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Cooke SF, Blair CM. Exploiting c-RAF dependency in RAS mutant cancer: beyond catalytic activity. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2024; 24:95-100. [PMID: 38362755 DOI: 10.1080/14737140.2024.2319035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Sean F Cooke
- College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Connor M Blair
- College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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Connor SM, Rashid M, Ryan KJ, Patel K, Boyd JD, Smith J, Elyaman W, Bennett DA, Bradshaw EM. GW5074 Increases Microglial Phagocytic Activities: Potential Therapeutic Direction for Alzheimer's Disease. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:894601. [PMID: 35677758 PMCID: PMC9169965 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.894601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia, the resident immune cells of the central nervous system (CNS), are responsible for maintaining homeostasis in the brain by clearing debris and are suggested to be inefficient in Alzheimer's Disease (AD), a progressive neurodegenerative disorder for which there is no disease-modifying drug. Besides pathological approaches, unbiased evidence from genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and gene network analysis implicate genes expressed in microglia that reduce phagocytic ability as susceptibility genes for AD. Thus, a central feature toward AD therapy is to increase the microglial phagocytic activities while maintaining synaptic integrity. Here, we developed a robust unbiased high content screening assay to identify potential therapeutics which can reduce the amyloid-beta (Aβ1-42) load by increasing microglial uptake ability. Our screen identified the small-molecule GW5074, an inhibitor of c-RAF, a serine/threonine kinase, which significantly increased the Aβ1-42 clearance activities in human monocyte-derived microglia-like (MDMi) cells, a microglia culture model that recapitulates many genetic and phenotypic aspects of human microglia. Notably, GW5074 was previously reported to be neuroprotective for cerebellar granule cells and cortical neurons. We found that GW5074 significantly increased the expression of key AD-associated microglial molecules known to modulate phagocytosis: TYROBP, SIRPβ1, and TREM2. Our results demonstrated that GW5074 is a potential therapeutic for AD, by targeting microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M. Connor
- Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Mamunur Rashid
- Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Katie J. Ryan
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Kruti Patel
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Justin D. Boyd
- Laboratory for Drug Discovery in Neurodegeneration at the Harvard NeuroDiscovery Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Jennifer Smith
- The Institute of Chemistry and Cell Biology (ICCB)-Longwood Screening Facility, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Wassim Elyaman
- Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain, New York, NY, United States
| | - David A. Bennett
- Alzheimer Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Elizabeth M. Bradshaw
- Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain, New York, NY, United States
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Nakkina SP, Gitto SB, Beardsley JM, Pandey V, Rohr MW, Parikh JG, Phanstiel O 4th, Altomare DA. DFMO Improves Survival and Increases Immune Cell Infiltration in Association with MYC Downregulation in the Pancreatic Tumor Microenvironment. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:13175. [PMID: 34947972 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) has an extremely poor five-year survival rate of less than 10%. Immune suppression along with chemoresistance are obstacles for PDAC therapeutic treatment. Innate immune cells, such as tumor-associated macrophages, are recruited to the inflammatory environment of PDAC and adversely suppress cytotoxic T lymphocytes. KRAS and MYC are important oncogenes associated with immune suppression and pose a challenge to successful therapies. Here, we targeted KRAS, through inhibition of downstream c-RAF with GW5074, and MYC expression via difluoromethylornithine (DFMO). DFMO alone and with GW5074 reduced in vitro PDAC cell viability. Both DFMO and GW5074 showed efficacy in reducing in vivo PDAC growth in an immunocompromised model. Results in immunocompetent syngeneic tumor-bearing mice showed that DFMO and combination treatment markedly decreased tumor size, but only DFMO increased survival in mice. To further investigate, immunohistochemical staining showed DFMO diminished MYC expression and increased tumor infiltration of macrophages, CD86+ cells, CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes. GW5074 was not as effective in modulating the tumor infiltration of total CD3+ lymphocytes or tumor progression and maintained MYC expression. Collectively, this study highlights that in contrast to GW5074, the inhibition of MYC through DFMO may be an effective treatment modality to modulate PDAC immunosuppression.
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Animireddy S, Kavadipula P, Kotapalli V, Gowrishankar S, Rao S, Bashyam MD. Aberrant cytoplasmic localization of ARID1B activates ERK signaling and promotes oncogenesis. J Cell Sci 2021; 134:jcs251637. [PMID: 33443092 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.251637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The ARID1B (BAF250b) subunit of the human SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complex is a canonical nuclear tumor suppressor. We employed in silico prediction, intracellular fluorescence and cellular fractionation-based subcellular localization analyses to identify the ARID1B nuclear localization signal (NLS). A cytoplasm-restricted ARID1B-NLS mutant was significantly compromised in its canonical transcription activation and tumor suppressive functions, as expected. Surprisingly however, cytoplasmic localization appeared to induce a gain of oncogenic function for ARID1B, as evidenced from several cell line- and mouse xenograft-based assays. Mechanistically, cytoplasm-localized ARID1B could bind c-RAF (RAF1) and PPP1CA causing stimulation of RAF-ERK signaling and β-catenin (CTNNB1) transcription activity. ARID1B harboring NLS mutations derived from tumor samples also exhibited aberrant cytoplasmic localization and acquired a neo-morphic oncogenic function via activation of RAF-ERK signaling. Furthermore, immunohistochemistry on a tissue microarray revealed significant correlation of ARID1B cytoplasmic localization with increased levels of active forms of ERK1 and ERK2 (also known as MAPK3 and MAPK1) and of β-catenin, as well as with advanced tumor stage and lymph node positivity in human primary pancreatic tumor tissues. ARID1B therefore promotes oncogenesis through cytoplasm-based gain-of-function mechanisms in addition to dysregulation in the nucleus.This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinivas Animireddy
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics, Hyderabad 500039, India
- Graduate Studies, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, India
| | - Padmavathi Kavadipula
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics, Hyderabad 500039, India
| | - Viswakalyan Kotapalli
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics, Hyderabad 500039, India
| | | | - Satish Rao
- Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad 500003, India
| | - Murali Dharan Bashyam
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics, Hyderabad 500039, India
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Sanclemente M, Francoz S, Esteban-Burgos L, Bousquet-Mur E, Djurec M, Lopez-Casas PP, Hidalgo M, Guerra C, Drosten M, Musteanu M, Barbacid M. c-RAF Ablation Induces Regression of Advanced Kras/Trp53 Mutant Lung Adenocarcinomas by a Mechanism Independent of MAPK Signaling. Cancer Cell 2018; 33:217-228.e4. [PMID: 29395869 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2017.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Revised: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A quarter of all solid tumors harbor KRAS oncogenes. Yet, no selective drugs have been approved to treat these malignancies. Genetic interrogation of the MAPK pathway revealed that systemic ablation of MEK or ERK kinases in adult mice prevent tumor development but are unacceptably toxic. Here, we demonstrate that ablation of c-RAF expression in advanced tumors driven by KrasG12V/Trp53 mutations leads to significant tumor regression with no detectable appearance of resistance mechanisms. Tumor regression results from massive apoptosis. Importantly, systemic abrogation of c-RAF expression does not inhibit canonical MAPK signaling, hence, resulting in limited toxicities. These results are of significant relevance for the design of therapeutic strategies to treat K-RAS mutant cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Sanclemente
- Molecular Oncology Program, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas (CNIO), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Sarah Francoz
- Molecular Oncology Program, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas (CNIO), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Laura Esteban-Burgos
- Molecular Oncology Program, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas (CNIO), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Emilie Bousquet-Mur
- Molecular Oncology Program, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas (CNIO), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Magdolna Djurec
- Molecular Oncology Program, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas (CNIO), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Pedro P Lopez-Casas
- Clinical Research Program, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas (CNIO), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Manuel Hidalgo
- Clinical Research Program, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas (CNIO), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Carmen Guerra
- Molecular Oncology Program, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas (CNIO), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Matthias Drosten
- Molecular Oncology Program, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas (CNIO), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Monica Musteanu
- Molecular Oncology Program, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas (CNIO), Madrid 28029, Spain.
| | - Mariano Barbacid
- Molecular Oncology Program, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas (CNIO), Madrid 28029, Spain.
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Liao J, Hwang SH, Li H, Liu JY, Hammock BD, Yang GY. Inhibition of Chronic Pancreatitis and Murine Pancreatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia by a Dual Inhibitor of c-RAF and Soluble Epoxide Hydrolase in LSL-KrasG¹²D/Pdx-1-Cre Mice. Anticancer Res 2016; 36:27-37. [PMID: 26722025 PMCID: PMC4793710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Mutation of Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog (KRAS) and chronic pancreatitis are the most common pathogenic events involved in human pancreatic carcinogenesis. In the process of long-standing chronic inflammation, aberrant metabolites of arachidonic acid play a crucial role in promoting carcinogenesis, in which the soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH), as a pro-inflammatory enzyme, generally inactivates anti-inflammatory epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs). Herein, we determined the effect of our newly-synthesized novel compound trans-4-{4-[3-(4-chloro-3-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-ureido]-cyclohexyloxy}-pyridine-2-carboxylic acid methylamide (t-CUPM), a dual inhibitor of sEH and RAF1 proto-oncogene serine/threonine kinase (c-RAF), on inhibiting the development of pancreatitis and pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (mPanIN) in LSL-Kras(G12D)/Pdx1-Cre mice. The results showed that t-CUPM significantly reduced the severity of chronic pancreatitis, as measured by the extent of acini loss, inflammatory cell infiltration and stromal fibrosis. The progression of low-grade mPanIN I to high-grade mPanIN II/III was significantly suppressed. Inhibition of mutant Kras-transmitted phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase's kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinases was demonstrated in pancreatic tissues by western blots. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis revealed that t-CUPM treatment significantly reduced the levels of inflammatory cytokines including tumor necrosis facor-α, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, as well as vascular adhesion molecule-1, and the levels of Sonic hedgehog and Gli transcription factor (Hedgehog pathway). Analysis of the eicosanoid profile revealed a significant increase of the EETs/dihydroxyeicosatrienoic acids ratio, which further confirmed sEH inhibition by t-CUPM. These results indicate that simultaneous inhibition of sEH and c-RAF by t-CUPM is important in preventing chronic pancreatitis and carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Liao
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, U.S.A.
| | - Sung Hee Hwang
- Department of Entomology and Cancer Center, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, U.S.A
| | - Haonan Li
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, U.S.A
| | - Jun-Yan Liu
- Department of Entomology and Cancer Center, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, U.S.A
| | - Bruce D Hammock
- Department of Entomology and Cancer Center, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, U.S.A
| | - Guang-Yu Yang
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, U.S.A.
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