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Cooke SF, Wright TA, Sin YY, Ling J, Kyurkchieva E, Phanthaphol N, Mcskimming T, Herbert K, Rebus S, Biankin AV, Chang DK, Baillie GS, Blair CM. Disruption of the pro-oncogenic c-RAF-PDE8A complex represents a differentiated approach to treating KRAS-c-RAF dependent PDAC. Sci Rep 2024; 14:8998. [PMID: 38637546 PMCID: PMC11026450 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-59451-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is considered the third leading cause of cancer mortality in the western world, offering advanced stage patients with few viable treatment options. Consequently, there remains an urgent unmet need to develop novel therapeutic strategies that can effectively inhibit pro-oncogenic molecular targets underpinning PDACs pathogenesis and progression. One such target is c-RAF, a downstream effector of RAS that is considered essential for the oncogenic growth and survival of mutant RAS-driven cancers (including KRASMT PDAC). Herein, we demonstrate how a novel cell-penetrating peptide disruptor (DRx-170) of the c-RAF-PDE8A protein-protein interaction (PPI) represents a differentiated approach to exploiting the c-RAF-cAMP/PKA signaling axes and treating KRAS-c-RAF dependent PDAC. Through disrupting the c-RAF-PDE8A protein complex, DRx-170 promotes the inactivation of c-RAF through an allosteric mechanism, dependent upon inactivating PKA phosphorylation. DRx-170 inhibits cell proliferation, adhesion and migration of a KRASMT PDAC cell line (PANC1), independent of ERK1/2 activity. Moreover, combining DRx-170 with afatinib significantly enhances PANC1 growth inhibition in both 2D and 3D cellular models. DRx-170 sensitivity appears to correlate with c-RAF dependency. This proof-of-concept study supports the development of DRx-170 as a novel and differentiated strategy for targeting c-RAF activity in KRAS-c-RAF dependent PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean F Cooke
- College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - Thomas A Wright
- College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - Yuan Yan Sin
- College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - Jiayue Ling
- College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - Elka Kyurkchieva
- College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - Nattaporn Phanthaphol
- Siriraj Centre of Research Excellence for Cancer Immunotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Thomas Mcskimming
- College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - Katharine Herbert
- Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - Selma Rebus
- Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - Andrew V Biankin
- Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - David K Chang
- Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - George S Baillie
- College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - Connor M Blair
- College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, UK.
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2
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Cooke SF, Blair CM. Exploiting c-RAF dependency in RAS mutant cancer: beyond catalytic activity. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2024; 24:95-100. [PMID: 38362755 DOI: 10.1080/14737140.2024.2319035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Sean F Cooke
- College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Connor M Blair
- College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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3
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Mukherjee S, Roy S, Mukherjee S, Harikishore A, Bhunia A, Mandal AK. 14-3-3 interaction with phosphodiesterase 8A sustains PKA signaling and downregulates the MAPK pathway. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:105725. [PMID: 38325743 PMCID: PMC10926215 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.105725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
The cAMP/PKA and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling cascade control many cellular processes and are highly regulated for optimal cellular responses upon external stimuli. Phosphodiesterase 8A (PDE8A) is an important regulator that inhibits signaling via cAMP-dependent PKA by hydrolyzing intracellular cAMP pool. Conversely, PDE8A activates the MAPK pathway by protecting CRAF/Raf1 kinase from PKA-mediated inhibitory phosphorylation at Ser259 residue, a binding site of scaffold protein 14-3-3. It still remains enigmatic as to how the cross-talk involving PDE8A regulation influences cAMP/PKA and MAPK signaling pathways. Here, we report that PDE8A interacts with 14-3-3ζ in both yeast and mammalian system, and this interaction is enhanced upon the activation of PKA, which phosphorylates PDE8A's Ser359 residue. Biophysical characterization of phospho-Ser359 peptide with 14-3-3ζ protein further supports their interaction. Strikingly, 14-3-3ζ reduces the catalytic activity of PDE8A, which upregulates the cAMP/PKA pathway while the MAPK pathway is downregulated. Moreover, 14-3-3ζ in complex with PDE8A and cAMP-bound regulatory subunit of PKA, RIα, delays the deactivation of PKA signaling. Our results define 14-3-3ζ as a molecular switch that operates signaling between cAMP/PKA and MAPK by associating with PDE8A.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Somesh Roy
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bose Institute, Kolkata, India
| | | | | | - Anirban Bhunia
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Bose Institute, Kolkata, India
| | - Atin K Mandal
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bose Institute, Kolkata, India.
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4
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Gulliver C, Busiau T, Byrne A, Findlay JE, Hoffmann R, Baillie GS. cAMP-phosphodiesterase 4D7 (PDE4D7) forms a cAMP signalosome complex with DHX9 and is implicated in prostate cancer progression. Mol Oncol 2024; 18:707-725. [PMID: 38126155 PMCID: PMC10920091 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.13572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
A robust body of work has demonstrated that a reduction in cAMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 4D isoform 7 (PDE4D7) is linked with negative prostate cancer outcomes; however, the exact molecular mechanism that underpins this relationship is unknown. Epigenetic profiling has shown that the PDE4D gene can be hyper-methylated in transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2)-ETS transcriptional regulator ERG (ERG) gene-fusion-positive prostate cancer (PCa) tumours, and this inhibits messenger RNA (mRNA) expression, leading to a paucity of cellular PDE4D7 protein. In an attempt to understand how the resulting aberrant cAMP signalling drives PCa growth, we immunopurified PDE4D7 and identified binding proteins by mass spectrometry. We used peptide array technology and proximity ligation assay to confirm binding between PDE4D7 and ATP-dependent RNA helicase A (DHX9), and in the design of a novel cell-permeable disruptor peptide that mimics the DHX9-binding region on PDE4D7. We discovered that PDE4D7 forms a signalling complex with the DExD/H-box RNA helicase DHX9. Importantly, disruption of the PDE4D7-DHX9 complex reduced proliferation of LNCaP cells, suggesting the complex is pro-tumorigenic. Additionally, we have identified a novel protein kinase A (PKA) phosphorylation site on DHX9 that is regulated by PDE4D7 association. In summary, we report the existence of a newly identified PDE4D7-DHX9 signalling complex that may be crucial in PCa pathogenesis and could represent a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloe Gulliver
- School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life ScienceUniversity of GlasgowUK
| | - Tara Busiau
- School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life ScienceUniversity of GlasgowUK
| | - Ashleigh Byrne
- School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life ScienceUniversity of GlasgowUK
| | - Jane E. Findlay
- School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life ScienceUniversity of GlasgowUK
| | - Ralf Hoffmann
- School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life ScienceUniversity of GlasgowUK
- Oncology SolutionsPhilips Research EuropeEindhovenThe Netherlands
| | - George S. Baillie
- School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life ScienceUniversity of GlasgowUK
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5
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Montezano AC, Camargo LL, Mary S, Neves KB, Rios FJ, Stein R, Lopes RA, Beattie W, Thomson J, Herder V, Szemiel AM, McFarlane S, Palmarini M, Touyz RM. SARS-CoV-2 spike protein induces endothelial inflammation via ACE2 independently of viral replication. Sci Rep 2023; 13:14086. [PMID: 37640791 PMCID: PMC10462711 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-41115-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
COVID-19, caused by SARS-CoV-2, is a respiratory disease associated with inflammation and endotheliitis. Mechanisms underling inflammatory processes are unclear, but angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), the receptor which binds the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 may be important. Here we investigated whether spike protein binding to ACE2 induces inflammation in endothelial cells and determined the role of ACE2 in this process. Human endothelial cells were exposed to SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, S1 subunit (rS1p) and pro-inflammatory signaling and inflammatory mediators assessed. ACE2 was modulated pharmacologically and by siRNA. Endothelial cells were also exposed to SARS-CoV-2. rSP1 increased production of IL-6, MCP-1, ICAM-1 and PAI-1, and induced NFkB activation via ACE2 in endothelial cells. rS1p increased microparticle formation, a functional marker of endothelial injury. ACE2 interacting proteins involved in inflammation and RNA biology were identified in rS1p-treated cells. Neither ACE2 expression nor ACE2 enzymatic function were affected by rSP1. Endothelial cells exposed to SARS-CoV-2 virus did not exhibit viral replication. We demonstrate that rSP1 induces endothelial inflammation via ACE2 through processes that are independent of ACE2 enzymatic activity and viral replication. We define a novel role for ACE2 in COVID-19- associated endotheliitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Augusto C Montezano
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (RI-MUHC), Site Glen-Block E-Office: E01.3362, 1001, Boul. Decarie, Montreal, QC, H4A3J1, Canada.
- School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
| | - Livia L Camargo
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (RI-MUHC), Site Glen-Block E-Office: E01.3362, 1001, Boul. Decarie, Montreal, QC, H4A3J1, Canada
| | - Sheon Mary
- School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Karla B Neves
- School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Francisco J Rios
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (RI-MUHC), Site Glen-Block E-Office: E01.3362, 1001, Boul. Decarie, Montreal, QC, H4A3J1, Canada
| | - Ross Stein
- School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Rheure A Lopes
- School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Wendy Beattie
- School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Jacqueline Thomson
- School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Vanessa Herder
- MRC Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | | | - Steven McFarlane
- MRC Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | | | - Rhian M Touyz
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (RI-MUHC), Site Glen-Block E-Office: E01.3362, 1001, Boul. Decarie, Montreal, QC, H4A3J1, Canada.
- School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
- McGill University, Montreal, Canada.
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6
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Zorko M, Jones S, Langel Ü. Cell-penetrating peptides in protein mimicry and cancer therapeutics. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2022; 180:114044. [PMID: 34774552 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.114044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Extensive research has been undertaken in the pursuit of anticancer therapeutics. Many anticancer drugs require specificity of delivery to cancer cells, whilst sparing healthy tissue. Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs), now well established as facilitators of intracellular delivery, have in recent years advanced to incorporate target specificity and thus possess great potential for the targeted delivery of anticancer cargoes. Though none have yet been approved for clinical use, this novel technology has already entered clinical trials. In this review we present CPPs, discuss their classification, mechanisms of cargo internalization and highlight strategies for conjugation to anticancer moieties including their incorporation into therapeutic proteins. As the mainstay of this review, strategies to build specificity into tumor targeting CPP constructs through exploitation of the tumor microenvironment and the use of tumor homing peptides are discussed, whilst acknowledging the extensive contribution made by CPP constructs to target specific protein-protein interactions integral to intracellular signaling pathways associated with tumor cell survival and progression. Finally, antibody/antigen CPP conjugates and their potential roles in cancer immunotherapy and diagnostics are considered. In summary, this review aims to harness the potential of CPP-aided drug delivery for future cancer therapies and diagnostics whilst highlighting some of the most recent achievements in selective delivery of anticancer drugs, including cytostatic drugs, to a range of tumor cells both in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matjaž Zorko
- University of Ljubljana, Medical Faculty, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Vrazov trg 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Sarah Jones
- University of Wolverhampton, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science & Engineering, Wulfruna Street, Wolverhampton WV1 1LY, UK.
| | - Ülo Langel
- University of Stockholm, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Svante Arrhenius väg 16, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden; Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, Tartu, Estonia 50411, Estonia.
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7
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Bolger GB. The cAMP-signaling cancers: Clinically-divergent disorders with a common central pathway. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:1024423. [PMID: 36313756 PMCID: PMC9612118 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1024423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The cAMP-signaling cancers, which are defined by functionally-significant somatic mutations in one or more elements of the cAMP signaling pathway, have an unexpectedly wide range of cell origins, clinical manifestations, and potential therapeutic options. Mutations in at least 9 cAMP signaling pathway genes (TSHR, GPR101, GNAS, PDE8B, PDE11A, PRKARA1, PRKACA, PRKACB, and CREB) have been identified as driver mutations in human cancer. Although all cAMP-signaling pathway cancers are driven by mutation(s) that impinge on a single signaling pathway, the ultimate tumor phenotype reflects interactions between five critical variables: (1) the precise gene(s) that undergo mutation in each specific tumor type; (2) the effects of specific allele(s) in any given gene; (3) mutations in modifier genes (mutational "context"); (4) the tissue-specific expression of various cAMP signaling pathway elements in the tumor stem cell; and (5) and the precise biochemical regulation of the pathway components in tumor cells. These varying oncogenic mechanisms reveal novel and important targets for drug discovery. There is considerable diversity in the "druggability" of cAMP-signaling components, with some elements (GPCRs, cAMP-specific phosphodiesterases and kinases) appearing to be prime drug candidates, while other elements (transcription factors, protein-protein interactions) are currently refractory to robust drug-development efforts. Further refinement of the precise driver mutations in individual tumors will be essential for directing priorities in drug discovery efforts that target these mutations.
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8
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Mahindra A, Tejeda G, Rossi M, Janha O, Herbert I, Morris C, Morgan DC, Beattie W, Montezano AC, Hudson B, Tobin AB, Bhella D, Touyz RM, Jamieson AG, Baillie GS, Blair CM. Peptides derived from the SARS-CoV-2 receptor binding motif bind to ACE2 but do not block ACE2-mediated host cell entry or pro-inflammatory cytokine induction. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0260283. [PMID: 34793553 PMCID: PMC8601423 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0260283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 viral attachment and entry into host cells is mediated by a direct interaction between viral spike glycoproteins and membrane bound angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). The receptor binding motif (RBM), located within the S1 subunit of the spike protein, incorporates the majority of known ACE2 contact residues responsible for high affinity binding and associated virulence. Observation of existing crystal structures of the SARS-CoV-2 receptor binding domain (SRBD)-ACE2 interface, combined with peptide array screening, allowed us to define a series of linear native RBM-derived peptides that were selected as potential antiviral decoy sequences with the aim of directly binding ACE2 and attenuating viral cell entry. RBM1 (16mer): S443KVGGNYNYLYRLFRK458, RBM2A (25mer): E484GFNCYFPLQSYGFQPTNGVGYQPY508, RBM2B (20mer): F456NCYFPLQSYGFQPTNGVGY505 and RBM2A-Sc (25mer): NYGLQGSPFGYQETPYPFCNFVQYG. Data from fluorescence polarisation experiments suggested direct binding between RBM peptides and ACE2, with binding affinities ranging from the high nM to low μM range (Kd = 0.207-1.206 μM). However, the RBM peptides demonstrated only modest effects in preventing SRBD internalisation and showed no antiviral activity in a spike protein trimer neutralisation assay. The RBM peptides also failed to suppress S1-protein mediated inflammation in an endogenously expressing ACE2 human cell line. We conclude that linear native RBM-derived peptides are unable to outcompete viral spike protein for binding to ACE2 and therefore represent a suboptimal approach to inhibiting SARS-CoV-2 viral cell entry. These findings reinforce the notion that larger biologics (such as soluble ACE2, 'miniproteins', nanobodies and antibodies) are likely better suited as SARS-CoV-2 cell-entry inhibitors than short-sequence linear peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Mahindra
- School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Gonzalo Tejeda
- Institute of Molecular Cell & Systems Biology, School of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Mario Rossi
- Institute of Molecular Cell & Systems Biology, School of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Omar Janha
- Institute of Molecular Cell & Systems Biology, School of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Imogen Herbert
- MRC Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Caroline Morris
- School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | | | - Wendy Beattie
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Augusto C. Montezano
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Brian Hudson
- Institute of Molecular Cell & Systems Biology, School of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew B. Tobin
- Institute of Molecular Cell & Systems Biology, School of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - David Bhella
- MRC Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Rhian M. Touyz
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | | | - George S. Baillie
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Connor M. Blair
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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9
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Epstein PM, Basole C, Brocke S. The Role of PDE8 in T Cell Recruitment and Function in Inflammation. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:636778. [PMID: 33937235 PMCID: PMC8085600 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.636778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Inhibitors targeting cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases (PDEs) expressed in leukocytes have entered clinical practice to treat inflammatory disorders, with three PDE4 inhibitors currently in clinical use as therapeutics for psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis, atopic dermatitis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. In contrast, the PDE8 family that is upregulated in pro-inflammatory T cells is a largely unexplored therapeutic target. It was shown that PDE8A plays a major role in controlling T cell and breast cancer cell motility, including adhesion to endothelial cells under physiological shear stress and chemotaxis. This is a unique function of PDE8 not shared by PDE4, another cAMP specific PDE, employed, as noted, as an anti-inflammatory therapeutic. Additionally, a regulatory role was shown for the PDE8A-rapidly accelerated fibrosarcoma (Raf)-1 kinase signaling complex in myelin antigen reactive CD4+ effector T cell adhesion and locomotion by a mechanism differing from that of PDE4. The PDE8A-Raf-1 kinase signaling complex affects T cell motility, at least in part, via regulating the LFA-1 integrin mediated adhesion to ICAM-1. The findings that PDE8A and its isoforms are expressed at higher levels in naive and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)35–55 activated effector T (Teff) cells compared to regulatory T (Treg) cells and that PDE8 inhibition specifically affects MOG35–55 activated Teff cell adhesion, indicates that PDE8A could represent a new beneficial target expressed in pathogenic Teff cells in CNS inflammation. The implications of this work for targeting PDE8 in inflammation will be discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul M Epstein
- Department of Cell Biology, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, United States
| | - Chaitali Basole
- Department of Immunology, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, United States
| | - Stefan Brocke
- Department of Immunology, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, United States
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10
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LeBlanc RE, Lefferts JA, Baker ML, Linos KD. Novel LRRFIP2-RAF1 fusion identified in an acral melanoma: A review of the literature on melanocytic proliferations with RAF1 fusions and the potential therapeutic implications. J Cutan Pathol 2020; 47:1181-1186. [PMID: 32700768 DOI: 10.1111/cup.13817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A small subset of cutaneous melanomas harbor oncogenic gene fusions, which could potentially serve as therapeutic targets for patients with advanced disease as novel therapies are developed. Fusions involving RAF1 are exceedingly rare in melanocytic neoplasms, occurring in less than 1% of melanomas, and usually arise in tumors that are wild type for BRAF, NRAS, and NF1. We describe herein a case of acral melanoma with two satellite metastases and sentinel lymph node involvement. The melanoma had a concomitant KIT variant and LRRFIP2-RAF1 fusion. This constellation of molecular findings has not been reported previously in melanoma. We review the existing literature on melanocytic neoplasms with RAF1 fusions and discuss the potential clinical implications of this genetic event.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert E LeBlanc
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Joel A Lefferts
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Michael L Baker
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Konstantinos D Linos
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA
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11
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Bang J, Zippin JH. Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) signaling in melanocyte pigmentation and melanomagenesis. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2020; 34:28-43. [PMID: 32777162 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The second messenger cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) regulates numerous functions in both benign melanocytes and melanoma cells. cAMP is generated from two distinct sources, transmembrane and soluble adenylyl cyclases (tmAC and sAC, respectively), and is degraded by a family of proteins called phosphodiesterases (PDEs). cAMP signaling can be regulated in many different ways and can lead to varied effects in melanocytes. It was recently revealed that distinct cAMP signaling pathways regulate pigmentation by either altering pigment gene expression or the pH of melanosomes. In the context of melanoma, many studies report seemingly contradictory roles for cAMP in tumorigenesis. For example, cAMP signaling has been implicated in both cancer promotion and suppression, as well as both therapy resistance and sensitization. This conundrum in the field may be explained by the fact that cAMP signals in discrete microdomains and each microdomain can mediate differential cellular functions. Here, we review the role of cAMP signaling microdomains in benign melanocyte biology, focusing on pigmentation, and in melanomagenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakyung Bang
- Department of Dermatology, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jonathan H Zippin
- Department of Dermatology, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
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12
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Reshaping cAMP nanodomains through targeted disruption of compartmentalised phosphodiesterase signalosomes. Biochem Soc Trans 2020; 47:1405-1414. [PMID: 31506329 DOI: 10.1042/bst20190252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Spatio-temporal regulation of localised cAMP nanodomains is highly dependent upon the compartmentalised activity of phosphodiesterase (PDE) cyclic nucleotide degrading enzymes. Strategically positioned PDE-protein complexes are pivotal to the homeostatic control of cAMP-effector protein activity that in turn orchestrate a wide range of cellular signalling cascades in a variety of cells and tissue types. Unsurprisingly, dysregulated PDE activity is central to the pathophysiology of many diseases warranting the need for effective therapies that target PDEs selectively. This short review focuses on the importance of activating compartmentalised cAMP signalling by displacing the PDE component of signalling complexes using cell-permeable peptide disrupters.
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Sharma A, Kumar P, Ambasta RK. Cancer Fighting SiRNA-RRM2 Loaded Nanorobots. Pharm Nanotechnol 2020; 8:79-90. [PMID: 32003677 DOI: 10.2174/2211738508666200128120142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Silencing of several genes is critical for cancer therapy. These genes may be apoptotic gene, cell proliferation gene, DNA synthesis gene, etc. The two subunits of Ribonucleotide Reductase (RR), RRM1 and RRM2, are critical for DNA synthesis. Hence, targeting the blockage of DNA synthesis at tumor site can be a smart mode of cancer therapy. Specific targeting of blockage of RRM2 is done effectively by SiRNA. The drawbacks of siRNA delivery in the body include the poor uptake by all kinds of cells, questionable stability under physiological condition, non-target effect and ability to trigger the immune response. These obstacles may be overcome by target delivery of siRNA at the tumor site. This review presents a holistic overview regarding the role of RRM2 in controlling cancer progression. The nanoparticles are more effective due to specific characteristics like cell membrane penetration capacity, less toxicity, etc. RRM2 have been found to be elevated in different types of cancer and identified as the prognostic and predictive marker of the disease. Reductase RRM1 and RRM2 regulate the protein and gene expression of E2F, which is critical for protein expression and progression of cell cycle and cancer. The knockdown of RRM2 leads to apoptosis via Bcl2 in cancer. Both Bcl2 and E2F are critical in the progression of cancer, hence a gene that can affect both in regulating DNA replication is essential for cancer therapy. AIM The aim of the review is to identify the related gene whose silencing may inhibit cancer progression. CONCLUSION In this review, we illuminate the critical link between RRM-E2F, RRM-Bcl2, RRM-HDAC for the therapy of cancer. Altogether, this review presents an overview of all types of SiRNA targeted for cancer therapy with special emphasis on RRM2 for controlling the tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arjun Sharma
- School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, TN, India
- Pulmonary Center, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, United States
| | - Pravir Kumar
- Functional Genomics Lab, Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University, DTU, Delhi, India
| | - Rashmi K Ambasta
- Functional Genomics Lab, Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University, DTU, Delhi, India
- CSIR Scientific Pool Officer, Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University, Delhi, India
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Xuan ZB, Wang YJ, Xie J. ANO6 promotes cell proliferation and invasion in glioma through regulating the ERK signaling pathway. Onco Targets Ther 2019; 12:6721-6731. [PMID: 31692479 PMCID: PMC6708391 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s211725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Anoctamin6 (ANO6) plays a crucial role in several cancers, whereas the specific role of ANO6 in glioblastoma is unclear. Methods Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was used to analysis the correlation between ANO6 and survival rate of patients with glioblastoma. Univariate Cox regression analysis was used to analysis the correlation among ANO6 expression level,and age, gender, WHO and overall survival rate. Immunohistocemical technique, RT-PCR and western blot were used to dected the ANO6 expression. CCK8, colony formation and transwell were used to detected cell viability, cell proliferation and cell invasion in glioblastoma cells transfected with sh-ANO6 and ANO6 overexpression. In addition, after SHG-44 cells trasfected with ANO6 overexpression were ERK inhibitor (PD98059), CCK8, colony formation and transwell were used to detected cell viability, cell proliferation and cell invasion. Western blot was used to detected ERK protein level and the phosphorylation level of ERK in T89G and U87MG cells tranfected wih sh-ANO6. Results The results indicated that the ANO6 expression level was significantly associated with patients' age and tumor stage. Univariate Cox regression analysis showed that the ANO6 expression level, age, gender and tumor stage were not related to the overall survival rate. ANO6 inhibition significantly suppressed the viability, invasion and the ability of colony formation in glioma cells, while ANO6 overexpression led to the opposite results in SHG-44 cells. ANO6 knockdown strongly inhibits the phosphorylation level and nuclear translocation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) protein to inhibit ERK signaling. ERK inhibitor significantly decreased the cell proliferation and invasion in SHG-44 cells transfected with sh-ANO6. Conclusion This study revealed that ANO6 activited ERK signaling pathway through promoting the nuclear translocation of ERK to increase the proliferation and invasion of glioblastoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao-Bo Xuan
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital Affiliated to Jiamusi University, Jiamusi City, Heilongjiang Province 154002, People's Republic of China
| | - Ye-Ji Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanxian Haijiya Hospital, Heze City, Shandong Province 274300, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Xie
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongchuan People's Hospital, Tongchuan City, Shaanxi Province 727000, People's Republic of China
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