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Musa Mohammed MO. Prevalence and risk factors associated with under-five years children diarrhea in Malawi: Application of survey logistic regression. Heliyon 2024; 10:e29335. [PMID: 38623245 PMCID: PMC11016717 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e29335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Diarrhea is a leading cause of illness and mortality among children under five, posing a significant public health challenge in Malawi. The current study assesses the prevalence and risk factors linked to diarrhea among under-five children in Malawi. Method The researcher used the Malawi Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS) 2019-20 as the dataset for this study. Due to the complex sampling design, survey logistic regression was used to accomplish the study objectives. The sample size was 15569 children who were aged under five. Results The study found that the prevalence of diarrhea was 24.9%, with a higher percentage observed among children aged 12-23 months (38.5%) compared to other age groups. Additionally, children from the southern region had a higher prevalence of diarrhea at 27% compared to those from the northern region at 19.3%. Children from the poorest households also had a higher prevalence of diarrhea at 28.9% compared to those from the richest households at 22.6%. Furthermore, children with fever had a higher prevalence of diarrhea at 33.3% compared to those who did not have fever at 19.4%. Conclusion The current study concluded that the prevalence of diarrhea was higher among children aged 12-23 months. Subsequently, policymakers should apply policies to reduce this high prevalence among this age group of children. In addition, the government needs special consideration in diarrhea control for children from the southern region because of the high prevalence of the disease compared to the other regions in Malawi. My study can help policymakers understand the scope and nature of the problem, which can notify the development of policies and programs intended to decrease the prevalence of risk factors and enhance child health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Omar Musa Mohammed
- College of Business Administration in Hawtat Bani Tamim, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia
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Getachew Z, Asefa N, Gashaw T, Birhanu A, Debella A, Balis B, Jibro U, Tolera S, Motuma A, Gamachu M, Deressa A, Mohammed F, Tolera M, Eyeberu A, Regassa LD, Mussa I. Diarrheal disease and associated factors among children aged 6 to 59 months in Oda Bultum District, Eastern Ethiopia: a community-based cross-sectional study. BMC Infect Dis 2024; 24:303. [PMID: 38475696 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-024-09169-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diarrhea is a serious health problem in children under the age of five that is both preventable and treatable. In low-income countries like Ethiopia, children under the age five years frequently experience diarrhea. However, the burden and associated factors of these diarrheal diseases are understudied in Eastern Ethiopia, Thus, this study aimed to determine the factors associated with the prevalence of diarrheal diseases in Eastern Ethiopia from September 1-30, 2022. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted on the total of 602 children aged 6 to 59 months in Oda Bultum district in eastern Ethiopia. A multistage sampling method was used. Three kebeles were selected from nine kebeles by the lottery method. Data was entered into Epi data 4.0.2 and exported to SPSS version 21 for analysis. Descriptive analysis was used for frequency, mean, and standard deviations. In addition, bivariable, and multivariable Poisson regression model was used to identify predictors of diarrhea along with a 95% confidence interval. Finally, statistical significance was declared at a p-value of 0.05. RESULT A total of 602 children were included in this study. The prevalence of diarrhea 7.4% (47/602), 95% CI; 5.5-9.7%) among the children. Factors such as being unvaccinated for any vaccine (AOR = 10.82, 95%CI; 4.58-25.48) and born from a mother who had medium level of empowerment (AOR = 0.34, 95%CI; 0.11-0.88) in the household had statistically significant association with diarrhea among the children compared to their counterparts. CONCLUSION The study found that nearly one out of thirteen children aged 6 to 59 months had any form of diarrheal diseases in Oda Bultum District, Eastern Ethiopia. In addition, the study revealed that children who were vaccinated for their age developed diarrhea less likely compared to those who did not receive any form of vaccine for their age. Moreover, children with mothers who had a medium level of empowerment were less likely to get diarrhea than children with mothers who had a low level of empowerment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zewudalem Getachew
- Oda Bultum Woreda Health Office, Oda Bultum, West Hararghe, Oromia, Ethiopia
| | - Nega Asefa
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
| | - Tigist Gashaw
- School of Pharmacy, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
| | - Abdi Birhanu
- School of Medicine, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
| | - Adera Debella
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
| | - Bikila Balis
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
| | - Usmael Jibro
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
| | - Sina Tolera
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
| | - Aboma Motuma
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
| | - Mulugeta Gamachu
- School of Medicine, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
| | - Alemayehu Deressa
- School of Public Health, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
| | - Fethia Mohammed
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Nursing and Midwifery, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
| | - Moti Tolera
- School of Public Health, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
| | - Addis Eyeberu
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
| | - Lemma Demissie Regassa
- School of Public Health, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
| | - Ibsa Mussa
- School of Public Health, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia.
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Kalinda C, Qambayot MA, Ishimwe SMC, Regnier D, Bazimya D, Uwizeyimana T, Desie S, Rudert C, Gebremariam A, Brennan E, Karumba S, Wong R, Bekele A. Leveraging multisectoral approach to understand the determinants of childhood stunting in Rwanda: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Syst Rev 2024; 13:16. [PMID: 38183064 PMCID: PMC10768136 DOI: 10.1186/s13643-023-02438-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Addressing childhood stunting is a priority and an important step in the attainment of Global Nutrition Targets for 2025 and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). In Rwanda, the prevalence of child stunting remains high despite concerted efforts to reduce it. METHODS Utilizing the United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund (UNICEF) framework on maternal and child nutrition, this study systematically evaluated the determinants of child stunting in Rwanda and identified available gaps. Twenty-five peer-reviewed papers and five Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) reports were included in the final selection of our review, which allowed us to identify determinants such as governance and norms including wealth index, marital status, and maternal education, while underlying determinants were maternal health and nutrition factors, early initiation of breastfeeding, water treatment and sanitation, and immediate factors included infections. RESULTS A total of 75% of the overall inequality in stunting was due to the difference in the social determinants of stunting between poor and nonpoor households. Maternal education (17%) and intergenerational transfer (31%) accounted for most of the inequalities in stunting, and an increase in gross domestic product per capita contributed to a reduction in its prevalence. There is a paucity of information on the impact of sociocultural norms, early life exposures, maternal health and nutrition, and Rwandan topography. CONCLUSION The findings of this study suggest that improving women's status, particularly maternal education and health; access to improved water, sanitation, and hygiene-related factors; and the socioeconomic status of communities, especially those in rural areas, will lay a sound foundation for reducing stunting among under-5 children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chester Kalinda
- Bill and Joyce Cummings Institute of Global Health, University of Global Health Equity, Kigali Heights, Plot 772 KG 7 Ave, PO Box 6955, Kigali, Rwanda.
| | - Maria Albin Qambayot
- Centre for One Health, University of Global Health Equity, Kigali Heights, Plot 772 KG 7 Ave, PO Box 6955, Kigali, Rwanda
| | - Sage Marie C Ishimwe
- Institute of Global Health Equity Research (IGHER), University of Global Health Equity, Kigali Heights, Plot 772 KG 7 Ave, PO Box 6955, Kigali, Rwanda
| | - Denis Regnier
- School of Medicine, University of Global Health Equity, Kigali Heights, Plot 772 KG 7 Ave, PO Box 6955, Kigali, Rwanda
| | - Darius Bazimya
- Bill and Joyce Cummings Institute of Global Health, University of Global Health Equity, Kigali Heights, Plot 772 KG 7 Ave, PO Box 6955, Kigali, Rwanda
| | - Theogene Uwizeyimana
- Bill and Joyce Cummings Institute of Global Health, University of Global Health Equity, Kigali Heights, Plot 772 KG 7 Ave, PO Box 6955, Kigali, Rwanda
| | - Samson Desie
- UNICEF Kigali Office, P.O. Box 381, Kigali, Rwanda
| | | | - Alemayehu Gebremariam
- Health Office, US Agency For International Development (USAID), Rwanda Office, KG 7 Avenue, Kigali, Rwanda
| | - Elizabeth Brennan
- Catholic Relief Services, Rwanda Country Program, Chadel Building, P.O. Box 65, Kigali, Rwanda
| | - Silver Karumba
- Catholic Relief Services, Rwanda Country Program, Chadel Building, P.O. Box 65, Kigali, Rwanda
| | - Rex Wong
- Bill and Joyce Cummings Institute of Global Health, University of Global Health Equity, Kigali Heights, Plot 772 KG 7 Ave, PO Box 6955, Kigali, Rwanda
| | - Abebe Bekele
- School of Medicine, University of Global Health Equity, Kigali Heights, Plot 772 KG 7 Ave, PO Box 6955, Kigali, Rwanda
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Cheesman MJ, Shivashekaregowda NKH, Cock IE. Bacterial Foodborne Illness in Malaysia: Terminalia spp. as a Potential Resource for Treating Infections and Countering Antibiotic Resistance. Malays J Med Sci 2023; 30:42-54. [PMID: 37102050 PMCID: PMC10125245 DOI: 10.21315/mjms2023.30.2.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute diarrhoea is becoming a major public health problem in Malaysia, with more than 13.5 million cases reported annually. Foodborne bacterial pathogens are a predominant cause of diarrhoea, with infections causing prolonged illness durations and higher patient mortality rates, placing a tremendous burden on the Malaysian economy. Due to increasing incidences of diarrhoea in Malaysia caused by foodborne pathogens and the increasing levels of resistance towards antibiotics from many different classes, new drugs and/or therapies are urgently required. The evidence for plants as new sources of antibiotics has increased dramatically in recent years and there has been a substantial increase in interest in traditional and herbal medicines. Several Terminalia spp. are native to Malaysia, with previous research demonstrating that Terminalia spp. are rich in therapeutic phytochemicals and possess antibacterial properties. However, limited research has been conducted on the native Malaysian Terminalia spp. for their potential as new antibacterial therapies. The current review discusses the types of bacteria, including antibiotic-resistant strains, that cause food poisoning in Malaysia, and reports the phytochemical content and antibacterial properties of eight of these useful plant species. Future directions pertaining to drug discovery pathways are also suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew James Cheesman
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Gold Coast Campus, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Ian Edwin Cock
- School of Environment and Science, Nathan Campus, Griffith University, Australia
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Melese M, Birhan TA, Simegn W, Adugna DG, Diress M, Getawa S, Azanaw J. Prevalence of Diarrhea, Intestinal Parasites, and Associated Factors Among Under-Five Children in Dabat District, Northwest Ethiopia: Multicenter Cross-sectional Study. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH INSIGHTS 2023; 17:11786302231174744. [PMID: 37187706 PMCID: PMC10176582 DOI: 10.1177/11786302231174744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Background Despite global interventions to prevent and control diarrhea, it remains a public health problem leading to childhood morbidity and mortality majorly in developing countries. According to the World Health Organization, data from 2021 indicated that diarrheal disease is responsible for 8% of deaths in children under the age of 5. In the world, more than 1 billion under-five children live in poverty, social exclusion, and discrimination affected by intestinal parasitic infections and diarrhea disease. In sub-Saharan African countries like Ethiopia, diarrheal diseases and parasite infections continue to cause significant and persistent morbidity and mortality in under-five children. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to assess the prevalence and associated factors of intestinal parasites and diarrheal diseases in children under the age of 5 years in Dabat District, Northwest Ethiopia in 2022. Method A community-based, cross-sectional study was carried out from September 16 to August 18th 2022. Four hundred households with at least one child under the age of 5 years were recruited by simple random sampling technique. Sociodemographic, clinical, and behavioral factors were also collected using pretested interviewer-administered questionnaires. Data was entered into Epi-data version 3.1 and exported to Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 25 for analysis. Binary logistic regression was performed to identify factors associated with diarrhea and intestinal parasitic infections. The level of significance was computed at a P-value ⩽ .05. Descriptive statistics such as frequency and other summary statistics were used for describing sociodemographic variables and determining the prevalence of diarrhea and intestinal parasites. Tables, figures, and texts were used to present the findings. The variables having a P-value of less than .2 in the bivariable analysis were entered into the multivariable analysis at a P-value of ⩽.5. Results According to this study, the prevalence of diarrhea and intestinal parasites among under-five children was 20.8% (95% CI: [16.8-37.8] and 32.5% (95% CI: [28.6, 37.8], respectively. In multivariable logistic analysis at a P-value of ⩽.5, the educational level of mothers (Adjusted odds ratio [AOR]: 3.7, 95% CI: [1.52, 8.95], residence (AOR: 4.7, 95% CI: [1.52, 8.09]), undernutrition (AOR: 3.6, 95% CI: [1.09, 11.3]), latrine availability (AOR:3.9, 95% CI: [1.23, 9.56]), types of the latrine (AOR: 5.9, 95% CI: [3.42, 11.66]), water treatment (AOR = 7.6; 95% CI: [6.4, 12.7]), eating uncooked vegetable or fruits (AOR = 4.6; 95% CI: [1.025, 15.2]), and source of water (AOR = 4.5; 95% CI: [2.32,8.92]) were significantly associated with diarrheal disease. Intestinal parasitic infection was also significantly associated with undernutrition (AOR = 3.9; 95% CI: [1.09, 9.67]), latrine availability (AOR = 2.1; 95% CI:[1.32, 9.32]), types of the latrine (AOR = 2.8; 95% CI: [1.92, 8.12]) residence (AOR = 4.7; 95% CI: [1.52, 8.09]), water treatment, source of water for drinking (AOR = 4.5; 95% CI: [2.32, 8.92]), eating uncooked vegetables or fruits (AOR = 6.7:95% CI: [3.9, 9.8]), and deworming children with anti-parasitic medication (AOR = 2.4; 95% CI: [1.34, 5.62]), washing hands after latrine used (AOR = 2.2: 95% CI: [1.06, 3.86]). Conclusion The prevalence of diarrhea and intestinal parasite among under-five children was 20.8% and 32.5%, respectively. Undernutrition, latrine availability, types of latrines, residence, eating uncooked vegetables or fruits, and source of water for drinking and water treatment were associated with intestinal parasitic infection and diarrheal disease. Deworming children with antiparasitic medications and washing hands after latrine use was also significantly associated with parasitic infection. Hence, awareness creation activities on latrine utilization and building, keeping personal hygiene, safe water supply, feeding cooked vegetables or fruits, taking anti-parasitic medications, practice hand washing habit after toilet use are strongly recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihret Melese
- Department of Human Physiology, School
of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Science, University of Gondar, Gondar,
Ethiopia
- Mihret Melese, Department of Human
Physiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Science,
University of Gondar, Gondar 196, Ethiopia.
| | - Tsegaye Adane Birhan
- Department of Environmental and
Occupational Health and Safety, Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and
Health Science, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Wudneh Simegn
- Social and administrative pharmacy,
School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Science, University of Gondar,
Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Dagnew Getnet Adugna
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of
Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Science, University of Gondar, Gondar,
Ethiopia
| | - Mengistie Diress
- Department of Human Physiology, School
of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Science, University of Gondar, Gondar,
Ethiopia
| | - Solomon Getawa
- Department of Hematology and
Immunohematology, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine
and Health Science, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Jember Azanaw
- Department of Environmental and
Occupational Health and Safety, Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and
Health Science, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
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Charoenwat B, Suwannaying K, Paibool W, Laoaroon N, Sutra S, Thepsuthammarat K. Burden and pattern of acute diarrhea in Thai children under 5 years of age: a 5-year descriptive analysis based on Thailand National Health Coverage (NHC) data. BMC Public Health 2022; 22:1161. [PMID: 35689279 PMCID: PMC9185892 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-022-13598-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The incidence of acute diarrhea in Thai children under five years of age has increased over the last three decades. Even though mortality has significantly declined, the burden and cost of medical treatment are still high. Our objectives are to describe the burden and pattern of acute diarrhea cases that required admissions by Thai children under five years of age from 2015 to 2019. Methods Data regarding the admission of acute diarrhea cases of Thai children with Thailand National Health Coverage (NHC) under five years of age from 2015 to 2019, recorded as International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, tenth Revision, Thai Modification (ICD-10-TM), were analyzed. Results The incidence trend of yearly acute diarrhea in children 0–5 years of age slightly increased from 33.36 cases per 1,000 population in 2010 to an average of 33.79 cases per 1,000 population/ year from 2015 to 2019 or approximately 0.43 cases per 1,000 population over the last decade while diarrhea-related mortality had a low, constant rate of 0.71 to 1.16 per 100,000 population per year. Two thirds of the mortality rate was observed in children under 1 year of age or 4.1 cases per 100,000 person-years in 5-year period (P < 0.01). The high cost of performing the medical treatment of approximately four hundred million baht per year. Seasonal variations demonstrated consistency with similar patterns during the cold and rainy seasons throughout the 5-year period. Regional distribution of the causative agent was also observed in Cholera, Typhoid, and Amoebiasis cases. A08: viral and other specified intestinal infections and A09: other gastroenteritis and colitis of infectious and unspecified origin were the two most common causes of diarrheal diseases. Conclusions The incidence rate of acute diarrhea in Thai children under five years of age was higher while the mortality rate of acute diarrhea was lower than those in the past decade. A similar seasonal outbreak of acute diarrhea was seen during each examined year. The causative agent was not significant and was mainly unspecific. Trial registration Number TCTR20220117002, date of registration: 17/01/2022, site: Thai Clinical Trials Registry, URL http://www.thaiclinicaltrials.org/show/TCTR20220117002
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Affiliation(s)
- Busara Charoenwat
- Department of Pediatrics, Srinagarind Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, 123 Mitrapap road, Muang Khon Kaen, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand.
| | - Kunanya Suwannaying
- Department of Pediatrics, Srinagarind Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, 123 Mitrapap road, Muang Khon Kaen, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Watuhatai Paibool
- Department of Pediatrics, Srinagarind Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, 123 Mitrapap road, Muang Khon Kaen, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Napat Laoaroon
- Department of Pediatrics, Srinagarind Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, 123 Mitrapap road, Muang Khon Kaen, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Sumitr Sutra
- Department of Pediatrics, Srinagarind Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, 123 Mitrapap road, Muang Khon Kaen, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Kaewjai Thepsuthammarat
- Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Srinagarind Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
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Wagari S, Girma H, Geremew A. Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene Service Ladders and Childhood Diarrhea in Haramaya Demographic and Health Surveillance Site, Eastern Ethiopia. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH INSIGHTS 2022; 16:11786302221091416. [PMID: 35450269 PMCID: PMC9016527 DOI: 10.1177/11786302221091416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Program (JMP) service ladders are worldwide indicators for monitoring drinking water, sanitation, and hygiene elements of the sustainable development goal targets. However, evidence on how the prevalence of childhood diarrhea looks across the service ladders is limited. This study aimed to assess the relationship between WASH service ladders and the prevalence of childhood diarrhea in Haramaya Demographic and Health Surveillance site, Eastern Ethiopia. METHODS A cross-sectional study using a structured questionnaire, observational checklist, and water quality analysis was conducted on 535 households with children under 5 years of age. Poisson regression with a robust error variance estimator was used to investigate the relationship between dependent and independent variables. RESULTS The prevalence of diarrhea among under-five children in the surveillance site was 24.8% (95% CI: 22.3-27.6). The regression model revealed that water and sanitation service ladders were associated with childhood diarrhea. Childhood diarrhea was found to be 73% (APR = 0.27; 95% CI: 0.12-0.57) less common in families with a basic water service ladder than in households with a surface water service ladder. In addition, children in households with basic sanitation services had 83% (APR = 0.17; 95% CI: 0.05-0.56) lower diarrhea prevalence than children in households where open defecation was practiced. CONCLUSION The present study found that childhood diarrhea differed considerably among WASH service levels and continues to be a serious health problem at the surveillance site. This study also shows that much work is needed to improve WASH services.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Haileyesus Girma
- Haileyesus Girma, Department of
Environmental Health Science, Haramaya University, P.O. Box 235, Harar,
Ethiopia.
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Morakinyo OM, Fagbamigbe AF, Adebowale AS. Decomposition of factors associated with housing material inequality in under-five deaths in low and middle-income countries. Arch Public Health 2022; 80:13. [PMID: 34983645 PMCID: PMC8729008 DOI: 10.1186/s13690-021-00768-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Low-and Medium-Income Countries (LMIC) continue to record a high burden of under-five deaths (U5D). There is a gap in knowledge of the factors contributing to housing materials inequalities in U5D. This study examined the contributions of the individual- and neighbourhood-level factors to housing materials inequalities in influencing U5D in LMIC. Methods We pooled data from the most recent Demographic and Health Surveys for 56 LMIC conducted between 2010 and 2018. In all, we analysed the data of 798,796 children living in 59,791 neighbourhoods. The outcome variable was U5D among live births within 0 to 59 months of birth. The main determinate variable was housing material types, categorised as unimproved housing materials (UHM) and improved housing materials (IHM) while the individual-level and neighbourhood-level factors are the independent variables. Data were analysed using the Fairlie decomposition analysis at α = 0.05. Results The overall U5D rate was 53 per 1000 children, 61 among children from houses built with UHM, and 41 among children from houses built with IHM (p < 0.001). This rate was higher among children from houses that were built with UHM in all countries except Malawi, Zambia, Lesotho, Gambia, Liberia, Sierra Leone, Indonesia, Maldives, Jordan, and Albania. None of these countries had significant pro-IHM inequality. The factors explaining housing inequalities in U5D include household wealth status, residence location, source of drinking water, media access, paternal employment, birth interval, and toilet type. Conclusions There are variations in individual- and neighbourhood-level factors driving housing materials inequalities as it influences U5D in LMIC. Interventions focusing on reducing the burden of U5D in households built with UHM are urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oyewale Mayowa Morakinyo
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Faculty of Public Health, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.
| | - Adeniyi Francis Fagbamigbe
- Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Faculty of Public Health, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Ayo Stephen Adebowale
- Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Faculty of Public Health, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
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Machava NE, Salvador EM, Mulaudzi F. Assessment of diagnosis and treatment practices of diarrhoea in children under five in Maputo-Mozambique. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF AFRICA NURSING SCIENCES 2022; 17:None. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijans.2022.100507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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10
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Fenta SM, Nigussie TZ. Factors associated with childhood diarrheal in Ethiopia; a multilevel analysis. Arch Public Health 2021; 79:123. [PMID: 34229765 PMCID: PMC8259006 DOI: 10.1186/s13690-021-00566-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diarrhea is the second cause of child deaths globally. According to World Health Organization reports, in each year it kills more than 525,000 children under-5 years. More than half of these deaths occur in five countries including Ethiopia. This study aimed to identify both individual and community-level risk factors of childhood diarrheal in Ethiopia. METHODS Ethiopian demography and health survey of 2016 data were used for the analysis. A total of 10,641 children aged 0-59 months were included in the analysis. A multi-level mixed-effect logistic regression model was used to identify both individual and community-level risk factors associated with childhood diarrheal. RESULT The incidence of childhood diarrheal was 12% (95%CI: 11.39, 12.63). The random effect model revealed that 67% of the variability of childhood diarrhea explained by individual and community level factors. From the individual-level factors, children aged 36-59 month (AOR = 3.166; 95% CI: 2.569, 3.900), twin child (AOR = 1.871; 95% CI: 1.390, 2.527), birth order 5 and above (AOR = 2.210, 95% CI: 1.721, 2.839), not received any vaccination (AOR = 1.197; 95% CI: 1.190,1.527), smaller size of child at birth (AOR = 1.303;95% CI: 1.130,1.504) and never breastfed children (AOR = 2.91;95%CI:2.380,3.567) associated with the higher incidence of childhood diarrhea. From the community-level factors, living in a rural area ((AOR = 1.505; 95%CI: 1.233, 1.836)), unprotected source of drinking water (AOR: 1.289; 95% CI: 1.060, 1.567) and availability of unimproved latrine facilities (OR: 1.289; 95% CI: 1.239, 1.759) associated with the higher incidence of childhood diarrhea. Besides, Children live in Afar, Amhara, Benishangul-Gumuz, Gambella, SNNPR and Dire Dawa regions had higher incidence of childhood diarrhea. CONCLUSION The incidence of childhood diarrhea was different from cluster to clusters in Ethiopia. Therefore, integrated child health intervention programs including provisions of toilet facility, access to a clean source of drinking water, educate parents about the importance of breastfeeding and vaccination have to be strongly implemented in order to reduce the high incidence of childhood diarrhea among children in Ethiopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Setegn Muche Fenta
- Department of statistics, Faculty of Natural and Computational Sciences, Debre Tabor University, Debra Tabor, Ethiopia.
| | - Teshager Zerihun Nigussie
- Department of statistics, Faculty of Natural and Computational Sciences, Debre Tabor University, Debra Tabor, Ethiopia
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Chen T, Kallawicha K. Association between sanitary toilet coverage rate and intestinal infectious disease in Jiangsu Province, China. Sci Rep 2021; 11:12805. [PMID: 34140599 PMCID: PMC8211806 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-92291-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal infectious disease is one of the most common diseases in China and is prevalent worldwide. The Chinese government launched a toilet improvement campaign to improve sanitation and reduce the incidence of diseases. This study determined the association between sanitary toilet use and intestinal infectious disease incidence in Jiangsu Province, China during 2011–2019. This study adopted an ecological retrospective research design. All secondary data were obtained through government websites and government information disclosure channels. Multiple linear regression was employed to analyze the association between the incidence of intestinal infectious diseases and sanitary toilet coverage rate and other potential predictors. Data suggested that the aggregate annual incidence of Type A and B intestinal infectious diseases showed a downward trend, the aggregate annual incidence of other infectious diarrhea continued to increase, and hand–foot–mouth disease occurred every other year with the highest annual incidence rate. The incidence was higher in coastal cities. Multiple regression results indicated that the usage of three types of sanitary toilets, compliance rate of water quality, and average ambient temperature have an impact on intestinal infectious diseases. The aggregate annual incidence of Type A and B intestinal infectious disease was negatively correlated with the cumulative use of sanitary toilets (β = − 0.036) and surface water quality (β = − 0.135; p < 0.05). Increase in sanitary toilet use and water quality control can reduce the number of new cases, which will be beneficial for the population in the province. Moreover, the toilet improvement interventions should continue to maintain high-quality construction.
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Affiliation(s)
- TingTing Chen
- College of Public Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, 11th floor (Room no. 1110) Institute Building 3, Soi Chulalongkorn 62, Phyathai Rd, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Kraiwuth Kallawicha
- College of Public Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, 11th floor (Room no. 1110) Institute Building 3, Soi Chulalongkorn 62, Phyathai Rd, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
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Fagbamigbe AF, Oyinlola FF, Morakinyo OM, Adebowale AS, Fagbamigbe OS, Uthman AO. Mind the gap: what explains the rural-nonrural inequality in diarrhoea among under-five children in low and medium-income countries? A decomposition analysis. BMC Public Health 2021; 21:575. [PMID: 33757471 PMCID: PMC7988905 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-021-10615-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diarrhoea poses serious health problems among under-five children (U5C) in Low-and Medium-Income Countries (LMIC) with a higher prevalence in rural areas. A gap exists in knowledge on factors driving rural-non-rural inequalities in diarrhoea development among U5C in LMIC. This study investigates the magnitude of rural-non-rural inequalities in diarrhoea and the roles of individual-level and neighbourhood-level factors in explaining these inequalities. METHODS Data of 796,150 U5C, from 63,378 neighbourhoods across 57 LMIC from the most recent Demographic and Health Survey (2010-2018) was analysed. The outcome variable was the recent experience of diarrhoea while independent variables consist of the individual- and neighbourhood-level factors. Data were analysed using multivariable Fairlie decomposition at p < 0.05 in Stata Version 16 while visualization was implemented in R Statistical Package. RESULTS Two-thirds (68.0%) of the children are from rural areas. The overall prevalence of diarrhoea was 14.2, 14.6% vs 13.4% among rural and non-rural children respectively (p < 0.001). From the analysis, the following 20 countries showed a statistically significant pro-rural inequalities with higher odds of diarrhoea in rural areas than in nonrural areas at 5% alpha level: Albania (OR = 1.769; p = 0.001), Benin (OR = 1.209; p = 0.002), Burundi (OR = 1.399; p < 0.001), Cambodia (OR = 1.201; p < 0.031), Cameroon (OR = 1.377; p < 0.001), Comoros (OR = 1.266; p = 0.029), Egypt (OR = 1.331; p < 0.001), Honduras (OR = 1.127; p = 0.027), India (OR = 1.059; p < 0.001), Indonesia (OR = 1.219; p < 0.001), Liberia (OR = 1.158; p = 0.017), Mali (OR = 1.240; p = 0.001), Myanmar (OR = 1.422; p = 0.004), Namibia (OR = 1.451; p < 0.001), Nigeria (OR = 1.492; p < 0.001), Rwanda (OR = 1.261; p = 0.010), South Africa (OR = 1.420; p = 0.002), Togo (OR = 1.729; p < 0.001), Uganda (OR = 1.214; p < 0.001), and Yemen (OR = 1.249; p < 0.001); and pro-non-rural inequalities in 9 countries. Variations exist in factors associated with pro-rural inequalities across the 20 countries. Overall main contributors to pro-rural inequality were neighbourhood socioeconomic status, household wealth status, media access, toilet types, maternal age and education. CONCLUSIONS The gaps in the odds of diarrhoea among rural children than nonrural children were explained by individual-level and neighbourhood-level factors. Sustainable intervention measures that are tailored to country-specific needs could offer a better approach to closing rural-non-rural gaps in having diarrhoea among U5C in LMIC.
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Affiliation(s)
- A F Fagbamigbe
- Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Faculty of Public Health, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.
- Division of Health Sciences, Populations, Evidence and Technologies Group, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK.
- Division of Population and Behavioural Studies, School of Medicine, University of St Andrews, Fife, UK.
| | - F F Oyinlola
- Department of Demography and Social Statistics, Faculty of Social Sciences, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
| | - O M Morakinyo
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Faculty of Public Health, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - A S Adebowale
- Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Faculty of Public Health, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - O S Fagbamigbe
- Techmodia, London, West Sussex, UK
- Portsmouth Business School, Faculty of Business and Law, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
| | - A O Uthman
- Division of Health Sciences, Populations, Evidence and Technologies Group, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
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Fenta SM, Nigussie TZ. Individual- and Community-Level Risk Factors Associated with Childhood Diarrhea in Ethiopia: A Multilevel Analysis of 2016 Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey. Int J Pediatr 2021; 2021:8883618. [PMID: 33679996 PMCID: PMC7925061 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8883618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diarrhea is the second cause of child deaths globally. According to World Health Organization reports, in each year, it kills more than 525,000 children under 5 years. More than half of these deaths occur in five countries including Ethiopia. This study is aimed at identifying both individual- and community-level risk factors of childhood diarrhea in Ethiopia. METHODS Ethiopian demography and health survey of 2016 data were used for the analysis. A total of 10,641 children aged 0-59 months were included in the analysis. A multilevel mixed-effects logistic regression model was used to identify both individual- and community-level risk factors associated with childhood diarrhea. RESULT The incidence of childhood diarrhea was 12% (95% CI: 11.39, 12.63). The random-effects model revealed that 67% of the variability of childhood diarrhea was explained by individual- and community-level factors. From the individual-level factors, children aged 36-59 months (AOR = 3.166; 95% CI: 2.569, 3.900), twin child (AOR = 1.871; 95% CI: 1.390, 2.527), birth order 5 and above (AOR = 2.210, 95% CI: 1.721, 2.839), not received any vaccination (AOR = 1.197; 95% CI: 1.190, 1.527), smaller size of child at birth (AOR = 1.303; 95% CI: 1.130, 1.504), and never breastfed children (AOR = 2.91; 95% CI: 2.380, 3.567) associated with the higher incidence of childhood diarrhea. From the community-level factors, living in a rural area (AOR = 1.505; 95% CI: 1.233, 1.836)), unprotected source of drinking water (AOR = 1.289; 95% CI: 1.060, 1.567), and availability of unimproved latrine facilities (OR: 1.289; 95% CI: 1.239, 1.759) associated with the higher incidence of childhood diarrhea. Besides, children who live in Afar, Amhara, Benishangul-Gumuz, Gambella, SNNPR, and Dire Dawa regions had higher incidence of childhood diarrhea. CONCLUSION The incidence of childhood diarrhea was different from cluster to cluster in Ethiopia. Therefore, integrated child health intervention programs including provisions of toilet facility, access to a clean source of drinking water, educate parents about the importance of breastfeeding, and vaccination have to be strongly implemented in order to reduce the high incidence of childhood diarrhea among children in Ethiopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Setegn Muche Fenta
- Department of Statistics, Faculty of Natural and Computational Sciences, Debre Tabor University, Ethiopia
| | - Teshager Zerihun Nigussie
- Department of Statistics, Faculty of Natural and Computational Sciences, Debre Tabor University, Ethiopia
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Claudine U, Kim JY, Kim EM, Yong TS. Association between Sociodemographic Factors and Diarrhea in Children Under 5 Years in Rwanda. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2021; 59:61-65. [PMID: 33684988 PMCID: PMC7939958 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2021.59.1.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Diarrheal disease is the second leading cause of mortality and morbidity in children under 5 years old worldwide, and is the most common cause of malnutrition in sub-Saharan Africa. In Rwanda, diarrhea is the third leading cause of death in children under 5 years old. This study examined the association between sociodemographic factors and diarrhea in children under 5 years using the data of 7,474 households in the 2014-2015 Rwanda Demographic and Health Survey. Overall prevalence of diarrhea in this study was 12.7% in children. An increased risk for diarrhea was found for children aged 12-23 months (odds ratio (OR)=4.514), those with a low economic status (OR=1.64), those from the Western province (OR=1.439), those with poorly-educated mothers (OR=5.163), and those with families engaged in agricultural activities (OR=1.624). In conclusion, sociodemographic factors significantly affect the risk of developing diarrhea in children under 5 years in Rwanda. Designing and implementing health education promoting awareness of early interventions and rotavirus vaccination are essential to reduce diarrheal diseases for the Rwandan community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umuhoza Claudine
- Department of Environmental Medical Biology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Arthropods of Medical Importance Resource Bank, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
- Department of Global Health Security, Graduate School of Public Health, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Ju Yeong Kim
- Department of Environmental Medical Biology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Arthropods of Medical Importance Resource Bank, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Eun-Min Kim
- Department of Environmental Medical Biology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Arthropods of Medical Importance Resource Bank, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Tai-Soon Yong
- Department of Environmental Medical Biology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Arthropods of Medical Importance Resource Bank, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
- Department of Global Health Security, Graduate School of Public Health, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
- Corresponding author ()
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Noguchi Y, Nonaka D, Kounnavong S, Kobayashi J. Effects of Hand-Washing Facilities with Water and Soap on Diarrhea Incidence among Children under Five Years in Lao People's Democratic Republic: A Cross-Sectional Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18020687. [PMID: 33466953 PMCID: PMC7829977 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18020687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Diarrhea is a leading cause of death among children under five (U5) in Lao People’s Democratic Republic (PDR). This study assessed the association between the presence of household hand-washing facilities with water and soap and diarrhea episodes among children U5 in Lao PDR. Data from the Lao Social Indicator Survey II were used. The outcome variable was diarrhea episodes in the two weeks preceding the survey. The main predictor variable was the presence of household hand-washing facilities with or without water and/or soap. Mixed-effect logistic regression analysis was used to assess the association, controlling for clustering, and other predictor variables. Of the 8640 households surveyed with 11,404 children, 49.1% possessed hand-washing facilities with both water and soap and 34.7% possessed hand-washing facilities with water alone. Children whose households possessed hand-washing facilities with water alone were significantly more likely to have a diarrhea episode compared to children whose households possessed hand-washing facilities with both water and soap (8.1% vs. 5.9%; odds ratio, 1.49; 95% confidence interval, 1.22–1.81). The association remained significant even after adjusting for other predictors. The absence of soap in hand-washing facilities was associated with higher odds of having a diarrhea episode among children U5 in Lao PDR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Noguchi
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, University of the Ryukyus, 207 Uehara, Nishihara-cho, Nakagami-gun, Okinawa 903-0125, Japan; (Y.N.); (J.K.)
| | - Daisuke Nonaka
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, University of the Ryukyus, 207 Uehara, Nishihara-cho, Nakagami-gun, Okinawa 903-0125, Japan; (Y.N.); (J.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-98-895-1666
| | - Sengchanh Kounnavong
- Lao Tropical and Public Health Institute, Ministry of Health, Samsenthai Road, Ban Kaognot, Sisattanack District, Vientiane 01030, Laos;
| | - Jun Kobayashi
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, University of the Ryukyus, 207 Uehara, Nishihara-cho, Nakagami-gun, Okinawa 903-0125, Japan; (Y.N.); (J.K.)
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Díaz-Cardenas S, Perez-Puello SDC, Ramos-Martínez KDR. Enfermedades prevalentes de la infancia detectadas en atención odontológica y prácticas clave AIEPI. DUAZARY 2021. [DOI: 10.21676/2389783x.3888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
En el presente estudio se asociaron Enfermedades Prevalentes en la Infancia (EPI), detectadas en atención odontológica, con variables sociodemográficas y prácticas claves AIEPI (Atención Integral a Enfermedades Prevalentes de la Infancia) en binomios madres-niños, menores de 5 años, afrodescendientes de Cartagena-Colombia. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal en madres de 23.400 niños menores de 5 años. La muestra fue de 548 binomios seleccionados por muestreo probabilístico aleatorio durante atención odontológica en Jornada de Salud. Se aplicó instrumento de investigaciones operativas en AIEPI (cuestionario); se estimaron EPI ocurridas en los últimos 7 días y prácticas claves AIEPI realizadas frente a estas. Se reportaron frecuencias, proporciones, regresión de Poisson con varianza robusta para asociar EPI con variables sociodemográficas y prácticas claves AIEPI. Las EPI detectadas desde la atención odontológica fueron principalmente resfriado, caries dental y diarrea; la práctica clave AIEPI más realizada fue lactancia materna exclusiva (80,4%). Hubo asociación entre la aparición de EPI y no contar con servicios de salud público (RP =1,16; p=0,023), no cepillar los dientes de los niños después de tomar biberón o mamar y antes de dormir (RP=1,08; p=0,022 y RP= 0,90; p=0,006 respectivamente).
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Dujaili JA, Blebil AQ, Jayasinghe D, Sivanandan N. Knowledge, attitudes, and practices of mothers on the use of oral rehydration salts in children with diarrhoea: a cross‐sectional survey in Malaysia. JOURNAL OF PHARMACY PRACTICE AND RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/jppr.1696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ali Qais Blebil
- School of Pharmacy Monash University Malaysia Bandar Sunway Malaysia
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Pisey V, Banchonhattakit P, Laohasiriwong W. The association of socio-demographic and environmental factors on childhood diarrhea in Cambodia. F1000Res 2020; 9:303. [PMID: 34671457 PMCID: PMC8499042 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.23246.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Diarrhea diseases remain the leading cause of death among children under-five in lower and lower-middle-income countries. This study was conducted to investigate the factors related to diarrhea among children aged 12 to 35 months in Cambodia. Methods: We analyzed cross-sectional data from the Cambodia Demographic and Health Survey 2014 using a combination of household and children’s datasets. A generalized linear mixed model was used to analyze the determinant factors of diarrhea. Results: The survey included 2,828 children aged 12 to 35 months. The prevalence of diarrhea in the last 2 weeks was 16.44% (95% CI: 14.72%-18.31%). Factors significantly associated with childhood diarrhea were: maternal unemployment (AOR = 1.43; 95% CI: 1.14-1.78); the child being male (AOR = 1.25; 95%CI: 1.02-1.53); the presence of unimproved toilet facilities (AOR = 1.17; 95%CI: 1.05-1.31); and unhygienic disposal of children’s stools (AOR = 1.32; 95%CI: 1.06-1.64) when controlling for other covariates. Both maternal age (one year older; AOR = 0.85; 95%CI: 0.78– 0.93) and child age (one month older; AOR = 0.86; 95%CI: 0.78-0.94) had significant negative associations with the occurrence of childhood diarrhea. Conclusion: Childhood diarrhea remains a public health concern in Cambodia. Intervention programs should focus on reducing diarrheal diseases by constructing improved toilet facilities and promoting behavior to improve hygiene, specifically targeting younger mothers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vong Pisey
- Doctor of Public Health Program, Faculty of Public Health, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand.,Office of Rural Health Care, Pursat Provincial Department of Rural Development, Ministry of Rural Development, Cambodia.,School of Public Health, The National Institute of Public Health, Tuol Kork District, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
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Soboksa NE, Gari SR, Hailu AB, Alemu BM. Association between microbial water quality, sanitation and hygiene practices and childhood diarrhea in Kersa and Omo Nada districts of Jimma Zone, Ethiopia. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0229303. [PMID: 32074128 PMCID: PMC7029864 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0229303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Diarrhea is one of the leading causes of child morbidity and mortality in low- and middle-income countries like Ethiopia. The use of safe drinking water and improved sanitation are important practices to prevent diarrhea. However, limited research has been done to link water supply, sanitation and hygiene practices and childhood diarrhea. Therefore, this study aimed at assessing the association between microbial quality of drinking water, sanitation and hygiene practices and childhood diarrhea. METHODS Community-based matched case-control study design was applied on 198 paired children from June to July 2019 in Kersa and Omo Nada districts of Jimma Zone, Ethiopia. Cases are children < 5 years of age with diarrhea during the two weeks before the survey. The controls are children without diarrhea during the two weeks before the survey. Twenty-five percent matched pair samples of water were taken from households of cases and controls. Data were collected using structured questionnaire by interviewing mothers/caregivers. A sample of water was collected in nonreactive borosilicate glass bottles and analyzed by the membrane filtration method to count fecal indicator bacteria. A conditional logistic regression model was used; variables with p-value less than 0.05 were considered as significantly associated with childhood diarrhea. RESULTS A total of 396 (each case matched with control) under-five children with their mothers/caregivers were included in this study. In the analysis, variables like presence of under-five child in their home (AOR = 2.76; 95% CI: 1.33-5.71), wealth status (AOR = 5.39; 95% CI: 1.99-14.55), main sources of drinking water (AOR = 4.01; 95% CI: 1.40-11.44), hand washing practice before water collection (AOR = 4.28; 95% CI: 1.46-12.56), treating water at household level (AOR = 1.22; 95% CI: 0.48-3.09), latrine use all the times of the day and night (AOR = 0.22; 95% CI: 0.06-0.78), using pit as method of waste disposal (AOR = 4.91; 95% CI: 1.39-13.29) and use of soap for hand washing (AOR = 2.89; 95% CI: 1.35-6.15) were significantly associated with childhood diarrhea. Moreover, 30% of sampled water from cases and 26% of sampled water from controls families were free from Escherichia coli whereas all sampled water analyzed for Total coliforms were positive. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that the main sources of drinking water, hand washing before water drawing from a storage container, domestic waste disposal place and use of soap for hand washing were the most important factors for the prevention of childhood diarrhea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Negasa Eshete Soboksa
- Ethiopian Institute of Water Resources, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Sirak Robele Gari
- Ethiopian Institute of Water Resources, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Abebe Beyene Hailu
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
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Bawankule R, Shetye S, Singh A, Singh A, Kumar K. Epidemiological investigation and management of bloody diarrhea among children in India. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0222208. [PMID: 31518363 PMCID: PMC6743764 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0222208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The evidence on the factors associated with childhood bloody diarrhea in developing countries in general and India, in particular, is somewhat limited. Our study, therefore, examines-the prevalence of bloody diarrhea; the magnitude of treatment of bloody diarrhea (use of both oral rehydration and antibiotics (pills, syrups, and injections)); and several other associated factors with bloody diarrhea in the youngest children under five years in the Indian context. METHODS We used data from the National Family Health Survey (NFHS)-4 conducted in 2015-16. We used a multivariable binary logistic regression model to identify the factors associated with bloody diarrhea. We also applied a multinomial logistic regression model to identify associated factors with the treatment of bloody diarrhea amongst the youngest children below five years. FINDINGS The overall prevalence of bloody diarrhea in the youngest children was about 9 percent in the last two weeks preceding the survey. There was a significant difference in the mean age of those children having bloody diarrhea and watery diarrhea during the same period. Children whose stools were disposed of unsafely and those who belonged to households with neither a place nor water for washing hands were more likely to suffer from bloody diarrhea compared to their counterparts with these facilities. About a little less than one-fifth of the youngest children (16%) received adequate treatment of bloody diarrhea. The treatment of bloody diarrhea was associated with the health facility and maternal and children's socioeconomic and demographic characteristics. CONCLUSION The study shows that household environmental risk factors are important predictors of bloody diarrhea amongst the youngest children. Still, 28% of those children did not receive any treatment of bloody diarrhea in India. There is also a clear need to promote the practice of safe disposal of children's stools and handwashing among mothers and children. Mothers need to be sensitized about the necessity of an immediate visit to a health facility/center in case of bloody diarrhea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Bawankule
- International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India
- * E-mail:
| | - Sadanand Shetye
- B. K. L. Walawalkar Hospital and Rural Medical College, Kasarwadi-Sawarde, India
| | - Ashish Singh
- SJM School of Management, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, India
| | - Abhishek Singh
- International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India
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