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Real LM, Sáez ME, Corma-Gómez A, Gonzalez-Pérez A, Thorball C, Ruiz R, Jimenez-Leon MR, Gonzalez-Serna A, Gasca-Capote C, Bravo MJ, Royo JL, Perez-Gomez A, Camacho-Sojo MI, Gallego I, Vitalle J, Bachiller S, Gutierrez-Valencia A, Vidal F, Fellay J, Lichterfeld M, Ruiz-Mateos E. A metagenome-wide association study of HIV disease progression in HIV controllers. iScience 2023; 26:107214. [PMID: 37456859 PMCID: PMC10339206 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Some HIV controllers experience immunologic progression with CD4+ T cell decline. We aimed to identify genetic factors associated with CD4+ T cell lost in HIV controllers. A total of 561 HIV controllers were included, 442 and 119 from the International HIV controllers Study Cohort and the Swiss HIV Cohort Study, respectively. No SNP or gene was associated with the long-term non-progressor HIV spontaneous control phenotype in the individual GWAS or in the meta-analysis. However, SNPs previously associated with natural HIV control linked to HLA-B (rs2395029 [p = 0.005; OR = 1.70], rs59440261 [p = 0.003; OR = 1.78]), MICA (rs112243036 [p = 0.011; OR = 1.45]), and PSORS1C1 loci (rs3815087 [p = 0.017; OR = 1.39]) showed nominal association with this phenotype. Genetic factors associated with the long-term HIV controllers without risk of immunologic progression are those previously related to the overall HIV controller phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Miguel Real
- Unidad Clínica de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología, Hospital Universitario Virgen de Valme, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, IBIS, Sevilla, Spain
- Departamento de Especialidades Quirúrgicas, Bioquímica e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC)-Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - María E. Sáez
- Centro Andaluz de Estudios Bioinformáticos (CAEBI, SL), Sevilla, Spain
| | - Anais Corma-Gómez
- Unidad Clínica de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología, Hospital Universitario Virgen de Valme, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, IBIS, Sevilla, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC)-Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Christian Thorball
- School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Precision Medicine Unit, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Rocío Ruiz
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla/Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla-Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - María Reyes Jimenez-Leon
- Institute of Biomedicine of Seville, IBiS/Virgen del Rocío University Hospital/CSIC/University of Seville, Clinic Unit of Infectious Diseases, Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Seville, Spain
| | - Alejandro Gonzalez-Serna
- Unidad Clínica de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología, Hospital Universitario Virgen de Valme, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, IBIS, Sevilla, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC)-Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Gasca-Capote
- Institute of Biomedicine of Seville, IBiS/Virgen del Rocío University Hospital/CSIC/University of Seville, Clinic Unit of Infectious Diseases, Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Seville, Spain
| | - María José Bravo
- Departamento de Especialidades Quirúrgicas, Bioquímica e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - José Luis Royo
- Departamento de Especialidades Quirúrgicas, Bioquímica e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Alberto Perez-Gomez
- Institute of Biomedicine of Seville, IBiS/Virgen del Rocío University Hospital/CSIC/University of Seville, Clinic Unit of Infectious Diseases, Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Seville, Spain
| | - María Inés Camacho-Sojo
- Institute of Biomedicine of Seville, IBiS/Virgen del Rocío University Hospital/CSIC/University of Seville, Clinic Unit of Infectious Diseases, Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Seville, Spain
| | - Isabel Gallego
- Institute of Biomedicine of Seville, IBiS/Virgen del Rocío University Hospital/CSIC/University of Seville, Clinic Unit of Infectious Diseases, Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Seville, Spain
| | - Joana Vitalle
- Institute of Biomedicine of Seville, IBiS/Virgen del Rocío University Hospital/CSIC/University of Seville, Clinic Unit of Infectious Diseases, Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Seville, Spain
| | - Sara Bachiller
- Institute of Biomedicine of Seville, IBiS/Virgen del Rocío University Hospital/CSIC/University of Seville, Clinic Unit of Infectious Diseases, Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Seville, Spain
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Alicia Gutierrez-Valencia
- Institute of Biomedicine of Seville, IBiS/Virgen del Rocío University Hospital/CSIC/University of Seville, Clinic Unit of Infectious Diseases, Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Seville, Spain
| | - Francisco Vidal
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC)-Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Hospital Universitari de Tarragona Joan XXIII (HJ23), Tarragona, Spain
- Institut Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Tarragona, Spain
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), Tarragona, Spain
| | - Jacques Fellay
- School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Precision Medicine Unit, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mathias Lichterfeld
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Infectious Disease Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Infectious Disease Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ezequiel Ruiz-Mateos
- Institute of Biomedicine of Seville, IBiS/Virgen del Rocío University Hospital/CSIC/University of Seville, Clinic Unit of Infectious Diseases, Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Seville, Spain
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2
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Viral and Cellular factors leading to the Loss of CD4 Homeostasis in HIV-1 Viremic Nonprogressors. J Virol 2021; 96:e0149921. [PMID: 34668779 PMCID: PMC8754213 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01499-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) viremic nonprogressors (VNPs) represent a very rare HIV-1 extreme phenotype. VNPs are characterized by persistent high plasma viremia and maintenance of CD4+ T-cell counts in the absence of treatment. However, the causes of nonpathogenic HIV-1 infection in VNPs remain elusive. Here, we identified for the first time two VNPs who experienced the loss of CD4+ homeostasis (LoH) after more than 13 years. We characterized in deep detail viral and host factors associated with the LoH and compared with standard VNPs and healthy controls. The viral factors determined included HIV-1 coreceptor usage and replicative capacity. Changes in CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell activation, maturational phenotype, and expression of CCR5 and CXCR6 in CD4+ T-cells were also evaluated as host-related factors. Consistently, we determined a switch in HIV-1 coreceptor use to CXCR4 concomitant with an increase in replicative capacity at the LoH for the two VNPs. Moreover, we delineated an increase in the frequency of HLA-DR+CD38+ CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and traced the augment of naive T-cells upon polyclonal activation with LoH. Remarkably, very low and stable levels of CCR5 and CXCR6 expression in CD4+ T-cells were measured over time. Overall, our results demonstrated HIV-1 evolution toward highly pathogenic CXCR4 strains in the context of very limited and stable expression of CCR5 and CXCR6 in CD4+ T cells as potential drivers of LoH in VNPs. These data bring novel insights into the correlates of nonpathogenic HIV-1 infection. IMPORTANCE The mechanism behind nonpathogenic human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection remains poorly understood, mainly because of the very low frequency of viremic nonprogressors (VNPs). Here, we report two cases of VNPs who experienced the loss of CD4+ T-cell homeostasis (LoH) after more than 13 years of HIV-1 infection. The deep characterization of viral and host factors supports the contribution of viral and host factors to the LoH in VNPs. Thus, HIV-1 evolution toward highly replicative CXCR4 strains together with changes in T-cell activation and maturational phenotypes were found. Moreover, we measured very low and stable levels of CCR5 and CXCR6 in CD4+ T-cells over time. These findings support viral evolution toward X4 strains limited by coreceptor expression to control HIV-1 pathogenesis and demonstrate the potential of host-dependent factors, yet to be fully elucidated in VNPs, to control HIV-1 pathogenesis.
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3
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Malo AI, Peraire J, Ruiz-Mateos E, Masip J, Amigó N, Alcamí J, Moreno S, Girona J, García-Pardo G, Reig R, Vidal F, Castro A, Masana L, Rull A. Evolution of Serum Acute-Phase Glycoproteins Assessed by 1H-NMR in HIV Elite Controllers. Front Immunol 2021; 12:730691. [PMID: 34650556 PMCID: PMC8505996 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.730691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Elite controllers (ECs) are an exceptional group of people living with HIV (PLWH) who maintain undetectable viral loads (VLs) despite not being on antiretroviral therapy (ART). However, this phenotype is heterogeneous, with some of these subjects losing virological control over time. In this longitudinal retrospective study, serum acute-phase glycoprotein profile assessed by proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) was determined in 11 transient controllers (TCs) who spontaneously lost virological control and 11 persistent controllers (PCs) who persistently maintained virological control over time. Both PCs and TCs showed similar acute-phase glycoprotein profiles, even when TCs lost the virological control (GlycB, p = 0.824 and GlycA, p = 0.710), and the serum acute-phase glycoprotein signature in PCs did not differ from that in HIV-negative subjects (GlycB, p = 0.151 and GlycA, p = 0.243). Differences in serum glycoproteins A and B were significant only in ECs compared to HIV-typical progressors (TPs) with < 100 CD4+ T-cells (p < 0.001). 1H-NMR acute-phase glycoprotein profile does not distinguish TCs form PCs before the loss of viral control. ECs maintain a low-grade inflammatory state compared to TPs. PCs revealed a closer serum signature to HIV-negative subjects, reaffirming this phenotype as a closer model of functional control of HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana-Irene Malo
- Vascular Medicine and Metabolism Unit, Hospital Universitari Sant Joan, Reus, Spain
| | - Joaquim Peraire
- Hospital Universitari de Tarragona Joan XXIII, Tarragona, Spain.,Infection and Immunity Research Group (INIM), Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Reus, Spain.,Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ezequiel Ruiz-Mateos
- Unidad Clínica de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Microbiología y Medicina Preventiva, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla-Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Jenifer Masip
- Hospital Universitari de Tarragona Joan XXIII, Tarragona, Spain.,Infection and Immunity Research Group (INIM), Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Reus, Spain.,Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Núria Amigó
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain.,Biosfer Teslab, Reus, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - José Alcamí
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain.,AIDS Immunopathogenesis Unit, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,HIV Unit, Hospital Clinic-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi iSunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Santiago Moreno
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain.,Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal Universidad de Alcalá, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
| | - Josefa Girona
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain.,Research Unit on Lipids and Atherosclerosis, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Reus, Spain
| | - Graciano García-Pardo
- Hospital Universitari de Tarragona Joan XXIII, Tarragona, Spain.,Infection and Immunity Research Group (INIM), Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Reus, Spain.,Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Rosaura Reig
- Hospital Universitari de Tarragona Joan XXIII, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Francesc Vidal
- Hospital Universitari de Tarragona Joan XXIII, Tarragona, Spain.,Infection and Immunity Research Group (INIM), Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Reus, Spain.,Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Antoni Castro
- Vascular Medicine and Metabolism Unit, Hospital Universitari Sant Joan, Reus, Spain.,Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain.,Research Unit on Lipids and Atherosclerosis, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Reus, Spain
| | - Lluís Masana
- Vascular Medicine and Metabolism Unit, Hospital Universitari Sant Joan, Reus, Spain.,Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain.,Research Unit on Lipids and Atherosclerosis, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Reus, Spain
| | - Anna Rull
- Hospital Universitari de Tarragona Joan XXIII, Tarragona, Spain.,Infection and Immunity Research Group (INIM), Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Reus, Spain.,Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
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4
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Navarrete-Muñoz MA, Restrepo C, Benito JM, Rallón N. Elite controllers: A heterogeneous group of HIV-infected patients. Virulence 2021; 11:889-897. [PMID: 32698654 PMCID: PMC7549999 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2020.1788887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The exceptional group of ECs has been of great help, and will continue to provide invaluable insight with regard to reach a potential functional cure of HIV. However, there is no consensus on the immune correlates associated to this EC phenotype which preclude reaching a potential functional cure of HIV. The existing literature studying this population of individuals has indeed revealed that they are a very heterogeneous group regarding virological, immunological, and even clinical characteristics, and that among ECs only a very small proportion are homogeneous in terms of maintaining virological and immunological control in the long term (the so-called long-term elite controllers, LTECs). Thus, it is of pivotal relevance to identify the LTECs subjects and use them as the right model to redefine immune correlates of a truly functional cure. This review summarizes the evidence of the heterogeneity of HIV elite controllers (ECs) subjects in terms of virological, immunological and clinical outcomes, and the implications of this phenomenon to adequately consider this EC phenotype as the right model of a functional cure.
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Affiliation(s)
- María A Navarrete-Muñoz
- HIV and Viral Hepatitis Research Laboratory, Instituto De Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Universidad Autónoma De Madrid (IIS-FJD, UAM) , Madrid, Spain.,Hospital Universitario Rey Juan Carlos , Móstoles, Spain.,Biotechvana, Scientific Park , Madrid, Spain
| | - Clara Restrepo
- HIV and Viral Hepatitis Research Laboratory, Instituto De Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Universidad Autónoma De Madrid (IIS-FJD, UAM) , Madrid, Spain.,Hospital Universitario Rey Juan Carlos , Móstoles, Spain
| | - José M Benito
- HIV and Viral Hepatitis Research Laboratory, Instituto De Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Universidad Autónoma De Madrid (IIS-FJD, UAM) , Madrid, Spain.,Hospital Universitario Rey Juan Carlos , Móstoles, Spain
| | - Norma Rallón
- HIV and Viral Hepatitis Research Laboratory, Instituto De Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Universidad Autónoma De Madrid (IIS-FJD, UAM) , Madrid, Spain.,Hospital Universitario Rey Juan Carlos , Móstoles, Spain
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5
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Ahmed R, Miners KL, Lahoz-Beneytez J, Jones RE, Roger L, Baboonian C, Zhang Y, Wang ECY, Hellerstein MK, McCune JM, Baird DM, Price DA, Macallan DC, Asquith B, Ladell K. CD57 + Memory T Cells Proliferate In Vivo. Cell Rep 2020; 33:108501. [PMID: 33326780 PMCID: PMC7758161 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
A central paradigm in the field of lymphocyte biology asserts that replicatively senescent memory T cells express the carbohydrate epitope CD57. These cells nonetheless accumulate with age and expand numerically in response to persistent antigenic stimulation. Here, we use in vivo deuterium labeling and ex vivo analyses of telomere length, telomerase activity, and intracellular expression of the cell-cycle marker Ki67 to distinguish between two non-exclusive scenarios: (1) CD57+ memory T cells do not proliferate and instead arise via phenotypic transition from the CD57- memory T cell pool; and/or (2) CD57+ memory T cells self-renew via intracompartmental proliferation. Our results provide compelling evidence in favor of the latter scenario and further suggest in conjunction with mathematical modeling that self-renewal is by far the most abundant source of newly generated CD57+ memory T cells. Immunological memory therefore appears to be intrinsically sustainable among highly differentiated subsets of T cells that express CD57.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raya Ahmed
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St. George's, University of London, London SW17 0RE, UK
| | - Kelly L Miners
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | | | - Rhiannon E Jones
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Laureline Roger
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Christina Baboonian
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St. George's, University of London, London SW17 0RE, UK
| | - Yan Zhang
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St. George's, University of London, London SW17 0RE, UK
| | - Eddie C Y Wang
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Marc K Hellerstein
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Joseph M McCune
- HIV Frontiers Program, Global Health Innovative Technology Solutions, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Duncan M Baird
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - David A Price
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK; Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK.
| | - Derek C Macallan
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St. George's, University of London, London SW17 0RE, UK; St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London SW17 0QT, UK.
| | - Becca Asquith
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK.
| | - Kristin Ladell
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK; Neonatal Unit, Singleton Hospital, Swansea Bay University Health Board, Swansea SA2 8QA, UK.
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6
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Rodríguez-Gallego E, Tarancón-Diez L, García F, Del Romero J, Benito JM, Alba V, Herrero P, Rull A, Dominguez-Molina B, Martinez-Madrid O, Martin-Pena L, Pulido F, León A, Rodríguez C, Rallón N, Peraire J, Viladés C, Leal M, Vidal F, Ruiz-Mateos E. Proteomic Profile Associated With Loss of Spontaneous Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Elite Control. J Infect Dis 2020; 219:867-876. [PMID: 30312441 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Elite controllers (ECs) spontaneously control plasma human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) RNA without antiretroviral therapy. However, 25% lose virological control over time. The aim of this work was to study the proteomic profile that preceded this loss of virological control to identify potential biomarkers. METHODS Plasma samples from ECs who spontaneously lost virological control (transient controllers [TCs]), at 2 years and 1 year before the loss of control, were compared with a control group of ECs who persistently maintained virological control during the same follow-up period (persistent controllers [PCs]). Comparative plasma shotgun proteomics was performed with tandem mass tag (TMT) isobaric tag labeling and nanoflow liquid chromatography coupled to Orbitrap mass spectrometry. RESULTS Eighteen proteins exhibited differences comparing PC and preloss TC timepoints. These proteins were involved in proinflammatory mechanisms, and some of them play a role in HIV-1 replication and pathogenesis and interact with structural viral proteins. Coagulation factor XI, α-1-antichymotrypsin, ficolin-2, 14-3-3 protein, and galectin-3-binding protein were considered potential biomarkers. CONCLUSIONS The proteomic signature associated with the spontaneous loss of virological control was characterized by higher levels of inflammation, transendothelial migration, and coagulation. Galectin-3 binding protein could be considered as potential biomarker for the prediction of virological progression and as therapeutic target in ECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Rodríguez-Gallego
- Hospital Universitari de Tarragona Joan XXIII, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona
| | - Laura Tarancón-Diez
- Laboratory of Immunovirology, Clinic Unit of Infectious Diseases, Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville, Virgen del Rocío University Hospital/Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/University of Seville, Spain
| | - Felipe García
- Hospital Clinic-Fundació Clinic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Centre Català d'Investigació i Desenvolupament de Vacunes contra la Sida, Universidad de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jorge Del Romero
- Centro Sanitario Sandoval, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose Miguel Benito
- IIS-Fundación Jiménez Diaz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid/Madrid Hospital Universitario Rey Juan Carlos, Móstoles, Spain
| | - Verónica Alba
- Hospital Universitari de Tarragona Joan XXIII, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona
| | - Pol Herrero
- Centre for Omic Sciences, Unitat Mixta Universitat Rovira i Virgili-Eurecat, Reus, Spain
| | - Anna Rull
- Hospital Universitari de Tarragona Joan XXIII, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona
| | - Beatriz Dominguez-Molina
- Laboratory of Immunovirology, Clinic Unit of Infectious Diseases, Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville, Virgen del Rocío University Hospital/Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/University of Seville, Spain
| | - Onofre Martinez-Madrid
- Unidad Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospital General Universitario Santa Lucía, Cartagena, Spain
| | - Luisa Martin-Pena
- Infectious Disease Service, Son Espases Hospital, Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain.,Multidisciplinary Group for Infectious Disease Service, Institute of Health Sciences Research, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Palma, Health Research Foundation Ramón Llull, Son Espases Hospital, Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears
| | - Federico Pulido
- HIV Unit, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Agathe León
- Hospital Clinic-Fundació Clinic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Centre Català d'Investigació i Desenvolupament de Vacunes contra la Sida, Universidad de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carmen Rodríguez
- Centro Sanitario Sandoval, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Norma Rallón
- IIS-Fundación Jiménez Diaz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid/Madrid Hospital Universitario Rey Juan Carlos, Móstoles, Spain
| | - Joaquim Peraire
- Hospital Universitari de Tarragona Joan XXIII, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona
| | - Consuelo Viladés
- Hospital Universitari de Tarragona Joan XXIII, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona
| | - Manuel Leal
- Laboratory of Immunovirology, Clinic Unit of Infectious Diseases, Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville, Virgen del Rocío University Hospital/Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/University of Seville, Spain.,Servicio de Medicina Interna, Hospital Viamed Santa Ángela de la Cruz, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Francesc Vidal
- Hospital Universitari de Tarragona Joan XXIII, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona
| | - Ezequiel Ruiz-Mateos
- Laboratory of Immunovirology, Clinic Unit of Infectious Diseases, Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville, Virgen del Rocío University Hospital/Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/University of Seville, Spain
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7
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de Azevedo SSD, Côrtes FH, Delatorre E, Ribeiro-Alves M, Hoagland B, Grinsztejn B, Veloso VG, Morgado MG, Bello G. Proviral Quasispecies Diversity Is Not Associated With Virologic Breakthrough or CD4 + T Cell Loss in HIV-1 Elite Controllers. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:673. [PMID: 31001238 PMCID: PMC6454058 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Elite controllers (EC) are able to control HIV-1 replication to extremely low levels (<50 HIV-1 RNA copies/mL) in the absence of antiretroviral therapy. However, some EC experience CD4+ T cell loss and/or lose their ability to control HIV-1 over the course of infection. High levels of HIV-1 env proviral diversity, activated T cells and proinflammatory cytokines were pointed out as relevant biomarkers for detection of EC at risk of virologic/immunologic progression. The aim of this study was to assess the importance of proviral diversity as a prognostic marker of virologic and/or immunologic progression in EC. To this end, we analyzed plasma viremia, total HIV DNA levels, T cells dynamics, and activation/inflammatory biomarkers in EC with low (ECLD = 4) and high (ECHD = 6) HIV-1 env diversity. None of ECLD and ECHD subjects displayed evidence of immunologic progression (decrease in absolute and percentage of CD4+ T cells) and only one ECHD subject presented virologic progression (≥2 consecutive viral loads measurements above the detection limit) 2–5 years after determination of proviral env diversity. Despite differences in proviral genetic diversity, the ECLD and ECHD subgroups displayed comparable levels of total cell-associated HIV DNA, activated CD8+ T (CD38+HLA-DR+) cells and plasmatic inflammatory biomarkers (IP-10, IL-18, RANTES, PDGF-AA, and CTACK). These results indicate that the genetic diversity of the HIV-1 proviral reservoir is not a surrogate marker of residual viral replication, immune activation or inflammation, nor an accurate biomarker for the prediction of virologic breakthrough or CD4+ T cells loss in EC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suwellen S D de Azevedo
- Laboratório de AIDS & Imunologia Molecular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fernanda H Côrtes
- Laboratório de AIDS & Imunologia Molecular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Edson Delatorre
- Laboratório de AIDS & Imunologia Molecular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Ribeiro-Alves
- Laboratório de Pesquisa Clínica em DST e AIDS, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Brenda Hoagland
- Laboratório de Pesquisa Clínica em DST e AIDS, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Beatriz Grinsztejn
- Laboratório de Pesquisa Clínica em DST e AIDS, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Valdilea G Veloso
- Laboratório de Pesquisa Clínica em DST e AIDS, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Mariza G Morgado
- Laboratório de AIDS & Imunologia Molecular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Gonzalo Bello
- Laboratório de AIDS & Imunologia Molecular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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8
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Tarancon-Diez L, Rodríguez-Gallego E, Rull A, Peraire J, Viladés C, Portilla I, Jimenez-Leon MR, Alba V, Herrero P, Leal M, Ruiz-Mateos E, Vidal F. Immunometabolism is a key factor for the persistent spontaneous elite control of HIV-1 infection. EBioMedicine 2019; 42:86-96. [PMID: 30879922 PMCID: PMC6491381 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Approximately 25% of elite controllers (ECs) lose their virological control by mechanisms that are only partially known. Recently, immunovirological and proteomic factors have been associated to the loss of spontaneous control. Our aim was to perform a metabolomic approach to identify the underlying mechanistic pathways and potential biomarkers associated with this loss of control. METHODS Plasma samples from EC who spontaneously lost virological control (Transient Controllers, TC, n = 8), at two and one year before the loss of control, were compared with a control group of EC who persistently maintained virological control during the same follow-up period (Persistent Controllers, PC, n = 8). The determination of metabolites and plasma lipids was performed by GC-qTOF and LC-qTOF using targeted and untargeted approaches. Metabolite levels were associated with the polyfunctionality of HIV-specific CD8+T-cell response. FINDINGS Our data suggest that, before the loss of control, TCs showed a specific circulating metabolomic profile characterized by aerobic glycolytic metabolism, deregulated mitochondrial function, oxidative stress and increased immunological activation. In addition, CD8+ T-cell polyfunctionality was strongly associated with metabolite levels. Finally, valine was the main differentiating factor between TCs and PCs. INTERPRETATION All these metabolomic differences should be considered not only as potential biomarkers but also as therapeutic targets in HIV infection. FUND: This work was supported by grants from Fondo de Investigación Sanitaria, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Fondos FEDER; Red de Investigación en Sida, Gilead Fellowship program, Spanish Ministry of Education and Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Tarancon-Diez
- Clinic Unit of Infectious Diseases, Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville, Virgen del Rocío University Hospital/CSIC/University of Seville, Spain
| | - Esther Rodríguez-Gallego
- Hospital Universitari de Tarragona Joan XXIII, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Anna Rull
- Hospital Universitari de Tarragona Joan XXIII, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Joaquim Peraire
- Hospital Universitari de Tarragona Joan XXIII, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Consuelo Viladés
- Hospital Universitari de Tarragona Joan XXIII, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Irene Portilla
- Infectious Diseases, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de Alicante, ISABIAL - FISABIO, Hospital General Universitario de Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - María Reyes Jimenez-Leon
- Clinic Unit of Infectious Diseases, Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville, Virgen del Rocío University Hospital/CSIC/University of Seville, Spain
| | - Verónica Alba
- Hospital Universitari de Tarragona Joan XXIII, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Pol Herrero
- Eurecat, Centre Tecnològic de Catalunya, Centre for Omic Sciences (COS), Joint Unit Universitat Rovira i Virgili-EURECAT, Unique Scientific and Technical Infrastructures (ICTS), Reus, Spain
| | - Manuel Leal
- Servicio de Medicina Interna, Hospital Viamed Santa Ángela de la Cruz, Sevilla, Spain; Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Sevilla
| | - Ezequiel Ruiz-Mateos
- Clinic Unit of Infectious Diseases, Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville, Virgen del Rocío University Hospital/CSIC/University of Seville, Spain.
| | - Francesc Vidal
- Hospital Universitari de Tarragona Joan XXIII, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain.
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9
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Rosás-Umbert M, Llano A, Bellido R, Olvera A, Ruiz-Riol M, Rocafort M, Fernández MA, Cobarsi P, Crespo M, Dorrell L, Del Romero J, Alcami J, Paredes R, Brander C, Mothe B. Mechanisms of Abrupt Loss of Virus Control in a Cohort of Previous HIV Controllers. J Virol 2019; 93:e01436-18. [PMID: 30487276 PMCID: PMC6363998 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01436-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Elite and viremic HIV controllers are able to control their HIV infection and maintain undetectable or low-level viremia in the absence of antiretroviral treatment. Despite extensive studies, the immune factors responsible for such exclusive control remain poorly defined. We identified a cohort of 14 HIV controllers that suffered an abrupt loss of HIV control (LoC) to investigate possible mechanisms and virological and immunological events related to the sudden loss of control. The in-depth analysis of these subjects involved the study of cell tropism of circulating virus, evidence for HIV superinfection, cellular immune responses to HIV, as well as an examination of viral adaptation to host immunity by Gag sequencing. Our data demonstrate that a poor capacity of T cells to mediate in vitro viral suppression, even in the context of protective HLA alleles, predicts a loss of viral control. In addition, the data suggest that inefficient viral control may be explained by an increase of CD8 T-cell activation and exhaustion before LoC. Furthermore, we detected a switch from C5- to X4-tropic viruses in 4 individuals after loss of control, suggesting that tropism shift might also contribute to disease progression in HIV controllers. The significantly reduced inhibition of in vitro viral replication and increased expression of activation and exhaustion markers preceding the abrupt loss of viral control may help identify untreated HIV controllers that are at risk of losing control and may offer a useful tool for monitoring individuals during treatment interruption phases in therapeutic vaccine trials.IMPORTANCE A few individuals can control HIV infection without the need for antiretroviral treatment and are referred to as HIV controllers. We have studied HIV controllers who suddenly lose this ability and present with high in vivo viral replication and decays in their CD4+ T-cell counts to identify potential immune and virological factors that were responsible for initial virus control. We identify in vitro-determined reductions in the ability of CD8 T cells to suppress viral control and the presence of PD-1-expressing CD8+ T cells with a naive immune phenotype as potential predictors of in vivo loss of virus control. The findings could be important for the clinical management of HIV controller individuals, and it may offer an important tool to anticipate viral rebound in individuals in clinical studies that include combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) treatment interruptions and which, if not treated quickly, could pose a significant risk to the trial participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Rosás-Umbert
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute-HIVACAT, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anuska Llano
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute-HIVACAT, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
| | - Rocío Bellido
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute-HIVACAT, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
| | - Alex Olvera
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute-HIVACAT, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
| | - Marta Ruiz-Riol
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute-HIVACAT, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
| | - Muntsa Rocafort
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute-HIVACAT, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
| | - Marco A Fernández
- Flow Cytometry Facility, Health Sciences Research Institute Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
| | - Patricia Cobarsi
- HIV Unit, Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
| | - Manel Crespo
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Internal Medicine Department, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Vigo, IIS Galicia Sur, Spain
| | - Lucy Dorrell
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - José Alcami
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Roger Paredes
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute-HIVACAT, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- HIV Unit, Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
- University of Vic and Central Catalonia, UVIC-UCC, Vic, Spain
| | - Christian Brander
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute-HIVACAT, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
- University of Vic and Central Catalonia, UVIC-UCC, Vic, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
- AELIX Therapeutics, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Beatriz Mothe
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute-HIVACAT, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
- HIV Unit, Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
- University of Vic and Central Catalonia, UVIC-UCC, Vic, Spain
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10
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Yin LB, Song CB, Zheng JF, Fu YJ, Qian S, Jiang YJ, Xu JJ, Ding HB, Shang H, Zhang ZN. Elevated Expression of miR-19b Enhances CD8 + T Cell Function by Targeting PTEN in HIV Infected Long Term Non-progressors With Sustained Viral Suppression. Front Immunol 2019; 9:3140. [PMID: 30687333 PMCID: PMC6338066 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.03140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected long-term non-progressors (LTNPs) are of particular importance because of their unique disease progression characteristics. Defined by the maintenance of normal CD4+T cells after more than 8 years of infection, these LTNPs are heterogeneous. Some LTNPs exhibit ongoing viral production, while others do not and are able to control viral production. The underlying basis for this heterogeneity has not been clearly elucidated. In this study, the miRNA expression profiles of LTNPs were assessed. The levels of microRNA-19b (miR-19b) were found to be significantly increased in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of LTNPs with lower rather than higher viral load. We made clear that miR-19b may regulate CD8+T cell functions in HIV infection, which has not been addressed before. Overexpression of miR-19b promoted CD8+T cell proliferation, as well as interferon-γ and granzyme B expression, while inhibiting CD8+T cells apoptosis induced by anti-CD3/CD28 stimulation. The target of miR-19b was found to be the "phosphatase and tensin homolog", which regulates CD8+T cells function during HIV infections. Furthermore, we found that miR-19b can directly inhibit viral production in in-vitro HIV infected T cells. These results highlight the importance of miR-19b to control viral levels, which facilitate an understanding of human immunodeficiency virus pathogenesis and provide potential targets for improved immune intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Bo Yin
- NHC Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology (China Medical University), Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of Liaoning Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Cheng-Bo Song
- NHC Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology (China Medical University), Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of Liaoning Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jie-Fu Zheng
- NHC Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology (China Medical University), Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of Liaoning Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ya-Jing Fu
- NHC Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology (China Medical University), Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of Liaoning Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shi Qian
- NHC Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology (China Medical University), Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of Liaoning Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yong-Jun Jiang
- NHC Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology (China Medical University), Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of Liaoning Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jun-Jie Xu
- NHC Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology (China Medical University), Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of Liaoning Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hai-Bo Ding
- NHC Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology (China Medical University), Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of Liaoning Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hong Shang
- NHC Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology (China Medical University), Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of Liaoning Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zi-Ning Zhang
- NHC Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology (China Medical University), Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of Liaoning Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
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11
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Abstract
HIV-infected individuals who maintain control of virus without antiretroviral therapy (ART) are called HIV controllers. The immune responses of these individuals suppress HIV viral replication to low levels or, in the case of elite controllers, to undetectable levels. Although some research indicates a role for inferior virulence of the infecting viral strain in natural control, perhaps by way of defective Nef protein function, we find that the majority of research in HIV controllers highlights CD8 T cells as the main suppressor of viral replication. The most convincing evidence for this argument lies in the strong correlation between certain HLA-I alleles, especially B*57, and HIV control status, a finding that has been replicated by many groups. However, natural control can also occur in individuals lacking these specific HLA alleles, and our understanding of what constitutes an effective CD8 T-cell response remains an incomplete picture. Recent research has broadened our understanding of natural HIV control by illustrating the interactions between different immune cells, including innate immune effectors and antigen-presenting cells. For many years, the immune responses of the natural HIV controllers have been studied for clues on how to achieve functional cure in the rest of the HIV-infected population. The goal of a future functional cure to HIV is one where HIV-infected individuals’ immune responses are able to suppress virus long-term without requiring ART. This review highlights recent advances in our understanding of how HIV controllers’ natural immune responses are able to suppress virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushma Boppana
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
| | - Paul Goepfert
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
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