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Campbell JE, Chen S, Bailey A, Blair A, Comiford AL. Investigating Cannabis-Use Among Students Attending High Schools Within the Cherokee Nation Reservation 2017 and 2019. J Community Health 2024; 49:402-414. [PMID: 38066219 PMCID: PMC10981585 DOI: 10.1007/s10900-023-01304-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
Oklahoma's medical cannabis is some of the least restrictive in the US. Previous research suggests that American Indian/Alaska Native (AIAN) have higher rates of cannabis use than other racial or ethnic groups. The goals of this paper are, first, to look at cannabis use among high school students living on the Cherokee Nation Reservation before (2017) and after (2019) medical cannabis because legal in Oklahoma (2018) utilizing the Cherokee Nation Youth Risk Behavior Survey (CNYRBS). Second, to describe the socio-demographic characteristics of youth using cannabis in the Cherokee Nation Reservation. Data were retrieved from the 2017 and 2019 CNYRBS. The data for this study included 1,216 high school students who completed the 2017 and 1,476 who completed the 2019 CNYRBS. After removal of incomplete records, there were 2,602 students whose data was analyzed in this study. Data were weighted to be representative of public-school students attending grades 9-12 within Cherokee Nation Reservation. Despite the legalization of medical cannabis in Oklahoma in 2018, there was no change in cannabis use among youth between 2017 and 2019. There were variations in cannabis use based on demographic factors and other substance uses. AIAN individuals had higher odds of current cannabis use compared to non-Hispanic White students, but there were no differences based on ethnicity. Additionally, the use of cigarettes, e-cigarettes, alcohol, and illegal drugs were associated with increased odds of cannabis use among both current and former users compared to those who had never used it. There was no spike in use among youth at least immediately after the legalization of cannabis in the Cherokee Nation Reservation. There were socio-demographic as well as substance use disparities in the use of cannabis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janis E Campbell
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Hudson College of Public Health, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA.
| | - Sixia Chen
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Hudson College of Public Health, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Anna Bailey
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Hudson College of Public Health, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Andrea Blair
- Cherokee Nation Public Health, 1325 East Boone Street, Tahlequah, OK, 74464, USA
| | - Ashley L Comiford
- Cherokee Nation Health Services, 19600 East Ross Road, Tahlequah, OK, 74464, USA
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Halladay J, MacKillop J, Acuff S, Amlung M, Munn C, Georgiades K. Early substance use and the school environment: A multilevel latent class analysis. JOURNAL OF THE CANADIAN ACADEMY OF CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHIATRY = JOURNAL DE L'ACADEMIE CANADIENNE DE PSYCHIATRIE DE L'ENFANT ET DE L'ADOLESCENT 2024; 33:33-56. [PMID: 38449719 PMCID: PMC10914148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Background Early substance use is associated with increased risks for mental health and substance use problems which are compounded when using several substances (i.e., polysubstance use). A notable increase in substance use occurs when adolescents transition from elementary to secondary schooling. Objective This study seeks to characterize student and school classes of substance use. Methods A cross-sectional multilevel latent class analysis and regression was conducted on a representative sample of 19,130 grade 6-8 students from 180 elementary schools in Ontario, Canada to: 1) identify distinct classes of student substance use; 2) identify classes of schools based on student classes; and 3) explore correlates of these classes, including mental health, school climate, belonging, safety, and extracurricular participation. Results Two student and two school classes were identified. 4.1% of students were assigned to the high probability of early polysubstance use class while the remaining 95.9% were in the low probability class. Students experiencing depressive and externalizing symptoms had higher odds of being in the early polysubstance use class (Odds Ratio [OR]s=1.1-1.25). At the school level, 19% of schools had higher proportions of students endorsing polysubstance use. Perceptions of positive school climate, belonging, and safety increased the odds of students being in the low probability of early polysubstance use student-level class (ORs=0.85-0.93) and lower probability of early polysubstance use school-level class. Associations related to extracurricular participation were largely not statistically significant. Conclusions Student and school substance use classes may serve as targets for tailored prevention and early interventions. Results support examining school-based interventions targeting school climate, belonging, and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jillian Halladay
- The Matilda Centre for Research in Mental Health and Substance Use, University of Sydney, Camperdown NSW, Australia
- Peter Boris Centre for Addictions Research, McMaster University/St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, Ontario
| | - James MacKillop
- Peter Boris Centre for Addictions Research, McMaster University/St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, Ontario
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario
| | - Samuel Acuff
- Recovery Research Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Michael Amlung
- Cofrin Logan Center for Addiction Research and Treatment, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, United States
| | - Catharine Munn
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario
| | - Katholiki Georgiades
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario
- Offord Centre for Child Studies, McMaster University, Ron Joyce Children's Health Centre, Hamilton, Ontario
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Farokhnia M, Harris JC, Speed SN, Leggio L, Johnson RM. Lifetime use of alcohol and cannabis among U.S. adolescents across age: Exploring differential patterns by sex and race/ethnicity using the 2019 NSDUH data. DRUG AND ALCOHOL DEPENDENCE REPORTS 2024; 10:100214. [PMID: 38234369 PMCID: PMC10791568 DOI: 10.1016/j.dadr.2023.100214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2023] [Revised: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Background Early use of alcohol and cannabis is associated with health and social problems. It is unclear how lifetime use changes for each additional year of age during adolescence, and whether this change varies by sex and race/ethnicity. This study characterized lifetime rates of alcohol and cannabis use by age among 12- to 17-year-old American youth and explored differential patterns by sex and race/ethnicity. Methods Data were obtained from the 2019 National Survey on Drug Use and Health. Analyses were restricted to 12-17-year-olds who were non-Hispanic White, non-Hispanic Black, or Hispanic/Latino (n = 11,830). We estimated the increase in lifetime use of alcohol and cannabis by age for the full sample and stratified by sex and race/ethnicity. Slopes of the regression lines were compared to assess differential patterns across groups. Results In these cross-sectional analyses, reported lifetime use increased substantially from age 12 to 17 for alcohol (6.4 % to 53.2 %) and cannabis (1.3 % to 35.9 %). The increase in lifetime alcohol use was slightly, but not significantly, steeper among girls than boys (F1,8 = 3.40, p = 0.09). White and Latino youth showed similar rates of increase in lifetime alcohol use, which was significantly flatter among Black youth (F2,12=21.26, p<0.0001). Latino youth had a slightly, but not significantly, steeper increase in lifetime cannabis use than White and Black youth (F2,12=3.17, p = 0.07). Conclusions Reports of lifetime alcohol and cannabis use substantially increase from age 12 to 17 and the rates are different according to sex and race/ethnicity, highlighting the need for early and tailored substance use prevention in adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Farokhnia
- Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology Section, Translational Addiction Medicine Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program and National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Division of Intramural Clinical and Biological Research, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore and Bethesda, MD, USA
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Julia C. Harris
- Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology Section, Translational Addiction Medicine Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program and National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Division of Intramural Clinical and Biological Research, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore and Bethesda, MD, USA
- Psychology Department, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Shannon N. Speed
- Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology Section, Translational Addiction Medicine Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program and National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Division of Intramural Clinical and Biological Research, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore and Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Lorenzo Leggio
- Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology Section, Translational Addiction Medicine Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program and National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Division of Intramural Clinical and Biological Research, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore and Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Renee M. Johnson
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Kwon E, Oshri A, Zapolski TCB, Zuercher H, Kogan SM. Substance use trajectories among emerging adult Black men: Risk factors and consequences. Drug Alcohol Rev 2023; 42:1816-1824. [PMID: 37486247 PMCID: PMC10805973 DOI: 10.1111/dar.13728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Young, Black American men experience greater social, legal and economic consequences of substance use compared with White men for comparable levels of consumption. The development of tailored interventions requires prospective information on their substance use patterns, risk factors and consequences. We identified longitudinal substance use profiles and examined their links to childhood adversity, racial discrimination and young adult problem substance use and mental health. METHODS Emerging adult Black men (n = 504, mean age = 20.26, SD = 1.08) provided fours waves of data between January 2012 and March 2021. We conducted a parallel process latent class growth analysis for three substances to explore conjoint longitudinal use patterns and investigated the risk factors and consequences of each pattern. RESULTS Three trajectory classes emerged: non-using (n = 201, 39.9%), cannabis using (n = 202, 40.1%) and poly-substance using (n = 101, 20%) groups. Threat-based childhood adversity and racial discrimination were associated with higher odds of being members of cannabis or poly-substance groups than non-using group. Deprivation-based adversity was associated with higher odds for membership in poly-substance than non-using group. At Wave 4, elevated depressive symptoms were more prevalent among poly-substance compared with cannabis using group. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS Heterogeneous substance use patterns emerged among Black American men and each pattern has distinct risk factors and outcomes in young adulthood. For prevention, more attention is needed for cannabis use patterns and psychosocial adversities that are unique to Black population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Kwon
- Department of Public Health, Baylor University, Waco, USA
| | - Assaf Oshri
- Department of Human Development and Family Science, University of Georgia, Athens, USA
| | - Tamika C. B. Zapolski
- Department of Psychology, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, USA
| | | | - Steven M. Kogan
- Department of Human Development and Family Science, University of Georgia, Athens, USA
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Liu J, Tan ASL, Winickoff JP, Rees VW. Correlates of adolescent sole-, dual- and poly-use of cannabis, vaped nicotine, and combusted tobacco. Addict Behav 2023; 146:107804. [PMID: 37478525 PMCID: PMC10528055 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2023.107804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Compared to single substance use, adolescents' use of multiple substances is associated with more severe dependence, cessation outcomes, and health risks. This study examined correlates of use and co-use of e-cigarettes, combusted tobacco, and cannabis among high school-aged (9th-12th grade, approximately aged 14-18) adolescents. METHODS We analyzed the 2019 Massachusetts Youth Health Survey (MYHS) data to calculate the weighted means of any past 30-day sole-use of e-cigarettes, sole-use of combusted tobacco, sole-use of cannabis, dual-use of two of the above substances, and poly-use of all three substances. We then used weighted multinomial logistic regression to examine the associations between demographic, social and behavioral factors and sole-, dual-, and poly-use (vs. no use) of these substances. RESULTS Among N = 1614 respondents, any past 30-day dual-use of e-cigarettes and cannabis was the most prevalent (17.2%, SE: 1.3%). Sole-use of combusted tobacco was less than 1%, whereas 4.5% (SE: 0.7%) of respondents reported poly-use of e-cigarettes, cannabis, and combusted tobacco. Lower academic grades and self-reported depression (1 item on persistent feelings of sadness or hopelessness) were associated with increased odds of dual-use of e-cigarettes and cannabis and poly-use (vs. sole-use of any substance). Adolescents who self-reported having "any long-term emotional problems or learning disabilities" had greater odds of poly-use. CONCLUSION Different sets of correlates were associated with sole-, dual-, and poly-use, suggesting that certain adolescents may be more vulnerable than others to multiple substance use. Future research should examine potentially modifiable upstream influences, such as the home environment and socioeconomic factors that may affect the relationship between adolescent mental health, school performance, and multiple addictive substance use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Liu
- REACH Lab, Division of Adolescent Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, United States; Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States.
| | - Andy S L Tan
- University of Pennsylvania, Annenberg School for Communication, Philadelphia, PA, United States; University of Pennsylvania, Leonard Davis Institute of Health Economics, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Abramson Cancer Center, Tobacco and Environmental Carcinogenesis Program, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Jonathan P Winickoff
- MassGeneral Hospital Division of General Academic Pediatrics, Boston, MA, United States; MGH Tobacco Research and Treatment Center, Boston, MA, United States; American Academy of Pediatrics Julius B. Richmond Center, Itasca, IL, United States
| | - Vaughan W Rees
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
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Dai HD, Subramanian R, Mahroke A, Wang M. Prevalence and Factors Associated With Vaping Cannabidiol Among US Adolescents. JAMA Netw Open 2023; 6:e2329167. [PMID: 37585202 PMCID: PMC10433080 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.29167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Importance e-Cigarette use and vaping marijuana (cannabis) are popular among US adolescents. Cannabidiol (CBD) is a compound found in the cannabis plant that has recently increased in use. Objectives To examine the prevalence of and factors associated with youths vaping CBD. Design, Setting, and Participants This cross-sectional study included a nationally representative sample of students from middle and high schools (typical age, 11-18 years) in the US from the 2022 National Youth Tobacco Survey, conducted from January to May 2022. Exposure Demographic characteristics, harm perception of tobacco use, and vaping behaviors. Main Outcomes and Measures The main outcomes were weighted prevalence and population estimates of ever and current (past 30-day) vaping of CBD overall and by e-cigarette use status. Multivariable logistic regression analyses were conducted to estimate the association of currently vaping CBD with demographic factors and e-cigarette and tobacco use behaviors stratified by current e-cigarette use status. Results The study included 28 291 participants (51.1% male; mean [SD] age, 14.5 [2.0] years). Among 2448 current e-cigarette users, 21.3% (95% CI, 18.4%-24.1%) reported any past-month vaping of CBD and 6.3% (95% CI, 4.7%-7.8%) reported that they did not know whether they had vaped CBD. Hispanic e-cigarette users were more likely than their non-Hispanic White peers to report currently vaping CBD (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 1.9; 95% CI, 1.3-2.8). Current e-cigarette users with higher frequency (≥20 days vs ≤5 days) and longer duration (2-3 years or >3 years vs <1 year) of use were more likely to report currently vaping CBD (frequency: AOR, 1.5 [95% CI, 1.1-1.9]; 2-3 years: AOR, 2.2 [95% CI, 1.2-3.9]; 3 years: AOR, 3.2 [95% CI, 1.7-6.1]). Among 25 091 noncurrent e-cigarette users, 1.2% (95% CI, 1.0%-1.5%) reported currently vaping CBD and 2.3% (95% CI, 2.1%-2.6%) reported that they did not know. High school students (vs middle school students; AOR, 4.2; 95% CI, 2.8-6.1) and gay or lesbian (AOR, 2.9; 95% CI, 1.6-5.4) or bisexual (AOR, 2.7; 95% CI, 1.8-4.0) (vs heterosexual) youths were more likely to report vaping CBD, while those who perceived tobacco as dangerous (vs not dangerous; AOR, 0.4; 95% CI, 0.3-0.6) had lower odds of reporting vaping CBD. Conclusions and Relevance In this cross-sectional study of US middle and high school students, the prevalence of youths vaping CBD was high, particularly among e-cigarette users and Hispanic and sexual minority populations. The findings suggest that evidence-based educational campaigns, interventions, and public policy changes are needed to reduce the harmful health outcomes possible with vaping CBD among developing youths.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Avina Mahroke
- College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Kansas City University, Kansas City, Missouri
| | - Ming Wang
- College of Journalism and Mass Communication, University of Nebraska-Lincoln
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Parra-Cardona R, Vanderziel A, Fuentes-Balderrama J. The impact of a parent-based prevention intervention on Mexican-descent youths' perceptions of harm associated with drug use: Differential intervention effects for male and female youths. JOURNAL OF MARITAL AND FAMILY THERAPY 2023; 49:370-393. [PMID: 36617375 DOI: 10.1111/jmft.12627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Parent training (PT) interventions reduce the likelihood of youth problematic behaviors, including drug use. However, the dissemination of culturally adapted PT interventions in low-income Latina/o immigrant communities remains scarce. In this selective prevention study, we examined the extent to which exposure to CAPAS-Youth, a culturally adapted version of the PT intervention known as GenerationPMTO© , resulted in increased adolescent perception of harm associated with use of alcohol and other drugs. In a randomized controlled trial with 71 Latina/o immigrant families (95% of parents self-identified as Mexican origin, n = 98), 37 families were allocated to the CAPAS-Youth intervention condition versus wait-list control (n = 34 families). According to adolescents' reports at intervention completion, significant increased levels of perceived harm associated with drug use were found for female youths, but not for males. Differential results indicate the importance of tailoring PT prevention interventions according to youths' sex differences (i.e., males vs. females).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubén Parra-Cardona
- Steve Hicks School of Social Work, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Alyssa Vanderziel
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
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Hummer JF, Tucker JS, Rodriguez A, Davis JP, D’Amico EJ. A Longitudinal Study of Alcohol and Cannabis Use in Young Adulthood: Exploring Racial and Ethnic Differences in the Effects of Peer and Parental Influences From Middle Adolescence. J Stud Alcohol Drugs 2022; 83:684-694. [PMID: 36136439 PMCID: PMC9523756 DOI: 10.15288/jsad.21-00050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study assessed how changes from middle adolescence to young adulthood in peer and parental influences relate to frequency of alcohol and cannabis use in young adulthood and evaluated the differences between three racial/ethnic groups. METHOD The analytic sample (n = 2,808; 52.9% female; 54% Hispanic, 22.9% White, 23.1% Asian/Pacific Islander) was derived from a longitudinal cohort initially recruited from 16 middle schools in Southern California who completed annual surveys. Data were collected across six waves beginning in Spring 2013 (mean age = 16.2) through Spring 2019 (mean age = 21.6). RESULTS Multigroup latent growth models revealed consistent increases during adolescence and young adulthood in perceived peer and parental approval of alcohol and cannabis and in the amount of time spent around peers who used these substances. After we controlled for prior use, these increases related to alcohol and cannabis use at age 21, with few exceptions. The time spent around peers most strongly influenced later cannabis use for Hispanic young adults, whereas the influence of peer approval on later alcohol and cannabis use, and parental approval on later alcohol use, was strongest among White young adults. CONCLUSIONS The frequency of alcohol and cannabis use in young adulthood was shaped, in part, from increases in direct and indirect peer influence and perceived parental approval of substance use across two important developmental periods. The findings highlight the importance of early and sustained intervention efforts targeting these social influences, especially among White adolescents, which may potentially decrease alcohol and cannabis use as youth enter young adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jordan P. Davis
- University of Southern California (USC), Suzanne Dworak-Peck School of Social Work, Los Angeles, California
- USC Institute for Addiction Science, Los Angeles, California
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Clements-Nolle KD, Lensch T, Drake CS, Pearson JL. Adverse childhood experiences and past 30-day cannabis use among middle and high school students: The protective influence of families and schools. Addict Behav 2022; 130:107280. [PMID: 35279622 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2022.107280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) is a risk factor for adolescent cannabis use (CU). We explored whether family communication and school connectedness can offer direct protection (the compensatory model of resiliency) or moderating protection (the protective factors model of resiliency). Using cluster random sampling, a Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS) was conducted with 5,341 middle school and 4,980 high school students in 2019. Generalized estimating equations were used to estimate whether family communication and school connectedness offered independent direct protection (multiple regression) or moderating protection (multiplicative interaction) in the relationship between ACEs and past 30-day CU. Adjusted prevalence ratios (APR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were calculated. There was a graded relationship between ACEs and past 30-day CU for all students that was particularly strong among middle school students: 1 ACE (APR = 2.37, 95% CI = 2.16, 2.62), 2 ACEs (APR = 2.89, 95% CI = 2.60, 3.23), 3 ACEs (APR = 5.30, 95% CI = 4.75, 5.90), 4 + ACEs (APR = 7.86, 95% CI = 7.13, 8.67). Results supported the compensatory model of resiliency with both family communication (middle school APR = 0.90, 95% CI = 0.88, 0.93; high school APR = 0.90, 95% CI = 0.87, 0.93) and school connectedness (middle school APR = 0.76, 95% CI = 0.72, 0.79; high school APR = 0.72, 95% CI = 0.68, 0.77) demonstrating a direct, independent protective relationship with past 30-day CU. There was no consistent evidence supporting the protective factors resiliency model.
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Mehus CJ, Patrick ME, Schulenberg J, Maggs JL. 35-Year-Old Parents Do Not Approve of 17-Year-Olds' Cigarette, Marijuana, or Alcohol Use: U.S. National Data 1993-2018. J Adolesc Health 2022; 70:989-992. [PMID: 35241361 PMCID: PMC9124671 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2022.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Parents' attitudes about adolescent substance use likely guide their parenting behaviors. This study documents prevalence of parents' disapproval of adolescent substance use and characteristics associated with disapproval. METHODS Survey data from national samples of 35-year-old parents from the U.S. Monitoring the Future study were collected 1993-2018. Multivariable logistic regression examined predictors of disapproving attitudes about substance use by a hypothetical 17-year-old child, including occasional marijuana use or drunkenness, and regular cigarette, marijuana, or alcohol use. RESULTS Across all cohorts, rates of disapproving attitudes ranged from 93.7% disapproving of getting drunk occasionally to 97.2% disapproving of regular cigarette use, with some erosion in disapproval for some substances across cohorts. Parents' own recent abstinence from substance use predicted greater odds of disapproval. CONCLUSIONS The overwhelming majority of 35-year-old parents disapprove of adolescent substance use. Prevention and public health messaging can support parenting by sharing this important information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J. Mehus
- Center for Applied Research and Educational Improvement, University of Minnesota,Department of Family Social Science, University of Minnesota
| | | | - John Schulenberg
- Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan,Department of Psychology, University of Michigan
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Terry-McElrath YM, O’Malley PM, Pang YC, Patrick ME. Characteristics and reasons for use associated with solitary alcohol and marijuana use among U.S. 12th Grade Students, 2015-2021. Drug Alcohol Depend 2022; 235:109448. [PMID: 35421689 PMCID: PMC9275659 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2022.109448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known regarding what sociodemographic characteristics and reasons for use are associated with adolescent solitary alcohol and marijuana use. METHODS Data from 7845 12th grade students participating in the nationally-representative Monitoring the Future study from 2015 to 2021 were used to examine cross-sectional associations between sociodemographics, heavy drinking/marijuana use, reasons for use, and past 12-month solitary alcohol or marijuana use among past 12-month users. Historical trends and possible differences related to the COVID-19 pandemic also were examined. RESULTS Solitary use prevalence increased from 2015 to 2021 with no evidence of significant COVID-19 deviations. In 2021, solitary alcohol use was reported by 32.1% (SE 3.01) and solitary marijuana use by 55.8% (4.72) of those reporting past 12-month use. Common and substance-specific sociodemographic risk factors were observed. Binge drinking was associated with solitary alcohol use; frequent marijuana use was associated with solitary marijuana use. Reasons for use related to coping with negative affect were associated with solitary use. Compulsive use reasons were more strongly associated with solitary alcohol than marijuana use. Drinking to have a good time with friends was negatively associated with solitary alcohol use but this association was not seen for solitary marijuana use. CONCLUSIONS The percentage of adolescents who use alcohol or marijuana when they were alone has increased among those who report using each substance. Associations between solitary use and (a) higher levels of consumption and (b) coping with negative affect highlight the importance of solitary use as a risk indicator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne M. Terry-McElrath
- Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, PO Box 1248, Ann Arbor, MI 48106-1248 USA
| | - Patrick M. O’Malley
- Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, PO Box 1248, Ann Arbor, MI 48106-1248 USA
| | - Yuk C. Pang
- Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, PO Box 1248, Ann Arbor, MI 48106-1248 USA
| | - Megan E. Patrick
- Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, PO Box 1248, Ann Arbor, MI 48106-1248 USA
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Gajos JM, Purcell JB, Mrug S. The Intersection Between Sex and Race in Understanding Substance Co-Use Patterns in Adolescents From the Fragile Families Study. JOURNAL OF DRUG ISSUES 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/00220426211041093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The current study examined the prevalence of alcohol, cigarette, and cannabis co-use among a longitudinal cohort of youth predominately born to single-parent families. Data were drawn from wave six of the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study ( N = 2976; M age = 15.6; 49% female; 53% non-Hispanic Black, 27% Hispanic, 20% White). Adolescents’ reports of their past 30-day use of alcohol, cigarettes, and cannabis were used to construct eight mutually exclusive use groups. Multinomial logistic regressions adjusting for sociodemographic factors revealed that Black adolescents were at lower relative risk of using Alcohol Only compared to White adolescents. Black males were at greater relative risk of using Cannabis Only than both White males and Black females. Finally, Hispanic males were at a marginally increased relative risk of co-using Alcohol and Cannabis compared to White males. Prevention efforts targeting Black and Hispanic males’ use of cannabis (both alone and in combination with alcohol) may be beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie M. Gajos
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA
| | - Juliann B. Purcell
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Sylvie Mrug
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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