655474 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-023-03108-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL), plasmid-mediated AmpC-β-lactamase and carbapenemase-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae have spread into the environment worldwide posing a potential public health threat. However, the prevalence data for low- and middle-income countries are still scarce. The aim of this study was to evaluate the presence of ESBL, AmpC-β-lactamase and carbapenemase-producing and multidrug-resistant E. coli and K. pneumoniae in wastewaters from healthcare centers in Burkina Faso. RESULTS Eighty-four (84) wastewater samples were collected from five healthcare centers and plated on selective ESBL ChromAgar. E. coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates were identified using API20E. ESBL-producing bacteria were detected in 97.6% of the samples and their average concentration per hospital ranged from 1.10 × 105 to 5.23 × 106 CFU/mL. Out of 170 putative ESBL-producing isolates (64% of them were E. coli) and 51 putative AmpC-β-lactamase-producing isolates, 95% and 45% were confirmed, respectively. Carbapenemase production was detected in 10 isolates, of which 6 were NDM producers, 3 were OXA-48 producers and 1 was NDM and OXA-48 producer. All isolates were multidrug resistant and, moreover, all of them were resistant to all tested β-lactams. Resistance to ESBL inhibitors was also common, up to 66% in E. coli and 62% in K. pneumoniae. Amikacin, fosfomycin and nitrofurantoin were the antibiotics to which the least resistance was detected. CONCLUSIONS This study showed that wastewater from healthcare centers constitutes a reservoir of multidrug-resistant bacteria in Burkina Faso, including carbapenemase producers. Untreated healthcare wastewater entering the environment exposes people and animals to infections caused by these multi-resistant bacteria, which are difficult to treat, especially in the resource-poor settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zakaria Garba
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Université Joseph KI-ZERBO, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.
- Clinical Research Unit of Nanoro, Institut de Recherche en Sciences de La Santé, Nanoro, Burkina Faso.
| | - Isidore O J Bonkoungou
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Université Joseph KI-ZERBO, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Nadège O Millogo
- Clinical Research Unit of Nanoro, Institut de Recherche en Sciences de La Santé, Nanoro, Burkina Faso
| | - H Magloire Natama
- Clinical Research Unit of Nanoro, Institut de Recherche en Sciences de La Santé, Nanoro, Burkina Faso
| | - Pingdwendé A P Vokouma
- Clinical Research Unit of Nanoro, Institut de Recherche en Sciences de La Santé, Nanoro, Burkina Faso
| | - Massa Dit A Bonko
- Clinical Research Unit of Nanoro, Institut de Recherche en Sciences de La Santé, Nanoro, Burkina Faso
| | - Ibrahima Karama
- Clinical Research Unit of Nanoro, Institut de Recherche en Sciences de La Santé, Nanoro, Burkina Faso
| | | | - Kaisa Haukka
- Department of Microbiology and Human Microbiome Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Halidou Tinto
- Clinical Research Unit of Nanoro, Institut de Recherche en Sciences de La Santé, Nanoro, Burkina Faso
| | - Lassana Sangaré
- Department of Health Sciences, Université Joseph KI-ZERBO, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Nicolas Barro
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Université Joseph KI-ZERBO, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
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Lompo P, Heroes AS, Agbobli E, Kazienga A, Peeters M, Tinto H, Lagrou K, Sangaré L, Affolabi D, Jacobs J. Growth of Gram-Negative Bacteria in Antiseptics, Disinfectants and Hand Hygiene Products in Two Tertiary Care Hospitals in West Africa-A Cross-Sectional Survey. Pathogens 2023; 12:917. [PMID: 37513763 PMCID: PMC10384974 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12070917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Antiseptics, disinfectants, and hand hygiene products can act as reservoirs of Gram-negative bacteria causing healthcare-associated infections. This problem is rarely documented in low- and middle-income countries, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa. In a cross-sectional survey, we assessed the bacterial contamination of antiseptics, disinfectants, and hand hygiene products in two university hospitals in Burkina Faso and Benin. During ward visits and staff interviews, in-use products were cultured for the presence of Gram-negative bacteria. The growth of Gram-negative bacteria was absent or rare in alcohol-based products, povidone iodine, and Dakin solution. Contamination was highest (73.9% (51/69)) for liquid soap products (versus antiseptic/disinfectants (4.5%, 7/157) (p < 0.0001)), mostly used in high-risk areas and associated with high total bacterial counts (>10,000 colony-forming units/mL). Contaminating flora (105 isolates) included Enterobacterales and the Vibrio non-cholerae/Aeromonas group (17.1%) and non-fermentative Gram-negative rods (82.8%). Multidrug resistance was present among 9/16 Enterobacterales (Klebsiella and Enterobacter spp.) and 3/12 Acinetobacter spp., including carbapenem resistance (Acinetobacter baumannii: NDM, Pseudomonas stutzeri: VIM). The risk factors for contamination included the type of product (cleaning grade and in-house prepared liquid soap), use of recycled disposable containers and soft drink bottles, absence of labeling, topping-up of containers, dilution with tap water (pharmacy and ward), and poor-quality management (procurement, stock management, expiry dates, and period after opening).
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Affiliation(s)
- Palpouguini Lompo
- Clinical Research Unit of Nanoro, Institut de Recherche en Science de la Santé, Nanoro, Ouagadougou 11 BP 218, Burkina Faso
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nationalestraat 155, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Naamsestraat 22 Box 5401, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Anne-Sophie Heroes
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nationalestraat 155, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Naamsestraat 22 Box 5401, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Esenam Agbobli
- Centre National Hospitalier Universitaire Hubert Koutoukou Maga, Cotonou 01 BP 386, Benin
| | - Adama Kazienga
- Clinical Research Unit of Nanoro, Institut de Recherche en Science de la Santé, Nanoro, Ouagadougou 11 BP 218, Burkina Faso
| | - Marjan Peeters
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nationalestraat 155, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Halidou Tinto
- Clinical Research Unit of Nanoro, Institut de Recherche en Science de la Santé, Nanoro, Ouagadougou 11 BP 218, Burkina Faso
| | - Katrien Lagrou
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Naamsestraat 22 Box 5401, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lassana Sangaré
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Yalgado Ouédraogo, Ouagadougou 03 BP 7022, Burkina Faso
| | - Dissou Affolabi
- Centre National Hospitalier Universitaire Hubert Koutoukou Maga, Cotonou 01 BP 386, Benin
| | - Jan Jacobs
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nationalestraat 155, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Naamsestraat 22 Box 5401, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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Letizia AG, Pratt CB, Wiley MR, Fox AT, Mosore M, Agbodzi B, Yeboah C, Kumordjie S, Di Paola N, Assana KC, Coulidiaty D, Ouedraogo C, Bonney JHK, Ampofo W, Tarnagda Z, Sangaré L. Retrospective Genomic Characterization of a 2017 Dengue Virus Outbreak, Burkina Faso. Emerg Infect Dis 2022; 28:1198-1210. [PMID: 35608626 PMCID: PMC9155902 DOI: 10.3201/eid2806.212491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Knowledge of contemporary genetic composition of dengue virus (DENV) in Africa is lacking. By using next-generation sequencing of samples from the 2017 DENV outbreak in Burkina Faso, we isolated 29 DENV genomes (5 serotype 1, 16 serotype 2 [DENV-2], and 8 serotype 3). Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated the endemic nature of DENV-2 in Burkina Faso. We noted discordant diagnostic results, probably related to genetic divergence between these genomes and the Trioplex PCR. Forward and reverse1 primers had a single mismatch when mapped to the DENV-2 genomes, probably explaining the insensitivity of the molecular test. Although we observed considerable homogeneity between the Dengvaxia and TetraVax-DV-TV003 vaccine strains as well as B cell epitopes compared with these genomes, we noted unique divergence. Continual surveillance of dengue virus in Africa is needed to clarify the ongoing novel evolutionary dynamics of circulating virus populations and support the development of effective diagnostic, therapeutic, and preventive countermeasures.
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Congo‐Ouedraogo M, Poncin T, Sangaré L, Mérimèche M, Braille A, Jacquier H, Ouedraogo A, Dah E, Traore I, Corander J, Haukka K, Berçot B, Godreuil S. Genomic and antimicrobial resistance analyses of
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
isolates, Burkina Faso, 2018‐2019. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2022; 36:e565-e568. [DOI: 10.1111/jdv.18037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Malika Congo‐Ouedraogo
- Unité de formation et de recherche en science de la santé Université Ouagadougou 1 Joseph Ki‐Zerbo Burkina Faso
| | - Thibaut Poncin
- Bacteriology Unit Saint Louis‐Lariboisière Hospital APHP Paris France
- French National Reference Center for bacterial STI Associated laboratory for gonococci APHP Paris France
- Paris University IAME, UMR 1137 Sorbonne Paris Cité Paris France
| | - Lassana Sangaré
- Unité de formation et de recherche en science de la santé Université Ouagadougou 1 Joseph Ki‐Zerbo Burkina Faso
| | - Manel Mérimèche
- Bacteriology Unit Saint Louis‐Lariboisière Hospital APHP Paris France
- French National Reference Center for bacterial STI Associated laboratory for gonococci APHP Paris France
- Paris University IAME, UMR 1137 Sorbonne Paris Cité Paris France
| | - Americ Braille
- Bacteriology Unit Saint Louis‐Lariboisière Hospital APHP Paris France
- French National Reference Center for bacterial STI Associated laboratory for gonococci APHP Paris France
- Paris University IAME, UMR 1137 Sorbonne Paris Cité Paris France
| | - Hervé Jacquier
- Bacteriology Unit Saint Louis‐Lariboisière Hospital APHP Paris France
- French National Reference Center for bacterial STI Associated laboratory for gonococci APHP Paris France
- Paris University IAME, UMR 1137 Sorbonne Paris Cité Paris France
| | | | - Elias Dah
- Association African Solidarité Ouagadougou Burkina Faso
- Institut National de Santé Publique Centre Muraz Bobo Dioulasso Burkina Faso
| | | | - Jukka Corander
- Parasites and Microbes Wellcome Sanger Institute Cambridge UK
- Department of Biostatistics University of Oslo Norway
- Helsinki Institute for Information Technology University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland
| | - Kaisa Haukka
- Department of Microbiology University of Helsinki Finland
| | - Béatrice Berçot
- Bacteriology Unit Saint Louis‐Lariboisière Hospital APHP Paris France
- French National Reference Center for bacterial STI Associated laboratory for gonococci APHP Paris France
- Paris University IAME, UMR 1137 Sorbonne Paris Cité Paris France
| | - Sylvain Godreuil
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Montpellier Montpellier France
- MIVEGEC Université de Montpellier CNRS IRD Montpellier France
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Rouamba SS, Tapsoba F, Bazié BSR, Youl O, Savadogo S, Kabré E, Sangaré L, Savadogo A. Assessment of the contamination of Lactuca sativa L. (lettuce) and Lycopersicon esculentum (tomato) by pesticides: Case of market gardeners in Ouagadougou. Int J One Health 2021. [DOI: 10.14202/ijoh.2021.251-256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: The use of pesticides in vegetable production can cause public health problems because these agrochemicals can leave residues in foodstuffs and disrupt the appropriate functioning of the organism. The aim of this study was to assess the level of contamination of lettuce and tomato by pesticide residues.
Materials and Methods: This study was conducted from February 12 to May 3, 2021, in concerned five market gardening sites in the city of Ouagadougou. A survey was conducted among 58 market gardeners selected at random from the sites of Boulmiougou, Tanghin No. 1 and 2, Bissigin, and the National School of Public Health. Simultaneously, 25 lettuce samples and 25 tomato samples were collected in a randomized manner for the examination and determination of pesticide residues using the quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe method.
Results: The market gardening population was predominantly represented by women who had a low level of education. The cultivated species were a mixture of exotic cultures and traditional cultures. These crops were treated with various pesticides, the most common of which belonged to the organochlorine family. The tomato was the crop most contaminated by pesticide residues. However, no active ingredient from the synthetic pyrethroid family was found on lettuce or tomato.
Conclusion: Raising the awareness of market gardeners on good practices in the use of pesticides and on alternative methods to synthetic phytosanitary products is of paramount importance for the health of consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sibiri Sylvain Rouamba
- Laboratoire National de Santé Publique, 09 BP: 24, Ouagadougou 09, Burkina Faso, West Africa; Laboratoire de Biochimie et Immunologie Appliquée, Université Joseph KI-ZERBO, 03 BP: 7131, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, West Africa
| | - François Tapsoba
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et Immunologie Appliquée, Université Joseph KI-ZERBO, 03 BP: 7131, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, West Africa
| | | | - Ollo Youl
- Laboratoire National de Santé Publique, 09 BP: 24, Ouagadougou 09, Burkina Faso, West Africa
| | - Saybou Savadogo
- Laboratoire National de Santé Publique, 09 BP: 24, Ouagadougou 09, Burkina Faso, West Africa
| | - Elie Kabré
- Laboratoire National de Santé Publique, 09 BP: 24, Ouagadougou 09, Burkina Faso, West Africa; Unité de Formation et de Recherche/Sciences De la Santé, Université Joseph KI-ZERBO, 03 BP: 7021 Ouagadougou 03, Burkina Faso, West Africa
| | - Lassana Sangaré
- Unité de Formation et de Recherche/Sciences De la Santé, Université Joseph KI-ZERBO, 03 BP: 7021 Ouagadougou 03, Burkina Faso, West Africa; Service de Bactériologie-Virologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Yalgado Ouédraogo, 03 BP: 7022 Ouagadougou 03, Burkina Faso, West Africa
| | - Aly Savadogo
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et Immunologie Appliquée, Université Joseph KI-ZERBO, 03 BP: 7131, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, West Africa
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Nikiema MEM, Kakou-Ngazoa S, Ky/Ba A, Sylla A, Bako E, Addablah AYA, Ouoba JB, Sampo E, Gnada K, Zongo O, Traoré KA, Sanou A, Bonkoungou IJO, Ouédraogo R, Barro N, Sangaré L. Characterization of virulence factors of Salmonella isolated from human stools and street food in urban areas of Burkina Faso. BMC Microbiol 2021; 21:338. [PMID: 34895140 PMCID: PMC8665542 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-021-02398-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background This study was undertaken to identify and functionally characterize virulence genes from Salmonella isolates in street food and stool cultures. From February 2017 to May 2018, clinical and food Salmonella strains were isolated in three regions in Burkina Faso. Salmonella was serotyped according to the White-Kauffmann-Le Minor method, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to detec invA, spvR, spvC, fimA and stn virulence genes commonly associated with salmonellosis in Sub-Saharan Africa. Results A total of 106 Salmonella isolates (77 human stools; 14 sandwiches) was analyzed using a serological identification with an O-group test reagent. The presence of Salmonella was confirmed in 86% (91/106) of the samples were reactive (OMA-positive/OMB-positive). Salmonella serogroup O:4,5 was the most common serogroup detected (40%; 36/91). Salmonella Enteritidis and Typhimurium represented 5.5% (5/91) and 3.3% (3/91), respectively and were identified only from clinical isolates. Furthermore, 14 serotypes of Salmonella (12/91 human strains and 2/15 sandwich strains) were evocative of Kentucky/Bargny serotype. For the genetic profile, 66% (70/106) of the Salmonella had invA and stn genes; 77.4% (82/106) had the fimA gene. The spvR gene was found in 36.8% (39/106) of the isolates while 48.1% (51/106) had the spvC gene. Among the identified Salmonella Enteritidis and Salmonella Typhimurium isolated from stools, the virulence genes detected were invA (3/5) versus (2/3), fimA (4/5) versus (3/3), stn (3/5) versus (2/3), spvR (4/5) versus (2/3) and spvC (3/5) versus (2/3), respectively. Conclusion This study reports the prevalence of Salmonella serotypes and virulence genes in clinical isolates and in street foods. It shows that food could be a significant source of Salmonella transmission to humans. Our results could help decision-making by the Burkina Faso health authority in the fight against street food-related diseases, in particular by training restaurateurs in food hygiene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marguerite E M Nikiema
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire d'Epidémiologie et de Surveillance des Bactéries et Virus Transmis par les Aliments (LaBESTA). Ecole Doctorale Sciences et Technologies, Université Joseph Ki-Zerbo, 03 BP 7021, Ouagadougou, 03, Burkina Faso. .,Plateforme de Biologie Moléculaire, Institut Pasteur de Côte d'Ivoire, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire. .,Service de Bactériologie-Virologie, CHU-Yalgado OUEDRAOGO, 03 BP 7022, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.
| | - Solange Kakou-Ngazoa
- Plateforme de Biologie Moléculaire, Institut Pasteur de Côte d'Ivoire, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Absatou Ky/Ba
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie-Virologie, CHU-Bogodogo, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Aboubacar Sylla
- Plateforme de Biologie Moléculaire, Institut Pasteur de Côte d'Ivoire, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Evariste Bako
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire d'Epidémiologie et de Surveillance des Bactéries et Virus Transmis par les Aliments (LaBESTA). Ecole Doctorale Sciences et Technologies, Université Joseph Ki-Zerbo, 03 BP 7021, Ouagadougou, 03, Burkina Faso
| | | | - Jean Bienvenue Ouoba
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire d'Epidémiologie et de Surveillance des Bactéries et Virus Transmis par les Aliments (LaBESTA). Ecole Doctorale Sciences et Technologies, Université Joseph Ki-Zerbo, 03 BP 7021, Ouagadougou, 03, Burkina Faso
| | - Emmanuel Sampo
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire d'Epidémiologie et de Surveillance des Bactéries et Virus Transmis par les Aliments (LaBESTA). Ecole Doctorale Sciences et Technologies, Université Joseph Ki-Zerbo, 03 BP 7021, Ouagadougou, 03, Burkina Faso.,Hôpital Protestant Schiphra, 07 BP 5246, Ouagadougou, 07, Burkina Faso
| | - Kobo Gnada
- Centre MURAZ, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Oumarou Zongo
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et Immunologie Appliquées (LABIA), Université Joseph Ki-Zerbo, 03 BP 7021, Ouagadougou, 03, Burkina Faso
| | - Kuan Abdoulaye Traoré
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire d'Epidémiologie et de Surveillance des Bactéries et Virus Transmis par les Aliments (LaBESTA). Ecole Doctorale Sciences et Technologies, Université Joseph Ki-Zerbo, 03 BP 7021, Ouagadougou, 03, Burkina Faso
| | - Adama Sanou
- Centre MURAZ, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.,Université Nazi Boni, 01 BP 1091, Bobo-Dioulasso, 01, Burkina Faso
| | - Isidore Juste Ouindgueta Bonkoungou
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire d'Epidémiologie et de Surveillance des Bactéries et Virus Transmis par les Aliments (LaBESTA). Ecole Doctorale Sciences et Technologies, Université Joseph Ki-Zerbo, 03 BP 7021, Ouagadougou, 03, Burkina Faso
| | - Rasmata Ouédraogo
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie-Virologie, CHU-Pédiatrie Charles De Gaulle, 01 BP 1198 BP, Ouagadougou, 01, Burkina Faso
| | - Nicolas Barro
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire d'Epidémiologie et de Surveillance des Bactéries et Virus Transmis par les Aliments (LaBESTA). Ecole Doctorale Sciences et Technologies, Université Joseph Ki-Zerbo, 03 BP 7021, Ouagadougou, 03, Burkina Faso
| | - Lassana Sangaré
- Service de Bactériologie-Virologie, CHU-Yalgado OUEDRAOGO, 03 BP 7022, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
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9
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Gomgnimbou MK, Faye B, Tranchot-Diallo J, Kaboré A, Belem LR, Zingué D, Sanou A, Hien H, Sangaré L. [Vancomycin-based Lowenstein-Jensen selective medium for reducing contamination of mycobacterial cultures by spore-forming bacteria]. Pan Afr Med J 2020; 37:345. [PMID: 33738033 PMCID: PMC7934190 DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2020.37.345.23016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION despite the development of new methods, culture on solid medium is the gold standard for the diagnosis of tuberculosis. However, this method is associated with increased rates of contamination of cultures by spore-forming bacteria. These bacteria are generally sensitive to vancomycin and to a combinsation of vancomycin, colistin, nystatin, and trimethoprim (VCNT). The purpose of this study was to assess the effectiveness of VCNT-based selective Lowenstein-Jensen (LJ) medium in reducing contamination of cultures by spore-forming bacteria. METHODS sputum samples, collected from the 120 TB and non-TB patients included in the study between October 2016 and May 2017, were decontaminated with the modified Petroff method. Decontamination pellets were inoculated onto conventional LJ media and selective VCNT-based LJ medium containing 10µg/ml vancomycin. Fifteen strains of spore-forming bacteria were inoculated onto the same media in order to assess their sensitivity to VCNT. RESULTS the contamination of cultures on VCNT-based LJ medium containing 10µg/ml of vancomycin and LJ medium were 11.66% (14/120) and 39.16% (47/120) with p <0.0001, respectively. Sensitivity of spore-forming bacteria to VCNT decreased with the increasing of culture incubation time. CONCLUSION VCNT-based selective LJ medium containing 10µg/ml vancomycin led to a significant reduction in the rate of culture contamination. This environment could contribute to improve the quality of mycobacterial cultures and thus bacteriological diagnosis of tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Babacar Faye
- Laboratoire de Biologie Médicale, Hôpital Militaire de Ouakam, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Juliette Tranchot-Diallo
- Unité de Formation et de Recherche des Sciences et Techniques, Université Nazi Boni, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina-Faso
| | - Antoinette Kaboré
- Département des Sciences Biomédicales, Centre Muraz, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Louis Robert Belem
- Département des Sciences Biomédicales, Centre Muraz, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Dezémon Zingué
- Laboratoire Central de Référence, Institut National de Santé Publique, Ouagadougou, Burkina-Faso
| | - Adama Sanou
- Département des Sciences Biomédicales, Centre Muraz, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Hervé Hien
- Laboratoire Central de Référence, Institut National de Santé Publique, Ouagadougou, Burkina-Faso
| | - Lassana Sangaré
- Département de Bactériologie-Virologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Yalgado Ouédraogo, Ouagadougou, Burkina-Faso
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10
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Topaz N, Kristiansen PA, Schmink S, Congo-Ouédraogo M, Kambiré D, Mbaeyi S, Paye M, Sanou M, Sangaré L, Ouédraogo R, Wang X. Molecular insights into meningococcal carriage isolates from Burkina Faso 7 years after introduction of a serogroup A meningococcal conjugate vaccine. Microb Genom 2020; 6:mgen000486. [PMID: 33332261 PMCID: PMC8116689 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.000486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2010, Burkina Faso completed the first nationwide mass-vaccination campaign of a meningococcal A conjugate vaccine, drastically reducing the incidence of disease caused by serogroup A meningococci. Since then, other strains, such as those belonging to serogroups W, X and C, have continued to cause outbreaks within the region. A carriage study was conducted in 2016 and 2017 in the country to characterize the meningococcal strains circulating among healthy individuals following the mass-vaccination campaign. Four cross-sectional carriage evaluation rounds were conducted in two districts of Burkina Faso, Kaya and Ouahigouya. Oropharyngeal swabs were collected for the detection of Neisseria meningitidis by culture. Confirmed N. meningitidis isolates underwent whole-genome sequencing for molecular characterization. Among 13 758 participants, 1035 (7.5 %) N. meningitidis isolates were recovered. Most isolates (934/1035; 90.2 %) were non-groupable and primarily belonged to clonal complex (CC) 192 (822/934; 88 %). Groupable isolates (101/1035; 9.8 %) primarily belonged to CCs associated with recent outbreaks in the region, such as CC11 (serogroup W) and CC10217 (serogroup C); carried serogroup A isolates were not detected. Phylogenetic analysis revealed several CC11 strains circulating within the country, several of which were closely related to invasive isolates. Three sequence types (STs) were identified among eleven CC10217 carriage isolates, two of which have caused recent outbreaks in the region (ST-10217 and ST-12446). Our results show the importance of carriage studies to track the outbreak-associated strains circulating within the population in order to inform future vaccination strategies and molecular surveillance programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadav Topaz
- Meningitis and Vaccine Preventable Diseases Branch, Division of Bacterial Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, MS D11, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Paul Arne Kristiansen
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
- Present address: Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (CEPI), Oslo, Norway
| | - Susanna Schmink
- Meningitis and Vaccine Preventable Diseases Branch, Division of Bacterial Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, MS D11, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | | | - Dinanibè Kambiré
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Pédiatrique Charles de Gaulle, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Sarah Mbaeyi
- Meningitis and Vaccine Preventable Diseases Branch, Division of Bacterial Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, MS D11, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Marietou Paye
- Meningitis and Vaccine Preventable Diseases Branch, Division of Bacterial Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, MS D11, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Mahamoudou Sanou
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Pédiatrique Charles de Gaulle, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Lassana Sangaré
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Yalgado Ouédraogo, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Rasmata Ouédraogo
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Pédiatrique Charles de Gaulle, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Xin Wang
- Meningitis and Vaccine Preventable Diseases Branch, Division of Bacterial Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, MS D11, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
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11
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Mbaeyi S, Sampo E, Dinanibè K, Yaméogo I, Congo-Ouédraogo M, Tamboura M, Sawadogo G, Ouattara K, Sanou M, Kiemtoré T, Dioma G, Sanon B, Somlaré H, Kyetega A, Ba AK, Aké F, Tarbangdo F, Aboua FA, Donnou Y, Kamaté I, Patel JC, Schmink S, Spiller MW, Topaz N, Novak R, Wang X, Bicaba B, Sangaré L, Ouédraogo-Traoré R, Kristiansen PA. Meningococcal carriage 7 years after introduction of a serogroup A meningococcal conjugate vaccine in Burkina Faso: results from four cross-sectional carriage surveys. Lancet Infect Dis 2020; 20:1418-1425. [PMID: 32653071 PMCID: PMC7689286 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(20)30239-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the first 2 years after a nationwide mass vaccination campaign of 1-29-year-olds with a meningococcal serogroup A conjugate vaccine (MenAfriVac) in Burkina Faso, carriage and disease due to serogroup A Neisseria meningitidis were nearly eliminated. We aimed to assess the long-term effect of MenAfriVac vaccination on meningococcal carriage and herd immunity. METHODS We did four cross-sectional studies of meningococcal carriage in people aged 9 months to 36 years in two districts of Burkina Faso between May 2, 2016, and Nov 6, 2017. Demographic information and oropharyngeal swabs were collected. Meningococcal isolates were characterised using whole-genome sequencing. FINDINGS Of 14 295 eligible people, 13 758 consented and had specimens collected and laboratory results available, 1035 of whom were meningococcal carriers. Accounting for the complex survey design, prevalence of meningococcal carriage was 7·60% (95% CI 5·67-9·52), including 6·98% (4·86-9·11) non-groupable, 0·48% (0·01-0·95) serogroup W, 0·10% (0·01-0·18) serogroup C, 0·03% (0·00-0·80) serogroup E, and 0% serogroup A. Prevalence ranged from 5·44% (95% CI 4·18-6·69) to 9·14% (6·01-12·27) by district, from 4·67% (2·71-6·64) to 11·17% (6·75-15·59) by round, and from 3·39% (0·00-8·30) to 10·43% (8·08-12·79) by age group. By clonal complex, 822 (88%) of 934 non-groupable isolates were CC192, all 83 (100%) serogroup W isolates were CC11, and nine (69%) of 13 serogroup C isolates were CC10217. INTERPRETATION Our results show the continued effect of MenAfriVac on serogroup A meningococcal carriage, for at least 7 years, among vaccinated and unvaccinated cohorts. Carriage prevalence of epidemic-prone serogroup C CC10217 and serogroup W CC11 was low. Continued monitoring of N meningitidis carriage will be crucial to further assess the effect of MenAfriVac and inform the vaccination strategy for future multivalent meningococcal vaccines. FUNDING Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation and Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Mbaeyi
- National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | | | - Kambiré Dinanibè
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Pédiatrique Charles de Gaulle, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Issaka Yaméogo
- Direction de la Protection de la Santé de la Population, Burkina Faso Ministry of Health, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | | | - Mamadou Tamboura
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Pédiatrique Charles de Gaulle, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Guetawendé Sawadogo
- Direction de la Protection de la Santé de la Population, Burkina Faso Ministry of Health, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Kalifa Ouattara
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Yalgado Ouédraogo, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Mahamadou Sanou
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Pédiatrique Charles de Gaulle, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Tanga Kiemtoré
- Direction de la Protection de la Santé de la Population, Burkina Faso Ministry of Health, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Gerard Dioma
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Yalgado Ouédraogo, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Barnabé Sanon
- Centre Hospitalier Régional de Kaya, Kaya, Burkina Faso
| | - Hermann Somlaré
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Yalgado Ouédraogo, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Augustin Kyetega
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Pédiatrique Charles de Gaulle, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Absatou Ky Ba
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire du Bogodogo, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Flavien Aké
- Davycas International, Gounghin Petit-Paris, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Félix Tarbangdo
- Davycas International, Gounghin Petit-Paris, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | | | - Yvette Donnou
- Davycas International, Gounghin Petit-Paris, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Idrissa Kamaté
- World Health Organization, Intercountry Support Team, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Jaymin C Patel
- National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Susanna Schmink
- National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Michael W Spiller
- National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Nadav Topaz
- National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ryan Novak
- National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Xin Wang
- National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Brice Bicaba
- Direction de la Protection de la Santé de la Population, Burkina Faso Ministry of Health, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Lassana Sangaré
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Yalgado Ouédraogo, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
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12
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Ouattara M, Tamboura M, Kambire D, Sanou M, Ouattara K, Congo M, Kaboré A, Sanou S, Kabré E, Sharpley S, Tran T, Schwartz S, Ouangraoua S, Ouedraogo AS, Sangaré L, Ouedraogo-Traore R, Whitney CG, Beall B. Identification of Streptococcus suis Meningitis by Direct Triplex Real-Time PCR, Burkina Faso. Emerg Infect Dis 2020; 26:2223-2226. [PMID: 32818394 PMCID: PMC7454097 DOI: 10.3201/eid2609.200203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Meningitis confirmation in Burkina Faso uses PCR for detecting Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, or Hemophilus influenzae. We identified 38 cases of meningitis among 590 that were PCR-positive for 3 nonpneumococcal streptococcal pathogens, including 21 cases of Streptococcus suis. Among the country’s 13 regions, 10 had S. suis–positive cases.
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13
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Sanou AM, Toyé R, Kagoné T, Nikiéma A, Testa J, Sakandé J, Sangaré L, Tarnagda Z, Kania D. Analytical performance of eight rapid point-of-care tests routinely used for the detection of HBsAg in Burkina Faso: A cross-sectional study. J Clin Virol 2020; 129:104546. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2020.104546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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14
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Soeters HM, Kambiré D, Sawadogo G, Ouédraogo-Traoré R, Bicaba B, Medah I, Sangaré L, Ouédraogo AS, Ouangraoua S, Yaméogo I, Congo-Ouédraogo M, Ky Ba A, Aké F, Velusamy S, McGee L, Van Beneden C, Whitney CG. Evaluation of pneumococcal meningitis clusters in Burkina Faso and implications for potential reactive vaccination. Vaccine 2020; 38:5726-5733. [PMID: 32591290 PMCID: PMC7388202 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
From 2011 to 2017, Burkina Faso had 20 pneumococcal meningitis clusters of ≥ 5 cases per district/week. Clusters had a maximum weekly incidence of 7 cases and a maximum duration of 4 weeks. Most clusters occurred prior to 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine introduction. Clusters were caused by a mixture of serotypes, with serotype 1 being most common. Due to the limited cluster size and duration, there were no clear indications for reactive vaccination.
Background To better understand how to prevent and respond to pneumococcal meningitis outbreaks in the meningitis belt, we retrospectively examined Burkina Faso’s case-based meningitis surveillance data for pneumococcal meningitis clusters and assessed potential usefulness of response strategies. Methods Demographic and clinical information, and cerebrospinal fluid laboratory results for meningitis cases were collected through nationwide surveillance. Pneumococcal cases were confirmed by culture, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), or latex agglutination; strains were serotyped using PCR. We reviewed data from 2011 to 2017 to identify and describe clusters of ≥ 5 confirmed pneumococcal meningitis cases per week in a single district. We assessed whether identified clusters met the 2016 WHO provisional pneumococcal meningitis outbreak definition: a district with a weekly incidence of >5 suspected meningitis cases/100,000 persons, >60% of confirmed meningitis cases caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, and >10 confirmed pneumococcal meningitis cases. Results Twenty pneumococcal meningitis clusters were identified, with a maximum weekly incidence of 7 cases and a maximum duration of 4 weeks. Most identified clusters (15/20; 75%) occurred before nationwide introduction of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) in October 2013. Most cases were due to serotype 1 (74%), 10% were due to PCV13 serotypes besides serotype 1, and 8 clusters had >1 serotype. While 6 identified clusters had a weekly incidence of >5 suspected cases/100,000 and all 20 clusters had >60% of confirmed meningitis cases due to S. pneumoniae, no cluster had >10 confirmed pneumococcal meningitis cases in a single week. Conclusions Following PCV13 introduction, pneumococcal meningitis clusters were rarely detected, and none met the WHO provisional pneumococcal outbreak definition. Due to the limited cluster size and duration, there were no clear instances where reactive vaccination could have been useful. More data are needed to inform potential response strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi M Soeters
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Dinanibè Kambiré
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Pédiatrique Charles De Gaulle, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | | | | | - Brice Bicaba
- Ministère de la Santé, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Isaïe Medah
- Ministère de la Santé, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Lassana Sangaré
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire-Yalgado Ouédraogo, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | | | | | | | | | - Absatou Ky Ba
- Laboratoire National de Santé Publique, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Flavien Aké
- Davycas International, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | | | - Lesley McGee
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
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15
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Soeters HM, Kambiré D, Sawadogo G, Ouédraogo-Traoré R, Bicaba B, Medah I, Sangaré L, Ouédraogo AS, Ouangraoua S, Yaméogo I, Congo-Ouédraogo M, Ky Ba A, Aké F, Srinivasan V, Novak RT, McGee L, Whitney CG, Van Beneden C. Impact of 13-Valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine on Pneumococcal Meningitis, Burkina Faso, 2016-2017. J Infect Dis 2020; 220:S253-S262. [PMID: 31671444 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiz301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In 2013, Burkina Faso introduced 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) into the routine childhood immunization program, to be administered to children at 8, 12, and 16 weeks of age. We evaluated the impact of PCV13 on pneumococcal meningitis. METHODS Using nationwide surveillance, we gathered demographic/clinical information and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) results for meningitis cases. Pneumococcal cases were confirmed by culture, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), or latex agglutination; strains were serotyped using PCR. We compared annual incidence (cases per 100 000) 4 years after PCV13's introduction (2017) to average pre-PCV13 incidence (2011-2013). We adjusted incidence for age and proportion of cases with CSF tested at national laboratories. RESULTS In 2017, pneumococcal meningitis incidence was 2.7 overall and 10.5 (<1 year), 3.8 (1-4 years), 3.5 (5-14 years), and 1.4 (≥15 years) by age group. Compared to 2011-2013, PCV13-serotype incidence was significantly lower among all age groups, with the greatest decline among children aged <1 year (77%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 65%-84%). Among all ages, the drop in incidence was larger for PCV13 serotypes excluding serotype 1 (79%; 95% CI, 72%-84%) than for serotype 1 (52%; 95% CI, 44%-59%); incidence of non-PCV13 serotypes also declined (53%; 95% CI, 37%-65%). In 2017, 45% of serotyped cases among all ages were serotype 1 and 12% were other PCV13 serotypes. CONCLUSIONS In Burkina Faso, meningitis caused by PCV13 serotypes continues to decrease, especially among young children. However, the concurrent decline in non-PCV13 serotypes and short pre-PCV13 observation period complicate evaluation of PCV13's impact. Efforts to improve control of serotype 1, such as switching from a 3 + 0 schedule to a 2 + 1 schedule, may improve overall control of pneumococcal meningitis in this setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi M Soeters
- National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Dinanibè Kambiré
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Pédiatrique Charles De Gaulle, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | | | | | - Brice Bicaba
- Ministère de la Santé, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Isaïe Medah
- Ministère de la Santé, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Lassana Sangaré
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire-Yalgado Ouédraogo, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | | | | | | | | | - Absatou Ky Ba
- Laboratoire National de Santé Publique, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Flavien Aké
- Davycas International, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Velusamy Srinivasan
- National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Ryan T Novak
- National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Lesley McGee
- National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Cynthia G Whitney
- National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Chris Van Beneden
- National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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Eholie SP, Moh R, Benalycherif A, Gabillard D, Ello F, Messou E, Zoungrana J, Diallo I, Diallo M, Bado G, Cisse M, Maiga AI, Anzian A, Toni TD, Congo-Ouedraogo M, Toure-Kane C, Seydi M, Minta DK, Sawadogo A, Sangaré L, Drabo J, Karcher S, Le Carrou J, de Monteynard LA, Peytavin G, Gabassi A, Girard PM, Chaix ML, Anglaret X, Landman R. Implementation of an intensive adherence intervention in patients with second-line antiretroviral therapy failure in four west African countries with little access to genotypic resistance testing: a prospective cohort study. Lancet HIV 2019; 6:e750-e759. [PMID: 31601544 DOI: 10.1016/s2352-3018(19)30228-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The decision about whether to switch to third-line antiretroviral therapy (ART) in patients with treatment failure on second-line therapy is difficult in settings with little access to genotypic resistance testing. In this study, we used a standardised algorithm including a wide range of adherence-enhancing interventions followed by a new viral load measurement to decide whether to switch to third-line therapy in this situation. The decision, made on the basis of effectiveness of the adherence reinforcement to drive viral resuppression, did not use genotypic resistance testing. METHODS In this prospective cohort study, adults in four west African countries with treatment failure of a boosted protease inhibitor ART regimen were offered nine adherence reinforcement interventions, and followed up for 64 weeks. We measured viral load at week 12 and used the results to decide ART treatment at week 16: if successful resuppression (plasma HIV-1 RNA <400 copies per mL or had decreased by ≥2 log10 copies per mL compared with baseline), patients continued the same second-line regimen; otherwise they switched to a third-line regimen based on ritonavir-boosted darunavir and raltegravir. The primary endpoint was virological success at week 64 (plasma HIV-1 RNA <50 copies per mL). After study termination we did genotypic resistance testing on frozen plasma samples collected at baseline, and retrospectively determined the appropriateness of the week 16 decision on the basis of the baseline genotypic susceptibility score. FINDINGS Between March 28, 2013, and May 11, 2015, of the 198 eligible participants, five died before week 16. Of the 193 remaining, 130 (67%) reached viral resuppression and continued with second-line ART, and 63 (33%) switched to third-line ART at week 16. Post-study genotypic resistance testing showed that the baseline genotypic susceptibility score was calculable in 166 patients, of whom 57 (34%) had a score less than 2. We retrospectively concluded that the week 16 decision was appropriate in 145 (75%) patients. At week 64, four patients (2%) were lost to follow-up, ten (5%) had died, and 101 (52%) had a viral load less than 50 copies per mL. INTERPRETATION Poor adherence is the first problem to tackle in patients for whom second-line ART is failing when resistance tests are not routinely available and is effectively a manageable problem. Lack of access to genotypic resistance testing should not be an obstacle to the prescription of third-line ART in patients who do not achieve viral resuppression after adherence reinforcement. FUNDING French Agency for Research on AIDS and Viral Hepatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serge P Eholie
- Département de Dermatologie et d'Infectiologie, UFR des Sciences Médicales, Université Félix Houphouët Boigny, Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire; Inserm 1219, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France; Programme PACCI/ANRS Research Center, Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire.
| | - Raoul Moh
- Département de Dermatologie et d'Infectiologie, UFR des Sciences Médicales, Université Félix Houphouët Boigny, Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire; Inserm 1219, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France; Programme PACCI/ANRS Research Center, Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire
| | | | - Delphine Gabillard
- Inserm 1219, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France; Programme PACCI/ANRS Research Center, Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire
| | - Frédéric Ello
- Département de Dermatologie et d'Infectiologie, UFR des Sciences Médicales, Université Félix Houphouët Boigny, Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire; Programme PACCI/ANRS Research Center, Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire
| | - Eugène Messou
- Département de Dermatologie et d'Infectiologie, UFR des Sciences Médicales, Université Félix Houphouët Boigny, Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire; Inserm 1219, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France; Programme PACCI/ANRS Research Center, Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire; Centre de Prise en charge, de Recherche et de Formation (CePReF), Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | | | - Ismaël Diallo
- Service de Médecine Interne, Hôpital de Jour, CHU Yalgado Ouedraogo, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Mouhamadou Diallo
- Centre Régional de Recherche et de Formation à la Prise en Charge Clinique (CRCF), Dakar, Senegal
| | - Guillaume Bado
- Unité de Virologie, CHU Sourô Sanou, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Mamadou Cisse
- Centre d'Ecoute, de Soins, d'Animation et de Conseils (CESAC), Bamako, Mali
| | | | - Amani Anzian
- Centre de Prise en charge, de Recherche et de Formation (CePReF), Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Thomas-d'Aquin Toni
- Centre de Diagnostic et de Recherche sur le SIDA (CeDReS), CHU de Treichville, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Malika Congo-Ouedraogo
- Service de Bactériologie-Virologie, Département des Laboratoires, CHU Yalgado Ouedraogo, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Coumba Toure-Kane
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie-Virologie, Département GC&BA-ESP/UCAD, CHU A Le Dantec, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Moussa Seydi
- Centre Régional de Recherche et de Formation à la Prise en Charge Clinique (CRCF), Dakar, Senegal; Service des Maladies Infectieuses, CHU Fann, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Daouda K Minta
- Service des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, CHU du Point-G, Bamako, Mali
| | - Adrien Sawadogo
- Hôpital de Jour, CHU Sourô Sanou, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Lassana Sangaré
- Service de Bactériologie-Virologie, Département des Laboratoires, CHU Yalgado Ouedraogo, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Joseph Drabo
- Service de Médecine Interne, Hôpital de Jour, CHU Yalgado Ouedraogo, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Sophie Karcher
- Inserm 1219, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France; Programme PACCI/ANRS Research Center, Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire
| | - Jérome Le Carrou
- Inserm 1219, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France; Programme PACCI/ANRS Research Center, Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire
| | | | - Gilles Peytavin
- Service de Pharmacologie, CHU Bichat-Claude Bernard, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Audrey Gabassi
- Laboratoire de Virologie, CHU Saint Louis, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France; Inserm U944, CNR VIH, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Pierre-Marie Girard
- IMEA, Bichat Claude-Bernard University Hospital, Paris, France; Service des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, CHU Saint Antoine, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Marie-Laure Chaix
- Laboratoire de Virologie, CHU Saint Louis, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France; Inserm U944, CNR VIH, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Xavier Anglaret
- Inserm 1219, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France; Programme PACCI/ANRS Research Center, Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire.
| | - Roland Landman
- IMEA, Bichat Claude-Bernard University Hospital, Paris, France; Service des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, CHU Bichat Claude Bernard, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France; IAME, UMR 1137, Inserm, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
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Kaboré A, Tranchot-Diallo J, Hien H, Zouré O, Zingué D, Sanou A, Gomgnimbou MK, Daneau G, Ouédraogo GA, Méda N, Sangaré L. Identification of spore-forming bacteria isolated from contaminated Lowenstein Jensen media and effectiveness of Vancomycin to reduce Mycobacterial culture contamination in Burkina-Faso. Sci Rep 2019; 9:7194. [PMID: 31076625 PMCID: PMC6510733 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-43662-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The type of commensal microorganisms can influence the efficiency of sputum decontamination for TB diagnosis. A basic characterization of contaminants from LJ contaminated media showed that Gram positive Spore Forming Bacteria (SFB) were the major contaminants. This study aims to identify the species of this contaminants and to evaluate the effectiveness of VCNT at 10 µg of vancomycin to reduce mycobacterial culture contamination mainly linked to SFB. Fifty-three SFB isolated between February 2016 and May 2017 were used. The effectiveness of LJ with VCNT at 10 µg of Vancomycin were evaluated with sputum collected in the same period. SFB had been stored at -20 °C and identified after subculture onto 5% sheep blood Columbia agar and incubated at 37 °C during 24 h. Bacteria cells and isolated colonies were described. API 50CH/B was performed and MALDI-TOF MS was used for external quality control. Thirty- five (66%) isolates representing 4 genera (Bacillus, Paenibacillus, Brevisbacillus and Lysinibacillus) including 10 species were identified. The most important species were Bacillus cereus (30%) and Bacillus licheniformis (21%). Eighteen (34%) isolates were non-reactive Bacillus. The overall contamination rate on LJ with VCNT at 10 µg of vancomycin was statistically lower than which without VCNT (18.7% versus 43.8%) (p = 0.01). The most important SFB identified were B. cereus and B. licheniformis. Almost all identified strains were similar to those currently isolated in fermented traditional food suggesting in part food related contaminants. VCNT containing 10 µg of vancomycin is a good alternative method to reduce mycobacterial culture contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoinette Kaboré
- Département des Sciences Biomédicales, Centre MURAZ, Bobo- Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.
| | - Juliette Tranchot-Diallo
- Département des Sciences Biomédicales, Centre MURAZ, Bobo- Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
- UFR/ST, Université Nazi BONI, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Hervé Hien
- Département de Santé Publique, Centre MURAZ, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Ousséni Zouré
- Département des Sciences Biomédicales, Centre MURAZ, Bobo- Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Dezémon Zingué
- Département des Sciences Biomédicales, Centre MURAZ, Bobo- Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Adama Sanou
- Département des Sciences Biomédicales, Centre MURAZ, Bobo- Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
- UFR/ST, Université Nazi BONI, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Michel Kireopori Gomgnimbou
- Département des Sciences Biomédicales, Centre MURAZ, Bobo- Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
- UFR/ST, Université Nazi BONI, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | | | | | - Nicolas Méda
- Département de Santé Publique, Centre MURAZ, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Lassana Sangaré
- Département de Bactériologie-Virologie, CHU Yalgado OUEDRAOGO, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
- UFR/SDS, Université Ouaga I Pr Joseph Ki ZERBO, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
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18
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Kabore A, Tranchot-Diallo J, Sanou A, Hien H, Daneau G, Gomgnimbou MK, Meda N, Sangaré L. Why oral antiseptic mouth rinsing before sputum collection cannot reduce contamination rate of mycobacterial culture in Burkina-Faso. Afr Health Sci 2019; 19:1321-1328. [PMID: 31148957 PMCID: PMC6531976 DOI: 10.4314/ahs.v19i1.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tuberculosis (TB) diagnosis by culture in most resource-limited settings is hampered by high contamination rate varying up to 31%. Reduction of oral microorganism loads by mouth rinse with antiseptic before sputum collection showed a reduction of contamination. Moreover, knowing the characteristic of residual contaminant microorganisms would be an asset to understand contamination issues. Objectives The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of mouth rinsing with chlorhexidine on mycobacteria culture contaminations and to characterize morphologically the residual contaminants. Methods We consecutively included 158 patients in a TB center. Each of them supplied two sputa: The first before mouth rinse, and the second after 60sec of mouth rinsing with chlorhexidine (0.1%). Petroff method and Lowenstein-Jensen media were used for sputum decontamination and inoculation respectively. The contamination rates were compared, and the type of residual contaminants were characterized and compared. Results The contamination rate did not differ before and after the mouth rinse (respectively 58/150 (39 %) vs 61/150 (41 %), p=0.7). The major residual contaminants were Gram positive spore forming bacteria (94%). Conclusion Chlorhexidine mouth rinsing before sputum collection did not reduce mycobacterial culture contamination rate. This is probably due to spore forming bacteria, highlighted as major residual contaminants.
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19
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Diandé S, Badoum G, Combary A, Zombra I, Saouadogo T, Sawadogo LT, Nébié B, Gnanou S, Zigani A, Ouédraogo SM, Diallo A, Kaboré S, Sangaré L. Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis in Burkina Faso from 2006 to 2017: Results of National Surveys. Eur J Microbiol Immunol (Bp) 2019; 9:23-28. [PMID: 30967972 PMCID: PMC6444799 DOI: 10.1556/1886.2018.00029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Setting A survey of the prevalence of drug-resistant tuberculosis (DR-TB) in new and previously treated patients (PTPs) was performed in Burkina Faso from 2016 to 2017. Design In this cross-sectional survey, a structured questionnaire was administered to eligible smear-positive patients in all 86 diagnostic and treatment centers of the country to collect their socio-demographic characteristics and medical histories. Their sputa were tested using the Mycobacterium tuberculosis/rifampicin (MTB/RIF) Xpert assay. Those which were found to be positive for TB and rifampicin-resistant were also tested with GenoType MTBDRplus2.0 and MTBDRsl2.0. Univariate and multivariate logistic regressions were performed to determine risk factors associated with rifampicin resistance. Results Of the 1140 smear-positive patients enrolled, 995 new and 145 PTPs were positive for MTB complex by Xpert. Of these, 2.0% (20/995, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.1–2.9) of the new cases and 14.5% (95% CI: 14.2–20.2) of the PTPs were resistant to rifampicin; 83% of them has multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB). None were pre-extensively drug-resistant TB (pre-XDR-TB) or XDR-TB. Only the previous treatment was significantly associated with rifampicin resistance, p < 0.0001. Conclusion Similar to global trends, rifampicin resistance was significantly higher in patients with prior TB treatment (14.5%) than in naïve patients (2.0%). These percentages are slightly below the global averages, but nonetheless suggest the need for continued vigilance. Extending the use of Xpert testing should strengthen the surveillance of DR-TB in Burkina Faso.
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Affiliation(s)
- Souba Diandé
- Programme National de Lutte contre la Tuberculose, Ministère de la Santé, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Gisèle Badoum
- Université Ouaga-I Pr Joseph Ki-Zerbo, Unité de Formation en Sciences de la Santé, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.,CHU Yalgado Ouédraogo, Département de Médecine, Services de Pneumologie, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Adjima Combary
- Programme National de Lutte contre la Tuberculose, Ministère de la Santé, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Issaka Zombra
- Programme National de Lutte contre la Tuberculose, Ministère de la Santé, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Tandaogo Saouadogo
- Programme National de Lutte contre la Tuberculose, Ministère de la Santé, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Léon T Sawadogo
- Programme National de Lutte contre la Tuberculose, Ministère de la Santé, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Bayéma Nébié
- Programme National de Lutte contre la Tuberculose, Ministère de la Santé, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Saïdou Gnanou
- Programme National de Lutte contre la Tuberculose, Ministère de la Santé, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Adama Zigani
- Centre National de Lutte Antituberculeuse, Ministère de la Santé, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Seydou Mohamed Ouédraogo
- Direction de la Protection de la Santé et de la Population, Ministère de la Santé, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Adama Diallo
- Programme National de Lutte contre la Tuberculose, Ministère de la Santé, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Seydou Kaboré
- Programme National de Lutte contre la Tuberculose, Ministère de la Santé, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Lassana Sangaré
- Université Ouaga-I Pr Joseph Ki-Zerbo, Unité de Formation en Sciences de la Santé, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.,CHU Yalgado Ouédraogo, Département des laboratoires, Service de Bactériologie-Virologie Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
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Tarnagda Z, Cissé A, Bicaba BW, Diagbouga S, Sagna T, Ilboudo AK, Tialla D, Lingani M, Sondo KA, Yougbaré I, Yaméogo I, Sow HE, Sakandé J, Sangaré L, Greco R, Muscatello DJ. Dengue Fever in Burkina Faso, 2016. Emerg Infect Dis 2018; 24:170-172. [PMID: 29260685 PMCID: PMC5749475 DOI: 10.3201/eid2401.170973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We report 1,327 probable cases of dengue in Burkina Faso in 2016. Of 35 serum samples tested by a trioplex test, 19 were confirmed dengue virus (DENV)‒positive: 11 DENV-2, 6 DENV-3, 2 nontypeable, and 1 DENV-2/DENV-3 co-infection. Molecular testing should be conducted to correctly identify causative agents in this complex infectious disease landscape.
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Retchless AC, Congo-Ouédraogo M, Kambiré D, Vuong J, Chen A, Hu F, Ba AK, Ouédraogo AS, Hema-Ouangraoua S, Patel JC, Traoré RO, Sangaré L, Wang X. Molecular characterization of invasive meningococcal isolates in Burkina Faso as the relative importance of serogroups X and W increases, 2008-2012. BMC Infect Dis 2018; 18:337. [PMID: 30021533 PMCID: PMC6052536 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-018-3247-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Neisseria meningitidis serogroup A disease in Burkina Faso has greatly decreased following introduction of a meningococcal A conjugate vaccine in 2010, yet other serogroups continue to pose a risk of life-threatening disease. Capsule switching among epidemic-associated serogroup A N. meningitidis strains could allow these lineages to persist despite vaccination. The introduction of new strains at the national or sub-national levels could affect the epidemiology of disease. Methods Isolates collected from invasive meningococcal disease in Burkina Faso between 2008 and 2012 were characterized by serogrouping and molecular typing. Genome sequences from a subset of isolates were used to infer phylogenetic relationships. Results The ST-5 clonal complex (CC5) was identified only among serogroup A isolates, which were rare after 2010. CC181 and CC11 were the most common clonal complexes after 2010, having serogroup X and W isolates, respectively. Whole-genome phylogenetic analysis showed that the CC181 isolates collected during and after the epidemic of 2010 formed a single clade that was closely related to isolates collected in Niger during 2005 and Burkina Faso during 2007. Geographic population structure was identified among the CC181 isolates, where pairs of isolates collected from the same region of Burkina Faso within a single year had less phylogenetic diversity than the CC181 isolate collection as a whole. However, the reduction of phylogenetic diversity within a region did not extend across multiple years. Instead, CC181 isolates collected during the same year had lower than average diversity, even when collected from different regions, indicating geographic mixing of strains across years. The CC11 isolates were primarily collected during the epidemic of 2012, with sparse sampling during 2011. These isolates belong to a clade that includes previously described isolates collected in Burkina Faso, Mali, and Niger from 2011 to 2015. Similar to CC181, reduced phylogenetic diversity was observed among CC11 isolate pairs collected from the same regions during a single year. Conclusions The population of disease-associated N. meningitidis strains within Burkina Faso was highly dynamic between 2008 and 2012, reflecting both vaccine-imposed selection against serogroup A strains and potentially complex clonal waves of serogroup X and serogroup W strains. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12879-018-3247-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam C Retchless
- Meningitis and Vaccine Preventable Diseases Branch, Division of Bacterial Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, USA
| | | | - Dinanibè Kambiré
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Pédiatrique Charles de Gaulle, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Jeni Vuong
- Meningitis and Vaccine Preventable Diseases Branch, Division of Bacterial Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, USA
| | - Alex Chen
- Meningitis and Vaccine Preventable Diseases Branch, Division of Bacterial Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, USA
| | - Fang Hu
- Meningitis and Vaccine Preventable Diseases Branch, Division of Bacterial Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, USA
| | - Absetou Ky Ba
- Laboratoire National de Santé Public, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | | | | | - Jaymin C Patel
- Meningitis and Vaccine Preventable Diseases Branch, Division of Bacterial Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, USA.,Epidemic Intelligence Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, USA
| | | | - Lassana Sangaré
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Yalgado Ouédraogo, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Xin Wang
- Meningitis and Vaccine Preventable Diseases Branch, Division of Bacterial Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, USA.
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Kpoda DS, Guessennd N, Sangaré L, Dosso M, Traoré AS. Presence of qnr genes in ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae strains resistant to quinolones in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. Med Mal Infect 2018; 48:489-491. [PMID: 29753530 DOI: 10.1016/j.medmal.2018.04.391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2017] [Revised: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D S Kpoda
- Laboratoire des sciences appliquées et nutritionnelles (LabSAN), université Ouaga, 1, Pr Joseph KI-ZERBO 03 BP 7021, Ouagadougou 03, Burkina Faso; Laboratoire national de santé publique, 09 BP 24, Ouagadougou 09, Burkina Faso.
| | - N Guessennd
- Département de bactériologie et de virologie, institut pasteur de Côte-d'Ivoire, 01 BP 490, Abidjan 01, Côte-d'Ivoire
| | - L Sangaré
- Centre hospitalier universitaire Yalgado Ouedraogo, 03 BP 7021, Ouagadougou 03, Burkina Faso
| | - M Dosso
- Département de bactériologie et de virologie, institut pasteur de Côte-d'Ivoire, 01 BP 490, Abidjan 01, Côte-d'Ivoire
| | - A S Traoré
- Centre de recherche en sciences biologiques, alimentaires et nutritionnelles (CRSBAN), université de Ouagadougou 03, 03 BP 7131, Ouagadougou 03, Burkina Faso
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Karfo R, Kabré E, Coulibaly L, Diatto G, Sakandé J, Sangaré L. [Evolution of biochemical and hematological parameters in patients living with HIV/AIDS treated with antiretroviral therapy at the Aboubacar Sangoulé Lamizana General Camp Medical Center]. Pan Afr Med J 2018; 29:159. [PMID: 30050623 PMCID: PMC6057560 DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2018.29.159.13659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study aimed to evaluate the impact of treatment on biochemical and hematological parameters in HIV-positive patients followed up at the Aboubacar Sangoulé Lamizana General Camp Medical Center in Burkina Faso. METHODS We conducted a retrospective study over the period January 2010-September 2015. The study only included HIV-positive patients treated with ART having undergone laboratory tests at treatment initiation (M0), at sixth month (M6), and at twelfth month (M12). RESULTS Sex-ratio was 0.88 and the most affected age group was 45-55 years. The most prescribed treatments were triple combination therapies based on 2INTI + 1INNTI (74,5%), 2INTI+1 IP (14,9%). Viral load test was little requested. The rate of patients with normal laboratory tests showed a statistically significant regression between M0 (70%), and M6 (13%) (p<0.05). Severely immunocompromised patients showed a significant increase in average TCD4 lymphocytes value, ranging from 79,22 at M0 to 227.95 cells/mm3 at M12 (p<0.05). Anaemic patients showed a significant increase in the rate of mean haemoglobin levels from 10.5 g/dl at M0 to 12.53 g/dl at M12 (p<0.05). The analysis of biochemical parameters could not be performed because of a lack of data. CONCLUSION The increase in the rate of TCD4 lymphocytes and in the rate of hemoglobin levels gives an indication of ART effectiveness and of patient's tolerance to treatment. Viral load test accessibility and an improvement in laboratory testing monitoring are essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raoul Karfo
- Clinique du Laboratoire de Biologie du Centre Médical du Camp Général Aboubacar Sangoulé Lamizana,Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
- Unité de Formation et de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Université de Ouagadougou,Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Elie Kabré
- Unité de Formation et de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Université de Ouagadougou,Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
- Laboratoire de Biochimie du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Yalgado Ouedraogo, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | | | - Georges Diatto
- Clinique de Dermatologie du Centre Médical du Camp Général Aboubacar Sangoule Lamizana, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Jean Sakandé
- Unité de Formation et de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Université de Ouagadougou,Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
- Université Saint Thomas d'Aquin (USTA),Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Lassana Sangaré
- Clinique du Laboratoire de Biologie du Centre Médical du Camp Général Aboubacar Sangoulé Lamizana,Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
- Unité de Formation et de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Université de Ouagadougou,Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
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24
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Bonkoungou IJO, Aliabadi N, Leshem E, Kam M, Nezien D, Drabo MK, Nikiema M, Ouedraogo B, Medah I, Konaté S, Ouédraogo-Traoré R, Sangaré L, Kam L, Yé D, Ouattara M, Biey JN, Mwenda JM, Tate JE, Parashar UD. Impact and effectiveness of pentavalent rotavirus vaccine in children <5 years of age in Burkina Faso. Vaccine 2017; 36:7170-7178. [PMID: 29290478 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.12.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Revised: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Burkina Faso was one of the first African nations to introduce pentavalent rotavirus vaccine (RV5, RotaTeq) into its national immunization program in October 2013. We describe the impact and effectiveness of rotavirus vaccine on acute gastroenteritis (AGE) hospitalizations among Burkinabe children. METHODS Sentinel hospital-based surveillance for AGE was conducted at four hospitals during December 2013 - February 2017. Demographic, clinical, and vaccination information was collected and stool specimens were tested by EIA. Trends in rotavirus AGE hospitalizations and changes in the proportion of AGE hospitalizations due to rotavirus were examined at two sentinel sites from January 2014 - December 2016. Unconditional logistic regression models using data from all 4 surveillance sites were used to calculate vaccine effectiveness (VE, defined as 1-odds ratio) by comparing the odds of vaccination among rotavirus AGE (cases) and non-rotavirus AGE (controls) patients, controlling for age, season, hospital site and socioeconomic factors. RESULTS The proportion of AGE hospitalizations that tested positive for rotavirus declined significantly among children <5 years of age, from 36% (154/422) in 2014 to 22% (71/323, 40% reduction, p < .01) in 2015 and 20% (61/298, 44% reduction, p < .01) in 2016. Among infants, the percentage of AGE admissions due to rotavirus fell significantly from 38% (94/250) in 2014 to 21% (32/153, 44% reduction, p < .01) in 2015 and 17% (26/149, 54% reduction, p < .01) in 2016. The adjusted VE for full 3-dose series of RV5 against rotavirus hospitalization was 58% (95% [CI], 10%, 81%) in children 6-11 months of age and 19% (-78%, 63%) in children ≥12 months. CONCLUSION Rotavirus hospitalizations declined after introduction of pentavalent rotavirus vaccine in children, particularly among infants. RV5 significantly protected against severe rotavirus gastroenteritis in infants, but effectiveness decreased in older children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isidore Juste O Bonkoungou
- University Ouaga 1 Pr Joseph KI-ZERBO, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso; National Public Health Laboratory, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.
| | - Negar Aliabadi
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Eyal Leshem
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA; Internal Medicine C, Sheba Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel
| | - Madibèlè Kam
- Charles de Gaulle Pediatric University Hospital, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Désiré Nezien
- University Ouaga 1 Pr Joseph KI-ZERBO, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Maxime K Drabo
- University Ouaga 1 Pr Joseph KI-ZERBO, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Moumouni Nikiema
- National Immunization Program, Minister of Health, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Boureima Ouedraogo
- National Immunization Program, Minister of Health, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Isaïe Medah
- National Immunization Program, Minister of Health, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | | | - Rasmata Ouédraogo-Traoré
- University Ouaga 1 Pr Joseph KI-ZERBO, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso; Charles de Gaulle Pediatric University Hospital, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Lassana Sangaré
- University Ouaga 1 Pr Joseph KI-ZERBO, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso; Yalgado Ouédraogo University Hospital, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Ludovic Kam
- University Ouaga 1 Pr Joseph KI-ZERBO, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso; Yalgado Ouédraogo University Hospital, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Diarra Yé
- University Ouaga 1 Pr Joseph KI-ZERBO, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso; Charles de Gaulle Pediatric University Hospital, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Ma Ouattara
- World Health Organization, Burkina Faso Office, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Joseph N Biey
- World Health Organization, IST/WA, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Jason M Mwenda
- World Health Organization, Regional Office for Africa, Brazzaville, Congo
| | - Jacqueline E Tate
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Umesh D Parashar
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
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25
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Kambiré D, Soeters HM, Ouédraogo-Traoré R, Medah I, Sangaré L, Yaméogo I, Sawadogo G, Ouédraogo AS, Ouangraoua S, McGee L, Srinivasan V, Aké F, Congo-Ouédraogo M, Ky Ba A, Whitney CG, Novak RT, Van Beneden C. Early impact of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine on pneumococcal meningitis-Burkina Faso, 2014-2015. J Infect 2017; 76:270-279. [PMID: 29253559 PMCID: PMC5821694 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2017.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Revised: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We evaluate early impact of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) on pneumococcal meningitis in Burkina Faso. METHODS Nationwide surveillance gathered demographic/clinical information and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) results for meningitis cases. Pneumococcal cases were confirmed by culture, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), or latex agglutination, and strains serotyped using PCR. We compared incidence (cases per 100,000) in the early post-PCV13 period (2014 and 2015) to average pre-PCV13 incidence (2011-2013). RESULTS In 2015, age-specific pneumococcal meningitis incidences were 8.7 (<1 year), 2.4 (1-4 years), 6.5 (5-14 years), and 2.6 (≥15 years). Compared to 2011-2013, PCV13-serotype incidence among all ages decreased by 32% (95%CI: 23%-39%), with significant decreases among children aged <1 year (76%; 95%CI: 64%-84%) and 1-4 years (58%, 95%CI: 40%-71%). Among all ages, incidence of PCV13 serotypes besides serotype 1 decreased (68%; 95%CI: 59%-75%), but serotype 1 incidence did not. Incidence of non-PCV13 serotypes also decreased (47%; 95%CI: 29%-60%). Among children aged <1 year, serotypes 12F/12A/12B/44/46 (17%), 1 (12%), and 5 (10%) predominated. CONCLUSIONS Following PCV13 introduction, PCV13-serotype meningitis incidence in young children significantly decreased. PCV13 impact on serotype 1 and disease in older children and adults requires continued monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinanibè Kambiré
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Pédiatrique Charles De Gaulle, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.
| | - Heidi M Soeters
- Epidemic Intelligence Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA, USA; National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | | | - Isaïe Medah
- Ministère de la Santé, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Lassana Sangaré
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire-Yalgado Ouédraogo, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | | | | | | | | | - Lesley McGee
- National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Velusamy Srinivasan
- National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Flavien Aké
- Davycas International, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | | | - Absatou Ky Ba
- Laboratoire National de Santé Publique, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Cynthia G Whitney
- National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ryan T Novak
- National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Chris Van Beneden
- National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Ouédraogo CMR, Ouattara A, Sana A, Ouédraogo A, Kain DP, Komboigo E, Sangaré L, Lankoandé J. [Obstetric endometritis at the UTH-Yalgado Ouedraogo of Ouagadougou (Burkina Faso): about the management of 102 cases]. Bull Soc Pathol Exot 2016; 109:334-339. [PMID: 27448579 DOI: 10.1007/s13149-016-0514-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This is a descriptive cross-sectional study over a nine months period conducted at the UTH-Yalgado Ouédraogo from all patients in whom the diagnosis of endometritis at obstetrical been laid. Endo-cervical and vaginal swabs were taken from all these patients. Commensal bacteria and anaerobes were investigated in the laboratory. During the study period, 102 cases of obstetric endometritis were recorded that to say a frequency of 1.4% of admissions. The average age of patients was 25.2 years [17-43]. The childbirth mean was 2.5 ± 2 [0-7]. The reason for consultation was dominated by hyperthermia in 98% of cases. The bacterial ecosystem was mainly dominated by Escherichia coli (49.2%), Staphylococcus aureus (29.5%), Streptococcus sp (4.9%). The acid + amoxicillin clavulanic showed low activity on most germs. The average hospital stay of patients was 6.30 days [1-33]. A maternal death was recorded in 3 patients that to say fatality rate of 2.9%. The lethality of endometritis at the UTH-Yalgado Ouedraogo is greater than the rate of 1% allowed by WHO. The resistance of germs is high enough with amoxicillin. The systematization of the bacteriological study is expected to guide the antibiotic to help better fight against maternal mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M R Ouédraogo
- Université de Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, 04 BP 8201, Ouagadougou 04, Burkina Faso.
| | - A Ouattara
- Département de gynécologie et d'obstétrique du CHU-YO, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - A Sana
- Département de gynécologie et d'obstétrique du CHU-YO, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - A Ouédraogo
- Département de gynécologie et d'obstétrique du CHU-YO, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - D P Kain
- Département de gynécologie et d'obstétrique du CHU-YO, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - E Komboigo
- Département de gynécologie et d'obstétrique du CHU-YO, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - L Sangaré
- Département de bactériologie et de virologie du CHU-YO, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - J Lankoandé
- Département de gynécologie et d'obstétrique du CHU-YO, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
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27
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Ouedraogo AS, Sanou M, Kissou A, Sanou S, Solaré H, Kaboré F, Poda A, Aberkane S, Bouzinbi N, Sano I, Nacro B, Sangaré L, Carrière C, Decré D, Ouégraogo R, Jean-Pierre H, Godreuil S. High prevalence of extended-spectrum ß-lactamase producing enterobacteriaceae among clinical isolates in Burkina Faso. BMC Infect Dis 2016; 16:326. [PMID: 27400864 PMCID: PMC4939587 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-016-1655-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Nothing is known about the epidemiology and resistance mechanisms of extended-spectrum ß-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (ESBL-PE) in Burkina Faso. The objective of this study was to determine ESBL-PE prevalence and to characterize ESBL genes in Burkina Faso. Methods During 2 months (June-July 2014), 1602 clinical samples were sent for bacteriologic investigations to the microbiology laboratories of the tree main hospitals of Burkina Faso. Isolates were identified by mass spectrometry using a matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF) BioTyper. Antibiotic susceptibility was tested using the disk diffusion method on Müller-Hinton agar. The different ESBL genes in potential ESBL-producing isolates were detected by PCR and double stranded DNA sequencing. Escherichia coli phylogenetic groups were determined using a PCR-based method. Results ESBL-PE frequency was 58 % (179 strains among the 308 Enterobacteriaceae isolates identified in the collected samples; 45 % in outpatients and 70 % in hospitalized patients). The CTX-M-1 group was dominant (94 %, CTX-M-15 enzyme), followed by the CTX-M-9 group (4 %). ESBL producers were more often found in E. coli (67.5 %) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (26 %) isolates. E. coli isolates (n = 202; 60 % of all Enterobacteriaceae samples) were distributed in eight phylogenetic groups (A = 49, B1 = 15, B2 = 43, C = 22, Clade I = 7, D = 37, F = 13 and 16 unknown); 22 strains belonged to the sequence type ST131. No association between a specific strain and ESBL production was detected. Conclusions This report shows the alarming spread of ESBL genes in Burkina Faso. Public health efforts should focus on education (population and healthcare professionals), surveillance and promotion of correct and restricted antibiotic use to limit their dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdoul-Salam Ouedraogo
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Souro Sanou, BP 676, Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso. .,Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire (CHRU) de Montpellier, Département de Bactériologie-Virologie, Montpellier, France. .,Université Montpellier 1, Montpellier, France. .,INSERM U1058 "Infection by HIV and by agents with mucocutaneous tropism: from pathogenesis to prevention" and Department of Bacteriology-Virology, CHU Arnaud de Villeneuve, 371 avenue du doyen Gaston Giraud, 34295, Montpellier Cedex 5, France.
| | - Mahamadou Sanou
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Pédiatrique Charles de Gaulle, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Aimée Kissou
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Souro Sanou, BP 676, Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Soufiane Sanou
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Souro Sanou, BP 676, Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Hermann Solaré
- Centre Hospiatlier Universitaire Yalgado Ouédraogo, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Firmin Kaboré
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Souro Sanou, BP 676, Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Armel Poda
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Souro Sanou, BP 676, Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Salim Aberkane
- Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire (CHRU) de Montpellier, Département de Bactériologie-Virologie, Montpellier, France.,Université Montpellier 1, Montpellier, France.,INSERM U1058 "Infection by HIV and by agents with mucocutaneous tropism: from pathogenesis to prevention" and Department of Bacteriology-Virology, CHU Arnaud de Villeneuve, 371 avenue du doyen Gaston Giraud, 34295, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Nicolas Bouzinbi
- Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire (CHRU) de Montpellier, Département de Bactériologie-Virologie, Montpellier, France.,Université Montpellier 1, Montpellier, France.,INSERM U1058 "Infection by HIV and by agents with mucocutaneous tropism: from pathogenesis to prevention" and Department of Bacteriology-Virology, CHU Arnaud de Villeneuve, 371 avenue du doyen Gaston Giraud, 34295, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Idrissa Sano
- Centre Hospiatlier Universitaire Yalgado Ouédraogo, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Boubacar Nacro
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Souro Sanou, BP 676, Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Lassana Sangaré
- Centre Hospiatlier Universitaire Yalgado Ouédraogo, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Christian Carrière
- Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire (CHRU) de Montpellier, Département de Bactériologie-Virologie, Montpellier, France.,Université Montpellier 1, Montpellier, France.,INSERM U1058 "Infection by HIV and by agents with mucocutaneous tropism: from pathogenesis to prevention" and Department of Bacteriology-Virology, CHU Arnaud de Villeneuve, 371 avenue du doyen Gaston Giraud, 34295, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Dominique Decré
- CIMI, team E13 (bacteriology), Sorbonne University, UPMC Université Paris 06 CR7, F-75013, Paris, France.,INSERM U1135, CIMI, team E13, Paris, France.,AP-HP, Microbiology, St-Antoine Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Rasmata Ouégraogo
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Pédiatrique Charles de Gaulle, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Hélène Jean-Pierre
- Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire (CHRU) de Montpellier, Département de Bactériologie-Virologie, Montpellier, France
| | - Sylvain Godreuil
- Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire (CHRU) de Montpellier, Département de Bactériologie-Virologie, Montpellier, France.,Université Montpellier 1, Montpellier, France.,INSERM U1058 "Infection by HIV and by agents with mucocutaneous tropism: from pathogenesis to prevention" and Department of Bacteriology-Virology, CHU Arnaud de Villeneuve, 371 avenue du doyen Gaston Giraud, 34295, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
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Henquell C, Yameogo S, Sangaré L. First genome characterization of a novel hepatitis C virus genotype 5 variant. Infect Genet Evol 2016; 39:173-175. [PMID: 26807921 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2016.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Revised: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
We report a new hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotype 5 variant from a woman living in Burkina Faso. Phylogenetic analysis of the near full-length genome sequence suggests that this isolate HCV5_BF16 could be the first reported strain belonging to a new HCV 5 subtype, distinct from the 5a subtype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Henquell
- CHU de Clermont-Ferrand, Laboratoire de Virologie, Centre National de Référence des Entérovirus et Parechovirus - Laboratoire Associé, 58 rue Montalembert, F-63003 Clermont-Ferrand, France; Université d'Auvergne, EA-4843, Faculté de Médecine, 28 place Henri Dunant, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
| | - Saydou Yameogo
- CHU Yalgado, avenue du Capitaine Thomas Sankara, 03 BP7022 Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Lassana Sangaré
- CHU Yalgado, avenue du Capitaine Thomas Sankara, 03 BP7022 Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
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29
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MacNeil JR, Medah I, Koussoubé D, Novak RT, Cohn AC, Diomandé FVK, Yelbeogo D, Kambou JL, Tarbangdo TF, Ouédraogo-Traoré R, Sangaré L, Hatcher C, Vuong J, Mayer LW, Djingarey MH, Clark TA, Messonnier NE. Neisseria meningitidis serogroup W, Burkina Faso, 2012. Emerg Infect Dis 2015; 20:394-9. [PMID: 24571805 PMCID: PMC3944835 DOI: 10.3201/eid2003.131407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2010, Burkina Faso became the first country to introduce meningococcal serogroup A conjugate vaccine (PsA-TT). During 2012, Burkina Faso reported increases in Neisseria meningitidis serogroup W, raising questions about whether these cases were a natural increase in disease or resulted from serogroup replacement after PsA-TT introduction. We analyzed national surveillance data to describe the epidemiology of serogroup W and genotyped 61 serogroup W isolates. In 2012, a total of 5,807 meningitis cases were reported through enhanced surveillance, of which 2,353 (41%) were laboratory confirmed. The predominant organism identified was N. meningitidis serogroup W (62%), and all serogroup W isolates characterized belonged to clonal complex 11. Although additional years of data are needed before we can understand the epidemiology of serogroup W after PsA–TT introduction, these data suggest that serogroup W will remain a major cause of sporadic disease and has epidemic potential, underscoring the need to maintain high-quality case-based meningitis surveillance after PsA–TT introduction.
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Kaboré A, Hien H, Sanou A, Zingué D, Daneau G, Ganamé Z, Nouctara M, Ouédraogo M, Ouédraogo O, Koutou F, Gomgnimbou M, Méda N, Neveu D, Godreuil S, Sangaré L. Impact of pre-analytical factors on mycobacterium cultures contaminations rates in Burkina Faso, West Africa. Pan Afr Med J 2014; 19:396. [PMID: 25995792 PMCID: PMC4430149 DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2014.19.396.5551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction For a high quality level diagnosis, mycobacterium culture must comply with the pre-analytical and analytical conditions recommended by the WHO and the country National Tuberculosis Program (NTP). In this study, we determined whether temperature and duration of sputum storage were associated with culture contamination in Burkina Faso. Methods Sputa were collected in 5 districts labs in Burkina Faso. Temperature and duration of sputum storage were recorded. After the collection, sputa were decontaminated using Petroff modified method, and the pellet was inoculated on LJ media and LJ media supply with 2% sodium pyruvate. Risk of culture contamination associated with temperature and duration of sputum storage was measured by Chi2 test and logistic regression. Results Out of 404 specimens, 61% (246/404) were stored between 2 and 8°C, and 15% (61/404) were processed within three days. The global contamination rate was 24%, with only 8% for samples respecting WHO recommendations, up to 35% for others. Storage at room temperature was associated with a significantly higher risk of contamination compared to storage at 2-8°C (OR 2.24, p = 0.001, IC 95%). Conclusion The recommendations about the temperature and the duration of sputum storage before cultures are not completely respected. This leads to high contamination rate of mycobacterium culture. It will be necessary to take logistics measures in peripherals health services or to develop more selective medium for mycobacterium culture in low income countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoinette Kaboré
- Department of transmissible diseases, Centre Muraz, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Hervé Hien
- Department of transmissible diseases, Centre Muraz, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso ; Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS), Direction Régionale de l'Ouest (DRO), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Adama Sanou
- Department of transmissible diseases, Centre Muraz, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso ; Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire (CHRU) de Montpellier, département de Bactériologie-Virologie, Montpellier, France
| | - Dézémon Zingué
- Department of transmissible diseases, Centre Muraz, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Géraldine Daneau
- Biomedical Science Department, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Zakaria Ganamé
- Department of transmissible diseases, Centre Muraz, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Moumini Nouctara
- Department of transmissible diseases, Centre Muraz, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Mamoudou Ouédraogo
- Department of transmissible diseases, Centre Muraz, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Oumarou Ouédraogo
- Department of transmissible diseases, Centre Muraz, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | | | - Michel Gomgnimbou
- Department of transmissible diseases, Centre Muraz, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Nicolas Méda
- Department of transmissible diseases, Centre Muraz, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Dorine Neveu
- University Montpellier 1, INSERM U1058 Infection by HIV and agents with mucocutaneous tropism from pathogenesis to prevention, Montpellier, France
| | - Sylvain Godreuil
- Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire (CHRU) de Montpellier, département de Bactériologie-Virologie, Montpellier, France
| | - Lassana Sangaré
- Bacteriology-Virology Department, CHU Yalgado Ouedraogo, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso ; Departement of health sciences, University of Ouagadougou/Burkina Faso
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Kristiansen PA, Ba AK, Ouédraogo AS, Sanou I, Ouédraogo R, Sangaré L, Diomandé F, Kandolo D, Saga IM, Misegades L, Clark TA, Préziosi MP, Caugant DA. Persistent low carriage of serogroup A Neisseria meningitidis two years after mass vaccination with the meningococcal conjugate vaccine, MenAfriVac. BMC Infect Dis 2014; 14:663. [PMID: 25472422 PMCID: PMC4267149 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-014-0663-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The conjugate vaccine against serogroup A Neisseria meningitidis (NmA), MenAfriVac, is currently being introduced throughout the African meningitis belt. In repeated multicentre cross-sectional studies in Burkina Faso we demonstrated a significant effect of vaccination on NmA carriage for one year following mass vaccination in 2010. A new multicentre carriage study was performed in October-November 2012, two years after MenAfriVac mass vaccination. METHODS Oropharyngeal samples were collected and analysed for presence of N. meningitidis (Nm) from a representative selection of 1-29-year-olds in three districts in Burkina Faso using the same procedures as in previous years. Characterization of Nm isolates included serogrouping, multilocus sequence typing, and porA and fetA sequencing. A small sample of invasive isolates collected during the epidemic season of 2012 through the national surveillance system were also analysed. RESULTS From a total of 4964 oropharyngeal samples, overall meningococcal carriage prevalence was 7.86%. NmA prevalence was 0.02% (1 carrier), significantly lower (OR, 0.05, P = 0.005, 95% CI, 0.006-0.403) than pre-vaccination prevalence (0.39%). The single NmA isolate was sequence type (ST)-7, P1.20,9;F3-1, a clone last identified in Burkina Faso in 2003. Nm serogroup W (NmW) dominated with a carriage prevalence of 6.85%, representing 87.2% of the isolates. Of 161 NmW isolates characterized by molecular techniques, 94% belonged to the ST-11 clonal complex and 6% to the ST-175 complex. Nm serogroup X (NmX) was carried by 0.60% of the participants and ST-181 accounted for 97% of the NmX isolates. Carriage prevalence of serogroup Y and non-groupable Nm was 0.20% and 0.18%, respectively. Among the 20 isolates recovered from meningitis cases, NmW dominated (70%), followed by NmX (25%). ST-2859, the only ST with a serogroup A capsule found in Burkina Faso since 2004, was not found with another capsule, neither among carriage nor invasive isolates. CONCLUSIONS The significant reduction of NmA carriage still persisted two years following MenAfriVac vaccination, and no cases of NmA meningitis were recorded. High carriage prevalence of NmW ST-11 was consistent with the many cases of NmW meningitis in the epidemic season of 2012 and the high proportion of NmW ST-11 among the characterized invasive isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Kristiansen
- WHO Collaborating Center for Reference and Research on Meningococci, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Absatou Ky Ba
- Laboratoire National de Santé Public, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.
| | | | - Idrissa Sanou
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Souro Sanou, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Yalgado, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.
| | - Rasmata Ouédraogo
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Pédiatrique Charles de Gaulle, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.
| | - Lassana Sangaré
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Yalgado, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.
| | - Fabien Diomandé
- WHO Inter Country Support Team, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, USA.
| | - Denis Kandolo
- WHO Inter Country Support Team, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.
| | - Inger Marie Saga
- WHO Collaborating Center for Reference and Research on Meningococci, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Lara Misegades
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, USA.
| | - Thomas A Clark
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, USA.
| | - Marie-Pierre Préziosi
- Meningitis Vaccine Project, Ferney, France.
- WHO Initiative for Vaccine Research, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Dominique A Caugant
- WHO Collaborating Center for Reference and Research on Meningococci, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
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Ba AK, Sanou I, Kristiansen PA, Sangaré L, Ouédraogo R, Ouattara K, Kienou M, Tiendrebeogo S, Tranchot J. Evolution of meningococcal carriage in serogroups X and Y before introduction of MenAfriVac in the health district of Kaya, Burkina Faso. BMC Infect Dis 2014; 14:546. [PMID: 25311771 PMCID: PMC4201702 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-014-0546-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The objective of this study was to evaluate the carriage of Neisseria meningitidis (Nm) serogroups X and Y in the health district of Kaya before the introduction of a serogroup A meningococcal conjugate vaccine in Burkina Faso. METHODS A repeated cross-sectional meningococcal carriage study was conducted in 2009 in eight randomly selected villages in the health district of Kaya, Burkina Faso. In each of 4 sampling rounds at least 1,500 people were enrolled within a 1-month period. RESULTS From a total of 6,686 throat swabs we identified 419 Nm isolates (6.27%). The dominating serogroups were Y (3.19%) and X (1.05%). Overall carriage was higher in the dry season compared with the rainy season (OR, 1.51; 95% CI, 1.06-2.16). Carriage prevalence of serogroups Y and X varied by round and was highest at the end of the dry season (4.92% and 1.22%, respectively). The only risk factor associated with NmX carriage was vaccination status in contrast to serogroup Y, which was associated with age groups 5-9 years and 10-14 years. CONCLUSION The presence of Nm serogroups X and Y, which could replace or be added to the serogroup A, is a warning sign. There is a need to strengthen surveillance and laboratory diagnosis of the various meningococcal serogroups circulating in Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Absatou Ky Ba
- Laboratoire National de Santé Publique, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.
| | - Idrissa Sanou
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Yalgado, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.
| | - Paul A Kristiansen
- WHO Collaborating Center for Reference and Research on Meningococci, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Lassana Sangaré
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Yalgado, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.
| | - Rasmata Ouédraogo
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Pédiatrique Charles de Gaulle, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.
| | - Kalifa Ouattara
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Yalgado, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.
| | - Maxime Kienou
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Yalgado, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.
| | - Simon Tiendrebeogo
- Institut de Recherche en Science de la Santé, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.
| | - Juliette Tranchot
- Universitaire Polytechnique de BoboDioulasso, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.
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Chaïbou Y, Sanou I, Congo-Ouedraogo M, Kienou MC, Ouattara K, Somlaré H, Traoré AS, Sangaré L. Streptococcus pneumoniae invasive infections in Burkina Faso, 2007 to 2011. Med Mal Infect 2014; 44:117-22. [PMID: 24612507 DOI: 10.1016/j.medmal.2014.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2013] [Revised: 12/01/2013] [Accepted: 01/29/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We had for aim to determine the epidemiology of meningeal and lung invasive infections due to Streptococcus pneumoniae in Burkina Faso. MATERIAL AND METHODS We screened for S. pneumoniae with the usual bacteriology techniques and with real time polymerase chain reaction (rt-PCR) in 7917 samples of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and pleural fluid (PF) collected in the Ouagadougou Yalgado Ouedraogo Teaching Hospital, from 2007 to 2011. RESULTS S. pneumoniae was identified in 476 (6%) samples including 455 (5.7%) in CSF and 21 (0.3%) in PF. Sixty-seven percent of invasive infections occurred in patients 15 years of age or less, without any significant sex ratio difference. The infections occurred most frequently between January and August, with the first and most important peak between January and May (dry season) and the second peak between June and August (at the beginning of rain season). The introduction of rt-PCR proved the under diagnosing of invasive infections by usual bacteriological methods (latex agglutination assay and culture). CONCLUSION Invasive pneumococcal infections occur mainly in patients 15 years of age or less, without any difference in sex ratio and with peaks in the dry season. Vaccinal schedules should include all age ranges in Burkina Faso.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Chaïbou
- Centre de recherche en sciences biologiques, alimentaires et nutritionnelles, université de Ouagadougou, 03 BP 7131, Ouagadougou 03, Burkina Faso.
| | - I Sanou
- Service de bactériologie-virologie, CHU Yalgado Ouédraogo, 03 BP 7022, Ouagadougou 03, Burkina Faso; UFR en sciences de la santé (UFR-SDS), université de Ouagadougou, 03 BP 7021, Ouagadougou 03, Burkina Faso
| | - M Congo-Ouedraogo
- Service de bactériologie-virologie, CHU Yalgado Ouédraogo, 03 BP 7022, Ouagadougou 03, Burkina Faso
| | - M C Kienou
- Service de bactériologie-virologie, CHU Yalgado Ouédraogo, 03 BP 7022, Ouagadougou 03, Burkina Faso
| | - K Ouattara
- Service de bactériologie-virologie, CHU Yalgado Ouédraogo, 03 BP 7022, Ouagadougou 03, Burkina Faso
| | - H Somlaré
- Service de bactériologie-virologie, CHU Yalgado Ouédraogo, 03 BP 7022, Ouagadougou 03, Burkina Faso
| | - A S Traoré
- Centre de recherche en sciences biologiques, alimentaires et nutritionnelles, université de Ouagadougou, 03 BP 7131, Ouagadougou 03, Burkina Faso
| | - L Sangaré
- Service de bactériologie-virologie, CHU Yalgado Ouédraogo, 03 BP 7022, Ouagadougou 03, Burkina Faso; UFR en sciences de la santé (UFR-SDS), université de Ouagadougou, 03 BP 7021, Ouagadougou 03, Burkina Faso
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Sakandé J, Nikièma A, Kabré E, Sawadogo C, Nacoulma EW, Sanou M, Sangaré L, Traoré-Ouédraogo R, Sawadogo M, Gershy-Damet GM. Implementation of a national external quality assessment program for medical laboratories in Burkina Faso: challenges, lessons learned, and perspectives. Am J Clin Pathol 2014; 141:181-7. [PMID: 24436264 DOI: 10.1309/ajcpxc83hibbsrdt] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The National External Quality Assessment (NEQA) program of Burkina Faso is a proficiency testing program mandatory for all laboratories in the country since 2006. The program runs two cycles per year and covers all areas of laboratories. METHODS All panels were validated by the expert committee before dispatch under optimal storage and transport conditions to participating laboratories along with report forms. RESULTS Performance in the last 5 years varied by panel, with average annual performance of bacteriology panels for all laboratories rising from 75% in 2006 to 81% in 2010 and with a best average performance of 87% in 2007 and 2008. During the same period, malaria microscopy performance varied from 85% to 94%, with a best average performance of 94% in 2010; chemistry performance increased from 87% to 94%, with a best average annual performance of 97% in 2009. Hematology showed more variation in performance, ranging from 61% to 86%, with a best annual average performance of 90% in 2008. Average annual performance for immunology varied less between 2006 and 2010, recording 97%, 90%, and 95%. Except for malaria microscopy, annual performances for enrolled panels varied substantially from year to year, indicating some difficulty in maintaining consistency in quality. CONCLUSIONS The main challenges of the NEQA program observed between 2006 to 2010 were funding, sourcing, and safe transportation of quality panels to all laboratories countrywide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Sakandé
- Department of Laboratories, Ministry of Health, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
- Laboratories of Biochemistry, University of Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Abdoulaye Nikièma
- Department of Laboratories, Ministry of Health, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Elie Kabré
- Laboratories of Biochemistry, University of Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Charles Sawadogo
- Department of Laboratories, Ministry of Health, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | | | - Mamadou Sanou
- Microbiology, University of Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | | | | | - Mamadou Sawadogo
- Laboratories of Biochemistry, University of Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
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Yaro S, Njanpop-Lafourcade BM, Drabo A, Idohou RS, Kroman SS, Sanou O, Traoré Y, Sangaré L, Diagbouga SP, Koeck JL, Borrow R, Gessner BD, Mueller JE. Antipneumococcal seroprevalence and pneumococcal carriage during a meningococcal epidemic in Burkina Faso, 2006. J Infect Dis 2013; 209:1241-50. [PMID: 24277740 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jit641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To better understand the high incidence of pneumococcal meningitis in the African meningitis belt, we conducted a pneumococcal seroprevalence study during a meningococcal meningitis epidemic in Western Burkina Faso, March 2006. METHODS In 3 villages experiencing epidemics, we included 624 healthy persons (1-39 years) by cluster sampling. We determined pneumococcal serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody concentrations against 12 serotypes contained in 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine, and evaluated determinants for IgG ≥ 0.35 μg/mL by multivariate logistic regression. RESULTS The percentage of subjects with serotype-specific IgG concentrations ≥0.35 μg/mL increased with age and was similar for the different serotypes: it was 20%-43% among 1-4-year-olds and 56%-90% among 20-39-year-olds. Prevalence of IgG ≥ 0.35 μg/mL against serotype 1 was up to 71% after age 10 years. During multivariate analyses, determinants of IgG concentrations ≥0.35 μg/mL varied by serotype; for 5 and 6 serotypes, respectively, female sex (around 2-fold increased odds) and cigarette smoking (about 5-fold reduced odds) predicted elevated titers. CONCLUSIONS Despite a substantially higher historical pneumococcal meningitis incidence in Burkina Faso, the general population has an antibody seroprevalence against 12 pneumococcal serotypes similar to that reported from the United Kingdom. The role of putatively protective antibody seroprevalence in preventing pneumococcal meningitis in the meningitis belt requires more thorough evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seydou Yaro
- Centre Muraz, Ministry of Health, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
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Kristiansen PA, Ba AK, Sanou I, Ouédraogo AS, Ouédraogo R, Sangaré L, Diomandé F, Kandolo D, Thomas JD, Clark TA, Laforce M, Caugant DA. Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of meningococcal carriage and disease isolates in Burkina Faso after mass vaccination with a serogroup a conjugate vaccine. BMC Infect Dis 2013; 13:363. [PMID: 23914778 PMCID: PMC3750508 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-13-363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2013] [Accepted: 07/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The conjugate vaccine against serogroup A Neisseria meningitidis (NmA), MenAfriVac, was first introduced in mass vaccination campaigns of the 1-29-year-olds in Burkina Faso in 2010. The aim of this study was to genetically characterize meningococcal isolates circulating in Burkina Faso before and up to 13 months after MenAfriVac mass vaccination. Methods A total of 1,659 meningococcal carriage isolates were collected in a repeated cross-sectional carriage study of the 1-29-year-olds in three districts of Burkina Faso in 2010 and 2011, before and up to 13 months after mass vaccination. Forty-two invasive isolates were collected through the national surveillance in Burkina Faso in the same period. All the invasive isolates and 817 carriage isolates were characterized by serogroup, multilocus sequence typing and porA-fetA sequencing. Results Seven serogroup A isolates were identified, six in 2010, before vaccination (4 from carriers and 2 from patients), and one in 2011 from an unvaccinated patient; all were assigned to sequence type (ST)-2859 of the ST-5 clonal complex. No NmA carriage isolate and no ST-2859 isolate with another capsule were identified after vaccination. Serogroup X carriage and disease prevalence increased before vaccine introduction, due to the expansion of ST-181, which comprised 48.5% of all the characterized carriage isolates. The hypervirulent serogroup W ST-11 clone that was responsible for most of meningococcal disease in 2011 and 2012 was not observed in 2010; it appeared during the epidemic season of 2011, when it represented 40.6% of the serogroup W carriage isolates. Conclusions Successive clonal waves of ST-181 and ST-11 may explain the changing epidemiology in Burkina Faso after the virtual disappearance of NmA disease and carriage. No ST-2859 strain of any serogroup was found after vaccination, suggesting that capsule switching of ST-2859 did not occur, at least not during the first 13 months after vaccination.
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Bado G, Penot P, N'Diaye MD, Amiel C, Hema A, Kamboulé EB, Guiard-Schmid JB, Kaboré NF, Slama L, Bambara A, Laurent C, Sangaré L, Sawadogo AB. Hepatitis B seroprevalence in HIV-infected patients consulting in a public day care unit in Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso. Med Mal Infect 2013; 43:202-7. [PMID: 23701923 DOI: 10.1016/j.medmal.2013.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2011] [Revised: 02/21/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The authors had for aim to assess the prevalence of hepatitis B co-infection in a cohort of HIV-infected patients, routinely followed-up at the Day Care Unit of the Bobo Dioulasso Sanou Souro University Hospital, Burkina Faso. PATIENTS AND METHODS The Elisa technique was used to dose HBs antigen (AgHBs), antibodies anti-HBs and anti-HBc in all the patients followed by the biological laboratory, from October to December 2008. RESULTS The AgHBs prevalence was 12.7% [CI at 95%: 10.7-15.0%] and men were slightly more likely to be positive for AgHBs than women (16.5% [12.0-21.9%] versus 11.6% [9.4-14.1%]; P=0.047); 83.3% of the patients [80.8-85.6%] were positive for hepatitis B core antibody, and 32.6% [29.7-35.6%] for hepatitis B surface antibody; 29.9% of the patients [27.1-32.8%] had a complete profile of former hepatitis B infection, 41.3% [38.2-44.4%] expressed core antibodies only; 13.8% [11.7-16.0%] had a negative serological test, and 2.3% [1.5-3.4%] presented a vaccinal immunity. CONCLUSION These results stress the usefulness of screening for hepatitis B in all HIV-infected patients, along with the initial biological tests. This would help adapt HIV treatment to co-infected patients and to build an expanded program of vaccination for non-immune patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Bado
- Département de Médecine, Hôpital de Jour, CHU Souro Sanou Bobo Dioulasso, 01 BP 3437, Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.
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Hien H, Drabo KM, Ouédraogo L, Konfé S, Zeba S, Sangaré L, Compaoré SC, Ouédraogo JB, Ouendo EM, Makoutodé M, Meda N. Healthcare-associated infection in Burkina Faso: an assessment in a district hospital. J Public Health Afr 2012; 3:e29. [PMID: 28299089 PMCID: PMC5345389 DOI: 10.4081/jphia.2012.e29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2011] [Revised: 12/29/2011] [Accepted: 08/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In developing countries, few data are available on healthcare-associated infections. In Burkina Faso, there has been a failure to take into account risk management and patient safety in the quality assurance program. The main objective of our study was to carry out an assessment of healthcare-associated infection in a first level hospital. We conducted a cross-sectional study in June 2011 in the care units of Ziniaré District Hospital (Ziniaré, Burkina Faso). The hospital has been divided in three components: i) hospital population (care providers, in-patients and patients' guardians); ii) healthcare and services organization; iii) hospital environment. We included: care providers of the clinical services, hospital in-patients and patients' guardians, hospitalization infrastructure and nursing units, and all the documents relating to standards and protocols. Data collection has been done by direct observation, interviews and biological samples taken at different settings. In hospital population, care providers and patients' guardians represented a high source of infection: adherence to hygiene practice on the part of care providers was low (12/19), and no patients' guardian experienced good conditions of staying in the hospital. In healthcare and services organization, healthcare waste management represented a high-risk source of infection. In hospital environment, hygiene level of the infrastructure in the hospital rooms was low (6.67%). Prevalence of isolated bacteria was 71.8%. Urinary-tract catheters infections were the most significant in our sample, followed by surgical-site infections. In total, 56.26% (9/19) of germs were -Lactamase producers (ESBL). They were represented by Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Our analysis identified clearly healthcare-associated infection as a problem in Ziniaré district hospital. Hence, a national program of quality assurance in the hospitals should now integrate the risk infectious management of healthcare-associated infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hervé Hien
- Health Reproduction, HIV/AIDS and Tuberculosis Research Unit, Centre MURAZ, Bobo-Dioulasso
| | - Koiné Maxime Drabo
- Institute of Research in Sciences of Health, Bobo-Dioulasso;; National Laboratory of Public Health, Ouagadougou
| | | | | | | | - Lassana Sangaré
- UFR-SDS & CRIS, University of Ouagadougou, Ouagadougou;; Microbiology laboratory, CHU Yalgado Ouédraogo, Ouagadougou
| | | | - Jean Bosco Ouédraogo
- Institute of Research in Sciences of Health, Bobo-Dioulasso;; Nutrition, Environment and potential epidemic diseases Research Unit, Centre MURAZ, Bobo-Dioulasso
| | | | | | - Nicolas Meda
- Health Reproduction, HIV/AIDS and Tuberculosis Research Unit, Centre MURAZ, Bobo-Dioulasso;; UFR-SDS & CRIS, University of Ouagadougou, Ouagadougou
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Kristiansen PA, Diomandé F, Ba AK, Sanou I, Ouédraogo AS, Ouédraogo R, Sangaré L, Kandolo D, Aké F, Saga IM, Clark TA, Misegades L, Martin SW, Thomas JD, Tiendrebeogo SR, Hassan-King M, Djingarey MH, Messonnier NE, Préziosi MP, Laforce FM, Caugant DA. Impact of the serogroup A meningococcal conjugate vaccine, MenAfriVac, on carriage and herd immunity. Clin Infect Dis 2012; 56:354-63. [PMID: 23087396 DOI: 10.1093/cid/cis892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The conjugate vaccine against serogroup A Neisseria meningitidis (NmA), MenAfriVac, was first introduced in mass vaccination campaigns of 1-29-year-olds in Burkina Faso in 2010. It is not known whether MenAfriVac has an impact on NmA carriage. METHODS We conducted a repeated cross-sectional meningococcal carriage study in a representative portion of the 1-29-year-old population in 3 districts in Burkina Faso before and up to 13 months after vaccination. One district was vaccinated in September 2010, and the other 2 were vaccinated in December 2010. We analyzed 25 521 oropharyngeal samples, of which 22 093 were obtained after vaccination. RESULTS In October-November 2010, NmA carriage prevalence in the unvaccinated districts was comparable to the baseline established in 2009, but absent in the vaccinated district. Serogroup X N. meningitidis (NmX) dominated in both vaccinated and unvaccinated districts. With 4 additional sampling campaigns performed throughout 2011 in the 3 districts, overall postvaccination meningococcal carriage prevalence was 6.95%, with NmX dominating but declining for each campaign (from 8.66% to 1.97%). Compared with a baseline NmA carriage prevalence of 0.39%, no NmA was identified after vaccination. Overall vaccination coverage in the population sampled was 89.7%, declining over time in 1-year-olds (from 87.1% to 26.5%), as unvaccinated infants reached 1 year of age. NmA carriage was eliminated in both the vaccinated and unvaccinated population from 3 weeks up to 13 months after mass vaccination (P = .003). CONCLUSIONS The disappearance of NmA carriage among both vaccinated and unvaccinated populations is consistent with a vaccine-induced herd immunity effect.
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Novak RT, Kambou JL, Diomandé FV, Tarbangdo TF, Ouédraogo-Traoré R, Sangaré L, Lingani C, Martin SW, Hatcher C, Mayer LW, Laforce FM, Avokey F, Djingarey MH, Messonnier NE, Tiendrébéogo SR, Clark TA. Serogroup A meningococcal conjugate vaccination in Burkina Faso: analysis of national surveillance data. Lancet Infect Dis 2012; 12:757-64. [PMID: 22818241 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(12)70168-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An affordable, highly immunogenic Neisseria meningitidis serogroup A meningococcal conjugate vaccine (PsA-TT) was licensed for use in sub-Saharan Africa in 2009. In 2010, Burkina Faso became the first country to implement a national prevention campaign, vaccinating 11·4 million people aged 1-29 years. We analysed national surveillance data around PsA-TT introduction to investigate the early effect of the vaccine on meningitis incidence and epidemics. METHODS We examined national population-based meningitis surveillance data from Burkina Faso using two sources, one with cases and deaths aggregated at the district level from 1997 to 2011, and the other enhanced with results of cerebrospinal fluid examination and laboratory testing from 2007 to 2011. We compared mortality rates and incidence of suspected meningitis, probable meningococcal meningitis by age, and serogroup-specific meningococcal disease before and during the first year after PsA-TT implementation. We assessed the risk of meningitis disease and death between years. FINDINGS During the 14 year period before PsA-TT introduction, Burkina Faso had 148 603 cases of suspected meningitis with 17 965 deaths, and 174 district-level epidemics. After vaccine introduction, there was a 71% decline in risk of meningitis (hazard ratio 0·29, 95% CI 0·28-0·30, p<0·0001) and a 64% decline in risk of fatal meningitis (0·36, 0·33-0·40, p<0·0001). We identified a statistically significant decline in risk of probable meningococcal meningitis across the age group targeted for vaccination (62%, cumulative incidence ratio [CIR] 0·38, 95% CI 0·31-0·45, p<0·0001), and among children aged less than 1 year (54%, 0·46, 0·24-0·86, p=0·02) and people aged 30 years and older (55%, 0·45, 0·22-0·91, p=0·003) who were ineligible for vaccination. No cases of serogroup A meningococcal meningitis occurred among vaccinated individuals, and epidemics were eliminated. The incidence of laboratory-confirmed serogroup A N meningitidis dropped significantly to 0·01 per 100 000 individuals per year, representing a 99·8% reduction in the risk of meningococcal A meningitis (CIR 0·002, 95% CI 0·0004-0·02, p<0·0001). INTERPRETATION Early evidence suggests the conjugate vaccine has substantially reduced the rate of meningitis in people in the target age group, and in the general population because of high coverage and herd immunity. These data suggest that fully implementing the PsA-TT vaccine could end epidemic meningitis of serogroup A in sub-Saharan Africa. FUNDING None.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan T Novak
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA.
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Arentz M, Narita M, Sangaré L, Kah JF, Low D, Mandaliya K, Amukoye E, Sitienei J, Walson JL. Impact of smear microscopy results and observed therapy on tuberculosis treatment in Mombasa, Kenya. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2012; 15:1656-63. [PMID: 22118174 DOI: 10.5588/ijtld.10.0625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
SETTING Tuberculosis (TB) treatment center at Coast Provincial General Hospital in Mombasa, Kenya. OBJECTIVES To describe TB management practices in a facility in coastal Kenya and identify factors associated with poor treatment outcomes. DESIGN Retrospective review of patient treatment records from January 2008 to June 2009. Treatment outcomes of patients were classified as treatment success (cure or treatment completion) or poor treatment outcome (treatment failure, death or default). Relative risk regression was used to determine the association between exposures of interest and poor treatment outcomes. RESULTS Records were obtained from a total of 183 patients: 142 (78%) had pulmonary TB, 68 (37%) were human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected and 81 (44%) had acid-fast bacilli (AFB) positive smear micros- copy. Most treated individuals (86%) achieved a successful treatment outcome as defined by the World Health Organization. Of those with poor treatment outcomes, 64% defaulted, 32% died, and 4% failed treatment. Initial negative AFB smear and HIV co-infection were associated with poor treatment outcomes (RR 3.32, 95%CI 1.22-8.99 and RR 4.61, 95%CI 1.69- 12.59, respectively). CONCLUSION Strategies to accelerate accurate diagnosis of smear-negative TB and increase patient retention during treatment, especially in HIV co-infected individuals, are needed to reduce poor treatment outcomes in Kenya.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Arentz
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98104, USA.
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Tiba F, Nauwelaers F, Sangaré L, Coulibaly B, Kräusslich HG, Böhler T. Activation and maturation of peripheral blood T cells in HIV-1-infected and HIV-1-uninfected adults in Burkina Faso: a cross-sectional study. J Int AIDS Soc 2011; 14:57. [PMID: 22177276 PMCID: PMC3281784 DOI: 10.1186/1758-2652-14-57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2011] [Accepted: 12/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We wanted to explore to what extent environmental exposure to immune stimulants, which is expected to be more present in rural than in urban settings, influences T cell activation and maturation in healthy and in HIV-1-infected individuals in Burkina Faso in west Africa. Methods The proportion of circulating naïve T cells and the expression of the T cell activation markers, CD95 and CD38, were analyzed by immunophenotyping and three-colour flow cytometry in 63 healthy individuals and 137 treatment-naïve HIV-1-infected subjects from Ouagadougou (urban setting) and 26 healthy adults and 61 treatment-naïve patients from Nouna (rural). Results A slightly higher activation level of CD4+ and CD8+ peripheral blood T cells was seen in healthy adults living in Nouna than in those living in Ouagadougou. The percentages of naïve CD45RAbright CCR7+ T cells were not significantly different between both study sites. Taking into consideration that relatively more HIV-1-infected patients in Nouna were in an advanced disease stage, no relevant differences were seen in T cell activation and maturation between patients at both study sites. As expected, the percentage of CD95+ CD4+ and CD38+ CD8+ T cells and the respective antigen density on these cells was significantly higher in patients than in controls in both settings. The percentage of naïve CD8+ T cells was lower in HIV-1-infected subjects than in healthy controls irrespective of the study site, while a lower proportion of naïve CD4+ T cells in patients compared with controls was seen only in Nouna. Conclusions Environmentally triggered immune activation may contribute to the increased expression of the activation markers CD95 and CD38 on peripheral blood T cells from healthy adults living in rural versus urban settings in Burkina Faso. T cell activation is further increased in HIV-1-infected individuals due to T cell loss and high plasma viral load levels. The observed variations in T cell activation levels or the proportion of naïve T cells in our study patients, however, are not explained by differences in CD4+ T cell counts or HIV-1 plasma viral load levels alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrice Tiba
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Lassana Sangaré
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Yalgado Ouedraogo, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | | | - Hans-Georg Kräusslich
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Böhler
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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Mueller JE, Yaro S, Njanpop-Lafourcade BM, Drabo A, Idohou RS, Kroman SS, Sanou O, Diagbouga S, Traoré Y, Sangaré L, Borrow R, Gessner BD. Study of a localized meningococcal meningitis epidemic in Burkina Faso: incidence, carriage, and immunity. J Infect Dis 2011; 204:1787-95. [PMID: 21998478 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jir623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To better understand localized meningococcal meningitis epidemics, we evaluated a serogroup A (NmA) epidemic in Burkina Faso by surveillance, carriage, and seroprevalence studies. METHODS During March-April 2006, cerebrospinal fluid samples from patients suspected to have meningitis in 3 epidemic villages were analyzed by culture or polymerase chain reaction. We assessed meningococcal carriage and serogroup-specific serum bactericidal antibody titers with baby rabbit complement (rSBA) in a representative population sample (N = 624; age range, 1-39 years). A serogroup A/C polysaccharide vaccine campaign occurred in parallel. RESULTS Cumulative incidence of Nm meningitis was 0.45% and varied among villages (0.08%-0.91%). NmA carriage prevalence was 16% without variation by vaccination status. NmA carriage and anti-NmA seroprevalence varied by village and incidence. In the 2 villages with highest incidence and seroprevalence, presence of rSBA titers ≥8 was associated with NmA carriage (odds ratio [OR], 9.33 [95% confidence interval {CI}, 1.90-45.91]) and vaccination ≤4 days earlier (OR, 0.10 [95% CI, .03-.32]). Visibly purulent or Nm meningitis was significantly associated with recent flulike symptoms and exposure to kitchen smoke (risk ratios >15). CONCLUSIONS A surge of NmA carriage may be involved in the development of meningococcal epidemics and rapidly increase anti-NmA seroprevalence. Flulike infection and kitchen smoke may contribute to the strength of epidemics.
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Sangaré L, Diandé S, Badoum G, Dingtoumda B, Traoré AS. Anti-tuberculosis drug resistance in new and previously treated pulmonary tuberculosis cases in Burkina Faso. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2010; 14:1424-1429. [PMID: 20937182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023] Open
Abstract
SETTING National Tuberculosis (TB) Control Centre in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. OBJECTIVE To evaluate Mycobacterium tuberculosis drug resistance among newly diagnosed and previously treated cases. METHODS A total of 416 M. tuberculosis complex strains were isolated from 323 new and 93 previously treated patients under DOTS. Susceptibility to four anti-tuberculosis drugs (isoniazid [INH], rifampicin [RMP], streptomycin [SM] and ethambutol [EMB]) was determined using the proportion method. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) status was determined in 316 patients, 249 new and 67 previously treated cases, with informed consent. RESULTS Among new cases, 12.4% of strains were resistant to any drug, and 3.4% were multidrug-resistant (MDR). Resistance rates were very high in previously treated patients: INH (66.7%), RMP (51.6%), SM (44.1%), EMB (50.5%) and MDR (INH+RMP; 50.5%). Of 316 patients tested, 28.7% were HIV-positive. There was no statistically significant association between HIV status and MDR-TB in new (P = 0.95) and previously treated patients (P = 0.5). CONCLUSION Drug resistance is high in Burkina Faso. Early detection of infectious patients and completion of treatment are essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Sangaré
- Service de Bactériologie-Virologie, Centre Hospitalière Universitaire Yalgado Ouédraogo, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.
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Diandé S, Sangaré L, Kouanda S, Dingoumda BI, Traoré AS. Drug resistance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex among newly diagnosed tuberculosis cases in Burkina Faso. West Afr J Med 2010; 28:353-7. [PMID: 20486091 DOI: 10.4314/wajm.v28i6.55020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Burkina Faso, there is no recent data about the level of drug resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains among newly diagnosed tuberculosis cases. OBJECTIVE To provide an update of the primary drug resistance of mycobacterium tuberculosis among patients in Burkina faso. METHODS Mycobacterium strains were identified in 323 newly diagnosed tuberculosis patients between April 2005 and September 2006, and their susceptibility to isoniazid, rifampicin, streptomycin, and ethambutol was determined according to the proportions method. Among these patients, 243 accepted voluntarily to be tested for antibodies to HIV. RESULTS The age range of the patients was 11 and 75 years and included 221 (68.4%) males and 102 (21.6%) females. The isolates included 314 (97.2%) M. tuberculosis, eight (0.3%) M. africanum and one M. bovis. Thirty-nine (12.4%) of the M. tuberculosis strains were resistant, with 7.3% resistant to one drug, 2.9% to two drugs, 0.3% to three drugs and 1.9% to four drugs. In total 3.2% of the isolates were multidrug-resistant (MDR). One isolate of M. africanum was resistant to all drugs while the single strain of M. bovis was sensitive to all the drugs. Among the 243 patients tested for HIV 77 were positive. However, there was no relationship between drug resistance and gender, age group or HIV serostatus of the patients. CONCLUSION The resistance rate of M. tuberculosis strains to all the four drugs tested (12.4%) and the rate of MDR (3.2%) are high. These results demand an increased effort by the National Tuberculosis Program to limit the spread of MDR strains of tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Diandé
- National Tuberculosis Centre, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
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Ouédraogo SM, Toloba Y, Badoum G, Ouédraogo G, Boncoungou K, Bambara M, Ouédraogo EWM, Zigani A, Sangaré L, Ouédraogo M. [Epidemio-clinical aspects of adult acute bacterial pneumonia at Yalgado Ouédraogo University Health Center]. Mali Med 2010; 25:15-18. [PMID: 21441088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Bacterial Pneumopathies are low respiratory infections due to parenchyma pulmonary attack, which etiologic agent is a bacteria different from tubercular bacillus. Factually, the treatment is based on a probalistic antibiotherapy. This requires awareness of the epidemiology of the germs which are responsible in a given region, at a given period. PATIENTS AND METHOD In order to better grasp mainly the bacteriological and therapeutic aspects of adult bacterial Pneumopathies in Burkina Faso, we have come up with a two year journal/documentary. RESULTS The reported most frequent germs are respectively: Streptococcus pneumoniae (32,6%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (21%) et Staphylococcus aureus (13,9%). Negative Gram bacteries represented 53.5% of isolated germ and Acinetobacter was found only with HIV positive patients. The streptococcus was sensitive to association amoxicilline + clavulanic in 91.7% of the cases, to ceftriaxone in 83.3% of cases, to ampicilline and to amoxicilline in 66.7% of cases The clinical evolution of our patients was favorable in 74.5% of the cases with 21.8% deaths. The evolution was more significant within alcoholic patients (p = 0.001) as well as tobacco addicted patients (p = 0.02). CONCLUSION The high morbi-morbidity due to acute pneumopathy could be improved through a better awareness and regular updating of local bacterial ecology.
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Ouédraogo SM, Toloba Y, Ouédraogo G, Badoum G, Boncoungou K, Bambara M, Ouédraogo EWM, Zigani A, Sangaré L, Ouédraogo M, Kam L. [Epidemio-clinical aspects of bacterial acute infant Pneumopathies at Yalgado Ouédraogo University Health Center]. Mali Med 2010; 25:19-22. [PMID: 21441087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Infections of low respiratory tracks represent a public health issue and are a frequent reason for antibiotic prescription . For children in Africa, they are the main morbidity factor (50% of visits) and mortality (about 20% of infant mortality). Actually, the antibiotherapy, mainly probabilistic, rests on the awareness of the epidemiology of the germs which are responsible in a given region, at a given period. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the Epidemio-clinical aspects of bacterial acute infant Pneumopathies at Yalgado Ouédraogo Univercity Health Center. PATIENTS AND METHOD This a descriptive retrospective study, base on the files of hospitalized patients in the Paediatric Unit of CHU YO from January 1, 2005 through December 31, 2006. RESULTS All in all, 5803 patients with 658 cases of acute bacterial pneumopathy (11.3%) were hospitalized in the paediatric unit. Besides, acute bacterial Pneumopathies, 254 patients had another associated affection. Proteino-calorific malnutrition were frequent (59.7%), coupled with anaemia (36%). The reported most frequent germs are respectively: Streptococcus pneumoniae (29.3%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (29.3%) et Staphylococcus aureus (25%). The streptococcus was sensitive to association amoxicilline + clavulanic in 66.7% of the cases, to ceftriaxone in 57.1 % of cases. It was 100% resistant to ampicilline and to amoxicilline. The clinical evolution of our patients was favorable in 90% of the cases with 5.5% deaths. CONCLUSION Pneumopathies affect mostly children who are less than 2 years old favored by malnutrition and anaemia. The high morbid-morbidity related to this pathology could be improved through a better awareness and regular updating of local bacterial ecology.
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Diandé S, Sangaré L, Kouanda S, Dingtoumda BI, Mourfou A, Ouédraogo F, Sawadogo I, Nébié B, Gueye A, Sawadogo LT, Traoré AS. Risk factors for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in four centers in Burkina Faso, West Africa. Microb Drug Resist 2009; 15:217-21. [PMID: 19728781 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2009.0906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This is a case-control study conducted to examine the risk factors for multidrug resistance (MDR) among patients with pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) in four centers in Burkina Faso, West Africa: Ouagadougou, Bobo-Dioulasso, Gorom-Gorom, and Dori. Fifty-six MDR-TB cases and 304 controls were enrolled of which 40 MDR-TB cases and 222 controls were from Ouagadougou. The majority of cases were male, with 39 among MDR-TB cases and 205 in controls. The MDR-TB cases were aged from 14 to 75 years versus 11 to 75 years in the controls. The total risk assessment battery score was 11. Living outside of Burkina Faso (adjusted odds ratio [OR] = 0.017; 95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 0.001-0.325), known TB contact (OR = 0.045; 95% CI: 0.004-0.543), and patients with previous history of TB treatment (OR = 0.004; 95% CI: 0.000-0.0.052) were significantly associated with MDR-TB. TB contact and mainly previous treatment were the strongest determinants of MDR-TB. Also, living outside Burkina was a risk factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Souba Diandé
- National Center Against Tuberculosis, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, West Africa
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Tebit DM, Sangaré L, Tiba F, Saydou Y, Makamtse A, Somlare H, Bado G, Kouldiaty BG, Zabsonre I, Yameogo SL, Sathiandee K, Drabo JY, Kräusslich HG. Analysis of the diversity of the HIV-1 pol gene and drug resistance associated changes among drug-naïve patients in Burkina Faso. J Med Virol 2009; 81:1691-701. [PMID: 19697403 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.21600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A cross-sectional study was undertaken among drug-naïve HIV patients at the University Hospital in Ouagadougou shortly before and after the introduction of large-scale antiretroviral therapy (ART) in Burkina Faso. Baseline clinical and virological data as well as protease (PR) and 5' reverse transcriptase (RT) sequences from 104 HIV infected patients were analyzed. Genotypic classification revealed the following subtypes and recombinant forms: CRF06_cpx, n = 46 (44.2%); CRF02_AG, n = 39 (37.5%); subtype A, n = 4 (3.8%); CRF09_cpx, n = 2 (1.9%); and unclassified, n = 13 (12.5%). Bootstrap analysis of CRF02_AG and CRF06_cpx viruses showed that >80% had a similar structure to their respective prototypes. The prevalence of primary drug resistance mutations was 12.5%, all mutations arising in the RT sequences in accordance with the dominance of this drug class in Burkina Faso. The mutations were distributed as follows: NRTI (10.6%): M41L (n = 2), D67N (n = 2), K70K/E (n = 2), L210W (n = 1), T215S/Y (n = 2), and K219K/Q (n = 2); NNRTI (6.1%): K103K/N (n = 2), Y181C (n = 2), G190G/A (n = 1), and P236P/L (n = 1). Subtype specific secondary polymorphisms such as K20I and M36I in the PR were observed in almost all patients. Drug resistance mutations occurred at similar frequencies (12.8% and 10.8%, respectively) among patients infected with CRF02_AG and CRF06_cpx. Some subtype specific polymorphisms were observed within important HLA epitopes, including B35, B7, and A2 in the RT, and A*6802 in the PR sequences. The observed resistance mutations are most likely to have been transmitted based on the timing of the study but prior undocumented use of ART cannot be excluded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis M Tebit
- Abteilung Virologie, Universitaetsklinikum Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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Sangaré L, Sombié R, Combasséré AW, Kouanda A, Kania D, Zerbo O, Lankoandé J. [Antenatal transmission of hepatitis B virus in an area of HIV moderate prevalence, Burkina Faso]. Bull Soc Pathol Exot 2009. [PMID: 19950539 DOI: 10.3185/pathexo3393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/23/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess antenatal transmission of hepatitis B virus in a context of moderate prevalence of HIV in Burkina Faso. Among 360 counselled pregnant women for HIV and HBV testing, 307 were voluntarily enrolled at their last antenatal clinic at the university hospital, in Ouagadougou. Blood samples were collected from all the 307 mothers and tested for HBsAg, HBeAg and antibodies to HIV Blood samples were collected from 313 newborns in the 24 hours after birth and screened for HBV Data from mothers and newborns were collected and analysed using the EPI Info 2002 software. Values for p < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. HBsAg were found in 35 (11.4%) mothers, including 7 with HBeAg and 6 co-infected by both HIV and HBV. Seven babies born to 13 carrier mothers for HBsAg and HBeAg had HBsAg versus 6 born to 22 HBsAg carrier mothers HBeAg-negative. HBsAg was detected in 4 babies born to 6 HIV/HBV co-infected mothers versus 9 born to 29 mothers with HBsAg and HIV-negative. HIV infection, HBeAg and mothers excision were significantly associated with mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of HBV (p < 0.02). HBV antenatal transmission was important in Ouagadougou and it occurred 2.5 folds more from HIV coinfected mothers than in HIV-negative mothers to newborns. These results showed the need of the implementation of national programme for HBV screening and immunisation in Burkina Faso.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Sangaré
- Service de bactériologie-virologie du CHU Yalgado-Ouédraogo (CHUYO), BP 7022 Ouagadougou 03, Burkina Faso.
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