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Alkhalili M, Bani Hani O, Al-Hmaid Y, Hjazeen A, Hattab M, Khraisat Z, AlDmour W, Abdelrahim N, Abu Lubad H. Assessment of Knowledge of Communicable Diseases Among Medical Students at Al-Balqa Applied University. Cureus 2024; 16:e55572. [PMID: 38576644 PMCID: PMC10993084 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.55572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Medical education is the foundation of knowledge among medical students. This study aims to investigate the knowledge of medical students at Al-Balqa Applied University, exploring their awareness of five communicable diseases, namely, leishmaniasis, hepatitis B, tuberculosis, measles, and cholera. METHODS This cross-sectional survey included 271 participants who answered a structured validated questionnaire with varying questions on causes, symptoms, complications, transmission routes, and preventive measures for each disease. RESULTS Knowledge of all five communicable diseases was low. Leishmaniasis knowledge was notably low (mean=6.07, SD=1.43), with participants grappling with misconceptions about transmission modes, symptoms, and preventability. Hepatitis B knowledge was also low (mean=10.46, SD=1.67), especially regarding transmission modes, revealing that 76% of students were unaware of how the virus spreads. Tuberculosis knowledge unveiled gaps (mean=7.007, SD=1.90), particularly in recognizing the causes, symptoms, and transmission routes. Measles knowledge (mean=9.56, SD=1.92) indicated a robust understanding of symptoms but unveiled misconceptions about complications and transmission routes. For cholera (mean=14.50, SD=1.98), a knowledge of symptoms was demonstrated, but confusion about causative agents, transmission routes, and preventive measures was highlighted. CONCLUSION The findings of the study emphasize the critical need for enhanced educational strategies including curriculum revisions, increased practical exposure, engaging awareness campaigns, and the integration of interactive learning methods to increase knowledge about communicable diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mais Alkhalili
- Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Al-Balqa Applied University, Al-Salt, JOR
| | - Osama Bani Hani
- Department of General Surgery, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, JOR
| | - Yamamah Al-Hmaid
- Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Al-Balqa Applied University, Al-Salt, JOR
| | - Anees Hjazeen
- Department of Biostatistics, Jordanian Royal Medical Services, Amman, JOR
| | - Mohammad Hattab
- Department of Community Medicine, Ministry of Health Holdings, Amman, JOR
| | - Zeina Khraisat
- Department of Community Medicine, Ministry of Health Holdings, Amman, JOR
| | - Wala' AlDmour
- Department of Community Medicine, Ministry of Health Holdings, Amman, JOR
| | - Nanci Abdelrahim
- Department of Community Medicine, Ministry of Health Holdings, Amman, JOR
| | - Heba Abu Lubad
- Department of Community Medicine, Ministry of Health Holdings, Amman, JOR
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Kandasamy G, Almaghaslah D, Almanasef M. Knowledge, attitude and practice towards tuberculosis among healthcare and non-healthcare students at a public university in Saudi Arabia. Front Public Health 2024; 12:1348975. [PMID: 38379677 PMCID: PMC10877943 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2024.1348975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Tuberculosis (TB) is a bacterial infection. It mostly affects the lungs (pulmonary TB), but it can also affect other organs. This cross-sectional study evaluated knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) related to TB among King Khalid University (KKU) students between October and November 2023. Objective The objective of this study was to investigate current TB knowledge, attitudes, and practices of students at King Khalid University in Abha, Saudi Arabia. Methods A self-administered, cross-sectional, descriptive, web-based questionnaire was conducted from October to December 2023 among the students of King Khalid University. We used a 29-item questionnaire with five sections. Section 1 contained five questions about sociodemographic factors, there were 13 knowledge questions in Section 2, Section 3 contained 7 attitude questions, Section 4 contained 3 practice questions, and Section 5 contained 1 source of information question. A chi-squared test was used to assess differences in participants' knowledge, attitude, and practices in relation to their demographic variables (p < 0.05). Results A total of 518 students completed the questionnaire. 53.66% were healthcare students and 46.33% non-healthcare students. The mean scores for healthcare and non-healthcare students, respectively, were as follows: knowledge 11.80 ± 4.81, 7.35 ± 4.96; attitude 6.94 ± 1.33, 5.05 ± 2.09; and practice 2.26 ± 0.85, 1.14 ± 0.87. The results of this study showed good knowledge (24.82 and 5.83% for healthcare and non-healthcare students, respectively) good attitude (67.62 and 46.25%) and good practice (45.32 and 9.58%). A total of 24.32% healthcare students and 28.18% non-healthcare students reported that most effective sources for obtaining information about TB were social networks, the internet and the radio. Conclusion The current study concludes that the knowledge, attitude, and practice about TB among healthcare faculty students is better than their non-healthcare counterparts. However, there are still areas of poor knowledge, attitude and practice toward some aspects of TB among the two categories, which shows the necessity of educational intervention that aims at improving student understanding about the disease and its impact on public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geetha Kandasamy
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
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Jamal J, Akshaya KM, Pavithra H. Knowledge Among Junior Doctors About the Collection and Transport of Samples for Tuberculosis Diagnosis in a Medical College Hospital in Coastal Karnataka, India. Cureus 2023; 15:e42935. [PMID: 37667730 PMCID: PMC10475159 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.42935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The accuracy of the TB diagnosis depends on the quality of the collected and transported samples. Inadequate knowledge and practices regarding the collection and transport of sputum samples can lead to false-negative results and delay the diagnosis and treatment of TB. This study was conducted to assess the knowledge of residents and interns about the collection and transport of sputum and other samples for the diagnosis of tuberculosis in a medical college hospital. Methods This was a cross-sectional study conducted among 120 medical interns and postgraduate residents of a medical college hospital in coastal Karnataka, India. Participants were interviewed using a pre-designed and structured questionnaire. The data was analyzed using IBM Corp. Released 2015. IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 23.0. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp. Descriptive statistics like the mean, standard deviation, and chi-square test were used. A p-value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results Most of the study participants (76, 63.3%) belonged to the age group of 22 to 25 years and were interns. Nearly three-quarters of the participants (85, 70.8%) were female. Based on the mean score, 69.2% of the participants exhibited good knowledge. Among the socio-demographic characteristics, being a postgraduate resident was associated with good knowledge about the collection and transport of samples (p-value < 0.05). Conclusion Seven out of ten participants had good knowledge about the collection and transport of sputum and other samples for the diagnosis of tuberculosis. Strengthening the training of this category of health workers needs to be prioritized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeshela Jamal
- Department of Community Medicine, Yenepoya Medical College, Mangalore, IND
| | - Kibballi M Akshaya
- Department of Community Medicine, Yenepoya Medical College, Mangalore, IND
| | - Hegde Pavithra
- Department of Community Medicine, Yenepoya Medical College, Mangalore, IND
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Puspitasari IM, Sinuraya RK, Aminudin AN, Kamilah RR. Knowledge, Attitudes, and Preventative Behavior Toward Tuberculosis in University Students in Indonesia. Infect Drug Resist 2022; 15:4721-4733. [PMID: 36034171 PMCID: PMC9416452 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s365852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose This study aimed to assess the knowledge, attitudes, and preventative behaviors of university students in Indonesia toward Tuberculosis (TB). Patients and Methods Participants included students from a university in West Java, Indonesia, who were aged ≥18 years, had access to electronic communication devices and the internet, and agreed to participate in this study. This cross-sectional study invited participants to fill an online questionnaire on Google Forms, and the study was conducted from February to March 2021. Descriptive statistics was used to describe the demographic characteristics of participants. Differences in participants’ knowledge, attitudes, and preventative behavior were analyzed using t-test. Spearman correlation coefficient was used to determine the relationships between variables. Characteristics of participants that influenced preventative behavior toward TB were analyzed using linear multiple regression analysis. Results This study included 524 students. The average knowledge scores out of a possible 11 points of health and non-health students were 7.03 ± 2.36 (out of 11) and 4.98 ± 2.20, respectively. The attitude was 45.40 ± 4.17 (out of 52), 43.75 ± 4.09 respectively, and their average scores out of 44 for preventative behaviors toward TB were 33.08 ± 4.49 and 33.16 ± 4.40, respectively. Female students and students from health faculties demonstrated greater knowledge and better attitudes. Students with a postgraduate academic degree had better knowledge and attitudes and engaged in more preventative behavior. Students who did not smoke had greater knowledge than those who did, and students who had received information about TB engaged in more preventative behavior. Conclusion Faculty, knowledge of symptoms, preventative examinations, and attitudes toward preventative examinations, treatment, and preventative education, were found to affect TB prevention behavior. These variables should be emphasized in the development of university TB socialization and education programs. The internet and social media should be used in TB education for students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irma Melyani Puspitasari
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang, Indonesia.,Center of Excellence in Higher Education for Pharmaceutical Care Innovation, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang, Indonesia
| | - Rano Kurnia Sinuraya
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang, Indonesia.,Center of Excellence in Higher Education for Pharmaceutical Care Innovation, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang, Indonesia.,Unit of Global Health, Department of Health Sciences, University of Groningen/University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Arini Nurhaqiqi Aminudin
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang, Indonesia
| | - Rika Rahmi Kamilah
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang, Indonesia
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Ji H, Xu J, Wu R, Chen X, Lv X, Liu H, Duan Y, Sun M, Pan Y, Chen Y, Lu X, Zhou L. Cut-off Points of Treatment Delay to Predict Poor Outcomes Among New Pulmonary Tuberculosis Cases in Dalian, China: A Cohort Study. Infect Drug Resist 2022; 14:5521-5530. [PMID: 34984007 PMCID: PMC8702986 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s346375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Despite increasing literature on the association between treatment delay and outcomes, cut-off point (1 month or median) selection in almost all studies for treatment delay is too subjective. This study explored more scientific cut-off points of treatment delay for poor treatment outcomes and death at the clinical level. Patients and Methods A total of 18,100 newly confirmed pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) cases in Dalian, China were used in the final analysis. A 3-knotted restricted cubic spline (RCS) fitted for Cox proportional hazard regression models is used to analyse the effects of cut-off points of treatment delay on incident poor treatment outcomes. To explore the moderating effects of age, gender and diabetes, we added the interaction terms of these moderating variables and treatment delay to Cox proportional hazard regression models. Results The median time of treatment initiation was 30 days (IQR: 14–59 days). The risk of incident poor treatment outcomes increased when the time was greater than cut-off point 1 (53 days; adjusted HR: 1.26; 95% CI: 1.00–1.60) of treatment delay, and the risk of incident death events increased when the time was greater than cut-off point 2 (103 days; adjusted HR: 1.56; 95% CI: 1.00–2.44) of delay. In addition, treatment delay was associated with an increased risk of incident poor treatment outcomes and death, and older age, male sex, and diabetes may increase the risk of treatment delay for poor outcomes. Conclusion This study is the first to identify scientific cut-off points of treatment delay for poor treatment outcomes and death, and this method of exploration should be popularized. In addition, the knowledge of tuberculosis must be spread to every adult. Moreover, the tuberculosis diagnosis level of community level health workers should be enhanced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoqiang Ji
- School of Public Health, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia Xu
- School of Public Health, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruiheng Wu
- School of Public Health, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, People's Republic of China
| | - Xu Chen
- School of Public Health, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, People's Republic of China
| | - Xintong Lv
- Office of Epidemic Surveillance, Dalian Tuberculosis Hospital, Dalian, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongyu Liu
- Office of Epidemic Surveillance, Dalian Tuberculosis Hospital, Dalian, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuxin Duan
- School of Public Health, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng Sun
- School of Public Health, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanping Pan
- School of Public Health, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunting Chen
- School of Public Health, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiwei Lu
- Office of Epidemic Surveillance, Dalian Tuberculosis Hospital, Dalian, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling Zhou
- School of Public Health, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, People's Republic of China
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Xin H, Zhang H, Wang D, Zhang B, Cao X, Feng B, Quan Z, Du Y, He Y, Guan L, Shen F, Liu J, Liu Z, Pan S, Jin Q, Gao L. The effect of WeChat-based training on improving the knowledge of tuberculosis management of rural doctors. J Clin Tuberc Other Mycobact Dis 2021; 25:100266. [PMID: 34458591 PMCID: PMC8379341 DOI: 10.1016/j.jctube.2021.100266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In China, rural doctors played a crucial role in TB cases referral and management. The current study aimed to evaluate the effect of WeChat-based training program on improving the rural doctors' knowledge on TB management. Methods A One-year WeChat-based training was conducted among registered rural doctors from Zhongmu County, located in middle China, by means of releasing original contents (in forms of text, poster, video or cartoon) through WeChat subscription account (WeChat SA) once a week. Pre-and-post-training offline tests were hold using the same self-administered questionnaire to evaluate the training effect. Results A total of 467 rural doctor were included in the study. During the training, 60 original articles were posted through WeChat SA. With respect to the two tests, the median score increased from 50 (40.0-60.0) to 60 (53.0-70.0) (p < 0.001) after training. As compared with posters, the median readings were significantly higher for released contents in forms of text, video and cartoon (p < 0.001). Female's test performance improved better than male's. In addition, a positive relation was observed between education level and the test performance regardless of training. Conclusions Our results indicated that WeChat-based training improved the knowledge of rural doctors on TB management to a certain extent. It is worthy to explore more effective new media-based training methods to promote TB control in rural China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henan Xin
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, and Center for Tuberculosis Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Haoran Zhang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, and Center for Tuberculosis Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Dakuan Wang
- Center for Diseases Control and Prevention of Zhongmu, Zhengzhou 451450, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Center for Diseases Control and Prevention of Zhongmu, Zhengzhou 451450, China
| | - Xuefang Cao
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, and Center for Tuberculosis Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Boxuan Feng
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, and Center for Tuberculosis Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Zhusheng Quan
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, and Center for Tuberculosis Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Ying Du
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, and Center for Tuberculosis Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Yijun He
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, and Center for Tuberculosis Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Ling Guan
- The Sixth People's Hospital of Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou 400060, China
| | - Fei Shen
- The Sixth People's Hospital of Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou 400060, China
| | - Jianmin Liu
- The Sixth People's Hospital of Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou 400060, China
| | - Zisen Liu
- Center for Diseases Control and Prevention of Zhongmu, Zhengzhou 451450, China
| | - Shouguo Pan
- Center for Diseases Control and Prevention of Zhongmu, Zhengzhou 451450, China
| | - Qi Jin
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, and Center for Tuberculosis Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Lei Gao
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, and Center for Tuberculosis Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
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Hou K, Xu J. WITHDRAWN: Risk assessment of group psychology health in the evolution of public health emergencies in colleges and universities. Work 2021:WOR205376. [PMID: 34308891 DOI: 10.3233/wor-205376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Ahead of Print article withdrawn by publisher.
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Jackman TD, Dersch AM, Taylor TAH, Cortes C. An Integrated Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection Session: Utilizing an Online Collaborative Platform in a Synchronous Classroom Setting. MEDEDPORTAL : THE JOURNAL OF TEACHING AND LEARNING RESOURCES 2021; 17:11143. [PMID: 33889722 PMCID: PMC8056773 DOI: 10.15766/mep_2374-8265.11143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Tuberculosis (TB) remains a major public health concern worldwide. It is important to provide high-quality instructional sessions to students about the pathogenesis and risk factors of TB, as medical students are likely to encounter TB infections in clinical practice. METHODS We describe an interactive instructional session integrating immunology and microbiology concepts of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection that was presented to first-year medical students in their respiratory organ systems course. The session included a pretest primer followed by a brief review of mucosal immunity with an emphasis on the respiratory system. Using an online collaborative application, learners created a study guide on a shared spreadsheet while faculty provided real-time feedback. Following the cloud-based portion, faculty presented interactive lectures using student-created content. The session concluded with a formative posttest. We evaluated the session with responses to an optional student survey. RESULTS One hundred fourteen students (37% male and 63% female) completed the survey across 4 years from 2016 to 2019. The session received high student satisfaction ratings across five questions, with 83% of students indicating they were slightly satisfied to strongly satisfied. The students had an absolute increase in their scores of 31% on the posttest as compared to the pretest mean (p < .001). DISCUSSION We developed an interactive TB instructional session that integrates disciplines, contains real-time instructor feedback, and promotes teamwork in a large class setting. The session allows medical students to learn content and create their own study guide using online collaboration technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trent D. Jackman
- Fourth-Year Medical Student, Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine
| | - Anne M. Dersch
- First-Year Ophthalmology Resident, University of Arizona College of Medicine
| | - Tracey A. H. Taylor
- Associate Professor, Department of Foundational Medical Studies, Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine
| | - Claudio Cortes
- Assistant Professor, Department of Foundational Medical Studies, Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine
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Ntenda PAM, Mussa R, Gowelo S, Sixpence A, Bauleni A, Simbeye A, Matengeni A, Matola E, Banda G, Stanley CC, Banda S, Nkoka O. Determinants of self-reported correct knowledge about tuberculosis transmission among men and women in Malawi: evidence from a nationwide household survey. BMC Infect Dis 2021; 21:132. [PMID: 33516174 PMCID: PMC7847566 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-021-05836-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Correct knowledge about transmission of tuberculosis (TB) can influence better health-seeking behaviors, and in turn, it can aid TB prevention in society. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the prevalence and predictors of self-reported correct knowledge about TB transmission among adults in Malawi. METHODS We conducted a secondary analysis of the data obtained from the Malawi Demographic and Health Survey, 2015/16 (MDHS 2015/16). Questions regarding self-reported TB transmission were computed to evaluate the correct knowledge about TB transmission. The factors associated with the correct knowledge about Tb were assessed using univariate and multivariable logistic regression. RESULTS Overall, the prevalence of correct knowledge about TB transmission in the general population of Malawian adults was 61.5%. Specifically, the prevalence of correct knowledge about TB transmission was 63.6 and 60.8% in men and women, respectively. Those aged 35-44 years, having secondary or high education, belonging to the richest household, being exposed to mass media, being in professional/technical/managerial, having knowledge that "TB can be cured", and those living in urban areas were significantly associated with correct knowledge about TB transmission. CONCLUSIONS The findings of this study show that if appropriate strategies for TB communication and education to address the rural masses, young individuals, poor individuals, and individuals in the agriculture sector are put it place, can enhance TB prevention in Malawi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter A. M. Ntenda
- Malaria Alert Centre (MAC), College of Medicine (CoM), University of Malawi (UNIMA), Private Bag 360, Chichiri, Blantyre 3, Malawi
| | - Razak Mussa
- Centre for Reproduction Health (CRH), College of Medicine (CoM), University of Malawi (UNIMA), Private Bag 360, Chichiri, Blantyre 3, Malawi
| | - Steve Gowelo
- Malaria Alert Centre (MAC), College of Medicine (CoM), University of Malawi (UNIMA), Private Bag 360, Chichiri, Blantyre 3, Malawi
| | - Alick Sixpence
- Malaria Alert Centre (MAC), College of Medicine (CoM), University of Malawi (UNIMA), Private Bag 360, Chichiri, Blantyre 3, Malawi
| | - Andy Bauleni
- Malaria Alert Centre (MAC), College of Medicine (CoM), University of Malawi (UNIMA), Private Bag 360, Chichiri, Blantyre 3, Malawi
| | - Atusayi Simbeye
- Malaria Alert Centre (MAC), College of Medicine (CoM), University of Malawi (UNIMA), Private Bag 360, Chichiri, Blantyre 3, Malawi
| | - Alfred Matengeni
- Malaria Alert Centre (MAC), College of Medicine (CoM), University of Malawi (UNIMA), Private Bag 360, Chichiri, Blantyre 3, Malawi
| | - Ernest Matola
- Malaria Alert Centre (MAC), College of Medicine (CoM), University of Malawi (UNIMA), Private Bag 360, Chichiri, Blantyre 3, Malawi
| | - Godfrey Banda
- Malaria Alert Centre (MAC), College of Medicine (CoM), University of Malawi (UNIMA), Private Bag 360, Chichiri, Blantyre 3, Malawi
| | - Christopher C. Stanley
- Malaria Alert Centre (MAC), College of Medicine (CoM), University of Malawi (UNIMA), Private Bag 360, Chichiri, Blantyre 3, Malawi
| | - Susan Banda
- School of Public Health and Family Medicine (SPHFM), College of Medicine (CoM), University of Malawi (UNIMA), Private Bag 360, Chichiri, Blantyre 3, Malawi
| | - Owen Nkoka
- School of Public Health (SPH), Taipei Medical University (TMU), No. 250, Wuxing Street, Xinyi District, Taipei City, 110 Taiwan
- Institute for Health Research and Communication (IHRC), P.O Box 1958, Lilongwe, Malawi
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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