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Lian J, Kiely KM, Callaghan BL, Anstey KJ. Childhood adversity is associated with anxiety and depression in older adults: A cumulative risk and latent class analysis. J Affect Disord 2024; 354:181-190. [PMID: 38484890 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2024.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The long-lasting influence of childhood adversity on mental health is well documented; however empirical research examining how this association extends into older adults is limited. This study operationalises adversity using cumulative risk and latent class analysis (LCA) models to assess how adversity exposure and typologies may predict anxiety and depression in older adults. METHODS Data came from the Personality and Total Health (PATH) Through Life Project (N = 2551, age 60-66). Participants retrospectively reported their childhood experiences of domestic adversity on a 17-item scale. Mental health was measured using four validated questionnaires of depression and anxiety. RESULTS Linear and generalised additive models (GAM) indicated a dose-response relationship, where a greater number of cumulative adversities were associated with poorer scores on all four mental health measures. LCA identified a four-class solution; with high adversity and high parental dysfunction being associated with poorer mental health outcomes while moderate parental dysfunction and low adversity groups scored at healthy levels. Women reported higher overall anxiety than men, but no notable interactions between ACEs and gender were observed. Patterns revealed by LCA were similar to patterns shown by the cumulative risk model. LIMITATIONS There is a large time gap from childhood to assessment, making our study susceptible to recall bias. Also, our findings were based on cross-sectional data, limiting causal inferences. CONCLUSION Childhood adversity had independent and additive contributions to depression and anxiety in older adulthood, and both cumulative risk and person-centred approaches captured this relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Lian
- School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, Australia; Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, NSW, Australia; Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Kim M Kiely
- School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, Australia; Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | - Bridget L Callaghan
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kaarin J Anstey
- School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, Australia; Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, NSW, Australia
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Pflanz CP, Künzi M, Gallacher J, Bauermeister S. Distress and neuroticism as mediators of the effect of childhood and adulthood adversity on cognitive performance in the UK Biobank study. Sci Rep 2024; 14:8108. [PMID: 38582859 PMCID: PMC10998912 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-58510-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Childhood adversity and adulthood adversity affect cognition later in life. However, the mechanism through which adversity exerts these effects on cognition remains under-researched. We aimed to investigate if the effect of adversity on cognition was mediated by distress or neuroticism. The UK Biobank is a large, population-based, cohort study designed to investigate risk factors of cognitive health. Here, data were analysed using a cross-sectional design. Structural equation models were fitted to the data with childhood adversity or adulthood adversity as independent variables, distress and neuroticism as mediators and executive function and processing speed as latent dependent variables that were derived from the cognitive scores in the UK Biobank. Complete data were available for 64,051 participants in the childhood adversity model and 63,360 participants in the adulthood adversity model. Childhood adversity did not show a direct effect on processing speed. The effect of childhood adversity on executive function was partially mediated by distress and neuroticism. The effects of adulthood adversity on executive function and processing speed were both partially mediated by distress and neuroticism. In conclusion, distress and neuroticism mediated the deleterious effect of childhood and adulthood adversity on cognition and may provide a mechanism underlying the deleterious consequences of adversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Patrick Pflanz
- Dementias Platform UK, Department of Psychiatry, Warneford Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7JX, UK.
| | - Morgane Künzi
- Dementias Platform UK, Department of Psychiatry, Warneford Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7JX, UK
- Centre the Interdisciplinary Study of Gerontology and Vulnerability, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - John Gallacher
- Dementias Platform UK, Department of Psychiatry, Warneford Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7JX, UK
| | - Sarah Bauermeister
- Dementias Platform UK, Department of Psychiatry, Warneford Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7JX, UK
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Warmingham J, Petrenko C, Rockhold M, Alto M, Manly JT, Toth S. Investigating the associations between prenatal exposure to substances and intergenerational maltreatment and symptoms of psychopathology for adolescent girls from families with low income. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2024; 147:106594. [PMID: 38086214 PMCID: PMC10843548 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2023.106594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adolescent girls whose families experience poverty are more vulnerable to psychopathology, and it is vital to investigate biopsychosocial factors contributing to mental health functioning. OBJECTIVE To test associations between prenatal exposure to substances, intergenerational maltreatment, and adolescent mental health symptoms. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING Baseline data were used from a randomized controlled trial testing the efficacy of Interpersonal Psychotherapy (IPT-A) for depression among girls with and without maltreatment exposure. Adolescents (Aged 13-16; 63.5 % Black/African-American, 21.0 % White, 15.57 % other racial identity; 12.57 % Latina/x) were recruited from families experiencing financial adversity (income <200 % poverty threshold). METHODS Adolescent maltreatment status was determined by using multiple sources (child protective service records, parental report, and adolescent report). Mothers reported on prenatal substance exposure, experiences of maltreatment in their own childhood, and rated adolescent internalizing and externalizing symptoms. Latent Class Analysis was used to determine common patterns of prenatal substance exposure (tobacco, alcohol, marijuana, and cocaine). Structural Equation Modeling was used to evaluate associations between maltreatment in two generations, prenatal exposure to substances, and adolescent mental health symptoms. RESULTS Two profiles of prenatal substance exposure emerged: one typified by low substance exposure (92.8 %), and one with moderate to high substance exposure (7.2 %). Both prenatal substance exposure and maternal history of maltreatment were associated with adolescent maltreatment, which in turn, was associated with greater adolescent externalizing symptoms. Parental history of maltreatment was directly associated with greater adolescent internalizing symptoms. CONCLUSION Prenatal exposure to substances and intergenerational maltreatment each confer risk for mental health symptoms in adolescent girls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Warmingham
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, United States of America.
| | - Christie Petrenko
- Mt. Hope Family Center, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States of America.
| | - Madeline Rockhold
- Mt. Hope Family Center, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States of America
| | - Michelle Alto
- Baker Center for Children and Families, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Jody Todd Manly
- Mt. Hope Family Center, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States of America
| | - Sheree Toth
- Mt. Hope Family Center, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States of America
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Nation A, Pacella R, Monks C, Mathews B, Meinck F. Prevalence of violence against children in the United Kingdom: A systematic review and meta-analysis. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2023; 146:106518. [PMID: 37944361 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2023.106518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Violence against children can have extensive, long-term, and far-reaching adverse impacts on survivors and society. There is currently little consensus in the United Kingdom around the prevalence of violence against children: maltreatment, intimate partner violence, sexual violence, bullying, and community violence, and most existing studies focus on only a single or a few forms of violence. This study aims to produce data to highlight the current magnitude of the problem in the UK, to inform policy, drive action and allow for monitoring of progress over time. OBJECTIVE To produce weighted prevalence estimates by violence type, as well as gender and age sub-categories, to give as full a picture as possible of the current prevalence of violence against children in the UK. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING The prevalence of violence against children from 23 self-report studies conducted in the United Kingdom was gathered through a systematic review. METHODS Databases were searched from inception to 24th June 2022. Studies were reviewed systematically for appropriate data and meta-analyses were conducted to give pooled prevalence data based on a quality effects model. RESULTS The most prevalent self-reported experience of childhood violence was community violence at 27.33 % (95 % CI [9.84, 48.97]). Prevalence of bullying was also high at 22.75 % (95 % CI [13.25, 33.86]). The most prevalent forms of child maltreatment were domestic violence exposure at 11.9 % (95 % CI [6.34, 18.84]) and emotional maltreatment at 11.84 % (95 % CI [5.58, 19.89]). CONCLUSION National child maltreatment surveys are needed in the UK, using a comprehensive and conceptually robust approach, and valid and reliable instruments, to provide data for researchers and policymakers on the prevalence of all types of violence against children including exposure to multiple types. This allows monitoring of trends over time, can inform strategies for prevention, and can enable monitoring of future progress in reducing violence against children and its associated health and economic burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Nation
- Institute for Lifecourse Development, University of Greenwich, Park Row, Greenwich, London SE10 9LS, United Kingdom.
| | - Rosana Pacella
- Institute for Lifecourse Development, University of Greenwich, Park Row, Greenwich, London SE10 9LS, United Kingdom
| | - Claire Monks
- Institute for Lifecourse Development, University of Greenwich, Park Row, Greenwich, London SE10 9LS, United Kingdom
| | - Ben Mathews
- Australian Centre for Health Law Research, Queensland University of Technology, 130 Victoria Park Road, Brisbane, Queensland 4059, Australia; Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, 3400 N Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, United States of America
| | - Franziska Meinck
- School of Social and Political Science, University of Edinburgh, EH8 9LD, United Kingdom; School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Optentia, North-West University, Vanderbijlpark, South Africa
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Telfar S, McLeod GFH, Dhakal B, Henderson J, Tanveer S, Broad HET, Woolhouse W, Macfarlane S, Boden JM. Child abuse and neglect and mental health outcomes in adulthood by ethnicity: Findings from a 40-year longitudinal study in New Zealand/Aotearoa. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2023; 145:106444. [PMID: 37703676 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2023.106444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Longitudinal studies consistently report adverse long-term outcomes of childhood maltreatment. Little is known about the impact of childhood maltreatment on mental health among a marginalized population (New Zealand Māori); therefore, we cannot assume the effects of maltreatment are the same across the population. OBJECTIVE Associations were examined between childhood sexual abuse (CSA), childhood physical punishment (CPP) and childhood neglect (CN) (<16 years) and mental health outcomes 18-40 years, by ethnicity (Māori/non-Māori). PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING Data from the Christchurch Health and Development Study, a study of a birth cohort of 1265 children born in Christchurch in 1977. By age 40, 17.8 % (n = 191) reported New Zealand Māori ethnic identity; 82.2 % (n = 883) were non-Māori. METHODS CSA, CPP (<16 years) were measured at 18, 21 years; CN was measured at 40 years. Major depression, anxiety disorder, suicidal ideation, alcohol abuse/dependence and cannabis abuse/dependence were measured at ages 21, 25, 30, 35 and 40 years. Childhood confounding variables controlled. Analyses were extended to include Māori ethnicity. RESULTS After statistical adjustment, experience of severe childhood maltreatment increased odds of mental health problems 1.8-2.6×, compared to no maltreatment; the effects of maltreatment were similar for males and females. For Māori, some higher rates of mental health problems were seen among those maltreated, no statistically significant associations were detected after Bonferroni correction (among severe maltreatment vs. no maltreatment). Limitations should be considered when interpreting results. CONCLUSIONS Exposure to childhood maltreatment has long-term effects into middle-age. Further research employing culturally-sensitive approaches may help clarify Māori childhood maltreatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Telfar
- Department of Psychology, Speech & Hearing, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - G F H McLeod
- Christchurch Health and Development Study, Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand.
| | - B Dhakal
- Christchurch Health and Development Study, Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - J Henderson
- Department of Psychology, Speech & Hearing, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - S Tanveer
- Christchurch Health and Development Study, Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - H E T Broad
- Department of Psychology, Speech & Hearing, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - W Woolhouse
- Psychotherapist, ChatRoom Psychotherapy, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - S Macfarlane
- Te Kura o te Mātauranga - Institute of Education, College of Humanities & Social Sciences, Te Kunenga ki Pūrehuroa - Massey University, New Zealand
| | - J M Boden
- Christchurch Health and Development Study, Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
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Early Life Stress (ELS) Effects on Fetal and Adult Bone Development. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 10:children10010102. [PMID: 36670652 PMCID: PMC9856960 DOI: 10.3390/children10010102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Early life stress (ELS) refers to harmful environmental events (i.e., poor maternal health, metabolic restraint, childhood trauma) occurring during the prenatal and/or postnatal period, which may cause the 'epigenetic corruption' of cellular and molecular signaling of mental and physical development. While the impact of ELS in a wide range of human diseases has been confirmed, the ELS susceptibility to bone diseases has been poorly explored. In this review, to understand the potential mediating pathways of ELS in bone diseases, PRISMA criteria were used to analyze different stress protocols in mammal models and the effects elicited in dams and their progeny. Data collected, despite the methodological heterogeneity, show that ELS interferes with fetal bone formation, also revealing that the stress type and affected developmental phase may influence the variety and severity of bone anomalies. Interestingly, these findings highlight the maternal and fetal ability to buffer stress, establishing a new role for the placenta in minimizing ELS perturbations. The functional link between ELS and bone impairments will boost future investigations on maternal stress transmission to the fetus and, parallelly, help the assessment of catch-up mechanisms of skeleton adaptations from the cascading ELS effects.
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