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Kaushal H, Kartaskar RS, Chiplunkar T, Yadav PD, Awate P, Potdar VA, Khalipe MM, Saraf C, Shete AM, Sahay RR, Das S, Chandrakant SA, Alagarasu K. Cellular Immune Responses Against γ-Inactivated Antigen in the Recovered Cases of Kyasanur Forest Disease. Viral Immunol 2024; 37:101-106. [PMID: 38315741 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2023.0107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Kyasanur Forest Disease Virus (KFDV) is a tick-borne flavivirus that causes life-threatening hemorrhagic fever in humans with case fatality rates of 3-5%. Relatively little is known about the mechanism of its pathogenesis or host immune responses to KFDV infection. Here, we investigated KFDV-specific cellular immune responses in the recovered cases of Kyasanur Forest Disease (KFD). Peripheral blood mononuclear cells of the recovered KFD cases and healthy controls were exposed to γ-inactivated KFDV antigen ex vivo. The proliferation index was determined using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay-based lymphoproliferative assay. The frequencies of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells expressing intracellular interferon (IFN)-γ in response to stimulation with γ-inactivated KFDV antigen were determined using flow cytometry. A significant increase in lymphoproliferation and a high frequency of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells secreting IFN-γ against γ-inactivated KFDV antigen were found in the recovered KFD group compared to the healthy control group. In conclusion, the study indicated the generation of cellular immune responses in individuals who recovered from KFD and can be used as indicators of cellular immunity in KFD vaccine studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Pragya D Yadav
- ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Pradeep Awate
- State Surveillance Officer, Public Health Department, Maharashtra, India
| | - Varsha A Potdar
- ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | | | - Chinmay Saraf
- VMK Diagnostics Private Limited, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Anita M Shete
- ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Rima R Sahay
- ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Shalini Das
- ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
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Naouar I, Kammoun Rebai W, Ben Salah A, Bouguerra H, Toumi A, Hamida NB, Louzir H, Meddeb-Garnaoui A. A Prospective cohort study of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis in tunisia: Clinical and Immunological features and immune correlates of protection. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2023; 17:e0011784. [PMID: 38064516 PMCID: PMC10732404 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to define immunological markers of exposure to L. major parasites and identify correlates of protection against infection. METHODS We analyzed a cohort of 790 individuals at risk of developing ZCL living in endemic areas with varying L. major infection prevalence. One area had a high infection prevalence indicated by high proportions of leishmanin skin test (LST) positive subjects, while the other areas were recent foci with lower infection prevalence. Blood samples were collected before the transmission season to measure Interferon gamma (IFN-γ), Interleukin 10 (IL-10), and Granzyme B (GrB) levels in response to parasite stimulation in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. A one-year follow-up period involved active detection of new ZCL cases to estimate disease incidence after a transmission season and identify immune correlates of protection. RESULTS The study population showed heterogeneity in parasite contact, evident from specific scars and/or positive LST results, significantly higher in the old focus compared to recent foci. IFN-γ and GrB were markers of parasite exposure and reliable indicators of immunity to L. major. Positive correlations were observed between IFN-γ/IL-10 and GrB/IL-10 ratios and LST results. Unexpectedly, only 29 new ZCL cases (4%) appeared after a transmission season, with 27 cases reported in recent foci and 2 in the oldest focus. Our findings indicate that individuals in L. major endemic areas are likely to develop ZCL regardless of their LST status. We showed that high pre-transmission season levels of IFN-γ and GrB produced by PBMC, along with a high IFN-γ/IL-10 ratio, were associated with protection. CONCLUSION This study on a large cohort at risk of ZCL confirmed IFN-γ and GrB as protective factors against the disease. A high IFN-γ/IL-10 ratio, but not GrB/IL-10 ratio was associated with resistance. These results are valuable for developing and evaluating of a vaccine against human leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikbel Naouar
- Laboratory of Transmission Control and Immunobiology of Infection, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
- Faculty of Sciences, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Wafa Kammoun Rebai
- Faculty of Sciences, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
- Laboratory of Medical Parasitology, Biotechnology and Biomolecular, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Afif Ben Salah
- Laboratory of Transmission Control and Immunobiology of Infection, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Bahrain
| | - Hind Bouguerra
- National Observatory of New and Emerging Diseases, Tunis, Tunisia
- Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, University Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Amine Toumi
- Health Information and Intelligence Section, Ministry of Public Health, Doha, Qatar
| | - Nabil Belhadj Hamida
- Laboratory of Transmission Control and Immunobiology of Infection, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Hechmi Louzir
- Laboratory of Transmission Control and Immunobiology of Infection, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
- National Observatory of New and Emerging Diseases, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Amel Meddeb-Garnaoui
- Laboratory of Medical Parasitology, Biotechnology and Biomolecular, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
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Topuz Ata D, Hussain M, Jones M, Best J, Wiese M, Carter KC. Immunisation with Transgenic L. tarentolae Expressing Gamma Glutamyl Cysteine Synthetase from Pathogenic Leishmania Species Protected against L. major and L. donovani Infection in a Murine Model. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1322. [PMID: 37317296 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11051322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a protozoan disease responsible for significant morbidity and mortality. There is no recommended vaccine to protect against infection. In this study, transgenic Leishmania tarentolae expressing gamma glutamyl cysteine synthetase (γGCS) from three pathogenic species were produced and their ability to protect against infection determined using models of cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis. The ability of IL-2-producing PODS® to act as an adjuvant was also determined in L. donovani studies. Two doses of the live vaccine caused a significant reduction in L. major (p < 0.001) and L. donovani (p < 0.05) parasite burdens compared to their respective controls. In contrast, immunisation with wild type L. tarentolae, using the same immunisation protocol, had no effect on parasite burdens compared to infection controls. Joint treatment with IL-2-producing PODS® enhanced the protective effect of the live vaccine in L. donovani studies. Protection was associated with a Th1 response in L. major and a mixed Th1/Th2 response in L. donovani, based on specific IgG1 and IgG2a antibody and cytokine production from in vitro proliferation assays using antigen-stimulated splenocytes. The results of this study provide further proof that γGCS should be considered a candidate vaccine for leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derya Topuz Ata
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK
| | - Muattaz Hussain
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK
| | - Michael Jones
- Cell Guidance Systems, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Jonathan Best
- Cell Guidance Systems, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Martin Wiese
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK
| | - Katharine Christine Carter
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK
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4
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Recombinant endonuclease III protein from Leishmania infantum associated with Th1-type adjuvants is immunogenic and induces protection against visceral leishmaniasis. Mol Immunol 2023; 155:79-90. [PMID: 36731193 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2023.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Vaccination against visceral leishmaniasis (VL) should be considered as a safe and effective measure to disease control; however, few vaccines are available against canine VL and there is no an approved human vaccine. In this context, in the present study, we evaluated the endonuclease III (ENDO) protein, which was recently showed to be antigenic for human disease, as a vaccine candidate against Leishmania infantum infection. The recombinant protein (rENDO) was administered in BALB/c mice alone or associated with saponin (rENDO/Sap) or micelles (rENDO/Mic) as adjuvants. Controls received saline, saponin or empty micelles. Results showed that both rENDO/Sap and rENDO/Mic compositions induced higher levels of IFN-γ, IL-12, TNF-α, and GM-CSF cytokines, besides nitrite and IgG2a isotype antibodies, before and after challenge infection, which were related to both CD4+ and CD8+ T cell subtypes. The immunological results contributed to significant reductions in the parasite load found in the spleens, livers, bone marrows and draining lymph nodes of the vaccinated animals. In general, mice immunized with rENDO/Mic presented a slightly higher Th1-type cellular and humoral immune response, as compared to those receiving rENDO/Sap. In addition, saponin caused a slight to moderate inflammatory edema in their vaccinated footpads, which was not observed when micelles were used with rENDO. In addition, a preliminary analysis showed that the recombinant protein was immunogenic to human cells cultures, since PBMCs from treated VL patients and healthy subjects showed higher lymphoproliferation and IFN-γ production in the culture supernatants. In conclusion, data suggest that rENDO could be considered as a candidate to be evaluated in future studies as vaccine to protect against VL.
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5
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Anand A, Singh R, Saini S, Mahapatra B, Singh A, Singh S, Singh RK. Leishmania donovani induces CD300a expression to dampen effector properties of CD11c + dendritic and antigen activated CD8 + T cells. Acta Trop 2023; 239:106826. [PMID: 36610528 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2023.106826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
CD8+ T cells are an important regiment of adaptive immunity that play a decisive role in elimination of many species of Leishmania parasite from the host. In visceral leishmaniasis, caused by L. donovani, the loss of CD8+ T cells function has been found associated with augmented pathogenesis. The factors determining CD8+ T cells activation and function against Leishmania antigens are largely unknown. In this study, we investigated the role of an immune inhibitory receptor, CD300a, on the effector properties of dendritic cells and CD8+ T cells. We observed that the Leishmania regulates the effectors function of CD8+ T cells by increasing CD300a expression on CD11c+ dendritic cells. The abrogation of CD300a signaling in parasites infected animals induced CD8+ T cell abilities to produce IFN-γ, TNF-α and also helped them to acquire desired multifunctionality. The CD300a receptor blocking also enhanced the number of CD8+ T cells memory phenotypes at the early days of infection, suggesting its potential beneficial role in vaccine induced immunity. We also observed significantly enhanced levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the spleen of CD300a blocked infected animals with concomitant reduced spleen parasite load. Additionally, the abrogation of CD300a signals in the infected animals helped in establishing Th1 type protective humoral immunity with significantly elevated levels of IgG2a antibodies. Since CD8+ T cells are an important determinant of vaccine induced immunity against leishmaniasis, the findings corroborate the potential of CD300a in vaccine induced immunity and thus require further attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anshul Anand
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Rajan Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Shashi Saini
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Baishakhi Mahapatra
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Abhishek Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Samer Singh
- Centre of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, Institute of Medical Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Rakesh K Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India.
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Keshav P, Goyal DK, Kaur S. In vitro and in vivo therapeutic antileishmanial potential of ellagic acid against Leishmania donovani in murine model. Med Microbiol Immunol 2023; 212:35-51. [PMID: 36399160 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-022-00754-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Parasite of genus Leishmania viz. L. donovani and L. infantum cause visceral leishmaniasis (VL) or Kala-azar, systemic disease with significant enlargement of the liver and spleen, weight loss, anemia, fever and immunosuppression. The silent expansion of vectors, reservoir hosts and resistant strains is also of great concern in VL control. Considering all these issues, the present study focused on in vitro and in vivo antileishmanial screening of ellagic acid (EA) against L. donovani. The in vitro study was performed against the protozoan parasite L. donovani and a 50% inhibitory concentration was calculated. The DNA arrest in the sub-G0/G1 phase of the cell cycle was studied. In vivo studies included the assessment of parasite burden and immunomodulation in response to treatment of ellagic acid in BALB/c mice. The levels of Th1 and Th2 cytokines and isotype antibodies were assessed in different groups of mice. EA showed in vitro parasiticidal activity with IC50 18.55 µg/mL and thwarted cell-cycle progression at the sub-G0/G1 phase. Administration of ellagic acid to the BALB/c mice reported diminution of splenic and hepatic parasite burden coupled with an expansion of CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes. EA further potentiated a protective immune response with augmentation of Th1 type immune response evidenced by elevation of serum IgG2a levels and DTH response. EA was reported to be safe and non-toxic to the THP-1 cell line as well as to the liver and kidneys of mice. These findings endorse the therapeutic potential of EA with significant immunomodulation and can serve as a promising agent against this debilitating parasitic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poonam Keshav
- Parasitology Laboratory, Department of Zoology (UGC-CAS), Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India
| | - Deepak Kumar Goyal
- Parasitology Laboratory, Department of Zoology (UGC-CAS), Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India
| | - Sukhbir Kaur
- Parasitology Laboratory, Department of Zoology (UGC-CAS), Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India.
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Wijesinghe HD, Wijesinghe GK, Fernando D, de Silva C. Immunopathology of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in a Cohort of Sri Lankan
Patients. Clin Med Insights Pathol 2022; 15:2632010X221134804. [PMCID: PMC9634189 DOI: 10.1177/2632010x221134804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction and objectives: Leishmania donovani is the causative organism of
leishmaniasis in Sri Lanka. Studies on the immunopathology of leishmaniasis
due to L. donovani are limited. The objective of this study was to describe
the immunopathological characteristics of cutaneous leishmaniasis in a
cohort of Sri Lankan patients. Methodology: Fifty skin biopsies of cutaneous leishmaniasis confirmed by detection of
organisms by histology, culture, slit-skin smear, and/or polymerase chain
reaction were reviewed. The inflammatory infiltrate was characterized by
immunohistochemical staining for CD4, CD8, CD20, and CD68. Associations and
correlations between immunohistochemical staining pattern and the parasitic
load, and patterns of inflammation were determined. Results: The majority of biopsies showed a CD8+/CD4− T lymphocyte predominant
infiltrate (84%, n = 42). A CD68 predominant infiltrate was seen in
16%(n = 8). The mean percentage of CD8+, CD4+, CD20+, and CD68+ inflammatory
cells in the biopsies were 56.1% (SD = 16.5%), 2.6% (SD = 4.5%), 12.3%
(SD = 10.9%), and 25.7% (SD = 15.8%) respectively. There was no association
between the predominant inflammatory cell and the degree of inflammation
(P = .173), presence of high RPI
(P = .922), MRI(P = .367) or presence of
granuloma (P = .247).The percentage of CD4+ cells showed a
positive correlation with granuloma formation (Correlation
coefficient = .411, P = .03). The percentage of CD20+ cells
in the infiltrate showed a positive correlation with the degree of
inflammation (Correlation coefficient = .491, P = .02) and
the RPI (Correlation coefficient = .334, P = .018). Discussion and Conclusion: Skin biopsies from cutaneous leishmaniasis due to L.
donovani infection showed a CD8+/CD4− predominant infiltrate.
This is similar to the findings of studies on cutaneous leishmaniasis due to
some other species and suggests that the cytotoxic T cell response plays a
role in infections due to L. donovani.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harshima Disvini Wijesinghe
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of
Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka,Harshima Disvini Wijesinghe, Department of
Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Kynsey Road, Colombo,
00800, Sri Lanka.
| | | | - Deepika Fernando
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of
Medicine, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka
| | - Chandu de Silva
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of
Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka
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8
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Duthie MS, Machado BAS, Badaró R, Kaye PM, Reed SG. Leishmaniasis Vaccines: Applications of RNA Technology and Targeted Clinical Trial Designs. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11111259. [PMID: 36365010 PMCID: PMC9695603 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11111259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmania parasites cause a variety of discrete clinical diseases that present in regions where their specific sand fly vectors sustain transmission. Clinical and laboratory research indicate the potential of immunization to prevent leishmaniasis and a wide array of vaccine candidates have been proposed. Unfortunately, multiple factors have precluded advancement of more than a few Leishmania targeting vaccines to clinical trial. The recent maturation of RNA vaccines into licensed products in the context of COVID-19 indicates the likelihood of broader use of the technology. Herein, we discuss the potential benefits provided by RNA technology as an approach to address the bottlenecks encountered for Leishmania vaccines. Further, we outline a variety of strategies that could be used to more efficiently evaluate Leishmania vaccine efficacy, including controlled human infection models and initial use in a therapeutic setting, that could prioritize candidates before evaluation in larger, longer and more complicated field trials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bruna A S Machado
- SENAI Institute of Innovation (ISI) in Health Advanced Systems (CIMATEC ISI SAS), University Center SENAI/CIMATEC, Salvador 41650-010, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Roberto Badaró
- SENAI Institute of Innovation (ISI) in Health Advanced Systems (CIMATEC ISI SAS), University Center SENAI/CIMATEC, Salvador 41650-010, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Paul M Kaye
- York Biomedical Research Institute, Hull York Medical School, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Steven G Reed
- HDT Bio, 1616 Eastlake Ave E, Seattle, WA 98102, USA
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Saha S, Vashishtha S, Kundu B, Ghosh M. In-silico design of an immunoinformatics based multi-epitope vaccine against Leishmania donovani. BMC Bioinformatics 2022; 23:319. [PMID: 35931960 PMCID: PMC9354309 DOI: 10.1186/s12859-022-04816-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL) is a fatal vector-borne parasitic disorder occurring mainly in tropical and subtropical regions. VL falls under the category of neglected tropical diseases with growing drug resistance and lacking a licensed vaccine. Conventional vaccine synthesis techniques are often very laborious and challenging. With the advancement of bioinformatics and its application in immunology, it is now more convenient to design multi-epitope vaccines comprising predicted immuno-dominant epitopes of multiple antigenic proteins. We have chosen four antigenic proteins of Leishmania donovani and identified their T-cell and B-cell epitopes, utilizing those for in-silico chimeric vaccine designing. The various physicochemical characteristics of the vaccine have been explored and the tertiary structure of the chimeric construct is predicted to perform docking studies and molecular dynamics simulations. RESULTS The vaccine construct is generated by joining the epitopes with specific linkers. The predicted tertiary structure of the vaccine has been found to be valid and docking studies reveal the construct shows a high affinity towards the TLR-4 receptor. Population coverage analysis shows the vaccine can be effective on the majority of the world population. In-silico immune simulation studies confirms the vaccine to raise a pro-inflammatory response with the proliferation of activated T and B cells. In-silico codon optimization and cloning of the vaccine nucleic acid sequence have also been achieved in the pET28a vector. CONCLUSION The above bioinformatics data support that the construct may act as a potential vaccine. Further wet lab synthesis of the vaccine and in vivo works has to be undertaken in animal model to confirm vaccine potency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhadip Saha
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology Durgapur, Durgapur, 713209, India
| | - Shubham Vashishtha
- Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Bishwajit Kundu
- Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Monidipa Ghosh
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology Durgapur, Durgapur, 713209, India.
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10
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Lage DP, Vale DL, Linhares FP, Freitas CS, Machado AS, Cardoso JMO, de Oliveira D, Galvani NC, de Oliveira MP, Oliveira-da-Silva JA, Ramos FF, Tavares GSV, Ludolf F, Bandeira RS, Pereira IAG, Chávez-Fumagalli MA, Roatt BM, Machado-de-Ávila RA, Christodoulides M, Coelho EAF, Martins VT. A Recombinant Chimeric Protein-Based Vaccine Containing T-Cell Epitopes from Amastigote Proteins and Combined with Distinct Adjuvants, Induces Immunogenicity and Protection against Leishmania infantum Infection. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10071146. [PMID: 35891310 PMCID: PMC9317424 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10071146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, there is no licensed vaccine to protect against human visceral leishmaniasis (VL), a potentially fatal disease caused by infection with Leishmania parasites. In the current study, a recombinant chimeric protein ChimT was developed based on T-cell epitopes identified from the immunogenic Leishmania amastigote proteins LiHyp1, LiHyV, LiHyC and LiHyG. ChimT was associated with the adjuvants saponin (Sap) or monophosphoryl lipid A (MPLA) and used to immunize mice, and their immunogenicity and protective efficacy were evaluated. Both ChimT/Sap and ChimT/MPLA induced the development of a specific Th1-type immune response, with significantly high levels of IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-12, TNF-α and GM-CSF cytokines produced by CD4+ and CD8+ T cell subtypes (p < 0.05), with correspondingly low production of anti-leishmanial IL-4 and IL-10 cytokines. Significantly increased (p < 0.05) levels of nitrite, a proxy for nitric oxide, and IFN-γ expression (p < 0.05) were detected in stimulated spleen cell cultures from immunized and infected mice, as was significant production of parasite-specific IgG2a isotype antibodies. Significant reductions in the parasite load in the internal organs of the immunized and infected mice (p < 0.05) were quantified with a limiting dilution technique and quantitative PCR and correlated with the immunological findings. ChimT/MPLA showed marginally superior immunogenicity than ChimT/Sap, and although this was not statistically significant (p > 0.05), ChimT/MPLA was preferred since ChimT/Sap induced transient edema in the inoculation site. ChimT also induced high IFN-γ and low IL-10 levels from human PBMCs isolated from healthy individuals and from VL-treated patients. In conclusion, the experimental T-cell multi-epitope amastigote stage Leishmania vaccine administered with adjuvants appears to be a promising vaccine candidate to protect against VL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela P. Lage
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Prof. Alfredo Balena, 190, Belo Horizonte 30130-100, MG, Brazil; (D.P.L.); (D.L.V.); (F.P.L.); (C.S.F.); (A.S.M.); (N.C.G.); (M.P.d.O.); (J.A.O.-d.-S.); (F.F.R.); (G.S.V.T.); (F.L.); (R.S.B.); (I.A.G.P.); (E.A.F.C.); (V.T.M.)
| | - Danniele L. Vale
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Prof. Alfredo Balena, 190, Belo Horizonte 30130-100, MG, Brazil; (D.P.L.); (D.L.V.); (F.P.L.); (C.S.F.); (A.S.M.); (N.C.G.); (M.P.d.O.); (J.A.O.-d.-S.); (F.F.R.); (G.S.V.T.); (F.L.); (R.S.B.); (I.A.G.P.); (E.A.F.C.); (V.T.M.)
| | - Flávia P. Linhares
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Prof. Alfredo Balena, 190, Belo Horizonte 30130-100, MG, Brazil; (D.P.L.); (D.L.V.); (F.P.L.); (C.S.F.); (A.S.M.); (N.C.G.); (M.P.d.O.); (J.A.O.-d.-S.); (F.F.R.); (G.S.V.T.); (F.L.); (R.S.B.); (I.A.G.P.); (E.A.F.C.); (V.T.M.)
| | - Camila S. Freitas
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Prof. Alfredo Balena, 190, Belo Horizonte 30130-100, MG, Brazil; (D.P.L.); (D.L.V.); (F.P.L.); (C.S.F.); (A.S.M.); (N.C.G.); (M.P.d.O.); (J.A.O.-d.-S.); (F.F.R.); (G.S.V.T.); (F.L.); (R.S.B.); (I.A.G.P.); (E.A.F.C.); (V.T.M.)
| | - Amanda S. Machado
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Prof. Alfredo Balena, 190, Belo Horizonte 30130-100, MG, Brazil; (D.P.L.); (D.L.V.); (F.P.L.); (C.S.F.); (A.S.M.); (N.C.G.); (M.P.d.O.); (J.A.O.-d.-S.); (F.F.R.); (G.S.V.T.); (F.L.); (R.S.B.); (I.A.G.P.); (E.A.F.C.); (V.T.M.)
| | - Jamille M. O. Cardoso
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas (NUPEB), Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Insituto de Ciências Exatas e Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto CEP 35400-000, MG, Brazil; (J.M.O.C.); (B.M.R.)
| | - Daysiane de Oliveira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma 88806-000, SC, Brazil; (D.d.O.); (R.A.M.-d.-Á.)
| | - Nathália C. Galvani
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Prof. Alfredo Balena, 190, Belo Horizonte 30130-100, MG, Brazil; (D.P.L.); (D.L.V.); (F.P.L.); (C.S.F.); (A.S.M.); (N.C.G.); (M.P.d.O.); (J.A.O.-d.-S.); (F.F.R.); (G.S.V.T.); (F.L.); (R.S.B.); (I.A.G.P.); (E.A.F.C.); (V.T.M.)
| | - Marcelo P. de Oliveira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Prof. Alfredo Balena, 190, Belo Horizonte 30130-100, MG, Brazil; (D.P.L.); (D.L.V.); (F.P.L.); (C.S.F.); (A.S.M.); (N.C.G.); (M.P.d.O.); (J.A.O.-d.-S.); (F.F.R.); (G.S.V.T.); (F.L.); (R.S.B.); (I.A.G.P.); (E.A.F.C.); (V.T.M.)
| | - João A. Oliveira-da-Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Prof. Alfredo Balena, 190, Belo Horizonte 30130-100, MG, Brazil; (D.P.L.); (D.L.V.); (F.P.L.); (C.S.F.); (A.S.M.); (N.C.G.); (M.P.d.O.); (J.A.O.-d.-S.); (F.F.R.); (G.S.V.T.); (F.L.); (R.S.B.); (I.A.G.P.); (E.A.F.C.); (V.T.M.)
| | - Fernanda F. Ramos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Prof. Alfredo Balena, 190, Belo Horizonte 30130-100, MG, Brazil; (D.P.L.); (D.L.V.); (F.P.L.); (C.S.F.); (A.S.M.); (N.C.G.); (M.P.d.O.); (J.A.O.-d.-S.); (F.F.R.); (G.S.V.T.); (F.L.); (R.S.B.); (I.A.G.P.); (E.A.F.C.); (V.T.M.)
| | - Grasiele S. V. Tavares
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Prof. Alfredo Balena, 190, Belo Horizonte 30130-100, MG, Brazil; (D.P.L.); (D.L.V.); (F.P.L.); (C.S.F.); (A.S.M.); (N.C.G.); (M.P.d.O.); (J.A.O.-d.-S.); (F.F.R.); (G.S.V.T.); (F.L.); (R.S.B.); (I.A.G.P.); (E.A.F.C.); (V.T.M.)
| | - Fernanda Ludolf
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Prof. Alfredo Balena, 190, Belo Horizonte 30130-100, MG, Brazil; (D.P.L.); (D.L.V.); (F.P.L.); (C.S.F.); (A.S.M.); (N.C.G.); (M.P.d.O.); (J.A.O.-d.-S.); (F.F.R.); (G.S.V.T.); (F.L.); (R.S.B.); (I.A.G.P.); (E.A.F.C.); (V.T.M.)
| | - Raquel S. Bandeira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Prof. Alfredo Balena, 190, Belo Horizonte 30130-100, MG, Brazil; (D.P.L.); (D.L.V.); (F.P.L.); (C.S.F.); (A.S.M.); (N.C.G.); (M.P.d.O.); (J.A.O.-d.-S.); (F.F.R.); (G.S.V.T.); (F.L.); (R.S.B.); (I.A.G.P.); (E.A.F.C.); (V.T.M.)
| | - Isabela A. G. Pereira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Prof. Alfredo Balena, 190, Belo Horizonte 30130-100, MG, Brazil; (D.P.L.); (D.L.V.); (F.P.L.); (C.S.F.); (A.S.M.); (N.C.G.); (M.P.d.O.); (J.A.O.-d.-S.); (F.F.R.); (G.S.V.T.); (F.L.); (R.S.B.); (I.A.G.P.); (E.A.F.C.); (V.T.M.)
| | - Miguel A. Chávez-Fumagalli
- Computational Biology and Chemistry Research Group, Vicerrectorado de Investigación, Universidad Católica de Santa María, Urb. San José S/N, Umacollo, Arequipa 04000, Peru;
| | - Bruno M. Roatt
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas (NUPEB), Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Insituto de Ciências Exatas e Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto CEP 35400-000, MG, Brazil; (J.M.O.C.); (B.M.R.)
| | - Ricardo A. Machado-de-Ávila
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma 88806-000, SC, Brazil; (D.d.O.); (R.A.M.-d.-Á.)
| | - Myron Christodoulides
- Neisseria Research Group, Molecular Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-02381-205120
| | - Eduardo A. F. Coelho
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Prof. Alfredo Balena, 190, Belo Horizonte 30130-100, MG, Brazil; (D.P.L.); (D.L.V.); (F.P.L.); (C.S.F.); (A.S.M.); (N.C.G.); (M.P.d.O.); (J.A.O.-d.-S.); (F.F.R.); (G.S.V.T.); (F.L.); (R.S.B.); (I.A.G.P.); (E.A.F.C.); (V.T.M.)
- Departamento de Patologia Clínica, Colégio Técnico (COLTEC), Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil
| | - Vívian T. Martins
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Prof. Alfredo Balena, 190, Belo Horizonte 30130-100, MG, Brazil; (D.P.L.); (D.L.V.); (F.P.L.); (C.S.F.); (A.S.M.); (N.C.G.); (M.P.d.O.); (J.A.O.-d.-S.); (F.F.R.); (G.S.V.T.); (F.L.); (R.S.B.); (I.A.G.P.); (E.A.F.C.); (V.T.M.)
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11
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Chang KP, Reynolds JM, Liu Y, He JJ. Leishmaniac Quest for Developing a Novel Vaccine Platform. Is a Roadmap for Its Advances Provided by the Mad Dash to Produce Vaccines for COVID-19? Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10020248. [PMID: 35214706 PMCID: PMC8874365 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10020248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
“Bugs as drugs” in medicine encompasses the use of microbes to enhance the efficacy of vaccination, such as the delivery of vaccines by Leishmania—the protozoan etiological agent of leishmaniasis. This novel approach is appraised in light of the successful development of vaccines for Covid-19. All relevant aspects of this pandemic are summarized to provide the necessary framework in contrast to leishmaniasis. The presentation is in a side-by-side matching format with particular emphasis on vaccines. The comparative approach makes it possible to highlight the timeframe of the vaccine workflows condensed by the caveats of pandemic urgency and, at the same time, provides the background of Leishmania behind its use as a vaccine carrier. Previous studies in support of the latter are summarized as follows. Leishmaniasis confers life-long immunity on patients after cure, suggesting the effective vaccination is achievable with whole-cell Leishmania. A new strategy was developed to inactivate these cells in vitro, rendering them non-viable, hence non-disease causing, albeit retaining their immunogenicity and adjuvanticity. This was achieved by installing a dual suicidal mechanism in Leishmania for singlet oxygen (1O2)-initiated inactivation. In vitro cultured Leishmania were genetically engineered for cytosolic accumulation of UV-sensitive uroporphyrin I and further loaded endosomally with a red light-sensitive cationic phthalocyanine. Exposing these doubly dye-loaded Leishmania to light triggers intracellular production of highly reactive but extremely short-lived 1O2, resulting in their rapid and complete inactivation. Immunization of susceptible animals with such inactivated Leishmania elicited immunity to protect them against experimental leishmaniasis. Significantly, the inactivated Leishmania was shown to effectively deliver transgenically add-on ovalbumin (OVA) to antigen-presenting cells (APC), wherein OVA epitopes were processed appropriately for presentation with MHC molecules to activate epitope-specific CD8+ T cells. Application of this approach to deliver cancer vaccine candidates, e.g., enolase-1, was shown to suppress tumor development in mouse models. A similar approach is predicted to elicit lasting immunity against infectious diseases, including complementation of the spike protein-based vaccines in use for COVID-19. This pandemic is devastating, but brings to light the necessity of considering many facets of the disease in developing vaccination programs. Closer collaboration is essential among those in diverse disciplinary areas to provide the roadmap toward greater success in the future. Highlighted herein are several specific issues of vaccinology and new approaches worthy of consideration due to the pandemic.
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12
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Prognostic Value of Immunoglobulin G (IgG) Patterns by Western Blotting Immunodetection in Treated Dogs Previously Infected with Leishmania infantum. Vet Sci 2021; 8:vetsci8120293. [PMID: 34941820 PMCID: PMC8705871 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci8120293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a heterogeneous group of neglected tropical diseases with various clinical syndromes, which is caused by obligate intracellular protozoa of the genus Leishmania and transmitted by the bite of a female phlebotomine sandfly. Humans and several animal species are considered as reservoirs of the disease. Among other animal species, dogs are the most important reservoirs in a domestic environment, maintaining the endemic focus of the parasite. The behavior of the disease progression and the clinical symptoms of the disease in the infected dog is mainly associated with depressed cellular immunity and strong humoral response. This study aimed to assess the role of Western blotting in the analysis of the idiotype expression of the two main immunoglobulins (IgG1 and IgG2) in dogs that are naturally infected with Leishmania infantum (L. infantum) and treated with N-methyl meglumine antimoniate. Interestingly, for the first time, our study identified several L. infantum antigen polypeptides (14, 31, 33, 49, 64, 66, 99, and 169 kDa) that more frequently stimulate an immune reaction in recovered dogs after treatment, whereas in the non-recovered group of dogs, four antigen polypeptides of L. infantum with molecular weights of 31, 49, 66, and 115 kDa with unfavorable prognosis were identified. Clearly, these interesting findings confirm the strong association between the detected immunodominant bands and the successful recovery in treated dogs that can be used for differentiating the treated dogs from the untreated dogs, as well as the markers of a favorable or unfavorable prognosis and, as a consequence, the prediction of the clinical outcome of the disease. Likewise, these data could be helpful in the implementation of novel vaccines from the detected antigens.
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13
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Rodrigues LS, Barreto AS, Bomfim LGS, Gomes MC, Ferreira NLC, da Cruz GS, Magalhães LS, de Jesus AR, Palatnik-de-Sousa CB, Corrêa CB, de Almeida RP. Multifunctional, TNF-α and IFN-γ-Secreting CD4 and CD8 T Cells and CD8 High T Cells Are Associated With the Cure of Human Visceral Leishmaniasis. Front Immunol 2021; 12:773983. [PMID: 34777391 PMCID: PMC8581227 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.773983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a chronic and often fatal disease caused by protozoans of the genus Leishmania that affects millions of people worldwide. Patients with symptomatic VL have an impaired anti-Leishmania-specific CD4+ T-cell response, which is reversed after clinical cure. In contrast, the quality of the CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell responses involved in resistance and/or cure of VL relies on the capability of these cells to activate polyfunctional and memory responses, which are associated with the simultaneous production of three cytokines: IFN-γ, IL-2, and TNF-α. Models for the development of CD4 and CD8 T-cell quality in memory and protection to leishmaniasis have been described previously. We aimed to assess the functionality of the T cells involved in the recovery of the immune suppression throughout the VL treatment. Therefore, we cultured peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from VL patients and healthy controls in vitro with soluble Leishmania antigen (SLA). Cell surface markers and intracellular cytokine production were determined on days 7, 14, 21, 30, 60, 90, and 180 after the beginning of chemotherapy. We observed that the frequencies of CD4+TNF-α+IFN-γ+ and the multifunctional CD4+IL-2+TNF-α+IFN-γ+, together with CD4+TNF-α+ and CD4+IFN-γ+ T cells, increased throughout and at the end of the treatment, respectively. In addition, enhanced frequencies of CD8+IL-2+TNF-α+IFN-γ+ and CD8+TNF-α+IFN-γ T cells were also relevant in the healing process. Noteworthy, the frequencies of the CD4+ and CD8 central-memory T cells, which produce IL-2, TNF-α, and IFN-γ and ensure the memory response against parasite reinfection, are significantly enhanced in cured patients. In addition, the subset of the non-functional CD8Low population is predominant in VL untreated patients and decreases along the chemotherapy treatment. In contrast, a CD8High subset increased towards the cure. Furthermore, the cure due to treatment with meglumine antimoniate or with liposomal amphotericin B was associated with the recovery of the T-cell immune responses. We described the evolution and participation of functional T cells during the treatment of patients with VL. Our results disclosed that the clinical improvement of patients is significantly associated with the participation of the CD4+ and CD8+ cytokine-secreting T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorranny Santana Rodrigues
- Department of Medicine, Federal University of Sergipe, Immunology Investigative Institute (III), National Insitute of Science and Technology (INCT), National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq), Aracaju, Brazil.,Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Sergipe, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Aline Silva Barreto
- Department of Medicine, Federal University of Sergipe, Immunology Investigative Institute (III), National Insitute of Science and Technology (INCT), National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq), Aracaju, Brazil.,Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Sergipe, Sergipe, Brazil.,Division of Immunology and Molecular Biology Laboratory, University Hospital/Brazilian Hospital Services Company (EBSERH), Federal University of Sergipe, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Lays Gisele Santos Bomfim
- Department of Medicine, Federal University of Sergipe, Immunology Investigative Institute (III), National Insitute of Science and Technology (INCT), National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq), Aracaju, Brazil.,Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Sergipe, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Marcos Couto Gomes
- Department of Medicine, Federal University of Sergipe, Immunology Investigative Institute (III), National Insitute of Science and Technology (INCT), National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq), Aracaju, Brazil
| | - Nathalia Luisa Carlos Ferreira
- Department of Medicine, Federal University of Sergipe, Immunology Investigative Institute (III), National Insitute of Science and Technology (INCT), National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq), Aracaju, Brazil
| | - Geydson Silveira da Cruz
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Sergipe, Sergipe, Brazil.,Division of Immunology and Molecular Biology Laboratory, University Hospital/Brazilian Hospital Services Company (EBSERH), Federal University of Sergipe, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Lucas Sousa Magalhães
- Department of Medicine, Federal University of Sergipe, Immunology Investigative Institute (III), National Insitute of Science and Technology (INCT), National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq), Aracaju, Brazil.,Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Sergipe, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Amélia Ribeiro de Jesus
- Department of Medicine, Federal University of Sergipe, Immunology Investigative Institute (III), National Insitute of Science and Technology (INCT), National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq), Aracaju, Brazil.,Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Sergipe, Sergipe, Brazil.,Division of Immunology and Molecular Biology Laboratory, University Hospital/Brazilian Hospital Services Company (EBSERH), Federal University of Sergipe, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Clarisa B Palatnik-de-Sousa
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Sergipe, Sergipe, Brazil.,Institute of Microbiology Paulo de Góes, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Immunology Investigative Institute (III), National Insitute of Science and Technology (INCT), National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Cristiane Bani Corrêa
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Sergipe, Sergipe, Brazil.,Laboratory of Biology and Immunology of Cancer and Leishmania, Department of Morphology, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Brazil
| | - Roque Pacheco de Almeida
- Department of Medicine, Federal University of Sergipe, Immunology Investigative Institute (III), National Insitute of Science and Technology (INCT), National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq), Aracaju, Brazil.,Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Sergipe, Sergipe, Brazil.,Division of Immunology and Molecular Biology Laboratory, University Hospital/Brazilian Hospital Services Company (EBSERH), Federal University of Sergipe, Sergipe, Brazil
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14
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Elmahallawy EK, Alkhaldi AAM, Saleh AA. Host immune response against leishmaniasis and parasite persistence strategies: A review and assessment of recent research. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 139:111671. [PMID: 33957562 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Revised: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis, a neglected parasitic disease caused by a unicellular protozoan of the genus Leishmania, is transmitted through the bite of a female sandfly. The disease remains a major public health problem and is linked to tropical and subtropical regions, with an endemic picture in several regions, including East Africa, the Mediterranean basin and South America. The different causative species display a diversity of clinical presentations; therefore, the immunological data on leishmaniasis are both scarce and controversial for the different forms and infecting species of the parasite. The present review highlights the main immune parameters associated with leishmaniasis that might contribute to a better understanding of the pathogenicity of the parasite and the clinical outcomes of the disease. Our aim was to provide a concise overview of the immunobiology of the disease and the factors that influence it, as this knowledge may be helpful in developing novel chemotherapeutic and vaccine strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehab Kotb Elmahallawy
- Department of Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag 82524, Egypt.
| | | | - Amira A Saleh
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zgazig, Egypt
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15
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High levels of anti-Leishmania IgG3 and low CD4 + T cells count were associated with relapses in visceral leishmaniasis. BMC Infect Dis 2021; 21:369. [PMID: 33874901 PMCID: PMC8056614 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-021-06051-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is severe and potentially fatal. Brazil is one of the countries with the greatest endemicity for the disease in the world. The reduction of CD4+ T lymphocytes, B cells activation and high levels of inflammatory cytokines (IL-6/IL-8/TNF/IL-1β), plasma LPS, soluble CD14, anti-Leishmania IgG3 and low leptin levels are involved in the immunopathogenesis of VL, most associated with severe VL. Despite relapses occurring in about 4–5% of patients with VL not associated with HIV infection, the factors underlying relapses are little known. Our aim was to identify clinical, laboratory and immunological parameters that may be associated with recurrences in VL. Methods Fifteen VL patients recruited from Hospital Eduardo de Menezes (BH-MG) were grouped into relapsing (R-VL, n = 5) and non-relapsing (NR-VL, n = 10) and evaluated during active disease, immediately after treatment (post-treatment) and 6 months post-treatment (6mpt). Clinical and laboratory data obtained from medical records were correlated with CD4+ and CD8+ T cell counts and anti-Leishmania Igs and IL-6 plasma levels and compared to those parameters of ten healthy controls. Results During the active phase of VL, despite similarity in the clinical symptoms, the rates of thrombocytopenia, elevated transaminases (AST and ALT) and hyperbilirubinemia were higher in the NR-VL group compared to R-VL (p < 0.05), a profile reversed during the post-treatment phase. All patients had low CD4+ T counts in active phase, however, NR-VL patients had a higher gain of this cell type than R-VL in the post-treatment (p < 0.05). There was a significant reduction in IgG3 levels during the follow-up in the NR-VL group compared to the R-VL, especially at 6mpt (p < 0.05). In addition, IgG3 levels were negatively correlated with CD4+ T counts in the R-VL group (r = − 0.52). Elevated levels of IL-6 were observed in active VL and correlated with clinical markers of severity. Conclusions During active phase of VL, the NR-VL patients presented more severe laboratorial abnormalities compared to R-VL, probably because the latter had already received previous treatment. On the other hand, R-VL exhibited greater impairment of immune reconstitution and a high degree of B lymphocyte activation, which must be a factor that favored relapses. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12879-021-06051-5.
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16
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Pandey RK, Dikhit MR, Lokhande KB, Pandey K, Das P, Bimal S. An immunoprophylactic evaluation of Ld-ODC derived HLA-A0201 restricted peptides against visceral leishmaniasis. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2021; 40:6086-6096. [PMID: 33602055 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2021.1876773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Five (5) HLA-A 0201 restricted epitopes of ornithine decarboxylase derived from Leishmania donovani (Ld-ODC) were examined by reverse vaccinology to develop prophylactics against visceral leishmaniasis (VL). These consensus epitopes comprising (P1: RLMPSAHAI, P2: LLDQYQIHL, P3: GLYHSFNCI, P4: AVLEVLSAL and P5: RLPASPAAL) were observed and presented by diverse HLA alleles screened by immune-informatics tools. These epitopes were also observed for strong stability for appropriate immune response in in silico screening and molecular dynamics. Top five selected epitopes filtered from population coverage analysis and TAP binding affinity were identified and evaluated against treated cases of VL subjects. Experiments were run individually with synthetic peptides or as the cocktail of peptides. A major population of CD8+ T cells were predominantly IFN-γ producers but not the IL-10 cytokines and shown with granzyme-B activity. Therefore, it can be concluded that the screened HLA-A0201 restricted epitope hotspots derived from Leishmania ODC can trigger CD8+ T cells, which can skew other immune cells functions toward protection. However, a detailed analysis can explore its potentiality as a vaccine candidate.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raj Kishor Pandey
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, Hajipur, India.,Division of Immunology, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, India
| | - Manas Ranjan Dikhit
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, India
| | - Kiran Bharat Lokhande
- Department of Pharmacoinformatics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hajipur, India
| | - Krishna Pandey
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, India
| | - Pradeep Das
- Department of Molecular Biology, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, India
| | - Sanjiva Bimal
- Division of Immunology, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, India
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Samant M, Sahu U, Pandey SC, Khare P. Role of Cytokines in Experimental and Human Visceral Leishmaniasis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:624009. [PMID: 33680991 PMCID: PMC7930837 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.624009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL) is the most fatal form of disease leishmaniasis. To date, there are no effective prophylactic measures and therapeutics available against VL. Recently, new immunotherapy-based approaches have been established for the management of VL. Cytokines, which are predominantly produced by helper T cells (Th) and macrophages, have received great attention that could be an effective immunotherapeutic approach for the treatment of human VL. Cytokines play a key role in forming the host immune response and in managing the formation of protective and non-protective immunities during infection. Furthermore, immune response mediated through different cytokines varies from different host or animal models. Various cytokines viz. IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-12, and TNF-α play an important role during protection, while some other cytokines viz. IL-10, IL-6, IL-17, TGF-β, and others are associated with disease progression. Therefore, comprehensive knowledge of cytokine response and their interaction with various immune cells is very crucial to determine appropriate immunotherapies for VL. Here, we have discussed the role of cytokines involved in VL disease progression or host protection in different animal models and humans that will determine the clinical outcome of VL and open the path for the development of rapid and accurate diagnostic tools as well as therapeutic interventions against VL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukesh Samant
- Cell and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Kumaun University, Almora, India
| | - Utkarsha Sahu
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal, India
| | - Satish Chandra Pandey
- Cell and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Kumaun University, Almora, India
| | - Prashant Khare
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal, India
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Moravej A, Choopanizadeh M, Pourabbas B, Pouladfar G, Kalani M. Treatment effects on IL‐9+CD4+ T cells and the cytokines influencing IL‐9 production in paediatric visceral leishmaniasis. Parasite Immunol 2020; 42:e12787. [DOI: 10.1111/pim.12787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ali Moravej
- Department of Immunology Fasa University of Medical Sciences Fasa Iran
| | - Maral Choopanizadeh
- Professor Alborzi Clinical Microbiology Research Center Shiraz University of Medical Sciences Shiraz Iran
| | - Bahman Pourabbas
- Professor Alborzi Clinical Microbiology Research Center Shiraz University of Medical Sciences Shiraz Iran
| | - Gholamreza Pouladfar
- Professor Alborzi Clinical Microbiology Research Center Shiraz University of Medical Sciences Shiraz Iran
| | - Mehdi Kalani
- Professor Alborzi Clinical Microbiology Research Center Shiraz University of Medical Sciences Shiraz Iran
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Joshi J, Bandral C, Manchanda RK, Khurana A, Nayak D, Kaur S. The Effect of Iodium 30c on Experimental Visceral Leishmaniasis. HOMEOPATHY 2020; 109:213-223. [PMID: 32823292 DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1713361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leishmaniasis is one of several neglected tropical diseases that warrant serious attention. A disease of socio-economically poor people, it demands safer and cheaper drugs that help to overcome the limitations faced by the existing anti-leishmanials. Complementary or traditional medicines might be a good option, with an added advantage that resistance may not develop against these drugs. Thus, the present investigation was performed to evaluate the anti-leishmanial efficacy of an ultra-diluted homeopathic medicine (Iodium 30c) in experimental visceral leishmaniasis (VL). METHODS Compliant with strict ethical standards in animal experimentation, the study was performed in-vivo in inbred BALB/c mice which were injected intravenously with 1 × 107 promastigotes of Leishmania donovani before (therapeutic) or after (prophylactic) treatment with Iodium 30c for 30 days. In other groups of mice (n = 6 per group), amphotericin B served as positive control, infected animals as the disease control, while the naïve controls included normal animals; animals receiving only Iodium 30c or Alcohol 30c served as sham controls. The anti-leishmanial efficacy was assessed by determining the hepatic parasite load and analysing percentages of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Biochemical analysis and histological studies were performed to check any toxicities. RESULTS Iodium-treated animals showed a significantly reduced parasite load (to 1503 ± 39 Leishman Donovan Units, LDU) as compared with the infected controls (4489 ± 256 LDU) (p < 0.05): thus, the mean therapeutic efficacy of Iodium 30c was 66.5%. In addition, the population of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells was significantly increased (p < 0.05) after treatment. No toxicity was observed, as evidenced from biochemical and histopathological studies of the liver and kidneys. Efficacy of Iodium 30c prophylaxis was 58.3%, while the therapeutic efficacy of amphotericin B was 85.9%. CONCLUSION This original study has shown that Iodium 30c had significant impact in controlling parasite replication in experimental VL, though the effect was less than that using standard pharmaceutical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Joshi
- Department of Zoology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Chetna Bandral
- Department of Zoology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Raj Kumar Manchanda
- Central Council for Research in Homeopathy, Ministry of AYUSH, Government of India, New Delhi, India
| | - Anil Khurana
- Central Council for Research in Homeopathy, Ministry of AYUSH, Government of India, New Delhi, India
| | - Debadatta Nayak
- Central Council for Research in Homeopathy, Ministry of AYUSH, Government of India, New Delhi, India
| | - Sukhbir Kaur
- Department of Zoology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
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20
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Hamrouni S, Bras-Gonçalves R, Kidar A, Aoun K, Chamakh-Ayari R, Petitdidier E, Messaoudi Y, Pagniez J, Lemesre JL, Meddeb-Garnaoui A. Design of multi-epitope peptides containing HLA class-I and class-II-restricted epitopes derived from immunogenic Leishmania proteins, and evaluation of CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses induced in cured cutaneous leishmaniasis subjects. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008093. [PMID: 32176691 PMCID: PMC7098648 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Human leishmaniasis is a public health problem worldwide for which the development of a vaccine remains a challenge. T cell-mediated immune responses are crucial for protection. Peptide vaccines based on the identification of immunodominant T cell epitopes able to induce T cell specific immune responses constitute a promising strategy. Here, we report the identification of human leukocyte antigen class-I (HLA-I) and -II (HLA-II)-restricted multi-epitope peptides from Leishmania proteins that we have previously described as vaccine candidates. Promastigote Surface Antigen (PSA), LmlRAB (L. major large RAB GTPase) and Histone (H2B) were screened, in silico, for T cell epitopes. 6 HLA-I and 5 HLA-II-restricted multi-epitope peptides, able to bind to the most frequent HLA molecules, were designed and used as pools to stimulate PBMCs from individuals with healed cutaneous leishmaniasis. IFN-γ, IL-10, TNF-α and granzyme B (GrB) production was evaluated by ELISA/CBA. The frequency of IFN-γ-producing T cells was quantified by ELISpot. T cells secreting cytokines and memory T cells were analyzed by flow cytometry. 16 of 25 peptide pools containing HLA-I, HLA-II or HLA-I and -II peptides were able to induce specific and significant IFN-γ levels. No IL-10 was detected. 6 peptide pools were selected among those inducing the highest IFN-γ levels for further characterization. 3/6 pools were able to induce a significant increase of the percentages of CD4+IFN-γ+, CD8+IFN-γ+ and CD4+GrB+ T cells. The same pools also induced a significant increase of the percentages of bifunctional IFN-γ+/TNF-α+CD4+ and/or central memory T cells. We identified highly promiscuous HLA-I and -II restricted epitope combinations from H2B, PSA and LmlRAB proteins that stimulate both CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses in recovered individuals. These multi-epitope peptides could be used as potential components of a polytope vaccine for human leishmaniasis. The control of leishmaniasis, a neglected tropical disease of public health importance, caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania, mainly relies on chemotherapy, which is highly toxic. Currently, there is no vaccine against human leishmaniasis. Peptide-based vaccines consisting of T cell epitopes identified within proteins of interest by epitope predictive algorithms are a promising strategy for vaccine development. Here, we identified multi-epitope peptides composed of HLA-I and -II-restricted epitopes, using immunoinformatic tools, within Leishmania proteins previously described as potential vaccine candidates. We showed that multi-epitope peptides used as pools were able to activate IFN-γ producing CD4+ as well as CD8+ T cells, both required for parasite elimination. In addition, granzyme B-producing CD4+ T cells, bifunctional CD4+ IFN-γ+/TNF-α+ and/or TNF-α+/IL-2+ T cells as well as CD4+ and CD8+ central memory T cells, all involved in Leishmania infection control, were significantly increased in response to multi-epitope peptide stimulation. As far as we know, no study has described the detection of both CD4+ and CD8+ T cell populations in response to stimulation by both HLA-I and II-restricted peptides in humans. The immunogenic HLA-I and -II-restricted multi-epitope peptides identified in this study could constitute potential vaccine candidates against human leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarra Hamrouni
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie Médicale, Biotechnologie et Biomolécules, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisie
- Faculté des Sciences de Bizerte, Université de Carthage, Tunis, Tunisie
- UMR INTERTRYP, Université de Montpellier, IRD, CIRAD, Montpellier, France
| | | | | | - Karim Aoun
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie Médicale, Biotechnologie et Biomolécules, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisie
| | - Rym Chamakh-Ayari
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie Médicale, Biotechnologie et Biomolécules, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisie
- Faculté des Sciences de Bizerte, Université de Carthage, Tunis, Tunisie
| | - Elodie Petitdidier
- UMR INTERTRYP, Université de Montpellier, IRD, CIRAD, Montpellier, France
| | - Yasmine Messaoudi
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie Médicale, Biotechnologie et Biomolécules, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisie
- Faculté des Sciences de Bizerte, Université de Carthage, Tunis, Tunisie
- UMR INTERTRYP, Université de Montpellier, IRD, CIRAD, Montpellier, France
| | - Julie Pagniez
- UMR INTERTRYP, Université de Montpellier, IRD, CIRAD, Montpellier, France
| | - Jean-Loup Lemesre
- UMR INTERTRYP, Université de Montpellier, IRD, CIRAD, Montpellier, France
| | - Amel Meddeb-Garnaoui
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie Médicale, Biotechnologie et Biomolécules, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisie
- * E-mail:
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21
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Functional aspects of T cell diversity in visceral leishmaniasis. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 117:109098. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.109098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
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22
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Viana AG, Magalhães LMD, Giunchetti RC, Dutra WO, Gollob KJ. Leishmania infantum
induces expression of the negative regulatory checkpoint, CTLA‐4, by human naïve CD8
+
T cells. Parasite Immunol 2019; 41:e12659. [DOI: 10.1111/pim.12659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Agostinho Gonçalves Viana
- Laboratório de Biologia das Interações Celulares, Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte Brazil
| | - Luísa Mourão Dias Magalhães
- Laboratório de Biologia das Interações Celulares, Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte Brazil
| | - Rodolfo Cordeiro Giunchetti
- Laboratório de Biologia das Interações Celulares, Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte Brazil
| | - Walderez O. Dutra
- Laboratório de Biologia das Interações Celulares, Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte Brazil
- INCT‐DT Belo Horizonte Brazil
| | - Kenneth J. Gollob
- INCT‐DT Belo Horizonte Brazil
- International Center for Research AC Camargo Cancer Center São Paulo Brazil
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23
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Ratnapriya S, Keerti, Sahasrabuddhe AA, Dube A. Visceral leishmaniasis: An overview of vaccine adjuvants and their applications. Vaccine 2019; 37:3505-3519. [PMID: 31103364 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.04.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Although there has been an extensive research on vaccine development over the last decade and some vaccines have been commercialized for canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL), but as yet no effective vaccine is available for anthroponotic VL which may partly be due to the absence of an appropriate adjuvant system. Vaccines alone yield poor immunity hence requiring an adjuvant which can boost the immunosuppressed state of VL infected individuals by eliciting adaptive immune responses to achieve required immunological enhancement. Recent studies have documented the continuous efforts that are being made in the field of adjuvants research in an attempt to render vaccines more effective. This review article focuses on adjuvants, particularly particulate and non-particulate ones, which have been assessed with VL vaccine candidates in several preclinical and clinical trials outlining the induction of immune responses obtained from these studies. Moreover, we have emphasized the applicability of multiple adjuvants combination for an improvement in the potential of a VL vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sneha Ratnapriya
- Molecular and Structural Biology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sector-10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Keerti
- Molecular and Structural Biology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sector-10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Amogh A Sahasrabuddhe
- Molecular and Structural Biology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sector-10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Anuradha Dube
- Division of Parasitology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sector-10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, India.
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24
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Mishra A, Sundaravadivel P, Tripathi SK, Jha RK, Badrukhiya J, Basak N, Anerao I, Sharma A, Idowu AE, Mishra A, Pandey S, Kumar U, Singh S, Nizamuddin S, Tupperwar NC, Jha AN, Thangaraj K. Variations in macrophage migration inhibitory factor gene are not associated with visceral leishmaniasis in India. J Infect Public Health 2019; 12:380-387. [PMID: 30611734 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2018.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2017] [Revised: 11/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The host genetic factors play important role in determining the outcome of visceral leishmaniasis (VL). Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is an important host cytokine, which is a key regulator of innate immune system. Genetic variants in MIF gene have been found to be associated with several inflammatory and infectious diseases. Role of MIF is well documented in leishmaniasis diseases, including Indian visceral leishmaniasis, where elevated level of serum MIF has been associated with VL phenotypes. However, there was no genetic study to correlate MIF variants in VL, therefore, we aimed to study the possible association of three reported MIF gene variants -794 CATT, -173G > C and non-coding RNA gene LOC284889 in Indian VL phenotype. METHODS Study subjects comprised of 214 VL patients along with ethnically and demographically matched 220 controls from VL endemic regions of Bihar state in India. RESULTS We found no significant difference between cases and controls in allelic, genotypic and haplotype frequency of the markers analysed [-794 CATT repeats (χ2=0.86; p=0.35; OR=0.85; 95% CI=0.61-1.19); -173 G>C polymorphism (χ2=1.11; p=0.29; OR=0.83; 95% CI=0.59-1.16); and LOC284889 (χ2=0.78; p=0.37; OR=0.86; 95% CI=0.61-1.20)]. CONCLUSION Since we did not find any significant differences between case and control groups, we conclude that sequencing of complete MIF gene and extensive study on innate and adaptive immunity genes may help in identifying genetic variations that are associated with VL susceptibility/resistance among Indians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anshuman Mishra
- CSIR - Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India; Vinoba Bhave Research Institute, Allahabad, India; Institute of Advanced Materials, Linkoping, Sweden
| | | | | | - Rajan Kumar Jha
- CSIR - Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India
| | | | - Nipa Basak
- CSIR - Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, India
| | - Isha Anerao
- CSIR - Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India
| | - Akshay Sharma
- CSIR - Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India
| | - Ajayi Ebenezer Idowu
- CSIR - Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India; Osun State University, Oshogbo, Nigeria
| | | | | | - Umesh Kumar
- CSIR - Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India
| | - Sakshi Singh
- CSIR - Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India
| | | | | | - Aditya Nath Jha
- CSIR - Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India; Sickle Cell Institute Chhattisgarh, Raipur, India
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25
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Duthie MS, Van Hoeven N, MacMillen Z, Picone A, Mohamath R, Erasmus J, Hsu FC, Stinchcomb DT, Reed SG. Heterologous Immunization With Defined RNA and Subunit Vaccines Enhances T Cell Responses That Protect Against Leishmania donovani. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2420. [PMID: 30386348 PMCID: PMC6199377 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The rapid generation of strong T cell responses is highly desirable and viral vectors can have potent CD8+ T cell-inducing activity. Immunity to leishmaniasis requires selective T cell responses, with immunization schemes that raise either CD4 or CD8 T cell responses being protective in small animal models. We have defined the leishmaniasis vaccine candidate recombinant fusion antigens, LEISH-F2 and LEISH-F3+, that when formulated in a stable emulsion with a Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 agonist, induce protective CD4+ T cell responses in animal models as well as providing therapeutic efficacy in canine leishmaniasis and in clinical trials in leishmaniasis patients. We used the genetic sequences of these validated vaccine antigens to design RNA vaccine constructs. Immunization of mice with the RNA replicons induced potent, local innate responses that were surprisingly independent of TLR7 and activated antigen-presenting cells (APC) to prime for extremely potent antigen-specific T helper 1 type responses upon heterologous boosting with either of the subunit vaccines (recombinant antigen with second generation glucopyranosyl lipid A in stable oil-in-water emulsion; SLA-SE). Inclusion of RNA in the immunization schedule also generated MHCI-restricted T cell responses. Immunization with LEISH-F2-expressing RNA vaccine followed later by subunit vaccine afforded protection against challenge with Leishmania donovani. Together, these data indicate the utility of heterologous prime-boost immunization schemes for the induction of potent antigen-specific CD4 and CD8 T cell responses for protection against intracellular pathogens.
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26
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Rodrigues-Neto JF, Monteiro GR, Keesen TSL, Lacerda HG, Carvalho EM, Jeronimo SMB. CD45RO+ T Cells and T Cell Activation in the Long-Lasting Immunity after Leishmania infantum Infection. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2017; 98:875-882. [PMID: 29280433 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.16-0747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Manifestations of Leishmania infantum infection range from asymptomatic to symptomatic visceral leishmaniasis (VL). People with symptomatic VL (sVL) have suppressed immune responses against Leishmania antigens that are reversed after clinical cure. The intradermal leishmanin skin test (LST) is negative during sVL, but it becomes positive after treatment. The aim of this study was to compare T cell responses in individuals with sVL, recovered VL (RecVL), and endemic controls. Endemic controls were household contacts of a VL case and they were grouped by their LST results, either positive (LST+) or negative (LST-). Mononuclear cells were studied ex vivo or after stimulation with soluble Leishmania antigens (SLA); cell surface markers and cytokines were determined. T cells, ex vivo, from individuals with sVL and from LST+ individuals presented a higher activation for CD4+ and CD8+ cells expressing CD69. However, lymphocytes from sVL stimulated with SLA had lower percentages of CD4+ and CD8+ cells expressing CD69 and CD8+ cells expressing CD25, with no release of interferon-γ or tumor necrosis factor. sVL subjects had lower percentage of memory cells (CD4+ CD45RO+), ex vivo, without SLA stimulation than RecVL, LST+, or LST- (P = 0.0022). However, individuals with sVL had fewer regulatory cells after SLA stimulation (CD4+ CD25HIGH, P = 0.04 and CD4+ FOXP3+, P = 0.02) than RecVL. The decrease in specific memory and activated CD4+ and CD8+ cells, as in response to Leishmania antigens, could explain, in part, the immune impairment during sVL. Finally, protective T cell responses are long lasting because both RecVL or LST+ individuals maintain a specific protective response to Leishmania years after the primary infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- João F Rodrigues-Neto
- Institute of Tropical Medicine of Rio Grande do Norte, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil.,Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - Gloria R Monteiro
- Institute of Tropical Medicine of Rio Grande do Norte, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - Tatjana S L Keesen
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - Henio G Lacerda
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil.,Institute of Tropical Medicine of Rio Grande do Norte, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - Edgar M Carvalho
- Immunology Service, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.,National Institute of Science and Technology of Tropical Diseases (INCT-DT/CNPq), Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Selma M B Jeronimo
- National Institute of Science and Technology of Tropical Diseases (INCT-DT/CNPq), Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.,Institute of Tropical Medicine of Rio Grande do Norte, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil.,Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
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27
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Leptin regulates Granzyme-A, PD-1 and CTLA-4 expression in T cell to control visceral leishmaniasis in BALB/c Mice. Sci Rep 2017; 7:14664. [PMID: 29116252 PMCID: PMC5676676 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15288-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is responsible for several deaths in malnourished children accompanied by diminished circulating leptin and impaired cell-mediated immunity. Typically, leptin deficiency is associated with the Th2 polarization that markedly coincides with the pathogenesis of VL. The aim of the present study was to unravel the prophylactic role of leptin in malnutrition-coupled VL mice. Interestingly, we observed that L. donovani infection itself reduces the serum leptin levels in malnutrition. Exogenous leptin restored severe body weight loss and parasite load in the spleen and liver of malnourished infected mice compared to controls. Leptin increases functional CD8+ T-cell population, Granzyme-A expression down-regulates anergic T-cell markers such as PD-1 and CTLA-4. It was also noticed that, leptin suppresses GM-CSF mRNA expression in parasite favored monocytes and reduced arginase activity in bone marrow derived macrophage indicate macrophages dependent T-cell activation and proliferation. Leptin-induced IFN-γ, IL-2, and TNF-α cytokines in the culture supernatant of splenocytes upon soluble leishmanial antigen (SLA) stimulation and significantly up-regulates serum IgG2a titers, which help to generate Th1 immune response in VL. Furthermore, leptin induced a granulomatous response and restored L. donovani induced tissue degeneration in the liver. Altogether, our findings suggest the exogenous leptin can restore T cell mediated immunity in malnourished VL mice.
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28
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Kaushal H, Bhattacharya SK, Verma S, Salotra P. Serological and Molecular Analysis of Leishmania Infection in Healthy Individuals from Two Districts of West Bengal, India, Endemic for Visceral Leishmaniasis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2017; 96:1448-1455. [PMID: 28719266 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.16-0592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
AbstractSeveral epidemiological studies have indicated the presence of asymptomatic infections with Leishmania donovani in the Indian subcontinent, where parasite transmission is considered anthroponotic. In India, such asymptomatic Leishmania cases have been identified in the state of Bihar. We explored here, the presence of asymptomatic Leishmania infection among healthy individuals living in two districts in the state of West Bengal, India, using serological and molecular tests. Blood samples of 246 healthy individuals were collected from nine villages of Malda and Murshidabad districts in West Bengal, considered endemic for visceral leishmaniasis (VL). Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) was performed for the quantification of parasite load in the blood. In addition, two serological tests were carried out to demonstrate anti-Leishmania antibodies: rK39 strip test and anti-total soluble Leishmania antigen IgG using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method. Nearly one-fifth (53/246) of the screened population was positive in qPCR as against 10.97% (27/246) positive in rK39 strip test. A range of parasite load was observed in the blood of identified asymptomatic Leishmania cases with a median value of 7.7 parasites/mL (range = 1-65). There was poor agreement between qPCR and serological tests (κ = 0.089, P = 0.13), and 29.62% and 20.54% of the population were qPCR positive in seropositive and seronegative groups, respectively. Combined molecular and serological tests enhanced the capacity to detect asymptomatic Leishmania infection in healthy individuals residing in the endemic areas of VL. A significant proportion of asymptomatic Leishmania individuals was detected in the examined endemic regions of West Bengal that might play a role in promoting VL transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himanshu Kaushal
- National Institute of Pathology (Indian Council of Medical Research), Safdarjung Hospital Campus, New Delhi, India
| | - Sujit Kumar Bhattacharya
- National Institute of Pathology (Indian Council of Medical Research), Safdarjung Hospital Campus, New Delhi, India
| | - Sandeep Verma
- National Institute of Pathology (Indian Council of Medical Research), Safdarjung Hospital Campus, New Delhi, India
| | - Poonam Salotra
- National Institute of Pathology (Indian Council of Medical Research), Safdarjung Hospital Campus, New Delhi, India
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Dikhit MR, Amit A, Singh AK, Kumar A, Mansuri R, Sinha S, Topno RK, Mishra R, Das VNR, Pandey K, Sahoo GC, Ali V, Bimal S, Das P. Vaccine potential of HLA-A2 epitopes from Leishmania
Cysteine Protease Type III (CPC). Parasite Immunol 2017; 39. [DOI: 10.1111/pim.12451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. R. Dikhit
- Department of Bioinformatics; Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences; Patna India
| | - A. Amit
- Department of Immunology; Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences; Patna India
| | - A. K. Singh
- Department of Immunology; Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences; Patna India
- Department of Pathology; Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences; Patna India
| | - A. Kumar
- Department of Immunology; Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences; Patna India
| | - R. Mansuri
- Department of Bioinformatics; Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences; Patna India
| | - S. Sinha
- Department of Bioinformatics; Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences; Patna India
| | - R. K. Topno
- Department of Epidemiology; Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences; Patna India
| | - R. Mishra
- Department of Clinical Medicine; Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences; Patna India
| | - V. N. R. Das
- Department of Clinical Medicine; Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences; Patna India
| | - K. Pandey
- Department of Clinical Medicine; Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences; Patna India
| | - G. C. Sahoo
- Department of Bioinformatics; Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences; Patna India
| | - V. Ali
- Department of Biochemistry; Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences; Patna India
| | - S. Bimal
- Department of Immunology; Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences; Patna India
| | - P. Das
- Department of Molecular Parasitology; Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences; Patna India
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Dikhit MR, Kumar A, Amit A, Dehury B, Nathsharma YP, Ansari MY, Ali V, Topno RK, Das V, Pandey K, Sahoo GC, Bimal S, Das P. Mining the Proteome of Leishmania donovani for the Development of Novel MHC Class I Restricted Epitope for the Control of Visceral Leishmaniasis. J Cell Biochem 2017; 119:378-391. [PMID: 28585770 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.26190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Although, the precise host defence mechanism(s) is not completely understood, T cell-mediated immune responses is believed to play a pivotal role in controlling parasite infection. Here we target the stage dependent over expressed gene. Here, the consensus based computational approach was adopted for the screening of potential major histocompatibility complex class I restricted epitopes. Based on the computational analysis and previously published report, a set 19 antigenic proteins derived from Leishmania donovani were screened for further characterization as vaccine candidates. A total of 49 epitopes were predicted, which revealed a comprehensive binding affinity to the 40 different MHC class I supertypes. Based on the population coverage and HLA cross presentation, nine highly promiscuous epitopes such as LTYDDVWTV (P1), FLFPQRTAL(P2), FLFSNGAVV (P3), YIYNFGIRV (P4), YMTAAFAAL (P5), KLLRPFAPL (P6), FMLGWIVTI (P7), SLFERNKRV (P8), and SVWNRIFTL (P9) which have either a high or an intermediate TAP binding affinity were selected for further analysis. Theoretical population coverage analysis of polytope vaccine (P1-P9) revealed more than 92% population. Stimulation with the cocktail of peptide revealed a proliferative CD8+ T cell response and increased IFN-γ production. An upregulated NF-κB activity is thought to be play a pivotal role in T cell proliferation against the selected peptide. The Th1-type cytokine profile (presence of IFN-γ and absence of IL-10) suggests the potentiality of the cocktail of epitope as a subunit vaccine against leishmaniasis. However, the efficiency of these epitopes to trigger other Th1 cytokines and chemokines in a humanized mice model could explore its plausibility as a vaccine candidate. J. Cell. Biochem. 119: 378-391, 2018. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manas R Dikhit
- Department of Bioinformatics, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna 800007, India
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- Department of Immunology, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna 800007, India
| | - Akhilesh Kumar
- Department of Immunology, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna 800007, India
| | - Ajay Amit
- Department of Immunology, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna 800007, India
| | - Budheswar Dehury
- Department of Bioinformatics, ICMR Regional Medical research Centre, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751016, India
| | - Yangya Prasad Nathsharma
- Department of Bioinformatics, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna 800007, India
| | - Mohammad Yousuf Ansari
- Department of Bioinformatics, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna 800007, India
| | - Vahab Ali
- Departmentof Biochemistry, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical, Patna 800007, India
| | - Roshan Kamal Topno
- Department of Epidemiology, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna 800007, India
| | - Vnr Das
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna 800007, India
| | - Krishna Pandey
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna 800007, India
| | - Ganesh Chandra Sahoo
- Department of Bioinformatics, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna 800007, India
| | - Sanjiva Bimal
- Department of Immunology, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna 800007, India
| | - Pradeep Das
- Department of Bioinformatics, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna 800007, India.,Department of Molecular Biology, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna 800007, India
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Chamakh-Ayari R, Chenik M, Chakroun AS, Bahi-Jaber N, Aoun K, Meddeb-Garnaoui A. Leishmania major large RAB GTPase is highly immunogenic in individuals immune to cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis. Parasit Vectors 2017; 10:185. [PMID: 28416006 PMCID: PMC5393016 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2127-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We previously identified a Leishmania (L.) major large RAB GTPase (LmlRAB), a new atypical RAB GTPase protein. It is highly conserved in Leishmania species while displaying low level of homology with mammalian homologues. Leishmania small RAB GTPases proteins have been involved in regulation of exocytic and endocytic pathways whereas the role of large RAB GTPases proteins has not been characterized yet. We report here the immunogenicity of both recombinant rLmlRAB and rLmlRABC, in individuals with immunity against L. major or L. infantum. Methods PBMC were isolated from individuals cured of L. major (CCLm) or from healthy individuals. The latter were subdivided into high or low IFN-γ responders. Healthy high IFN-γ responders, considered as asymptomatics, were living in an endemic area for L. major (HHRLm) or L. infantum (HHRLi). Healthy low IFN-γ responders (HLR) were considered as naïve controls. Cells from all volunteers were stimulated with rLmlRAB or rLmlRABC. Cytokines were analysed by CBA and ELISA and phenotypes of IFN-γ-producing cells were analysed by flow cytometry. Results Both rLmlRAB and rLmlRABC induced high significant levels of IFN-γ in CCLm, HHRLm and HHRLi groups. Phenotype analysis of rLmlRAB and rLmlRABC-stimulated T cells in CCLm individuals showed a significant increase in the percentage of specific IFN-γ-producing CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. rLmlRAB induced significant granzyme B levels in CCLm and HHRLm. Low but significant granzyme B levels were detected in naïve group. IL-10 was detected in immune and naïve individuals. Conclusion We showed that rLmlRAB protein and its divergent carboxy-terminal part induced a predominant Th1 response in individuals immune to L. major or L. infantum. Our results suggest that rLmlRAB and rLmlRABC proteins are potential cross-species vaccine candidates against cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rym Chamakh-Ayari
- Laboratory of Medical Parasitology, Biotechnology and Biomolecules, LR11-IPT-06, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia.,University of Carthage, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Mehdi Chenik
- Laboratory of Medical Parasitology, Biotechnology and Biomolecules, LR11-IPT-06, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Ahmed Sahbi Chakroun
- Molecular Epidemiology and Experimental Pathology Applied to Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
| | | | - Karim Aoun
- Laboratory of Medical Parasitology, Biotechnology and Biomolecules, LR11-IPT-06, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Amel Meddeb-Garnaoui
- Laboratory of Medical Parasitology, Biotechnology and Biomolecules, LR11-IPT-06, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia.
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Silva-Freitas ML, Cota GF, Machado-de-Assis TS, Giacoia-Gripp C, Rabello A, Da-Cruz AM, Santos-Oliveira JR. Immune Activation and Bacterial Translocation: A Link between Impaired Immune Recovery and Frequent Visceral Leishmaniasis Relapses in HIV-Infected Patients. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0167512. [PMID: 27907136 PMCID: PMC5132299 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0167512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The maintenance of chronic immune activation due to leishmaniasis or even due to microbial translocation is associated with immunosenescence and may contribute to frequent relapses. Our aim was to investigate whether patients with HIV-associated visceral leishmaniasis (VL/HIV) who experience a single episode of VL have different immunological behaviors in comparison to those who experience frequent relapses. VL/HIV patients were allocated to non-relapsing (NR, n = 6) and relapsing (R, n = 11) groups and were followed from the active phase of VL up to 12 months post-treatment (mpt). The patients were receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) and secondary prophylaxis after VL therapy. During active VL, the two groups were similar in all immunological parameters, including the parasite load. At 6 and 12 mpt, the NR group showed a significant gain of CD4+ T cells, a reduction of lymphocyte activation, and lower soluble CD14 and anti-Leishmania IgG3 levels compared to the R group. The viral load remained low, without correlation with the activation. The two groups showed elevated but similar percentages of senescent T cells. These findings suggest a decreased ability of the R group to downmodulate immune activation compared to the NR group. Such functional impairment of the effector response may be a useful indicator for predicting clinical prognosis and recommending starting or stopping secondary prophylaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Luciana Silva-Freitas
- Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Pesquisas Médicas – Instituto Oswaldo Cruz – FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Glaucia Fernandes Cota
- Laboratório de Pesquisas Clinicas e Políticas Públicas em Doenças Infecciosas e Parasitárias – Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou – FIOCRUZ, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Hospital Eduardo de Menezes – Fundação Hospitalar do Estado de Minas Gerais-FHEMIG, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Talia S. Machado-de-Assis
- Laboratório de Pesquisas Clinicas e Políticas Públicas em Doenças Infecciosas e Parasitárias – Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou – FIOCRUZ, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Hospital Eduardo de Menezes – Fundação Hospitalar do Estado de Minas Gerais-FHEMIG, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Carmem Giacoia-Gripp
- Laboratório de AIDS e Imunologia – Instituto Oswaldo Cruz – FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ana Rabello
- Laboratório de Pesquisas Clinicas e Políticas Públicas em Doenças Infecciosas e Parasitárias – Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou – FIOCRUZ, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Alda M. Da-Cruz
- Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Pesquisas Médicas – Instituto Oswaldo Cruz – FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Joanna R. Santos-Oliveira
- Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Pesquisas Médicas – Instituto Oswaldo Cruz – FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Núcleo de Ciências Biomédicas Aplicadas, Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia – IFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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Gardinassi LG, Garcia GR, Costa CHN, Costa Silva V, de Miranda Santos IKF. Blood Transcriptional Profiling Reveals Immunological Signatures of Distinct States of Infection of Humans with Leishmania infantum. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10:e0005123. [PMID: 27828962 PMCID: PMC5102635 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) can be lethal if untreated; however, the majority of human infections with the etiological agents are asymptomatic. Using Illumina Bead Chip microarray technology, we investigated the patterns of gene expression in blood of active VL patients, asymptomatic infected individuals, patients under remission of VL and controls. Computational analyses based on differential gene expression, gene set enrichment, weighted gene co-expression networks and cell deconvolution generated data demonstrating discriminative transcriptional signatures. VL patients exhibited transcriptional profiles associated with pathways and gene modules reflecting activation of T lymphocytes via MHC class I and type I interferon signaling, as well as an overall down regulation of pathways and gene modules related to myeloid cells, mainly due to differences in the relative proportions of monocytes and neutrophils. Patients under remission of VL presented heterogeneous transcriptional profiles associated with activation of T lymphocytes via MHC class I, type I interferon signaling and cell cycle and, importantly, transcriptional activity correlated with activation of Notch signaling pathway and gene modules that reflected increased proportions of B cells after treatment of disease. Asymptomatic and uninfected individuals presented similar gene expression profiles, nevertheless, asymptomatic individuals exhibited particularities which suggest an efficient regulation of lymphocyte activation and a strong association with a type I interferon response. Of note, we validated a set of target genes by RT-qPCR and demonstrate the robustness of expression data acquired by microarray analysis. In conclusion, this study profiles the immune response during distinct states of infection of humans with Leishmania infantum with a novel strategy that indicates the molecular pathways that contribute to the progression of the disease, while also providing insights into transcriptional activity that can drive protective mechanisms. Infections of humans with the protozoan parasites L. donvani and L. infantum can lead to the development of the disease visceral leishmaniasis, but also to an asymptomatic status. However, the mechanisms that result in these clinical outcomes after infection are poorly understood. In this study, we applied a data-driven approach to obtain insights into the immunological processes linked to the progression of the disease or to protective mechanisms. For this purpose, we evaluated the patterns of expression for genes that code proteins from the entire human genome in the peripheral blood from patients with visceral leishmaniasis, from individuals who remained asymptomatic after infections with L. infantum, from patients who were recovering from disease after treatment and from uninfected individuals. By employing computational analysis to evaluate the blood transcriptional activity of each group, we identified transcriptional signatures that correlate with previous findings obtained through different analytical methods. Moreover, our analyses uncovered hitherto unidentified molecular pathways and gene networks associated with the transcriptional profiles of individuals recovering from disease or that did not develop symptoms after infection. This suggests that activation of protective responses can be useful targets for the development of new therapies for visceral leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz Gustavo Gardinassi
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Rocha Garcia
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carlos Henrique Nery Costa
- Department of Community Medicine, Natan Portela Institute for Tropical Diseases, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, Brazil
| | - Vladimir Costa Silva
- Department of Community Medicine, Natan Portela Institute for Tropical Diseases, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, Brazil
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Gene deleted live attenuated Leishmania vaccine candidates against visceral leishmaniasis elicit pro-inflammatory cytokines response in human PBMCs. Sci Rep 2016; 6:33059. [PMID: 27624408 PMCID: PMC5021981 DOI: 10.1038/srep33059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently no effective vaccine is available for human visceral leishmaniasis(VL) caused by Leishmania donovani. Previously, we showed that centrin1 and p27gene deleted live attenuated Leishmania parasites (LdCen1(-/-) and Ldp27(-/-)) are safe, immunogenic and protective in animal models. Here, to assess the correlates of protection, we evaluated immune responses induced by LdCen1(-/-) and Ldp27(-/-) in human blood samples obtained from healthy, healed VL (HVL), post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis(PKDL) and VL subjects. Both parasites infected human macrophages, as effectively as the wild type parasites. Further, LdCen1(-/-) and Ldp27(-/-) strongly stimulated production of pro-inflammatory cytokines including, IL-12, IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-2, IL-6 and IL-17 in the PBMCs obtained from individuals with a prior exposure to Leishmania (HVL and PKDL). There was no significant stimulation of anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-4 and IL-10). Induction of Th1 biased immune responses was supported by a remarkable increase in IFN-γ secreting CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells and IL-17 secreting CD4(+) cells in PBMCs from HVL cases with no increase in IL-10 secreting T cells. Hence, LdCen1(-/-) and Ldp27(-/-) are promising as live vaccine candidates against VL since they elicit strong protective immune response in human PBMCs from HVL, similar to the wild type parasite infection, mimicking a naturally acquired protection following cure.
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35
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Optimizing Immunization Strategies for the Induction of Antigen-Specific CD4 and CD8 T Cell Responses for Protection against Intracellular Parasites. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2016; 23:785-94. [PMID: 27466350 PMCID: PMC5014921 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00251-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Immunization strategies that generate either CD4 or CD8 T cell responses are relatively well described, but less is known with regard to optimizing regimens to induce both CD4 and CD8 memory T cells. Considering the importance of both CD4 and CD8 T cells in the control of intracellular pathogens such as Leishmania donovani, we wanted to identify vaccines that could raise both CD4 and CD8 T cell responses and determine how to configure immunization strategies to generate the best combined protective T cell response. We examined responses generated against the Leishmania vaccine antigen F3 following its administration in either recombinant form with the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) agonist-containing adjuvant formulation GLA-SE (F3+GLA-SE) or as a gene product delivered in an adenoviral vector (Ad5-F3). Homologous immunization strategies using only F3+GLA-SE or Ad5-F3 preferentially generated either CD4 or CD8 T cells, respectively. In contrast, heterologous strategies generated both antigen-specific CD4 and CD8 T cells. Administration of F3+GLA-SE before Ad5-F3 generated the greatest combined CD4 and CD8 responses. Cytotoxic CD8 T cell responses were highest when Th1 cells were generated prior to their induction by Ad5-F3. Finally, a single immunization with a combination of F3+GLA-SE mixed with Ad5-F3 was found to be sufficient to provide protection against experimental L. donovani infection. Taken together, our data delineate immunization regimens that induce antigen-specific CD4 and CD8 T cell memory responses, and identify a single immunization strategy that could be used to rapidly provide protection against intracellular pathogens in regions where access to health care is limited or sporadic.
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Sánchez-Sampedro L, Mejías-Pérez E, S Sorzano CÓ, Nájera JL, Esteban M. NYVAC vector modified by C7L viral gene insertion improves T cell immune responses and effectiveness against leishmaniasis. Virus Res 2016; 220:1-11. [PMID: 27036935 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2016.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The NYVAC poxvirus vector is used as vaccine candidate for HIV and other diseases, although there is only limited experimental information on its immunogenicity and effectiveness for use against human pathogens. Here we defined the selective advantage of NYVAC vectors in a mouse model by comparing the immune responses and protection induced by vectors that express the LACK (Leishmania-activated C-kinase antigen), alone or with insertion of the viral host range gene C7L that allows the virus to replicate in human cells. Using DNA prime/virus boost protocols, we show that replication-competent NYVAC-LACK that expresses C7L (NYVAC-LACK-C7L) induced higher-magnitude polyfunctional CD8(+) and CD4(+) primary adaptive and effector memory T cell responses (IFNγ, TNFα, IL-2, CD107a) to LACK antigen than non-replicating NYVAC-LACK. Compared to NYVAC-LACK, the NYVAC-LACK-C7L-induced CD8(+) T cell population also showed higher proliferation when stimulated with LACK antigen. After a challenge by subcutaneous Leishmania major metacyclic promastigotes, NYVAC-LACK-C7L-vaccinated mouse groups showed greater protection than the NYVAC-LACK-vaccinated group. Our results indicate that the type and potency of immune responses induced by LACK-expressing NYVAC vectors is improved by insertion of the C7L gene, and that a replication-competent vector as a vaccine renders greater protection against a human pathogen than a non-replicating vector.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Sánchez-Sampedro
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - E Mejías-Pérez
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Óscar S Sorzano
- Biocomputing Unit, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - J L Nájera
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - M Esteban
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain.
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Kaushal H, Bras‐Gonçalves R, Avishek K, Kumar Deep D, Petitdidier E, Lemesre J, Papierok G, Kumar S, Ramesh V, Salotra P. Evaluation of cellular immunological responses in mono- and polymorphic clinical forms of post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis in India. Clin Exp Immunol 2016; 185:50-60. [PMID: 26948150 PMCID: PMC4908291 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL) is a chronic dermal complication that occurs usually after recovery from visceral leishmaniasis (VL). The disease manifests into macular, papular and/or nodular clinical types with mono- or polymorphic presentations. Here, we investigated differences in immunological response between these two distinct clinical forms in Indian PKDL patients. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells of PKDL and naive individuals were exposed in vitro to total soluble Leishmania antigen (TSLA). The proliferation index was evaluated using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)-based lymphoproliferative assay. Cytokines and granzyme B levels were determined by cytometric bead array. Parasite load in tissue biopsy samples of PKDL was quantified by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). The proportion of different lymphoid subsets in peripheral blood and the activated T cell population were estimated using flow cytometry. The study demonstrated heightened cellular immune responses in the polymorphic PKDL group compared to the naive group. The polymorphic group showed significantly higher lymphoproliferation, increased cytokines and granzyme B levels upon TSLA stimulation, and a raised proportion of circulating natural killer (NK) T cells against naive controls. Furthermore, the polymorphic group showed a significantly elevated proportion of activated CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells upon in-vitro TSLA stimulation. Thus, the polymorphic variants showed pronounced cellular immunity while the monomorphic form demonstrated a comparatively lower cellular response. Additionally, the elevated level of both activated CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells, coupled with high granzyme B secretion upon in-vitro TSLA stimulation, indicated the role of cytotoxic cells in resistance to L. donovani infection in polymorphic PKDL.
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MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Antigens, Protozoan/pharmacology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/parasitology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/pathology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/parasitology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/pathology
- Cell Proliferation
- Cytokines/genetics
- Cytokines/immunology
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic
- Female
- Flow Cytometry
- Gene Expression
- Granzymes/genetics
- Granzymes/immunology
- Humans
- Immunophenotyping
- India
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/parasitology
- Killer Cells, Natural/pathology
- Leishmania donovani/immunology
- Leishmania donovani/pathogenicity
- Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous/diagnosis
- Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous/immunology
- Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous/parasitology
- Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous/pathology
- Leishmaniasis, Visceral/diagnosis
- Leishmaniasis, Visceral/immunology
- Leishmaniasis, Visceral/parasitology
- Leishmaniasis, Visceral/pathology
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/immunology
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/parasitology
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/pathology
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Male
- Parasite Load
- Primary Cell Culture
- Skin/immunology
- Skin/parasitology
- Skin/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- H. Kaushal
- National Institute of Pathology (ICMR), Safdarjung Hospital CampusNew DelhiIndia
| | | | - K. Avishek
- National Institute of Pathology (ICMR), Safdarjung Hospital CampusNew DelhiIndia
| | - D. Kumar Deep
- National Institute of Pathology (ICMR), Safdarjung Hospital CampusNew DelhiIndia
| | | | - J.‐L. Lemesre
- Institut de Recherche pour le DéveloppementMontpellier
| | | | - S. Kumar
- Department of Biological SciencesBirla Institute of Technology and SciencePilaniIndia
| | - V Ramesh
- Department of DermatologyVMMC and Safdarjung HospitalNew DelhiIndia
| | - P. Salotra
- National Institute of Pathology (ICMR), Safdarjung Hospital CampusNew DelhiIndia
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de Freitas EO, Leoratti FMDS, Freire-de-Lima CG, Morrot A, Feijó DF. The Contribution of Immune Evasive Mechanisms to Parasite Persistence in Visceral Leishmaniasis. Front Immunol 2016; 7:153. [PMID: 27148272 PMCID: PMC4840207 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmania is a genus of protozoan parasites that give rise to a range of diseases called Leishmaniasis that affects annually an estimated 1.3 million people from 88 countries. Leishmania donovani and Leishmania (L.) infantum chagasi are responsible to cause the visceral leishmaniasis. The parasite can use assorted strategies to interfere with the host homeostasis to establish persistent infections that without treatment can be lethal. In this review, we highlight the mechanisms involved in the parasite subversion of the host protective immune response and how alterations of host tissue physiology and vascular remodeling during VL could affect the organ-specific immunity against Leishmania parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Alexandre Morrot
- Laboratorio de Biologia do Sistema Imune, Departmento de Imunologia, Instituto de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil
| | - Daniel Ferreira Feijó
- Laboratório Integrado de Microbiologia e Imunoregulação, Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ) , Salvador , Brazil
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Chouhan G, Islamuddin M, Want MY, Ozbak HA, Hemeg HA, Sahal D, Afrin F. Leishmanicidal Activity of Piper nigrum Bioactive Fractions is Interceded via Apoptosis In Vitro and Substantiated by Th1 Immunostimulatory Potential In Vivo. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:1368. [PMID: 26696979 PMCID: PMC4672717 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.01368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a life-threatening protozoal infection chiefly impinging the rural and poor population in the tropical and sub-tropical countries. The deadly affliction is rapidly expanding after its association with AIDS, swiftly defying its status of a neglected disease. Despite successful formulation of vaccine against canine leishmaniasis, no licensed vaccine is yet available for human VL, chemotherapy is in appalling state, and the development of new candidate drugs has been painfully slow. In face of lack of proper incentives, immunostimulatory plant preparations owing antileishmanial efficacy bear potential to rejuvenate awful antileishmanial chemotherapy. We have earlier reported profound leishmanicidal activity of Piper nigrum hexane (PNH) seeds and P. nigrum ethanolic (PNE) fractions derived from P. nigrum seeds against Leishmania donovani promastigotes and amastigotes. In the present study, we illustrate that the remarkable anti-promastigote activity exhibited by PNH and PNE is mediated via apoptosis as evidenced by phosphatidylserine externalization, DNA fragmentation, arrest in sub G0/G1 phase, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential and generation of reactive oxygen species. Further, P. nigrum bioactive fractions rendered significant protection to L. donovani infected BALB/c mice in comparison to piperine, a known compound present in Piper species. The substantial therapeutic potential of PNH and PNE was accompanied by elicitation of cell-mediated immune response. The bioactive fractions elevated the secretion of Th1 (INF-γ, TNF-α, and IL-2) cytokines and declined IL-4 and IL-10. PNH and PNE enhanced the production of IgG2a, upregulated the expression of co-stimulatory molecules CD80 and CD86, augmented splenic CD4+ and CD8+ T cell population, induced strong lymphoproliferative and DTH responses and partially stimulated NO production. PNH and PNE were devoid of any hepatic or renal toxicity. These encouraging findings merit further exploration of P. nigrum bioactive fractions as a source of potent and non-toxic antileishmanials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garima Chouhan
- Parasite Immunology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University) New Delhi, India
| | - Mohammad Islamuddin
- Parasite Immunology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University) New Delhi, India
| | - Muzamil Y Want
- Parasite Immunology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University) New Delhi, India
| | - Hani A Ozbak
- Department of Medical Laboratories Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University Medina, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hassan A Hemeg
- Department of Medical Laboratories Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University Medina, Saudi Arabia
| | - Dinkar Sahal
- Malaria Research Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology New Delhi, India
| | - Farhat Afrin
- Parasite Immunology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University) New Delhi, India ; Department of Medical Laboratories Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University Medina, Saudi Arabia
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Bandyopadhyay S, Kar Mahapatra S, Paul Chowdhury B, Kumar Jha M, Das S, Halder K, Bhattacharyya Majumdar S, Saha B, Majumdar S. Toll-Like Receptor 2 Targeted Rectification of Impaired CD8⁺ T Cell Functions in Experimental Leishmania donovani Infection Reinstates Host Protection. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0142800. [PMID: 26559815 PMCID: PMC4641719 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0142800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmania donovani, a protozoan parasite, causes the disease visceral leishmanisis (VL), characterized by inappropriate CD8+ T-cell activation. Therefore, we examined whether the Toll-like Receptor 2 (TLR2) ligand Ara-LAM, a cell wall glycolipid from non-pathogenic Mycobacterium smegmatis, would restore CD8+ T-cell function during VL. We observed that by efficient upregulation of TLR2 signaling-mediated NF-κB translocation and MAPK signaling in CD8+ T-cells (CD25+CD28+IL-12R+IFN-γR+), Ara-LAM triggered signaling resulted in the activation of T-bet, which in turn, induced transcription favourable histone modification at the IFN-γ, perforin, granzyme-B promoter regions in CD8+ T-cells. Thus, we conclude that Ara-LAM induced efficient activation of effector CD8+ T-cells by upregulating the expression of IFN-γ, perforin and granzyme-B in an NF-κB and MAPK induced T-bet dependent manner in VL.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Shibali Das
- The Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, Kolkata, India
| | - Kuntal Halder
- The Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, Kolkata, India
| | | | - Bhaskar Saha
- National Centre for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind, Pune, India
| | - Subrata Majumdar
- The Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, Kolkata, India
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Silva AAD, Silva Filho ÁPE, Sesso RDCC, Esmeraldo RDM, Oliveira CMCD, Fernandes PFCBC, Oliveira RAD, Silva LSVD, Carvalho VPD, Costa CHN, Andrade JX, Silva DMBD, Chaves RV. Epidemiologic, clinical, diagnostic and therapeutic aspects of visceral leishmaniasis in renal transplant recipients: experience from thirty cases. BMC Infect Dis 2015; 15:96. [PMID: 25877483 PMCID: PMC4381535 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-015-0852-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Visceral leishmaniasis is a disease caused by the protozoan Leishmania sp. and is transmitted by Lutzomyia longipalpis (sand fly). In renal transplant recipients, visceral leishmaniasis causes severe damage to the liver, spleen, and hematopoietic system, as well as poor outcomes for patients with transplanted kidneys. This study describes the largest series of cases of visceral leishmaniasis in renal transplant recipients, providing important information about the diagnostic routines and therapeutic strategies in this patient population. METHODS A retrospective, descriptive study was performed to analyze the distribution and evaluate the extent of the epidemiologic, clinical, diagnostic and therapeutic aspects of 30 renal transplant recipients from endemic regions who presented with visceral leishmaniasis in the post-transplantation period. RESULTS In this study, visceral leishmaniasis was more frequent in men (80%). The mean age of presentation was 40 ± 10.5 years. The majority of patients worked in urban areas (66.7%), cohabitated with domestic animals (90%), and were from low-income households. In 73.3% of cases, diagnosis was made by direct isolation of Leishmania forms. Patients were treated with liposomal amphotericin, resulting in a high degree of disease remission (80%). CONCLUSIONS This study describes the largest series of visceral leishmaniasis in renal transplant recipients and expands clinical-epidemiological knowledge for transplantation teams to perform adequate disease management for this specific patient population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avelar Alves de Silva
- />General Clinic Department, Federal University of Piauí, Piauí, Brazil
- />Renal Transplant Unit, Hospital Alianca Casamater, Piauí, Brazil
| | - Álvaro Pacheco E Silva Filho
- />Discipline of Nephrology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- />Renal Transplant Unit, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Rodrigo Alves de Oliveira
- />Division of Nephrology, Renal Transplant Service, Dr. Joaquim Bezerra Unit, School of Medicine, University of Crato, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Leila Silveira Veira de Silva
- />Division of Nephrology, Renal Transplant Service, Dr. Joaquim Bezerra Unit, School of Medicine, University of Crato, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Valencio Pereira de Carvalho
- />Division of Nephrology, Renal Transplant Service, Dr. Joaquim Bezerra Unit, School of Medicine, University of Crato, Ceará, Brazil
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