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Geng C, Meng K, Tang Y. Identifying the mediating role of inflammation on the relationship between socioeconomic status and Alzheimer's disease: a Mendelian randomization analysis and mediation analysis. J Neurol 2024; 271:2484-2493. [PMID: 38253907 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-023-12176-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Observational studies have demonstrated a significant association between socio-economic status (SES) and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Nonetheless, the precise biological mechanisms underlying this association remain unclear. Therefore, we adopted a Mendelian Randomization (MR) approach to investigate the causal relationship between SES and genetic susceptibility to AD, as well as to explore the potential mediation effects of inflammation. METHODS Large-scale cohorts based on publicly available genome-wide association study (GWAS) datasets from European populations were employed for conducting the MR study. The primary criterion utilized was the inverse-variance weighting (IVW) model. Heterogeneity and horizontal pleiotropy were assessed. In addition, multivariate MR (MVMR) was utilized to correct the confounders. Moreover, a two-step MR approach was used to evaluate the potential mediating effects of factors on the causal effects between SES and AD. RESULTS As indicated by the results of the IVW model, educational years (OR = 0.708, 95% CI 0.610-0.821, P < 0.001) and household income (OR = 0.746, 95% CI 0.566-0.982, P = 0.037) was associated with a decreased genetic susceptibility risk for AD. The univariable results showed that the causal effect of educational years on the lower risk of AD remained significant (OR = 0.643, 95% CI 0.467-0.886, P = 0.006). In addition, our findings indicated that C-reactive protein (CRP) played a role in the causal effect of educational years on AD. The proportions of mediation were - 50.08% (95% CI - 92.78; - 7.38%). DISCUSSION These findings provided evidence supporting the causal effect of educational attainment lower AD risk, with inflammation playing a mediating role. These findings may inform prevention strategies and interventions directed toward AD. Future studies should explore other plausible biological mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaofan Geng
- Department of Neurology and Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders, Xuanwu Hospital, National Center for Neurological Disorders, Capital Medical University, 45 Changchun Street, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Ke Meng
- Department of Neurology and Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders, Xuanwu Hospital, National Center for Neurological Disorders, Capital Medical University, 45 Changchun Street, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Yi Tang
- Department of Neurology and Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders, Xuanwu Hospital, National Center for Neurological Disorders, Capital Medical University, 45 Changchun Street, Beijing, 100053, China.
- Neurodegenerative Laboratory of Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Beijing, China.
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Thomas RJ. A matter of fragmentation. Sleep 2024; 47:zsae030. [PMID: 38285604 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsae030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Joseph Thomas
- Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
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3
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Reis J, Buguet A, Radomski M, Stella AB, Vásquez TC, Spencer PS. Neurological patients confronting climate change: A potential role for the glymphatic system and sleep. J Neurol Sci 2024; 458:122900. [PMID: 38310733 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2024.122900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
Interest in the health consequences of climate change (global warming, heatwaves) has increased in the neurological community. This review addresses the impact of elevated ambient temperatures and heatwaves on patients with neurological and mental health disorders, including multiple sclerosis, synucleinopathies, dementia, epilepsies, mental health, and stroke. Patients with such conditions are highly vulnerable during heatwaves because of functional disorders affecting sleep, thermoregulation, autonomic system reactivity, mood, and cognitive ability. Several medications may also increase the risk of heatstroke. Special attention is devoted to the involvement of common underlying mechanisms, such as sleep and the glymphatic system. Disease prevention and patient care during heatwaves are major issues for caregivers. Beyond the usual recommendations for individuals, we favor artificially induced acclimation to heat, which provides preventive benefits with proven efficacy for healthy adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacques Reis
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France; Association RISE, 3 rue du Loir, 67205 Oberhausbergen, France.
| | - Alain Buguet
- Malaria Research Unit, UMR 5246 CNRS, Claude-Bernard Lyon-1 University, 69622 Villeurbanne, France; 21 rue de Champfranc, 38630 Les Avenières Veyrins-Thuellin, France
| | - Manny Radomski
- Emeritus at the University of Toronto, Apt n° 2501, 2010 Islington Avenue, Toronto, ON M9P3S8, Canada
| | - Alex Buoite Stella
- Clinical Unit of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, Cattinara University Hospital, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Teresa Corona Vásquez
- División de Estudios de Posgrado, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico; Clinical Neurodegenerative Diseases Laboratory, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Manuel Velasco Suárez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Peter S Spencer
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Oregon Institute of Occupational Health Sciences, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
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Wilson DA, Sullivan RM, Smiley JF, Saito M, Raineki C. Developmental alcohol exposure is exhausting: Sleep and the enduring consequences of alcohol exposure during development. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2024; 158:105567. [PMID: 38309498 PMCID: PMC10923002 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
Prenatal alcohol exposure is the leading nongenetic cause of human intellectual impairment. The long-term impacts of prenatal alcohol exposure on health and well-being are diverse, including neuropathology leading to behavioral, cognitive, and emotional impairments. Additionally negative effects also occur on the physiological level, such as the endocrine, cardiovascular, and immune systems. Among these diverse impacts is sleep disruption. In this review, we describe how prenatal alcohol exposure affects sleep, and potential mechanisms of those effects. Furthermore, we outline the evidence that sleep disruption across the lifespan may be a mediator of some cognitive and behavioral impacts of developmental alcohol exposure, and thus may represent a promising target for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald A Wilson
- Emotional Brain Institute, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, USA; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Regina M Sullivan
- Emotional Brain Institute, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, USA; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - John F Smiley
- Division of Neurochemistry, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, USA; Department of Psychiatry, New York University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mariko Saito
- Division of Neurochemistry, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, USA; Department of Psychiatry, New York University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Charlis Raineki
- Department of Psychology, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada; Centre for Neuroscience, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada
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5
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Dong Y, Wang M, Li W, Zhao K, Cui X, Yang Y, Geng X, Pu Y, Hu Z, Fang C, Lv G, Liu S, Chen X. Effect of dexmedetomidine infusion on postoperative sleep disturbances in women with breast cancer: A monocentric randomized-controlled double-blind trial. Anaesth Crit Care Pain Med 2024; 43:101358. [PMID: 38365169 DOI: 10.1016/j.accpm.2024.101358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most women with breast cancer are prone to postoperative sleep disturbances (POSD). Little is known about the differences between sevoflurane and propofol combined with dexmedetomidine on POSD in the same context. We investigated the effect of intra-operative sevoflurane or propofol combined with intravenous dexmedetomidine on the incidence of POSD and postoperative sleep structures. METHODS A monocentric, randomized-controlled, double-blind trial. Female patients undergoing radical surgery for breast cancer were randomly assigned to receive sevoflurane and placebo, sevoflurane and dexmedetomidine, propofol and placebo, or propofol and dexmedetomidine. Dexmedetomidine was administered at 1.0 μg kg-1 infusion 15 min before induction, then infused at 0.4 μg kg-1 h-1 until the surgical drain started to be placed. The primary outcome was the incidence of POSD within the postoperative first three days (defined as an Athens Insomnia Scale score ≥ 6 points on at least one day of postoperative first three days). The secondary outcome was the duration of sleep structures, collected from the Fitbit Charge 2® smart bracelet (Fitbit, Inc., San Francisco, CA, USA). RESULTS There were 188 women analyzed with the modified intention-to-treat method. The incidences of POSD in the dexmedetomidine and placebo groups were similar (p = 0.649). In the sevoflurane sedation strategy, dexmedetomidine decreased nocturnal wakefulness on postoperative first day (p = 0.001). In the propofol sedation strategy, dexmedetomidine increased nocturnal deep sleep on postoperative first (p < 0.001) and third (p < 0.001) days. CONCLUSION Intra-operative infusion of dexmedetomidine had no significant effect on POSD but decreased nocturnal wakefulness in the sevoflurane group and increased nocturnal deep sleep in the propofol group. TRIAL REGISTRATION Registered at www.chictr.org.cn (ChiCTR2300070136).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yushan Dong
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China; Department of Anesthesiology, the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Maosan Wang
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China; Department of Anesthesiology, the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Wenzhan Li
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China; Department of Anesthesiology, the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Kai Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| | - Xiaojie Cui
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China; Department of Anesthesiology, the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yanming Yang
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China; Department of Anesthesiology, the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xingyu Geng
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China; Department of Anesthesiology, the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yutian Pu
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China; Department of Anesthesiology, the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Ziwei Hu
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China; Department of Anesthesiology, the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Can Fang
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China; Department of Anesthesiology, the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Gaochao Lv
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China; Department of Anesthesiology, the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Su Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiuxia Chen
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China; Department of Anesthesiology, the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China.
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Hanert A, Schönfeld R, Weber FD, Nowak A, Döhring J, Philippen S, Granert O, Burgalossi A, Born J, Berg D, Göder R, Häussermann P, Bartsch T. Reduced overnight memory consolidation and associated alterations in sleep spindles and slow oscillations in early Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Dis 2024; 190:106378. [PMID: 38103701 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2023.106378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Spatial navigation critically underlies hippocampal-entorhinal circuit function that is early affected in Alzheimer's disease (AD). There is growing evidence that AD pathophysiology dynamically interacts with the sleep/wake cycle impairing hippocampal memory. To elucidate sleep-dependent consolidation in a cohort of symptomatic AD patients (n = 12, 71.25 ± 2.16 years), we tested hippocampal place learning by means of a virtual reality task and verbal memory by a word-pair association task before and after a night of sleep. Our results show an impaired overnight memory retention in AD compared with controls in the verbal task, together with a significant reduction of sleep spindle activity (i.e., lower amplitude of fast sleep spindles, p = 0.016) and increased duration of the slow oscillation (SO; p = 0.019). Higher spindle density, faster down-to-upstate transitions within SOs, and the time delay between SOs and nested spindles predicted better memory performance in healthy controls but not in AD patients. Our results show that mnemonic processing and memory consolidation in AD is slightly impaired as reflected by dysfunctional oscillatory dynamics and spindle-SO coupling during NonREM sleep. In this translational study based on experimental paradigms in animals and extending previous work in healthy aging and preclinical disease stages, our results in symptomatic AD further deepen the understanding of the memory decline within a bidirectional relationship of sleep and AD pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Hanert
- Department of Neurology, Memory Disorders and Plasticity Group, University Hospital of Schleswig Holstein, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Robby Schönfeld
- Institute of Psychology, Division of Clinical Psychology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, 06099 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Frederik D Weber
- Institute for Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, 6525 EN Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Sleep and Cognition, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1105 BA Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Alexander Nowak
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Sleep Laboratory, University Hospital of Schleswig Holstein, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Juliane Döhring
- Department of Neurology, Memory Disorders and Plasticity Group, University Hospital of Schleswig Holstein, 24105 Kiel, Germany; Institute for General Medicine, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Sarah Philippen
- Department of Neurology, Memory Disorders and Plasticity Group, University Hospital of Schleswig Holstein, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Oliver Granert
- Department of Neurology, Memory Disorders and Plasticity Group, University Hospital of Schleswig Holstein, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Andrea Burgalossi
- Institute of Neurobiology, Werner-Reichardt Center for Integrative Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jan Born
- Institute for Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Daniela Berg
- Department of Neurology, Memory Disorders and Plasticity Group, University Hospital of Schleswig Holstein, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Robert Göder
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Sleep Laboratory, University Hospital of Schleswig Holstein, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Peter Häussermann
- Department of Geriatric Psychiatry, LVR Klinik Köln, Academic Teaching Hospital, University of Cologne, Köln, Germany
| | - Thorsten Bartsch
- Department of Neurology, Memory Disorders and Plasticity Group, University Hospital of Schleswig Holstein, 24105 Kiel, Germany.
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7
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Zhao Q, Maci M, Miller MR, Zhou H, Zhang F, Algamal M, Lee YF, Hou SS, Perle SJ, Le H, Russ AN, Lo EH, Gerashchenko D, Gomperts SN, Bacskai BJ, Kastanenka KV. Sleep restoration by optogenetic targeting of GABAergic neurons reprograms microglia and ameliorates pathological phenotypes in an Alzheimer's disease model. Mol Neurodegener 2023; 18:93. [PMID: 38041158 PMCID: PMC10693059 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-023-00682-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients exhibit memory disruptions and profound sleep disturbances, including disruption of deep non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep. Slow-wave activity (SWA) is a major restorative feature of NREM sleep and is important for memory consolidation. METHODS We generated a mouse model where GABAergic interneurons could be targeted in the presence of APPswe/PS1dE9 (APP) amyloidosis, APP-GAD-Cre mice. An electroencephalography (EEG) / electromyography (EMG) telemetry system was used to monitor sleep disruptions in these animals. Optogenetic stimulation of GABAergic interneurons in the anterior cortex targeted with channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) allowed us to examine the role GABAergic interneurons play in sleep deficits. We also examined the effect of optogenetic stimulation on amyloid plaques, neuronal calcium as well as sleep-dependent memory consolidation. In addition, microglial morphological features and functions were assessed using confocal microscopy and flow cytometry. Finally, we performed sleep deprivation during optogenetic stimulation to investigate whether sleep restoration was necessary to slow AD progression. RESULTS APP-GAD-Cre mice exhibited impairments in sleep architecture including decreased time spent in NREM sleep, decreased delta power, and increased sleep fragmentation compared to nontransgenic (NTG) NTG-GAD-Cre mice. Optogenetic stimulation of cortical GABAergic interneurons increased SWA and rescued sleep impairments in APP-GAD-Cre animals. Furthermore, it slowed AD progression by reducing amyloid deposition, normalizing neuronal calcium homeostasis, and improving memory function. These changes were accompanied by increased numbers and a morphological transformation of microglia, elevated phagocytic marker expression, and enhanced amyloid β (Aβ) phagocytic activity of microglia. Sleep was necessary for amelioration of pathophysiological phenotypes in APP-GAD-Cre mice. CONCLUSIONS In summary, our study shows that optogenetic targeting of GABAergic interneurons rescues sleep, which then ameliorates neuropathological as well as behavioral deficits by increasing clearance of Aβ by microglia in an AD mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuchen Zhao
- Department of Neurology, MassGeneral Institute of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Megi Maci
- Department of Neurology, MassGeneral Institute of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Morgan R Miller
- Department of Neurology, MassGeneral Institute of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Heng Zhou
- Department of Neurology, MassGeneral Institute of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Fang Zhang
- Departments of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Moustafa Algamal
- Department of Neurology, MassGeneral Institute of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Yee Fun Lee
- Department of Neurology, MassGeneral Institute of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Steven S Hou
- Department of Neurology, MassGeneral Institute of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Stephen J Perle
- Department of Neurology, MassGeneral Institute of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Hoang Le
- Department of Neurology, MassGeneral Institute of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Alyssa N Russ
- Department of Neurology, MassGeneral Institute of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Eng H Lo
- Departments of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Dmitry Gerashchenko
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School and Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System, West Roxbury, MA, 02132, USA
| | - Stephen N Gomperts
- Department of Neurology, MassGeneral Institute of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Brian J Bacskai
- Department of Neurology, MassGeneral Institute of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Ksenia V Kastanenka
- Department of Neurology, MassGeneral Institute of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA.
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8
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Hayden MR. Brain Injury: Response to Injury Wound-Healing Mechanisms and Enlarged Perivascular Spaces in Obesity, Metabolic Syndrome, and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2023; 59:1337. [PMID: 37512148 PMCID: PMC10385746 DOI: 10.3390/medicina59071337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Embryonic genetic mechanisms are present in the brain and ready to be placed into action upon cellular injury, termed the response to injury wound-healing (RTIWH) mechanism. When injured, regional brain endothelial cells initially undergo activation and dysfunction with initiation of hemostasis, inflammation (peripheral leukocytes, innate microglia, and perivascular macrophage cells), proliferation (astrogliosis), remodeling, repair, and resolution phases if the injurious stimuli are removed. In conditions wherein the injurious stimuli are chronic, as occurs in obesity, metabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetes mellitus, this process does not undergo resolution and there is persistent RTIWH with remodeling. Indeed, the brain is unique, in that it utilizes its neuroglia: the microglia cell, along with peripheral inflammatory cells and its astroglia, instead of peripheral scar-forming fibrocytes/fibroblasts. The brain undergoes astrogliosis to form a gliosis scar instead of a fibrosis scar to protect the surrounding neuropil from regional parenchymal injury. One of the unique and evolving remodeling changes in the brain is the development of enlarged perivascular spaces (EPVSs), which is the focus of this brief review. EPVSs are important since they serve as a biomarker for cerebral small vessel disease and also represent an impairment of the effluxing glymphatic system that is important for the clearance of metabolic waste from the interstitial fluid to the cerebrospinal fluid, and disposal. Therefore, it is important to better understand how the RTIWH mechanism is involved in the development of EPVSs that are closely associated with and important to the development of premature and age-related cerebrovascular and neurodegenerative diseases with impaired cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melvin R Hayden
- Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Missouri School of Medicine, One Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
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9
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Pase MP, Harrison S, Misialek JR, Kline CE, Cavuoto M, Baril AA, Yiallourou S, Bisson A, Himali D, Leng Y, Yang Q, Seshadri S, Beiser A, Gottesman RF, Redline S, Lopez O, Lutsey PL, Yaffe K, Stone KL, Purcell SM, Himali JJ. Sleep Architecture, Obstructive Sleep Apnea, and Cognitive Function in Adults. JAMA Netw Open 2023; 6:e2325152. [PMID: 37462968 PMCID: PMC10354680 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.25152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Importance Good sleep is essential for health, yet associations between sleep and dementia risk remain incompletely understood. The Sleep and Dementia Consortium was established to study associations between polysomnography (PSG)-derived sleep and the risk of dementia and related cognitive and brain magnetic resonance imaging endophenotypes. Objective To investigate association of sleep architecture and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) with cognitive function in the Sleep and Dementia Consortium. Design, Setting, and Participants The Sleep and Dementia Consortium curated data from 5 population-based cohorts across the US with methodologically consistent, overnight, home-based type II PSG and neuropsychological assessments over 5 years of follow-up: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study, Cardiovascular Health Study, Framingham Heart Study (FHS), Osteoporotic Fractures in Men Study, and Study of Osteoporotic Fractures. Sleep metrics were harmonized centrally and then distributed to participating cohorts for cohort-specific analysis using linear regression; study-level estimates were pooled in random effects meta-analyses. Results were adjusted for demographic variables, the time between PSG and neuropsychological assessment (0-5 years), body mass index, antidepressant use, and sedative use. There were 5946 participants included in the pooled analyses without stroke or dementia. Data were analyzed from March 2020 to June 2023. Exposures Measures of sleep architecture and OSA derived from in-home PSG. Main Outcomes and Measures The main outcomes were global cognitive composite z scores derived from principal component analysis, with cognitive domains investigated as secondary outcomes. Higher scores indicated better performance. Results Across cohorts, 5946 adults (1875 females [31.5%]; mean age range, 58-89 years) were included. The median (IQR) wake after sleep onset time ranged from 44 (27-73) to 101 (66-147) minutes, and the prevalence of moderate to severe OSA ranged from 16.9% to 28.9%. Across cohorts, higher sleep maintenance efficiency (pooled β per 1% increase, 0.08; 95% CI, 0.03 to 0.14; P < .01) and lower wake after sleep onset (pooled β per 1-min increase, -0.07; 95% CI, -0.13 to -0.01 per 1-min increase; P = .02) were associated with better global cognition. Mild to severe OSA (apnea-hypopnea index [AHI] ≥5) was associated with poorer global cognition (pooled β, -0.06; 95% CI, -0.11 to -0.01; P = .01) vs AHI less than 5; comparable results were found for moderate to severe OSA (pooled β, -0.06; 95% CI, -0.11 to -0.01; P = .02) vs AHI less than 5. Differences in sleep stages were not associated with cognition. Conclusions and Relevance This study found that better sleep consolidation and the absence of OSA were associated with better global cognition over 5 years of follow-up. These findings suggest that the role of interventions to improve sleep for maintaining cognitive function requires investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew P. Pase
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Massachusetts
- Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts
| | | | - Jeffrey R. Misialek
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
| | - Christopher E. Kline
- Department of Health and Human Development, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Marina Cavuoto
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andree-Ann Baril
- Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Stephanie Yiallourou
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alycia Bisson
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Dibya Himali
- Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts
| | - Yue Leng
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California
| | - Qiong Yang
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Sudha Seshadri
- Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
- Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer’s and Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio
| | - Alexa Beiser
- Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Rebecca F. Gottesman
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Susan Redline
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Oscar Lopez
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Pamela L. Lutsey
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
| | - Kristine Yaffe
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco
- Department of Epidemiology, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Katie L. Stone
- California Pacific Medical Center, Research Institute, San Francisco
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Shaun M. Purcell
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jayandra J. Himali
- Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
- Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer’s and Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio
- Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio
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