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Tayachew A, Teka G, Gebeyehu A, Shure W, Biru M, Chekol L, Berkessa T, Tigabu E, Gizachew L, Agune A, Gonta M, Hailemariam A, Gedefaw E, Woldeab A, Alemu A, Getaneh Y, Lisanwork L, Yibeltal K, Abate E, Abayneh A, Wossen M, Hailu M, Workineh F. Prevalence of respiratory syncytial virus infection and associated factors in children aged under five years with severe acute respiratory illness and influenza-like illness in Ethiopia. IJID REGIONS 2024; 10:191-196. [PMID: 38356999 PMCID: PMC10864198 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijregi.2024.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Objectives Acute respiratory infections because of respiratory syncytial viruses (RSVs) are among the major leading causes of morbidity and mortality in children worldwide. RSV prevalence and its contributing factors among children aged under 5 years in Ethiopia are not well studied. To assess the prevalence and associated factors of RSV infection in children aged under 5 years using influenza sentinel surveillance sites in Ethiopia. Methods A cross-sectional study design was used utilizing influenza-like illness/sever acute respiratory illness surveillance data from January 2021 to December 2022 at the Ethiopian Public Health Institute. Results In total, 2234 cases were included, with an overall RSV positivity rate of 16.2%. The RSV positivity rate was high in children aged under 1 year (22.8%) and during fall season (24.8%). The RSV positivity rate was significantly associated with ages under 1 year (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 2.8, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.89-4.15) and 1-2 years (AOR 1.9, 95% CI: 1.26-2.73) and the fall season (AOR 1.67, 95% CI: 1.17-2.38). Conclusion The study revealed that a considerably high RSV positivity rate was detected in children aged under 5 years. The age of children and season have a significant association with RSV positivity rate. Further studies of RSV viral genotype, clinical characteristics, and disease outcome need to be conducted for a better understanding of the virus and disease outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adamu Tayachew
- Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Addis Continental Institute of Public Health, Addis Ababa
| | - Gizaw Teka
- Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Ayele Gebeyehu
- Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Wolde Shure
- Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Mengistu Biru
- Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | | | | | - Eyasu Tigabu
- The Ohio State University Global One Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | | | - Admikew Agune
- Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Melaku Gonta
- Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | | | - Ergetu Gedefaw
- Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Adane Woldeab
- Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- The Ohio State University Global One Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Ayinalem Alemu
- Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Yimam Getaneh
- Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Leuel Lisanwork
- The Ohio State University Global One Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | | | - Ebba Abate
- The Ohio State University Global One Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | | | - Mesfin Wossen
- Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Mesay Hailu
- Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Akano A, Sadauki AH, Adelabu AM, Malgwi A, Fagbola M, Ogunbode O, Usman A, Ameh C, Balogun MS, Ilori E, Badaru S, Adetunji A, Adebayo A, Mba N, Iniobong A, Eze E, Akerele I, Grema B, Sodipo O, Enemuo E, Ochu C, Ihekweazu C, Adetifa I. Epidemiology of influenza in Nigeria: A secondary analysis of the sentinel surveillance data in Nigeria from 2010 - 2020. J Infect Public Health 2024; 17:495-502. [PMID: 38290192 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2023.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Influenza is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality globally. Little is known of the true burden and epidemiology of influenza in Africa. Nigeria has a sentinel surveillance system for influenza virus (IFV). This study seeks to describe the epidemiological characteristics of influenza cases in Nigeria through secondary data analysis of the sentinel surveillance data from 2010 to 2020. METHODOLOGY A retrospective secondary data analysis of data collected from patients with influenza-like illness (ILI) and severe acute respiratory infection (SARI) in the four Nigeria Influenza Sentinel Surveillance sites from January 2010 to December 2020. Data was cleaned and analyzed using Microsoft Excel and Epi info 7.2 for frequencies and proportions. The results of the analysis were summarized in tables and charts. RESULTS A total of 13,828 suspected cases of influenza were recorded at the sentinel sites during the study period. About 10.3% (1421/13,828) of these tested positive for IFV of which 1243 (87.5%) were ILI patients, 175 (12.3%) SARI patients, and 3 (0.2%) novel H1N1 patients. Males accounted for 54.2% (770/1421) of the confirmed cases. The median age of confirmed cases was 3 years (range: <1month-97 years). Children 0-4 years accounted for 69.3% (985/1421) of all cases. The predominant subtypes were B lineage not determined (32.3%), A/H1N1 pdm09 (28.8%) and A/H3 (23.0%). There were periods of sustained transmission in most years with 2011 having the highest number of cases. Overall, there were more cases around January to March and August to November. Heart disease and chronic shortness of breath were the most common co-morbidities identified among confirmed cases. CONCLUSION Influenza remains a significant cause of respiratory illness, especially among children aged less than 4 years. Influenza cases occur all year round with irregular seasonality in Nigeria. Children less than 4 years and those with co-morbidities should be prioritized for vaccination. Vaccine composition in the country should take cognizance of the prevailing strains which are type B (lineage not determined), A/H1N1 pdm09 and A/H3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adejoke Akano
- Nigeria Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Abuja, Nigeria; Nigeria Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training Programme, Nigeria Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Abuja, Nigeria.
| | - Aisha Habib Sadauki
- Nigeria Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training Programme, Nigeria Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Adeyemi Mark Adelabu
- Nigeria Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training Programme, Nigeria Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Arhyel Malgwi
- Nigeria Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training Programme, Nigeria Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Motunrayo Fagbola
- Nigeria Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training Programme, Nigeria Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Oladipo Ogunbode
- Nigeria Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Abuja, Nigeria
| | | | | | | | - Elsie Ilori
- Nigeria Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Sikiru Badaru
- Nigeria Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Adewusi Adetunji
- Nigeria Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Adedeji Adebayo
- Nigeria Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Nwando Mba
- Nigeria Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Akanimo Iniobong
- Nigeria Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Emmanuel Eze
- Nigeria Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Abuja, Nigeria
| | | | | | | | - Emeka Enemuo
- Nnamdi Azikiwe University Teaching Hospital, Nnewi, Anambra, Nigeria
| | - Chinwe Ochu
- Nigeria Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Chikwe Ihekweazu
- Nigeria Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Ifedayo Adetifa
- Nigeria Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Abuja, Nigeria
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Shibeshi MS, Mengesha AA, Gari KT. Pediatric Guillain-Barré Syndrome in a Resource Limited Setting: Clinical Features, Diagnostic and Management Challenges, and Hospital Outcome. Pediatric Health Med Ther 2023; 14:107-115. [PMID: 36993874 PMCID: PMC10040339 DOI: 10.2147/phmt.s401461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) is an acute immune-mediated peripheral neuropathy with a highly variable clinical course and outcome. There remain diagnostic and treatment challenges in resource limited settings. This study aimed to describe the clinical presentation, diagnostic and management challenges, and hospital outcome of children with GBS in southern Ethiopia. Methods A retrospective chart review of children aged ≤14 years who were admitted with a diagnosis of GBS to Hawassa University Comprehensive Specialized Hospital from 2017 to 2021 was done. Medical records of 102 children who fulfilled the Brighton Criteria for GBS were reviewed, and data on demographic, clinical characteristics, investigation findings, treatment, and outcome were collected. Logistic regression analysis was done to determine factors associated with mortality. Results The mean age of the study subjects was 7.25±3.91 years and 63.7% were male. Antecedent event was present in 48% of the cases, and the most common triggering factor was upper respiratory tract infection (63.8%). The mean Hughes disability score was 4.23±0.54, 4.48±0.71, and 4.03±0.86 at admission, nadir and discharge from hospital, respectively. Cranial nerve involvement was present in 27.5% of patients and bulbar palsy was the most common finding. Dysautonomia was observed in 57.8% of the participants. Sixty-three patients (61.8%) needed ICU care but only 43 of them (68.3%) were admitted to ICU. Similarly, 31 patients (30.4%) required respiratory support but only 24 of them (77.4%) were on mechanical ventilator. No patient had nerve conduction study. Only 5.9% of patients received IVIG. Thirteen patients (12.7%) died of GBS and the presence of respiratory failure was the only determinant of mortality [AOR = 11.40 (95% CI: 1.818, 71.52), p = 0.009]. Conclusion There is a gap in the diagnosis and management of children with GBS; and mortality from the disease is higher than reports from other settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mulugeta Sitot Shibeshi
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia
- Correspondence: Mulugeta Sitot Shibeshi, Email
| | - Adane Alto Mengesha
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
| | - Kefyalew Taye Gari
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia
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Owada K, Sarkar J, Rahman MK, Khan SA, Islam A, Hassan MM, Soares Magalhães RJ. Epidemiological Profile of a Human Hepatitis E Virus Outbreak in 2018, Chattogram, Bangladesh. Trop Med Infect Dis 2022; 7:tropicalmed7080170. [PMID: 36006262 PMCID: PMC9415847 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed7080170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a waterborne zoonotic disease that can result in a high fatality rate in pregnant women and infants. In 2018, a large HEV outbreak emerged in Chattogram, Bangladesh, resulting in 2800 cases and a significant public health response to mitigate the transmission. While the source of the outbreak remained poorly understood, authorities suggested that possible risk factors for HEV infection included contamination of water supply, exacerbated by concurrent severe flooding events in the community. A cross-sectional study was conducted to investigate the distribution and risk factors for HEV seroprevalence between January and December 2018 in the Chattogram city area. A total of 505 blood samples were collected from symptomatic patients of 10 hospitals who met the case definition for an HEV infection. Standard ELISA tests were performed in all patients to identify anti-HEV antibodies. The size and location of HEV seroprevalence clusters within Chattogram were investigated using SaTScan. We investigated the association between risk of HEV infection and individual and environmentally lagged risk factors using Bernoulli generalised linear regression models. Our results indicate an overall HEV seroprevalence of 35% with significant variation according to sex, source of drinking water, and boiling of drinking water. A positive cross-correlation was found between HEV exposure and precipitation, modified normalised difference water index (MNDWI), and normalised difference vegetation index (NDVI). Our model indicated that risk of infection was associated with sex, age, source of drinking water, boiling of water, increased precipitation, and increased MNDWI. The results from this study indicate that source and boiling of drinking water and increased precipitation were critical drivers of the 2018 HEV outbreak. The communities at highest risk identified in our analyses should be targeted for investments in safe water infrastructure to reduce the likelihood of future HEV outbreaks in Chattogram.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Owada
- Queensland Alliance for One Health Sciences, School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia
| | - Joyantee Sarkar
- One Health Institute, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chattogram 4225, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Kaisar Rahman
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Texas Tech University, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA
- EcoHealth Alliance, New York, NY 10018, USA
| | - Shahneaz Ali Khan
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chattogram 4225, Bangladesh
| | | | - Mohammad Mahmudul Hassan
- Queensland Alliance for One Health Sciences, School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia
- One Health Institute, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chattogram 4225, Bangladesh
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chattogram 4225, Bangladesh
- Correspondence: (M.M.H.); (R.J.S.M.)
| | - Ricardo J. Soares Magalhães
- Queensland Alliance for One Health Sciences, School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia
- Children’s Health and Environment Program, UQ Children’s Health Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
- Correspondence: (M.M.H.); (R.J.S.M.)
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Epidemiology and Molecular Analyses of Influenza B Viruses in Senegal from 2010 to 2019. Viruses 2022; 14:v14051063. [PMID: 35632804 PMCID: PMC9143141 DOI: 10.3390/v14051063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza virus types A and B are responsible for acute viral infections that affect annually 1 billion people, with 290,000 to 650,000 deaths worldwide. In this study, we investigated the circulation of influenza B viruses over a 10-year period (2010–2019). Specimens from patients suspected of influenza infection were collected. Influenza detection was performed following RNA extraction and real-time RT-PCR. Genes coding for hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) of influenza B viruses were partially sequenced, and phylogenetic analyses were carried out subsequently. During the study period, we received and tested a total of 15,156 specimens. Influenza B virus was detected in 1322 (8.7%) specimens. The mean age of influenza B positive patients was 10.9 years. When compared to reference viruses, HA genes from Senegalese circulating viruses showed deletions in the HA1 region. Phylogenetic analysis highlighted the co-circulation of B/Victoria and B/Yamagata lineage viruses with reassortant viruses. We also noted a clear seasonal pattern of circulation of influenza B viruses in Senegal.
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Zhang H, Ren X, Tian K, Yu J, Zhu A, Zhang L, Gao GF, Li Z. The Impact and Vaccination Coverage of Seasonal Influenza among Children Aged 6-59 Months in China in 2017-2018: An Internet Panel Survey. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10040630. [PMID: 35455379 PMCID: PMC9031834 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10040630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Seasonal influenza vaccination is highly recommended for 6-59-month-old children. To determine the impact of seasonal influenza and the factors affecting influenza vaccine uptake among children, we conducted an opt-in Internet panel survey of parents from 21 March 2018 to 1 April 2018. Overall, 40.5% (1913/4719) of children experienced influenza-like illness (ILI), 92.4% of parents sought medical care for children with ILI (outpatients: 61.2%, inpatients: 12.8%), 39.6% of parents preferred to take their sick child to a tertiary hospital, and 57.3% of family members requested leave to care for children with ILI. There was a median of three days of absenteeism (2, 5) per sick child, and 39.4% of children received the influenza vaccine during the 2017-2018 influenza season. Vaccine coverage among children aged 6-11 months and 48-59 months was lower than that among 12-47-month-old children. The top three reasons for not vaccinating were: the influenza vaccine was not recommended by healthcare workers (21.1%), no knowledge about the influenza vaccine (19.2%), and lack of confidence in the vaccine's effectiveness (14.3%). Our findings highlight the need for awareness about the severity of influenza, hygiene behavior, and effectiveness of the influenza vaccine among children and their family members in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hangjie Zhang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100101, China;
- The Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310051, China
- Chinese Field Epidemiology Training Program, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100101, China; (K.T.); (L.Z.)
| | - Xiang Ren
- Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early-Warning on Infectious Disease, Division of Infectious Disease, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100101, China; (X.R.); (J.Y.); (A.Z.)
| | - Keqing Tian
- Chinese Field Epidemiology Training Program, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100101, China; (K.T.); (L.Z.)
| | - Jianxing Yu
- Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early-Warning on Infectious Disease, Division of Infectious Disease, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100101, China; (X.R.); (J.Y.); (A.Z.)
| | - Aiqing Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early-Warning on Infectious Disease, Division of Infectious Disease, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100101, China; (X.R.); (J.Y.); (A.Z.)
| | - Lijie Zhang
- Chinese Field Epidemiology Training Program, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100101, China; (K.T.); (L.Z.)
| | - George Fu Gao
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100101, China;
- Correspondence: (G.F.G.); (Z.L.); Tel.: +86-10-5890-0211 (G.F.G.); +86-10-5890-0547 (Z.L.)
| | - Zhongjie Li
- Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early-Warning on Infectious Disease, Division of Infectious Disease, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100101, China; (X.R.); (J.Y.); (A.Z.)
- Correspondence: (G.F.G.); (Z.L.); Tel.: +86-10-5890-0211 (G.F.G.); +86-10-5890-0547 (Z.L.)
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Knippler ET, Mwamba RN, Coleman JN, Knettel BA, Minja LM, Kisigo GA, Ngocho JS, Cichowitz C, Mmbaga BT, Watt MH. Attitudes Toward Pregnancy Among Women Enrolled in Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV (PMTCT) Services in Moshi, Tanzania. AIDS Behav 2021; 25:4008-4017. [PMID: 34125322 DOI: 10.1007/s10461-021-03339-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
For pregnant women living with HIV (WLWH), feelings about pregnancy may influence their emotional well-being and health seeking behaviors. This study examined attitudes toward pregnancy and associated factors among women enrolled in prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV (PMTCT) services in Moshi, Tanzania. 200 pregnant WLWH were enrolled during their second or third trimester of pregnancy and completed a structured survey. Univariable and multivariable regression models examined factors associated with attitudes toward pregnancy, including demographics, interpersonal factors, and emotional well-being. Attitudes toward the current pregnancy were generally positive, with 87% of participants reporting feeling happy about being pregnant. In the final multivariable model, having higher levels of partner support, being newly diagnosed with HIV, and having fewer children were significantly associated with more positive attitudes toward their pregnancy. Findings point to a need for tailored psychosocial support services in PMTCT, as well as comprehensive reproductive health care for WLWH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth T Knippler
- Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
- Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina At Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
- UNC Gillings School of Global Public Health, 104 Rosenau Hall 135 Dauer Dr, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
| | - Rimel N Mwamba
- Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Jessica N Coleman
- Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Linda M Minja
- Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute, Moshi, Tanzania
| | - Godfrey A Kisigo
- Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi, Tanzania
| | - James S Ngocho
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi, Tanzania
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, Moshi, Tanzania
| | - Cody Cichowitz
- Department of Medicine, Center for Global Health, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Blandina T Mmbaga
- Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute, Moshi, Tanzania
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi, Tanzania
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, Moshi, Tanzania
| | - Melissa H Watt
- Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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Lanyero B, Edea ZA, Musa EO, Watare SH, Mandalia ML, Livinus MC, Ebrahim FK, Girmay A, Bategereza AK, Abayneh A, Sambo BH, Abate E. Readiness and early response to COVID-19: achievements, challenges and lessons learnt in Ethiopia. BMJ Glob Health 2021; 6:bmjgh-2021-005581. [PMID: 34112648 PMCID: PMC8193696 DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2021-005581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Declaration of the novel coronavirus disease as a Public Health Emergency of International Concern necessitated countries to get ready to respond. Here, we describe key achievements, challenges and lessons learnt during the readiness and early response to COVID-19 in Ethiopia. Readiness activities commenced as early as January 2020 with the activation of a national Public Health Emergency Operations Centre and COVID-19 Incident Management System (IMS) by the Ethiopian Public Health Institute. The COVID-19 IMS conducted rapid risk assessments, developed scenario-based contingency plans, national COVID-19 guidelines and facilitated the enhancement of early warning and monitoring mechanisms. Early activation of a coordination mechanism and strengthening of detection and response capacities contributed to getting the country ready on time and mounting an effective early response. High-level political leadership and commitment led to focused efforts in coordination of response interventions. Health screening, mandatory 14-day quarantine and testing established for all international travellers arriving into the country slowed down the influx of travellers. The International Health Regulations (IHR) capacities in the country served as a good foundation for timely readiness and response. Leveraging on existing IHR capacities in the country built prior to COVID-19 helped slow down the importation and mitigated uncontrolled spread of the disease in the country. Challenges experienced included late operationalisation of a multisectoral coordination platform, shortage of personal protective equipment resulting from global disruption of importation and the huge influx of over 10 000 returnees from different COVID-19-affected countries over a short period of time with resultant constrain on response resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betty Lanyero
- Emergency Preparedness and Response Unit, World Health Organization Country Office for Ethiopia, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Zewdu Assefa Edea
- Early Warning and Information System Management Directorate, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Emmanuel Onuche Musa
- WHE Programme, World Health Organization Regional Office for Africa, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo
| | - Shambel Habebe Watare
- Public Health Emergency Management, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Mayur Lalji Mandalia
- Liaison Office to the African Union and the UN Economic Commission for Africa, World Health Organization, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Martin Chibueze Livinus
- Emergency Preparedness and Response Unit, World Health Organization Country Office for Ethiopia, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Faiqa Kassim Ebrahim
- Emergency Preparedness and Response Unit, World Health Organization Country Office for Ethiopia, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Abiy Girmay
- Emergency Preparedness and Response Unit, World Health Organization Country Office for Ethiopia, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Aggrey Kaijuka Bategereza
- Emergency Preparedness and Response Unit, World Health Organization Country Office for Ethiopia, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Aschalew Abayneh
- Public Health Emergency Management, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Boureima Hama Sambo
- World Health Organization Representative to Ethiopia, World Health Organization Country Office for Ethiopia, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Ebba Abate
- Director General office, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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9
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Ng H, Zhang T, Wang G, Kan S, Ma G, Li Z, Chen C, Wang D, Wong M, Wong C, Ni J, Zhang XD. Epidemiological Characteristics of Influenza A and B in Macau, 2010-2018. Virol Sin 2021; 36:1144-1153. [PMID: 34014504 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-021-00388-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza is one of the major respiratory diseases in humans. Macau is a tourist city with high density of population and special population mobility. The study on the epidemiological characteristics of influenza in Macau should bring great value for preventing influenza in tourist cities like Macau in the world. In this study, we collected a total of 104,874 samples with influenza-like illness (ILI) in Macau from 2010 to 2018. Chi-square test and binary multivariable logistic regression were used to investigate the epidemiological characteristics of influenza A and B in Macau. Among these ILI samples, the overall positive rate is 17.17% for influenza A and 6.97% for influenza B. The epidemics of influenza in three years (i.e., 2012, 2017 and 2018) differ from the remaining years (i.e., normal years). In a normal year, influenza A occurs year-round whereas influenza B is seasonal. Our research shows significant differences in influenza infections between different age groups in normal years. Interestingly, our analysis shows no significant difference between locals and tourists in influenza A and B infection in a normal year, whereas the odds of influenza A in tourists were significantly higher than those in locals in July 2017 and the odds of influenza B in tourists were significantly higher than those in locals in January-February 2012 and January-February 2018. This is possibly attributed by the policy of free vaccination to everyone in Macau. These findings should be valuable for preventing influenza in not only Macau but also the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- HoiMan Ng
- Clinical Laboratory, Kiang Wu Hospital, Macau, 999078, Macau
| | - Teng Zhang
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, 999078, Macau
| | - Guoliang Wang
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, 999078, Macau
| | - SiMeng Kan
- Clinical Laboratory, Kiang Wu Hospital, Macau, 999078, Macau
| | - Guoyi Ma
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, 999078, Macau
| | - Zhe Li
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, 999078, Macau
| | - Chang Chen
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, 999078, Macau
| | - Dandan Wang
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, 999078, Macau
| | - MengIn Wong
- Clinical Laboratory, Kiang Wu Hospital, Macau, 999078, Macau
| | - ChioHang Wong
- Clinical Laboratory, Kiang Wu Hospital, Macau, 999078, Macau
| | - Jinliang Ni
- Clinical Laboratory, Kiang Wu Hospital, Macau, 999078, Macau.
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10
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Zerfu TA, Tareke AA. What could be the potential reasons for relatively low coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) fatality rates in Africa? The case for Ethiopia. J Glob Health 2021; 11:03057. [PMID: 33880178 PMCID: PMC8035978 DOI: 10.7189/jogh.11.03057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Taddese Alemu Zerfu
- International livestock research institute (ILRI), Nairobi, Kenya
- Global Academy of Agriculture & Food Security (GAAFS), University of Edinburgh, UK
| | - Amare Abera Tareke
- Physiology unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
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11
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Zhu J, Jiang Z, Liu J. The matrix gene of pdm/09 H1N1 contributes to the pathogenicity and transmissibility of SIV in mammals. Vet Microbiol 2021; 255:109039. [PMID: 33740730 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2021.109039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The H1N1 influenza virus of swine-origin was responsible for the H1N1 pandemic in 2009 (pdm/09 H1N1), where the virus was transmitted to humans and then spread between people, and its continued circulation has resulted in it becoming a seasonal human flu virus. Since 2016, the matrix (M) gene of pdm/09 H1N1 has been involved in the reassortment of swine influenza viruses (SIVs) in China and has gradually become a dominant genotype in pigs. However, whether M gene substitution will influence the fitness of emerging SIVs remains unclear. Here, we analyzed the biological characteristics of SIVs with the M gene from Eurasian avian-like (EA) SIV or pdm/09 H1N1 in mammals and found that SIVs containing the pdm/09-M gene exhibit stronger virulence in mice, more efficient respiratory droplet transmission between ferrets, and increased transcription of viral genes in A549 cells compared with those containing EA-M. We also determined the functional significance of the pdm/09-M gene in conferring an elevated release of progeny viruses comprised of largely filamentous virions rather than spherical virions. Our study suggests that pdm/09-M plays a crucial role in the genesis of emerging SIVs in terms of the potential prevalence in the population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junda Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100094, China
| | - Zhimin Jiang
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 15 Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Jinhua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100094, China.
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12
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Kebede A, Lanyero B, Beyene B, Mandalia ML, Melese D, Girmachew F, Mekonnen A, Ayana G, Yemanebirhan N, Hailu G, Asrat H, Nurahmed N, Gashu A, Eshetu K, Assefa Z, Abayneh A, Musa E, Abate E. Expanding molecular diagnostic capacity for COVID-19 in Ethiopia: operational implications, challenges and lessons learnt. Pan Afr Med J 2021; 38:68. [PMID: 33889234 PMCID: PMC8028356 DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2021.38.68.27501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Efforts towards slowing down coronavirus (COVID-19) transmission and reducing mortality have focused on timely case detection, isolation and treatment. Availability of laboratory COVID-19 testing capacity using reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was essential for case detection. Hence, it was critical to establish and expand this capacity to test for COVID-19 in Ethiopia. To this end, using a three-phrased approach, potential public and private laboratories with RT-PCR technology were assessed, capacitated with trained human resource and equipped as required. These laboratories were verified to conduct COVID-19 testing with quality assurance checks regularly conducted. Within a 10-month period, COVID-19 testing laboratories increased from zero to 65 in all Regional States with the capacity to conduct 18,454 tests per day. The success of this rapid countrywide expansion of laboratory testing capacity for COVID-19 depended on some key operational implications: the strong laboratory coordination network within the country, the use of non-virologic laboratories, investment in capacity building, digitalization of the data for better information management and establishing quality assurance checks. A weak supply chain for laboratory reagents and consumables, differences in the brands of COVID-19 test kits, frequent breakdowns of the PCR machines and inadequate number of laboratory personnel following the adaption of a 24/7 work schedule were some of the challenges experienced during the process of laboratory expansion. Overall, we learn that multisectoral involvement of laboratories from non-health sectors, an effective supply chain system with an insight into the promotion of local production of laboratory supplies were critical during the laboratory expansion for COVID-19 testing. The consistent support from WHO and other implementing partners to Member States is needed in building the capacity of laboratories across different diagnostic capabilities in line with International Health Regulations. This will enable efficient adaptation to respond to future public health emergencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adisu Kebede
- Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Betty Lanyero
- World Health Organization Ethiopia Country Office, UNECA Compound, Zambezi Building, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Berhane Beyene
- World Health Organization Ethiopia Country Office, UNECA Compound, Zambezi Building, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Mayur Lalji Mandalia
- World Health Organization Liaison Office to the African Union and the UN Economic Commission for Africa, UNECA Compound, Zambezi Building, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Daniel Melese
- Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | | | - Adamu Mekonnen
- Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Gonfa Ayana
- Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | | | - Getnet Hailu
- Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Habtamu Asrat
- Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | | | | | - Kirubel Eshetu
- Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Zewdu Assefa
- Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | | | - Emmanuel Musa
- World Health Organization Regional Office for Africa, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo
| | - Ebba Abate
- Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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13
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Lagare A, Rajatonirina S, Testa J, Mamadou S. The epidemiology of seasonal influenza after the 2009 influenza pandemic in Africa: a systematic review. Afr Health Sci 2020; 20:1514-1536. [PMID: 34394213 PMCID: PMC8351825 DOI: 10.4314/ahs.v20i4.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Influenza infection is a serious public health problem that causes an estimated 3 to 5 million cases and 250,000 deaths worldwide every year. The epidemiology of influenza is well-documented in high- and middle-income countries, however minimal effort had been made to understand the epidemiology, burden and seasonality of influenza in Africa. This study aims to assess the state of knowledge of seasonal influenza epidemiology in Africa and identify potential data gaps for policy formulation following the 2009 pandemic. Method We reviewed articles from Africa published into four databases namely: MEDLINE (PubMed), Google Scholar, Cochrane Library and Scientific Research Publishing from 2010 to 2019. Results We screened titles and abstracts of 2070 studies of which 311 were selected for full content evaluation and 199 studies were considered. Selected articles varied substantially on the basis of the topics they addressed covering the field of influenza surveillance (n=80); influenza risk factors and co-morbidities (n=15); influenza burden (n=37); influenza vaccination (n=40); influenza and other respiratory pathogens (n=22) and influenza diagnosis (n=5). Conclusion Significant progress has been made since the last pandemic in understanding the influenza epidemiology in Africa. However, efforts still remain for most countries to have sufficient data to allow countries to prioritize strategies for influenza prevention and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adamou Lagare
- Centre de Recherche Médicale et Sanitaire (CERMES), Niamey, Niger
| | | | - Jean Testa
- Centre de Recherche Médicale et Sanitaire (CERMES), Niamey, Niger
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14
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Cell membrane-derived biomimetic nanodecoys for viruses. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2020; 63:1254-1256. [PMID: 32410090 PMCID: PMC7221333 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-020-1669-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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15
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de Freitas CS, Rocha MEN, Sacramento CQ, Marttorelli A, Ferreira AC, Rocha N, de Oliveira AC, de Oliveira Gomes AM, Dos Santos PS, da Silva EO, da Costa JP, de Lima Moreira D, Bozza PT, Silva JL, Barroso SPC, Souza TML. Agathisflavone, a Biflavonoid from Anacardium occidentale L., Inhibits Influenza Virus Neuraminidase. Curr Top Med Chem 2020; 20:111-120. [PMID: 31854280 DOI: 10.2174/1568026620666191219150738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuraminidase inhibitors (NAIs) are the only class of antivirals in clinical use against influenza virus approved worldwide. However, approximately 1-3% of circulating strains present resistance mutations to oseltamivir (OST), the most used NAI. Therefore, it is important to catalogue new molecules to inhibit influenza virus, especially OST-resistant strains. Natural products from tropical plants used for human consumption represent a worthy class of substances. Their use could be stimulated in resource-limited setting where the access to expensive antiviral therapies is restricted. METHODS We evaluated the anti-influenza virus activity of agathisflavone derived from Anacardium occidentale L. RESULTS The neuraminidase (NA) activity of wild-type and OST-resistant influenza virus was inhibited by agathisflavone, with IC50 values ranging from 20 to 2.0 µM, respectively. Agathisflavone inhibited influenza virus replication with EC50 of 1.3 µM. Sequential passages of the virus in the presence of agathisflavone revealed the emergence of mutation R249S, A250S and R253Q in the NA gene. These changes are outside the OST binding region, meaning that agathisflavone targets this viral enzyme at a region different than conventional NAIs. CONCLUSION Altogether our data suggest that agathisflavone has a promising chemical structure for the development of anti-influenza drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline S de Freitas
- Laboratorio de Imunofarmacologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC), Fundacao Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.,National Institute for Science and Technology on Innovation on Diseases of Neglected Populations (INCT/IDNP), Center for Technological Development in Health (CDTS), Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Marco E N Rocha
- Laboratorio de Imunofarmacologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC), Fundacao Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.,National Institute for Science and Technology on Innovation on Diseases of Neglected Populations (INCT/IDNP), Center for Technological Development in Health (CDTS), Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.,Laboratório de Química de Produtos Naturais 5, Farmanguinhos, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Carolina Q Sacramento
- Laboratorio de Imunofarmacologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC), Fundacao Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.,National Institute for Science and Technology on Innovation on Diseases of Neglected Populations (INCT/IDNP), Center for Technological Development in Health (CDTS), Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Andressa Marttorelli
- Laboratorio de Imunofarmacologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC), Fundacao Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.,National Institute for Science and Technology on Innovation on Diseases of Neglected Populations (INCT/IDNP), Center for Technological Development in Health (CDTS), Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - André C Ferreira
- Laboratorio de Imunofarmacologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC), Fundacao Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.,National Institute for Science and Technology on Innovation on Diseases of Neglected Populations (INCT/IDNP), Center for Technological Development in Health (CDTS), Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Natasha Rocha
- Laboratorio de Imunofarmacologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC), Fundacao Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.,National Institute for Science and Technology on Innovation on Diseases of Neglected Populations (INCT/IDNP), Center for Technological Development in Health (CDTS), Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Andrea Cheble de Oliveira
- Programa de Biologia Estrutural, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciencia e Tecnologia de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem, Brazil
| | - Andre Marco de Oliveira Gomes
- Programa de Biologia Estrutural, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciencia e Tecnologia de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Souza Dos Santos
- Programa de Biologia Estrutural, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciencia e Tecnologia de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem, Brazil
| | - Edilene Oliveira da Silva
- Instituto Nacional de Ciencia e Tecnologia de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem, Brazil.,Universidade Federal do Pará, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Laboratório de Biologia Estrutural, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Josineide Pantoja da Costa
- Instituto Nacional de Ciencia e Tecnologia de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem, Brazil.,Universidade Federal do Pará, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Laboratório de Biologia Estrutural, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Davyson de Lima Moreira
- Laboratório de Química de Produtos Naturais 5, Farmanguinhos, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Patrícia T Bozza
- Laboratorio de Imunofarmacologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC), Fundacao Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Jerson L Silva
- Programa de Biologia Estrutural, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciencia e Tecnologia de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem, Brazil
| | - Shana Priscila Coutinho Barroso
- Programa de Biologia Estrutural, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciencia e Tecnologia de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem, Brazil.,Instituto de Pesquisas Biomédicas, Hospital Naval Marcílio Dias, Marinha do Brasil, Brazil
| | - Thiago Moreno L Souza
- Laboratorio de Imunofarmacologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC), Fundacao Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.,National Institute for Science and Technology on Innovation on Diseases of Neglected Populations (INCT/IDNP), Center for Technological Development in Health (CDTS), Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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16
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Sarrouf EB, Souza-Santos R, Cruz OG. [Mortality attributable to influenza in pre-vaccination and post-vaccination periods in Argentina: an ecological study (2002-2016)Mortalidade atribuível à gripe no período pré-vacinal e pós-vacinal na Argentina: estudo ecológico (2002-2016)]. Rev Panam Salud Publica 2019; 43:e15. [PMID: 31093239 PMCID: PMC6398302 DOI: 10.26633/rpsp.2019.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Objetivos Comparar las tasas de mortalidad por infección respiratoria aguda grave atribuible a gripe (IRAG) entre los períodos antes de la vacunación (AV) y después de la vacunación (DV), conocer la evolución histórica y estacionalidad de serie histórica entre 2002-2016 y estimar el riesgo de morir de niños entre 6 y 23 meses mediante el empleo de un modelo estadístico. Métodos Estudio de serie histórica con datos oficiales de mortalidad del informe estadístico de defunción. Se consideraron como IRAG los códigos de CIE-10 entre J09-18.9 y J22X. Se calcularon tasas brutas (TB) y ajustadas por edad (TAE) y se compararon los períodos AV (2002-2009) y DV (2010-2016) con prueba de χ2. El mejor modelo estadístico fue el que comparó las defunciones por IRAG en niños durante el 2002 con otros años. Se analizaron los datos con programa R, nivel de significancia P <0,05. Resultados El 4,6% (301 747) de las defunciones fueron por IRAG, con una edad mediana de 82 años, el porcentaje de fallecidos menores de dos años disminuyó en el período DV (2,34% a 0,99%, P < 0,05). Se presentó una marcada estacionalidad en invierno. Las TAE en gerontes pasaron de 259,8 AV a 328,6 por 100 000 personas DV (P < 0,05). En los niños, la TB disminuyó de manera significativa, estimando que el riesgo de morir por IRAG, comparado con el año 2 002, fue significativamente menor durante 3 años DV. Conclusiones La disminución de la mortalidad por gripe en Argentina fue más evidente en niños, con un descenso estimado de 3,5 niños fallecidos por IRAG por mes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena B Sarrouf
- Departamento de Estadísticas de Salud de los Servicios, Dirección de Epidemiología, Ministerio de Salud Pública de la provincia de Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Reinaldo Souza-Santos
- Departamento de Endemias Samuel Pessoa, Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
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