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Zawisza M, Rebl A, Teitge F, Krzystyniak B, Piackova V, Gela D, Kocour M, Chadzinska M, Adamek M, Rakus K. Stressing out-carp edema virus induces stress and modulates immune response in common carp. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1350197. [PMID: 38576605 PMCID: PMC10991768 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1350197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Carp edema virus (CEV) is a fish poxvirus that primarily infects the gills of common carp. CEV causes koi sleepy disease (KSD), which is highly contagious and can result in mortality of up to 100%. Methods In the present study, we analyzed the stress and immune responses during KSD in two strains of common carp with different resistance to CEV: susceptible koi and resistant Amur sazan. Experiments were performed at two temperatures: 12°C and 18°C. In the case of koi carp, we also analyzed the effect of supplementation of 0.6% NaCl into tank water, which prevents mortality of the CEV-infected fish (salt rescue model). Results We found that CEV-infected koi kept at 18°C had the highest viral load, which correlated with the most severe histopathological changes in the gills. CEV infection resulted in the activation of stress response reflected by the upregulated expression of genes involved in stress response in the stress axis organs and increased levels of cortisol and glucose in the blood plasma. These changes were the most pronounced in CEV-infected koi kept at 18°C. At both temperatures, the activation of antiviral immune response was observed in koi kept under freshwater and NaCl conditions upon CEV infection. Interestingly, a clear downregulation of the expression of adaptive immune genes was observed in CEV-infected koi kept under freshwater at 18°C. Conclusion CEV induces a stress response and modulates adaptive immune response in koi, and this is correlated with the level of viral load and disease development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Zawisza
- Department of Evolutionary Immunology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
- Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Alexander Rebl
- Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Felix Teitge
- Fish Disease Research Unit, Institute for Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Barbara Krzystyniak
- Department of Evolutionary Immunology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Veronika Piackova
- University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Centre of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Vodnany, Czechia
| | - David Gela
- University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Centre of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Vodnany, Czechia
| | - Martin Kocour
- University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Centre of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Vodnany, Czechia
| | - Magdalena Chadzinska
- Department of Evolutionary Immunology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Mikolaj Adamek
- Fish Disease Research Unit, Institute for Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Krzysztof Rakus
- Department of Evolutionary Immunology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
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Adamkowska N, Kiełpińska J, Bergmann SM. Assessing tropism and genetic traits of carp oedema virus isolates to enhance detection strategies. J Vet Res 2024; 68:63-72. [PMID: 38525226 PMCID: PMC10960259 DOI: 10.2478/jvetres-2024-0016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Carp oedema virus (CEV) is a relatively understudied poxvirus. It exhibits an affinity for gill and skin epithelial cells. Investigations were conducted into selected aspects of CEV biology, with a focus on determining cell and tissue tropism of CEV, acquiring gene sequences and updating CEV tests in fish tissues. Material and Methods A total of 238 common carp tissue samples from nine aquaculture farms were analysed. The study evaluated the efficacy of intermediate detection of CEV by real-time PCR and in situ hybridisation. The genes encoding protein P4a were sequenced, analysed and aligned in a phylogenetic tree using a molecular evolution model. Results In situ hybridisation revealed the necessity to validate the Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science protocols for sampling for CEV detection and to use the tissues for which the virus has the highest tropism, namely the skin and kidneys, rather than solely the gills. The level of genetic variability was determined, and it was shown that CEV mutates systematically. The creation of two distinct phylogenetic clades confirms certain strains' description as Polish isolates. Conclusion Determining the localisation of CEV genetic material in organs and tissues is pivotal for shaping the World Organisation for Animal Health guidelines. The utility of molecular diagnostics has been demonstrated in the skin and kidney of carp, in addition to the gills, impelling their inclusion in diagnostic protocols. The clusters identified in the phylogenetic tree offer valuable insights for developing the current PCR primers. The prevalence of CEV infection in aquaculture, juxtaposed with its notably lower detection in wild fish, underscores the significance of mandatory molecular diagnostic testing for CEV in carp farming.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jolanta Kiełpińska
- Division of Fisheries Management and Water Protection, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, 70-310Szczecin, Poland
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Nylund A, Kloster-Jensen T, Mohammadi F, Lagadec E, Plarre H. Genotyping tool for salmonid gill pox virus (SGPV) obtained from farmed and wild Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Arch Virol 2023; 168:249. [PMID: 37684418 PMCID: PMC10491535 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-023-05866-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
Poxviruses are common viruses found in vertebrate species. In 2006, the first poxvirus associated with salmon, salmonid gill poxvirus (SGPV), was identified during an outbreak of gill disease at a smolt production site in northern Norway and at two marine farms in western Norway. Poxviruses had previously been detected in ayu (Plecoglossus altivelis) and koi carp (Cyprinus carpio). In all three fish species, poxviruses are associated with gill disease. It has not been possible to culture SGPV from Norway, and little is known about its virulence. However, the association between SGPV and gill disease in salmon has shown the need for molecular tools to identify reservoirs and transmission routes. Sequencing the genome of a second isolate of SGPV has made it possible to compare variable regions between two strains of the virus, showing the presence of a large number of variable regions that exhibit both variable numbers of tandem repeats and intra-ORF variation. We present eight regions that are suitable for distinguishing strains of SGPV and determining their phylogenetic relationship, and these were used to compare SGPV isolates obtained from both farmed and wild salmon in fresh and sea water. The prevalence of the virus was found to be higher in wild salmon in rivers than in returning wild salmon collected from traps in Norwegian fjords. Genotyping based on the eight selected variable regions, suggests the presence of geographically distinct isolates in freshwater among both farmed and wild salmon, while SGPV from marine farms shows high local diversity and a wide geographical distribution of similar strains of the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Are Nylund
- Fish Diseases Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Thomas Kloster-Jensen
- Fish Diseases Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Faezeh Mohammadi
- Fish Diseases Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Erwan Lagadec
- Fish Diseases Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
| | - Heidrun Plarre
- Fish Diseases Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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Matras M, Stachnik M, Borzym E, Maj-Paluch J, Reichert M. Distribution of carp edema virus in organs of infected juvenile common carp. J Vet Res 2023; 67:333-337. [PMID: 37786850 PMCID: PMC10541666 DOI: 10.2478/jvetres-2023-0049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The disease caused by carp edema virus (CEV) manifests with lethargy as a primary sign; this observation in koi in Japan gained the disease the name koi sleepy disease (KSD). In the years following the discovery of the virus in Japan, KSD cases have been noted in the UK in koi and common carp. Conducting research in order to expand knowledge of the processes of distribution of CEV in infected fish organs will be helpful for eradication and diagnostic purposes. Material and Methods Carp edema virus-affected fish with clinical signs of KSD were experimentally cohabited with common carp fry (30 fish). Three fish were euthanised by bath in a 0.5 g L-1 tricaine solution at one week intervals (7, 14, 21 and 28 days post cohabitation). Tissue samples from the brain, gills, spleen, kidney, intestines and skin were collected, and the total DNA was extracted and tested by real-time PCR. Results By the seventh day post infection, CEV DNA was most often found in the skin, gills and brain and less frequently in the kidney and intestines. In many of the common carp fry, CEV DNA could typically be found in several organs of each individual fish, although it was only found in one sample of spleen tissue. Conclusion In this experimental study the pathogenesis of the CEV infection process was shown, the high infectivity of CEV was confirmed and the best organs were determined for sampling in CEV-infection experimentation. The real-time PCR method used in our cohabitation experiments was shown to be useful at the clinical and asymptomatic stage of virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Matras
- Department of Fish Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100Puławy, Poland
| | - Magdalena Stachnik
- Department of Fish Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100Puławy, Poland
| | - Ewa Borzym
- Department of Fish Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100Puławy, Poland
| | - Joanna Maj-Paluch
- Department of Fish Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100Puławy, Poland
| | - Michał Reichert
- Department of Fish Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100Puławy, Poland
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Baloch AA, Steinhagen D, Gela D, Kocour M, Piačková V, Adamek M. Immune responses in carp strains with different susceptibility to carp edema virus disease. PeerJ 2023; 11:e15614. [PMID: 37465154 PMCID: PMC10351508 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.15614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Carp edema virus disease (CEVD), also known as koi sleepy disease (KSD), represents a serious threat to the carp industry. The expression of immune-related genes to CEV infections could lead to the selection of crucial biomarkers of the development of the disease. The expression of a total of eleven immune-related genes encoding cytokines (IL-1β, IL-10, IL-6a, and TNF-α2), antiviral response (Mx2), cellular receptors (CD4, CD8b1, and GzmA), immunoglobulin (IgM), and genes encoding-mucins was monitored in gills of four differently KSD-susceptible strains of carp (Amur wild carp, Amur Sasan, AS; Ropsha scaly carp, Rop; Prerov scaly carp, PS; and koi) on days 6 and 11 post-infection. Carp strains were infected through two cohabitation infection trials with CEV genogroups I or IIa. The results showed that during the infection with both CEV genogroups, KSD-susceptible koi induced an innate immune response with significant up-regulation (p < 0.05) of IL-1β, IL-10, IL-6a, and TNF-α2 genes on both 6 and 11 days post-infection (dpi) compared to the fish sampled on day 0. Compared to koi, AS and Rop strains showed up-regulation of IL-6a and TNF-α2 but no other cytokine genes. During the infection with CEV genogroup IIa, Mx2 was significantly up-regulated in all strains and peaked on 6 dpi in AS, PS, and Rop. In koi, it remained high until 11 dpi. With genogroup I infection, Mx2 was up-expressed in koi on 6 dpi and in PS on both 6 and 11 dpi. No significant differences were noticed in selected mucin genes expression measured in gills of any carp strains exposed to both CEV genogroups. During both CEV genogroups infections, the expression levels of most of the genes for T cell response, including CD4, CD8b1, and GzmA were down-regulated in AS and koi at all time points compared to day 0 control. The expression data for the above experimental trials suggest that both CEV genogroups infections in common carp strains lead to activation of the same expression pattern regardless of the fish's susceptibility towards the virus. The expression of the same genes in AS and koi responding to CEV genogroup IIa infection in mucosal tissues such as gill, gut, and skin showed the significant up-regulation of all the cytokine genes in gill and gut tissues from koi carp at 5 dpi. Significant down-regulation of CD4 and GzmA levels were only detected in koi gill on 5 dpi but not in other tissues. AS carp displayed significant up-expression of Mx2 gene in all mucosal tissues on 5 dpi, whereas in koi, it was up-regulated in gill and gut only. In both carp strains, gill harbored a higher virus load on 5 dpi compared to the other tissues. The results showed that resistance to CEV could not be linked with the selected immune responses measured. The up-regulation of mRNA expression of most of the selected immune-related genes in koi gill and gut suggests that CEV induces a more systemic mucosal immune response not restricted to the target tissue of gills.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Asghar Baloch
- Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Vodňany, Czech Republic
| | - Dieter Steinhagen
- Fish Disease Research Unit, Institute for Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - David Gela
- Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Vodňany, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Kocour
- Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Vodňany, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Piačková
- Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Vodňany, Czech Republic
| | - Mikolaj Adamek
- Fish Disease Research Unit, Institute for Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
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Papežíková I, Piačková V, Dyková I, Baloch AA, Kroupová HK, Zusková E, Pojezdal Ľ, Minářová H, Syrová E, Banďouchová H, Hyršl P, Matějíčková K, Pikula J, Palíková M. Clinical and Laboratory Parameters of Carp Edema Virus Disease: A Case Report. Viruses 2023; 15:v15051044. [PMID: 37243132 DOI: 10.3390/v15051044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we describe a natural outbreak of carp edema virus disease (CEVD) in koi carp, concentrating on clinical manifestation, gross and microscopic pathology, immunological parameters, viral diagnostics, and phylogenetic analysis. Examination of white blood cell parameters showed increased monocyte and decreased lymphocyte counts in CEV-affected fish compared to healthy control fish. Regarding immune system functioning, the present work shows, for the first time, enhanced phagocytic activity in CEV-affected fish. Respiratory burst of phagocytes was strongly increased in diseased fish, the increase being attributed to an increased phagocyte count rather than enhancement of their metabolic activity. The present work also newly shows histopathological changes in the pancreatic tissue of diseased koi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Papežíková
- Department of Zoology, Fisheries, Hydrobiology and Apiculture, Mendel University in Brno, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Ecology and Diseases of Zoo Animals, Game, Fish and Bees, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Palackého tř. 1946/1, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Piačková
- University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Centre of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zátiší 728/II, 389 25 Vodňany, Czech Republic
| | - Iva Dyková
- Department of Zoology, Fisheries, Hydrobiology and Apiculture, Mendel University in Brno, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University Brno, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ali Asghar Baloch
- University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Centre of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zátiší 728/II, 389 25 Vodňany, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Kocour Kroupová
- University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Centre of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zátiší 728/II, 389 25 Vodňany, Czech Republic
| | - Eliška Zusková
- University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Centre of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zátiší 728/II, 389 25 Vodňany, Czech Republic
| | - Ľubomír Pojezdal
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Preventive Medicine, Veterinary Research Institute Brno, 621 00 Brno-Medlánky, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Minářová
- Department of Zoology, Fisheries, Hydrobiology and Apiculture, Mendel University in Brno, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Ecology and Diseases of Zoo Animals, Game, Fish and Bees, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Palackého tř. 1946/1, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Preventive Medicine, Veterinary Research Institute Brno, 621 00 Brno-Medlánky, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Syrová
- Department of Ecology and Diseases of Zoo Animals, Game, Fish and Bees, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Palackého tř. 1946/1, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Preventive Medicine, Veterinary Research Institute Brno, 621 00 Brno-Medlánky, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Banďouchová
- Department of Zoology, Fisheries, Hydrobiology and Apiculture, Mendel University in Brno, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Ecology and Diseases of Zoo Animals, Game, Fish and Bees, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Palackého tř. 1946/1, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Hyršl
- Department of Experimental Biology, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Matějíčková
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Preventive Medicine, Veterinary Research Institute Brno, 621 00 Brno-Medlánky, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Pikula
- Department of Zoology, Fisheries, Hydrobiology and Apiculture, Mendel University in Brno, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Ecology and Diseases of Zoo Animals, Game, Fish and Bees, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Palackého tř. 1946/1, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslava Palíková
- Department of Zoology, Fisheries, Hydrobiology and Apiculture, Mendel University in Brno, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Ecology and Diseases of Zoo Animals, Game, Fish and Bees, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Palackého tř. 1946/1, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic
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Kushala KB, Nithin MS, Girisha SK, Dheeraj SB, Sowndarya NS, Puneeth TG, Suresh T, Naveen Kumar BT, Vinay TN. Fish immune responses to natural infection with carp edema virus (Koi sleepy disease): An emerging fish disease in India. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 130:624-634. [PMID: 36126841 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Emerging pathogen, carp edema virus (CEV) causes koi sleepy disease (KSD) in Koi and common carp causing severe mortalities worldwide. In the present study, a total of 150 fish species belonging to eight different families were sampled from the ornamental fish retailers and farms, located in Karnataka, India. The OIE protocol viz., level-I, II and III diagnoses confirmed the infection of CEV in 10 koi fish. Interestingly, other fish species belonging to different fish family including cyprinidae family were negative to CEV. Further, CEV infection was confirmed by sequencing (partial 4a gene); it showed the similarity with that of CEV reported from India and Germany strains with similarity of 97.4-99.94% and belonged to genogroup IIa. TEM analysis of purified CEV, in vivo cohabitation and tissue infection experiments confirmed the CEV infection. In addition, viral load was significantly higher (106-7 copies) in koi collected from Dakshina Kannada than of Bengaluru (103-4 copies). To understand the host-pathogen interaction, different organs such as gill, kidney, liver and spleen from naturally (CEV) infected koi were used to study the immune gene responses by using eight innate and one adaptive immune response. Results indicated that TNF-α, RohTNF-α, iNOS, IFN-γ and IL-10, and catalyze β-2M of MHC class I pathway genes were upregulated in koi. Higher expression of immune genes during the CEV infection may have inhibited viral replication and mount an antigenic adaptive response. Similar to other viral infections, interferon-γ play an important role during poxvirus infections. Quantification of immune genes in infected fish will provide insights into the host responses and provide valuable information to devise intervention strategies to prevent and control disease due to CEV.
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Affiliation(s)
- K B Kushala
- College of Fisheries, Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Matsyanagar, Mangalore, 575002, Karnataka, India
| | - M S Nithin
- College of Fisheries, Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Matsyanagar, Mangalore, 575002, Karnataka, India
| | - S K Girisha
- College of Fisheries, Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Matsyanagar, Mangalore, 575002, Karnataka, India.
| | - S B Dheeraj
- College of Fisheries, Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Matsyanagar, Mangalore, 575002, Karnataka, India
| | - N S Sowndarya
- College of Fisheries, Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Matsyanagar, Mangalore, 575002, Karnataka, India
| | - T G Puneeth
- College of Fisheries, Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Matsyanagar, Mangalore, 575002, Karnataka, India
| | - T Suresh
- College of Fisheries, Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Matsyanagar, Mangalore, 575002, Karnataka, India
| | - B T Naveen Kumar
- College of Fisheries, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, 141004, Punjab, India.
| | - T N Vinay
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture, MRC Nagar, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600028, India
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Abstract
Cytokines belong to the most widely studied group of intracellular molecules involved in the function of the immune system. Their secretion is induced by various infectious stimuli. Cytokine release by host cells has been extensively used as a powerful tool for studying immune reactions in the early stages of viral and bacterial infections. Recently, research attention has shifted to the investigation of cytokine responses using mRNA expression, an essential mechanism related to pathogenic and nonpathogenic-immune stimulants in fish. This review represents the current knowledge of cytokine responses to infectious diseases in the common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). Given the paucity of literature on cytokine responses to many infections in carp, only select viral diseases, such as koi herpesvirus disease (KHVD), spring viremia of carp (SVC), and carp edema virus disease (CEVD), are discussed. Aeromonas hydrophila is one of the most studied bacterial pathogens associated with cytokine responses in common carp. Therefore, the cytokine-based immunoreactivity raised by this specific bacterial pathogen is also highlighted in this review.
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Adamek M, Teitge F, Baumann I, Jung-Schroers V, El Rahman SA, Paley R, Piackova V, Gela D, Kocour M, Rakers S, Bergmann SM, Ganter M, Steinhagen D. Koi sleepy disease as a pathophysiological and immunological consequence of a branchial infection of common carp with carp edema virus. Virulence 2021; 12:1855-1883. [PMID: 34269137 PMCID: PMC8288041 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2021.1948286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Gills of fish are involved in respiration, excretion and osmoregulation. Due to numerous interactions between these processes, branchial diseases have serious implications on fish health. Here, "koi sleepy disease" (KSD), caused by carp edema virus (CEV) infection was used to study physiological, immunological and metabolic consequences of a gill disease in fish. A metabolome analysis shows that the moderately hypoxic-tolerant carp can compensate the respiratory compromise related to this infection by various adaptations in their metabolism. Instead, the disease is accompanied by a massive disturbance of the osmotic balance with hyponatremia as low as 71.65 mmol L-1, and an accumulation of ammonia in circulatory blood causing a hyperammonemia as high as 1123.24 µmol L-1. At water conditions with increased ambient salt, the hydro-mineral balance and the ammonia excretion were restored. Importantly, both hyponatremia and hyperammonemia in KSD-affected carp can be linked to an immunosuppression leading to a four-fold drop in the number of white blood cells, and significant downregulation of cd4, tcr a2 and igm expression in gills, which can be evaded by increasing the ion concentration in water. This shows that the complex host-pathogen interactions within the gills can have immunosuppressive consequences, which have not previously been addressed in fish. Furthermore, it makes the CEV infection of carp a powerful model for studying interdependent pathological and immunological effects of a branchial disease in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikolaj Adamek
- Fish Disease Research Unit, Institute for Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Felix Teitge
- Fish Disease Research Unit, Institute for Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ilka Baumann
- Fish Disease Research Unit, Institute for Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Verena Jung-Schroers
- Fish Disease Research Unit, Institute for Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Sahar Abd El Rahman
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura Egypt
| | - Richard Paley
- Cefas Weymouth Laboratory, International Centre of Excellence for Aquatic Animal Health, Weymouth, Dorset, UK
| | - Veronica Piackova
- South Bohemian Research Centre of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Vodnany, Czech Republic
| | - David Gela
- South Bohemian Research Centre of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Vodnany, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Kocour
- South Bohemian Research Centre of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Vodnany, Czech Republic
| | - Sebastian Rakers
- Working Group Aquatic Cell Technology and Aquaculture, Fraunhofer Research Institution for Marine Biotechnology and Cell Technology, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Sven M Bergmann
- Institute of Infectology, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Martin Ganter
- Clinic for Swine, Small Ruminants, Forensic Medicine and Ambulatory Service, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Dieter Steinhagen
- Fish Disease Research Unit, Institute for Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
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10
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Adamek M, Heling M, Bauer J, Teitge F, Bergmann SM, Kleingeld DW, Welzel A, Scuda N, Bachmann J, Louis CS, Böttcher K, Bräuer G, Steinhagen D, Jung-Schroers V. It is everywhere-A survey on the presence of carp edema virus in carp populations in Germany. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 69:2227-2241. [PMID: 34231974 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Carp edema virus (CEV) is the causative agent of koi sleepy disease (KSD), a serious gill disease affecting common carp, Cyprinus carpio, and its ornamental variety, koi. After recent detections of the virus in various countries around the world, KSD has emerged as a new global disease in carp. However, the prevalence of the infection in carp populations in a given geographical region has not been studied thoroughly. The present communication reports an investigation into the presence of CEV in carp and koi populations in Germany. For this purpose, gill samples collected from carp and koi populations suffering from gill diseases or collected for a routine examination of their health status were tested for the presence of CEV by PCR. In total, 651 fish samples from 401 carp or koi cases were examined in 2015 and 2016, additional 118 samples from previous studies were included in the examination. CEV was detected in archive samples from carp dating back to 2007, and in koi samples dating back to 2009. From 2015 to 2016, CEV was detected in 69% of cases from carp populations examined from the main carp-producing areas in Germany, and in 41% of the examined cases from koi populations from all over Germany. Clinical KSD occurred mainly from April to June in carp populations at water temperatures ranging from 8 to 12°C and in koi populations at water temperatures ranging from 18 to 22°C. Most fish from clinically affected carp or koi populations harboured high virus loads of above 10,000 copies of CEV-specific DNA per 250 ng DNA, while gills from fish of other fish species from the ponds, including goldfish, grass carp and European perch were found CEV negative or harboured a low virus load. A phylogenetic analysis revealed the presence of multiple CEV variants from genogroup I in carp and genogroup II in koi populations in Germany. Genetically identical genogroup I isolates were detected in carp from different geographical locations in Germany and in other European carp populations. Some German genogroup II variants were identical to variants previously recorded from koi in Asian and other European countries. The data presented here show that CEV is highly prevalent in German common carp and koi populations and implies the spreading of this virus by intense trading of common carp and koi without necessary risk mitigating measures. As infections with this virus may induce serious disease, CEV diagnostic should be included in health surveillance and disease monitoring programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikolaj Adamek
- Fish Disease Research Unit, Institute for Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Max Heling
- Fish Disease Research Unit, Institute for Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Julia Bauer
- Fish Disease Research Unit, Institute for Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Felix Teitge
- Fish Disease Research Unit, Institute for Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Sven M Bergmann
- Institute of Infectology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Dirk Willem Kleingeld
- Lower Saxony State Office for Consumer Protection and Food Safety, Veterinary Task Force, Hannover, Germany
| | - Alice Welzel
- Lower Saxony Ministry for Food, Agriculture and Consumer Protection, Hannover, Germany
| | - Nelly Scuda
- Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Erlangen, Germany
| | | | - Carola Sauter Louis
- Institute of Epidemiology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | | | - Grit Bräuer
- Saxony Animal Disease Fund, Dresden, Germany
| | - Dieter Steinhagen
- Fish Disease Research Unit, Institute for Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Verena Jung-Schroers
- Fish Disease Research Unit, Institute for Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
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11
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Marsella A, Pretto T, Abbadi M, Quartesan R, Cortinovis L, Fiocchi E, Manfrin A, Toffan A. Carp edema virus-related mortality in wild adult common carp (cyprinus carpio) in Italy. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2021; 44:939-947. [PMID: 33591616 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Mortality in wild fish populations represents a challenging issue for public fish health inspectors. When a single fish species is involved, an infective aetiology is frequently suspected, with focus on viral notifiable diseases. However, other viral agents not subjected to regulation and causing mortality in common carp have been reported such as carp edema virus (CEV). In mid-June 2020, a severe common carp mortality was observed in an artificial lake in north-east of Italy. Sleepy fish were noted some days before the beginning of the mortality itself, which lasted several days and involved over 340 adult specimens. During the outbreak, water temperature was around 15°C, water quality was normal, and no adverse meteorological events were reported in the area. Four specimens, which showed severe cutaneous hyperaemia and increased mucus production on skin and gills, were tested by bacteriological methods and virological analysis targeting the main carp pathogens. Molecular analysis performed on gills, kidney and brains from all the fish analysed resulted positive for CEV, which, based on anamnestic information and laboratory findings, was considered the responsible for the mortality event herein described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Marsella
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), Legnaro, Italy
| | - Tobia Pretto
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), Legnaro, Italy
| | - Miriam Abbadi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), Legnaro, Italy
| | - Rosita Quartesan
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), Legnaro, Italy
| | - Luana Cortinovis
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), Legnaro, Italy
| | - Eleonora Fiocchi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), Legnaro, Italy
| | - Amedeo Manfrin
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), Legnaro, Italy
| | - Anna Toffan
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), Legnaro, Italy
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12
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Pikula J, Pojezdal L, Papezikova I, Minarova H, Mikulikova I, Bandouchova H, Blahova J, Bednarska M, Mares J, Palikova M. Carp Edema Virus Infection Is Associated With Severe Metabolic Disturbance in Fish. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:679970. [PMID: 34095283 PMCID: PMC8169968 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.679970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Significant mortalities associated with emerging viral diseases are challenging the economy of common carp aquaculture. As such, there is an increased need to disentangle how infected fish cope with progressive disease pathology and lose the ability for homeostatic maintenance of key physiological parameters. A natural carp edema virus (CEV) infection outbreak at a carp fish farm provided an opportunity to examine diseased and healthy carp in the same storage pond, thereby contributing to our better understanding of CEV disease pathophysiology. The disease status of fish was determined using PCR-based virus identification combined with analysis of gill pathology. Compared with healthy control carp, the blood chemistry profile of CEV-infected fish revealed major disruptions in electrolyte and acid-base balance (i.e., hyponatraemia, hypochloraemia, hyperphosphatemia, elevated pH, base excess, and anion gap and decreased partial dissolved carbon dioxide). In addition, we recorded hyperproteinaemia, hyperalbuminaemia, hypotonic dehydration, endogenous hyperammonaemia, and decreased lactate along with increased creatinine, alkaline phosphatase, alanine aminotransferase, and aspartate aminotransferase. Red blood cell associated hematology variables were also elevated. The multivariate pattern of responses for blood chemistry variables (driven by sodium, pH, partial dissolved carbon dioxide, ammonia, and albumin in the principal component analysis) clearly discriminated between CEV-infected and control carp. To conclude, we show that CEV infection in carp exerts complex adverse effects and results in severe metabolic disturbance due to the impaired gill respiratory and excretory functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiri Pikula
- Department of Ecology and Diseases of Zoo Animals, Game, Fish and Bees, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Brno, Czechia.,Department of Zoology, Fisheries, Hydrobiology and Apiculture, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czechia
| | - Lubomir Pojezdal
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Preventive Medicine, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czechia
| | - Ivana Papezikova
- Department of Ecology and Diseases of Zoo Animals, Game, Fish and Bees, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Brno, Czechia.,Department of Zoology, Fisheries, Hydrobiology and Apiculture, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czechia
| | - Hana Minarova
- Department of Ecology and Diseases of Zoo Animals, Game, Fish and Bees, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Brno, Czechia.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Preventive Medicine, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czechia
| | - Ivana Mikulikova
- Department of Ecology and Diseases of Zoo Animals, Game, Fish and Bees, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Brno, Czechia
| | - Hana Bandouchova
- Department of Ecology and Diseases of Zoo Animals, Game, Fish and Bees, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Brno, Czechia.,Department of Zoology, Fisheries, Hydrobiology and Apiculture, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czechia
| | - Jana Blahova
- Department of Animal Protection and Welfare and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Brno, Czechia
| | - Małgorzata Bednarska
- Department of Epizootiology and Clinic of Bird and Exotic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Jan Mares
- Department of Zoology, Fisheries, Hydrobiology and Apiculture, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czechia
| | - Miroslava Palikova
- Department of Ecology and Diseases of Zoo Animals, Game, Fish and Bees, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Brno, Czechia.,Department of Zoology, Fisheries, Hydrobiology and Apiculture, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czechia
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13
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Machat R, Pojezdal L, Piackova V, Faldyna M. Carp edema virus and immune response in carp (Cyprinus carpio): Current knowledge. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2021; 44:371-378. [PMID: 33460151 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 12/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The importance of world aquaculture production grows annually together with the increasing need to feed the global human population. Common carp (Cyprinus carpio) is one of the most important freshwater fish in global aquaculture. Unfortunately, carp production is affected by numerous diseases of which viral diseases are the most serious. Koi herpesvirus disease (KHVD), spring viraemia of carp (SVC), and during the last decades also koi sleepy disease (KSD) are currently the most harmful viral diseases of common carp. This review summarizes current knowledge about carp edema virus (CEV), aetiological agent causing KSD, and about the disease itself. Furthermore, the article is focused on summarizing the available information about the antiviral immune response of common carp, like production of class I interferons (IFNs), activation of cytotoxic cells, and production of antibodies by B cells focusing on anti-CEV immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radek Machat
- Department of Infection Diseases and Preventive Medicine, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lubomir Pojezdal
- Department of Infection Diseases and Preventive Medicine, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Piackova
- Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Vodňany, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Faldyna
- Department of Infection Diseases and Preventive Medicine, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
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14
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Pikulkaew S, Phatwan K, Banlunara W, Intanon M, Bernard JK. First Evidence of Carp Edema Virus Infection of Koi Cyprinus carpio in Chiang Mai Province, Thailand. Viruses 2020; 12:v12121400. [PMID: 33291286 PMCID: PMC7762178 DOI: 10.3390/v12121400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of carp edema virus (CEV) was confirmed in imported ornamental koi in Chiang Mai province, Thailand. The koi showed lethargy, loss of swimming activity, were lying at the bottom of the pond, and gasping at the water's surface. Some clinical signs such as skin hemorrhages and ulcers, swelling of the primary gill lamella, and necrosis of gill tissue, presented. Clinical examination showed co-infection by opportunistic pathogens including Dactylogyrus sp., Gyrodactylus sp. and Saprolegnia sp. on the skin and gills. Histopathologically, the gill of infected fish showed severe necrosis of epithelial cells and infiltrating of eosinophilic granular cells. Electron microscope examination detected few numbers of virions were present in the cytoplasm of gill tissue which showed an electron dense core with surface membranes worn by surface globular units. Molecular detection of CEV DNA from gill samples of fish was performed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and confirmed by nested-PCR. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that CEV isolate had 99.8% homology with the CEV isolated from South Korea (KY946715) and Germany (KY550420), and was assigned to genogroup IIa. In conclusion, this report confirmed the presence of CEV infection of koi Cyprinus carpio in Chiang Mai province, Thailand using pathological and molecular approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surachai Pikulkaew
- Department of Food Animal Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
- Research Center of Producing and Development of Products and Innovations for Animal Health and Production, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +66-(53)-948-023; Fax: +66-(53)-274-710
| | - Khathawat Phatwan
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand;
| | - Wijit Banlunara
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand;
| | - Montira Intanon
- Research Center of Producing and Development of Products and Innovations for Animal Health and Production, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand;
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
| | - John K. Bernard
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, The University of Georgia, Tifton, GA 31793-5766, USA;
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15
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Luo F, Lian Z, Niu Y, Lü A, Hu X, Xie X, Sun J. Molecular characterization of carp edema virus disease: An emerging threat to koi Cyprinus carpio in China. Microb Pathog 2020; 149:104551. [PMID: 33011362 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Carp edema virus disease (CEVD) has resulted in great economic losses in koi (Cyprinus carpio koi) and common carp (Cyprinus carpio carpio) populations in the world. In this study, the diseased koi were diagnosed as CEV infection based on 5' untranslated region (5'UTR) and 4a protein genes by the conventional PCR, nested PCR and quantitative PCR (qPCR) analyses. Phylogenetic tree analysis showed that the TJ201708 strain was classified into the genogroup IIa. Furthermore, qPCR of 5'UTR gene revealed that the lowest detection limit was 4.0 fg/μL. The pathogenicity of CEV for koi was demonstrated in the infection experiments. Histopathological examination revealed the petechial hemorrhages of liver and spleen, vacuolization of lamina propria of intestine and swelling and necrosis of respiratory epithelial cells of gills. To our knowledge, this is the first report the qPCR of 5'UTR gene in the detection of carp edema virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuli Luo
- Tianjin Key Lab of Aqua-Ecology and Aquaculture, College of Fisheries, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin, 300384, China
| | - Zhengyi Lian
- Tianjin Key Lab of Aqua-Ecology and Aquaculture, College of Fisheries, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin, 300384, China
| | - Yuchen Niu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Aijun Lü
- Tianjin Key Lab of Aqua-Ecology and Aquaculture, College of Fisheries, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin, 300384, China.
| | - Xiucai Hu
- Tianjin Key Lab of Aqua-Ecology and Aquaculture, College of Fisheries, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin, 300384, China
| | - Xinyan Xie
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Jingfeng Sun
- Tianjin Key Lab of Aqua-Ecology and Aquaculture, College of Fisheries, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin, 300384, China
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16
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Matějíčková K, Pojezdal Ľ, Pokorová D, Reschová S, Piačková V, Palíková M, Veselý T, Papežíková I. Carp oedema virus disease outbreaks in Czech and Slovak aquaculture. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2020; 43:971-978. [PMID: 32700413 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This work describes the first confirmed cases of carp oedema virus disease (CEVD) in Slovakia and the Czech Republic and the phylogenetic analysis of Czech and Slovak carp oedema virus (CEV) isolates. Four cases of disease outbreak in the Czech Republic are described, the oldest dating from mid-May 2013 and one case from Slovakia dating from May 2019. In all cases, virus presence was confirmed using nested PCR. PCR products were sequenced and compared with 357-bp nucleotide sequences encoding the CEV P4a protein in GenBank. In four cases of disease outbreak (three common carp breeding facilities and one koi garden pond), CEV detected belonged to genogroup I. In one case (koi garden pond), fish were confirmed as infected with CEV from genogroup II. This work complements data on CEV occurrence in European countries and contributes to a better understanding of the pathways leading to transmission of the virus throughout Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Veronika Piačková
- Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Centre of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslava Palíková
- Department of Ecology and Diseases of Zoo Animals, Game, Fish and Bees, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Zoology, Fisheries, Hydrobiology and Apiculture, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Veselý
- Veterinary Research Institute Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ivana Papežíková
- Department of Ecology and Diseases of Zoo Animals, Game, Fish and Bees, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Zoology, Fisheries, Hydrobiology and Apiculture, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
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17
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Colorio S, Toffan A, Lewisch E, Dalla Pozza M, Stifter E, Pircher A, Meraner A, Bettini A, Tavella A. Koi herpesvirus disease outbreak: Input for the implementation of a surveillance program in South Tyrol - Italy. Prev Vet Med 2020; 181:105089. [PMID: 32652354 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2020.105089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A severe episode of high and abnormal mortality was observed in the population of Cyprinus carpio of Lake Caldaro (South Tyrol, Italy) in summer 2016. The diagnostic investigation carried out led to the identification of Koi Herpesvirus (KHV) as the etiologic agent. Following this disease outbreak and its socio-economic consequences, the local authorities, in agreement with the local Fishing Association, decided to implement a surveillance program for the achievement of KHV-free health status (Category I) in the Province, in accordance to the Implementing Decision (EU) 2015/1554. The selected area was a defined geographical compartment (the Monticolo lakes compartment, South Tyrol, Italy), which is located near Lake Caldaro, where the Koi Herpesvirus disease (KHVD) outbreak had occurred. This area is of particular interest because it supplies other water bodies with juvenile C. carpio individuals; with the achievement of a KHV-free health status, South Tyrol could possibly become independent in the breeding of this fish species. Suitable samples were collected and processed during a two-year period in order to detect the presence/absence of KHV. The same samples were tested for other viruses that can affect carp, namely spring viraemia of carp (SVCV) and carp edema virus (CEV). According to the results, the authors conclude that the Monticolo lakes area should be classified as KHV-free, as no sample has tested positively for the presence of this specific virus (KHV).
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Colorio
- Institute for Animal Health Control - Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Delle Venezie, Viale Dell'Università 10, 35020 Legnaro, PD, Italy.
| | - Anna Toffan
- Institute for Animal Health Control - Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Delle Venezie, Viale Dell'Università 10, 35020 Legnaro, PD, Italy.
| | - Eva Lewisch
- Clinical Division of Fish Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Manuela Dalla Pozza
- Institute for Animal Health Control - Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Delle Venezie, Viale Dell'Università 10, 35020 Legnaro, PD, Italy.
| | - Ernst Stifter
- Provincial Veterinary Service, Via Laura Conti 4, 39100 Bolzano, Italy.
| | - Andreas Pircher
- Provincial Veterinary Service, Via Marlengo 41, 39012 Merano, Italy.
| | - Andreas Meraner
- Hunting and Fisheries Office, Via Brennero 6, 39100 Bolzano, Italy.
| | - Astrid Bettini
- Institute for Animal Health Control - Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Delle Venezie, Viale Dell'Università 10, 35020 Legnaro, PD, Italy.
| | - Alexander Tavella
- Institute for Animal Health Control - Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Delle Venezie, Viale Dell'Università 10, 35020 Legnaro, PD, Italy.
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18
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Zrnčić S, Oraić D, Zupičić IG, Pavlinec Ž, Brnić D, Rogić ŽA, Sučec I, Steinhagen D, Adamek M. Koi herpesvirus and carp edema virus threaten common carp aquaculture in Croatia. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2020; 43:673-685. [PMID: 32315089 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Common carp (Cyprinus carpio) is a very important fish species for warm-water aquaculture in Croatia. All Croatian carp farms are subjected to a surveillance programme for the presence of koi herpesvirus (KHV), causing a deadly disease called koi herpesvirus disease (KHVD). However, there is no surveillance for other viral pathogens of importance like carp edema virus (CEV), a causative agent of koi sleepy disease (KSD). During regular testing within the KHVD surveillance programme, we tested samples for CEV simultaneously. The screening indicated possible outbreaks of KHVD and KSD. During 2016, KHVD broke out in an isolated area and soon thereafter a KHV eradication programme was successfully performed. However, during 2018 and 2019, two additional mortality events occurred in lakes in the southern part of Croatia during the spring. Samples from both events tested positive for CEV. An epidemiological investigation confirmed the introduction of infected carps from an infected farm to one of the lakes. To prevent the spreading of CEV into open waters, it is of utmost importance to introduce CEV testing before fish movement or to perform regular testing of all carp farms in the country to determine CEV prevalence for the purpose of implementation of control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Snježana Zrnčić
- Laboratory for Fish and Mollusc Diseases, Hrvatski Veterinarski Institut, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Dražen Oraić
- Laboratory for Fish and Mollusc Diseases, Hrvatski Veterinarski Institut, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivana Giovanna Zupičić
- Laboratory for Fish and Mollusc Diseases, Hrvatski Veterinarski Institut, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Željko Pavlinec
- Laboratory for Fish and Mollusc Diseases, Hrvatski Veterinarski Institut, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Dragan Brnić
- Virology Department Zagreb, Hrvatski Veterinarski Institut, Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | - Ivica Sučec
- Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries Directorate, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Dieter Steinhagen
- Fish Disease Research Unit, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Mikolaj Adamek
- Fish Disease Research Unit, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover Foundation, Hannover, Germany
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19
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Padhi SK, Tolo I, McEachran M, Primus A, Mor SK, Phelps NBD. Koi herpesvirus and carp oedema virus: Infections and coinfections during mortality events of wild common carp in the United States. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2019; 42:1609-1621. [PMID: 31637761 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Koi herpesvirus (KHV; cyprinid herpesvirus-3) and carp oedema virus (CEV) are important viruses of common and koi carp (Cyprinus carpio); however, the distribution of these viruses in wild common carp in North America is largely unknown. During the summers of 2017 and 2018, 27 mass mortalities of common carp were reported from four states in the USA (Minnesota, Iowa, Pennsylvania and Wisconsin), the majority of which were distributed across eight major watersheds in southern Minnesota. Samples from 22 of these mortality events and from five clinically healthy nearby carp populations were screened for KHV, CEV and SVCV using real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). KHV was confirmed in 13 mortality events, CEV in two mortality events and coinfections of KHV/CEV in four mortality events. Nucleotide sequence analysis revealed that the KHV and CEV detected here are closely related to European lineages of these viruses. While molecular detection alone cannot conclusively link either virus with disease, the cases described here expand the known range of two important viruses. This is also the first reported detection of KHV and CEV coinfections in wild carp populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumesh K Padhi
- Minnesota Aquatic Invasive Species Research Center, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
- College of Food, Agriculture and Natural Resource Sciences, Department of Fisheries, Wildlife and Conservation Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Isaiah Tolo
- Minnesota Aquatic Invasive Species Research Center, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
- College of Food, Agriculture and Natural Resource Sciences, Department of Fisheries, Wildlife and Conservation Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Margaret McEachran
- Minnesota Aquatic Invasive Species Research Center, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
- College of Food, Agriculture and Natural Resource Sciences, Department of Fisheries, Wildlife and Conservation Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Alexander Primus
- Minnesota Aquatic Invasive Species Research Center, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Population Medicine and Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Sunil K Mor
- Minnesota Aquatic Invasive Species Research Center, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Population Medicine and Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Nicholas B D Phelps
- Minnesota Aquatic Invasive Species Research Center, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
- College of Food, Agriculture and Natural Resource Sciences, Department of Fisheries, Wildlife and Conservation Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
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Soliman H, Lewisch E, El-Matbouli M. Identification of new genogroups in Austrian carp edema virus isolates. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2019; 136:193-197. [PMID: 31621652 DOI: 10.3354/dao03408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Carp edema virus disease (CEVD), also known as koi sleepy disease (KSD), is an emerging viral disease caused by the carp edema virus (CEV). It is characterized by lethargic behavior, gill necrosis, and generalized edema, leading to significant morbidity and mortality in common carp and koi Cyprinus carpio. Accurate diagnosis of CEVD relies on amplification of a P4a protein-encoding DNA segment from the CEV genome. A phylogenetic analysis of amplified fragments revealed 3 distinct CEV genogroups: I, IIa, and IIb. We explored the phylogenetic relationship between Austrian CEV isolates with existing CEV genogroups. The phylogenetic analysis (n = 18) established the presence of the 3 extant CEV genogroups as well as 2 new CEV genogroups (IIIa and IIIb) classified to identify the Austrian isolates that were distinct from the existing CEV genogroups. It is evident that CEV infection cases are growing in number each year, which may be due to development of sensitive diagnostic assays, while information regarding the virus is scarce. National and international efforts are required to study the epidemiology of the CEV in major carp-producing countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hatem Soliman
- Clinical Division of Fish Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna 1210, Austria
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21
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Su H, Su J. Cyprinid viral diseases and vaccine development. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 83:84-95. [PMID: 30195914 PMCID: PMC7118463 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2018] [Revised: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
In the past decades, global freshwater fish production has been rapidly growing, while cyprinid takes the largest portion. Along with the rapid rise of novel forms of intensive aquaculture, increased global aquatic animal movement and various anthropogenic stress to aquatic ecosystems during the past century, freshwater fish farming industry encounter the emergence and breakout of many diseases, especially viral diseases. Because of the ability to safely and effectively prevent aquaculture diseases, vaccines have become the mainstream technology for prevention and control of aquatic diseases in the world. In this review, authors summarized six major cyprinid viral diseases, including koi herpesvirus disease (KHVD), spring viraemia of carp (SVC), grass carp hemorrhagic disease (GCHD), koi sleepy disease (KSD), carp pox disease (CPD) and herpesviral haematopoietic necrosis (HPHN). The present review described the characteristics of these diseases from epidemiology, pathology, etiology and diagnostics. Furthermore, the development of specific vaccines respective to these diseases is stated according to preparation methods and immunization approaches. It is hoped that the review could contribute to aquaculture in prevention and controlling of cyprinid viral diseases, and serve the healthy and sustainable development of aquaculture industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Su
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Jianguo Su
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, 266237, China.
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22
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Adamek M, Teitge F, Jung-Schroers V, Heling M, Gela D, Piackova V, Kocour M, Steinhagen D. Flavobacteria as secondary pathogens in carp suffering from koi sleepy disease. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2018; 41:1631-1642. [PMID: 30066956 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Revised: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Koi sleepy disease (KSD) is a disease with increasing importance in global common carp aquaculture. Despite the fact that carp edema virus (CEV) is most likely the causative agent of KSD, the disease often presents itself as multifactorial with several parasites and bacteria species present on gills, skin or in internal organs. Therefore, in this study, we analysed and presented initial results on an interaction of flavobacteria and CEV in the development of clinical KSD in carp suffering from proliferative gill disease. We examined selected field samples from Germany and Hungary and confirmed the presence of CEV and flavobacteria co-infections in subset of the samples. In several infection experiments, we studied the transfer and dynamics of both infections. Furthermore, we analysed which Flavobacterium species could be isolated from KSD-affected fish and concluded that Flavobacterium branchiophilum is a possible copathogen. Antibiotic treatment experiments showed that CEV seems to be the primary pathogen causing an insult to the gills of carp and by these enabling other pathogens, including F. branchiophilum, to establish co-infections. Despite the fact that F. branchiophilum co-infection is not required for the development of clinical KSD, it could contribute to the pathological changes recorded during the outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikolaj Adamek
- Fish Disease Research Unit, Institute for Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Felix Teitge
- Fish Disease Research Unit, Institute for Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Verena Jung-Schroers
- Fish Disease Research Unit, Institute for Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Max Heling
- Fish Disease Research Unit, Institute for Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - David Gela
- Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Vodňany, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Piackova
- Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Vodňany, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Kocour
- Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Vodňany, Czech Republic
| | - Dieter Steinhagen
- Fish Disease Research Unit, Institute for Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
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23
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OUTBREAK AND TREATMENT OF CARP EDEMA VIRUS IN KOI (CYPRINUS CARPIO) FROM NORTHERN CALIFORNIA. J Zoo Wildl Med 2018; 49:755-764. [DOI: 10.1638/2017-0189.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Soliman H, El-Matbouli M. Rapid detection and differentiation of carp oedema virus and cyprinid herpes virus-3 in koi and common carp. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2018; 41:761-772. [PMID: 29315637 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Revised: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Carp oedema virus (CEV) and koi herpes virus (KHV) are of major concern to common carp breeders and koi enthusiasts worldwide. The viruses cause diseases that exhibit similar external signs; thus, it is difficult to distinguish between them clinically. In this study, we developed and optimized rapid and accurate single- and multiplex isothermal diagnostic tools, based on recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA), for detection and differentiation of CEV and KHV. The assays were combined with a lateral flow dipstick to enable visual detection of amplification products and simplify post-amplification analysis. Both CEV- and KHV-RPA assays were specific for their target virus. The lower detection limits of the assays were similar to those of established diagnostic PCR tests for the viruses. A sample preparation method was optimized to eliminate the need for total DNA extraction from fish tissues. The estimated time to perform these RPA assays, from receiving the sample to having a result, is 50 min, compared to 10 and 7 hr for CEV- and KHV-PCR tests, respectively. The assays can be performed in field situations to improve screening of fish and reduce spread of these viruses and thereby enhance the common carp and koi industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Soliman
- Clinical Division of Fish Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - M El-Matbouli
- Clinical Division of Fish Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
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Adamek M, Baska F, Vincze B, Steinhagen D. Carp edema virus from three genogroups is present in common carp in Hungary. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2018; 41:463-468. [PMID: 29064105 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Hungary is an important carp producer with intensive trading relationships with farms in other carp-producing areas in Europe. Carp in Europe were recently found infected with carp edema virus (CEV), a poxvirus which causes the koi sleepy disease (KSD) syndrome. Moribund carp were collected from 17 fish farms and angling ponds in different regions of Hungary. Histological analysis of gills from these carp revealed a proliferation of the interlamellar epithelium and an infiltration by eosinophilic cells. In 13 of 17 of these carp, CEV DNA was detected by qPCR and in seven fish more than 1 × 104 copies of virus-specific DNA sequences per 250 ng of DNA, which could be considered as clinically relevant and a cause of disease. A phylogenetic analysis of the sequences revealed that all three genogroups of CEV were present in Hungarian common carp with genogroup I being most abundant. These results support the hypothesis of a prolonged presence of CEV in European carp populations and suggest that previous outbreaks of KSD were not recorded or misdiagnosed. Hence, a testing of carp and koi for infection with CEV should be included into disease surveillance programmes to prevent further spreading of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Adamek
- Fish Disease Research Unit, Institute of Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - F Baska
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - B Vincze
- Department of Animal Breeding, Nutrition and Laboratory Animal Science, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - D Steinhagen
- Fish Disease Research Unit, Institute of Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
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26
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Kim SW, Jun JW, Giri SS, Chi C, Yun S, Kim HJ, Kim SG, Kang JW, Park SC. First report of carp oedema virus infection of koi (Cyprinus carpio haematopterus) in the Republic of Korea. Transbound Emerg Dis 2017; 65:315-320. [PMID: 29226602 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Twenty-five koi (Cyprinus carpio haematopterus) bought from a wholesale fish market in Korea, showed lethargic behaviour and 100% mortality within 20 days. Carp oedema virus (CEV) was detected by PCR in all 25 koi. Results of detailed histopathological and clinical examinations of 17 koi indicated loss of body balance, severe infiltration of inflammatory cells into the inter-lamellar spaces of the gills and vacuolization and inclusion bodies in gill epithelial cells. Sequence analysis of PCR products of these koi showed up to 99% identity to the previously reported sequences, suggesting that the observed mass mortality resulted from koi sleepy disease (KSD) due to CEV infection. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first report of KSD in the Republic of Korea. Partial sequences of 4a protein from the virus indicated that the present CEV detected in koi from Korea is more closely related to that from the UK and Poland than from Japan. The present findings indicate that the prevalence and spread of KSD must be closely monitored in both European and Asian countries to avoid potential economic losses to the global koi industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- S W Kim
- Laboratory of Aquatic Biomedicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - J W Jun
- Laboratory of Aquatic Biomedicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - S S Giri
- Laboratory of Aquatic Biomedicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - C Chi
- Laboratory of Aquatic Biomedicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - S Yun
- Laboratory of Aquatic Biomedicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - H J Kim
- Laboratory of Aquatic Biomedicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - S G Kim
- Laboratory of Aquatic Biomedicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - J W Kang
- Laboratory of Aquatic Biomedicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - S C Park
- Laboratory of Aquatic Biomedicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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27
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Way K, Haenen O, Stone D, Adamek M, Bergmann SM, Bigarré L, Diserens N, El-Matbouli M, Gjessing MC, Jung-Schroers V, Leguay E, Matras M, Olesen NJ, Panzarin V, Piačková V, Toffan A, Vendramin N, Vesel T, Waltzek T. Emergence of carp edema virus (CEV) and its significance to European common carp and koi Cyprinus carpio. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2017; 126:155-166. [PMID: 29044045 DOI: 10.3354/dao03164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Carp edema virus disease (CEVD), also known as koi sleepy disease, is caused by a poxvirus associated with outbreaks of clinical disease in koi and common carp Cyprinus carpio. Originally characterised in Japan in the 1970s, international trade in koi has led to the spread of CEV, although the first recognised outbreak of the disease outside of Japan was not reported until 1996 in the USA. In Europe, the disease was first recognised in 2009 and, as detection and diagnosis have improved, more EU member states have reported CEV associated with disease outbreaks. Although the structure of the CEV genome is not yet elucidated, molecular epidemiology studies have suggested distinct geographical populations of CEV infecting both koi and common carp. Detection and identification of cases of CEVD in common carp were unreliable using the original PCR primers. New primers for conventional and quantitative PCR (qPCR) have been designed that improve detection, and their sequences are provided in this paper. The qPCR primers have successfully detected CEV DNA in archive material from investigations of unexplained carp mortalities conducted >15 yr ago. Improvement in disease management and control is possible, and the principles of biosecurity, good health management and disease surveillance, applied to koi herpesvirus disease, can be equally applied to CEVD. However, further research studies are needed to fill the knowledge gaps in the disease pathogenesis and epidemiology that, currently, prevent an accurate assessment of the likely impact of CEVD on European koi and common carp aquaculture and on wild carp stocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Way
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Weymouth, DT4 8UB, UK
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28
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Adamek M, Matras M, Jung-Schroers V, Teitge F, Heling M, Bergmann SM, Reichert M, Way K, Stone DM, Steinhagen D. Comparison of PCR methods for the detection of genetic variants of carp edema virus. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2017; 126:75-81. [PMID: 28930088 DOI: 10.3354/dao03152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The infection of common carp and its ornamental variety, koi, with the carp edema virus (CEV) is often associated with the occurrence of a clinical disease called 'koi sleepy disease'. The disease may lead to high mortality in both koi and common carp populations. To prevent further spread of the infection and the disease, a reliable detection method for this virus is required. However, the high genetic variability of the CEV p4a gene used for PCR-based diagnostics could be a serious obstacle for successful and reliable detection of virus infection in field samples. By analysing 39 field samples from different geographical origins obtained from koi and farmed carp and from all 3 genogroups of CEV, using several recently available PCR protocols, we investigated which of the protocols would allow the detection of CEV from all known genogroups present in samples from Central European carp or koi populations. The comparison of 5 different PCR protocols showed that the PCR assays (both end-point and quantitative) developed in the Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science exhibited the highest analytical inclusivity and diagnostic sensitivity. Currently, this makes them the most suitable protocols for detecting viruses from all known CEV genogroups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikolaj Adamek
- Fish Disease Research Unit, Institute for Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Bünteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany
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29
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Klafack S, Wang Q, Zeng W, Wang Y, Li Y, Zheng S, Kempter J, Lee PY, Matras M, Bergmann SM. Genetic Variability of Koi Herpesvirus In vitro-A Natural Event? Front Microbiol 2017. [PMID: 28642739 PMCID: PMC5462989 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Worldwide koi herpesvirus (KHV) causes high mortalities in Cyprinus carpio L. aquaculture. So far, it is unknown how the different variants of KHV have developed and how they spread in the fish, but also in the environmental water bodies. Therefore, a phylogenetic method based on variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR) was improved to gain deeper insights into the phylogeny of KHV and its possible worldwide distribution. Moreover, a VNTR-3 qPCR was designed which allows fast virus typing. This study presents a useful method for molecular tracing of diverse KHV types, variants, and lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandro Klafack
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal HealthGreifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Qing Wang
- Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery SciencesGuangzhou, China
| | - Weiwei Zeng
- Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery SciencesGuangzhou, China
| | - Yingying Wang
- Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery SciencesGuangzhou, China
| | - Yingying Li
- Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery SciencesGuangzhou, China
| | - Shucheng Zheng
- Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery SciencesGuangzhou, China
| | - Jolanta Kempter
- Department of Aquaculture, West Pomeranian University of TechnologySzczecin, Poland
| | - Pei-Yu Lee
- Department of Research and Development, GeneReach Biotechnology CorporationTaichung, China
| | - Marek Matras
- National Veterinary Research InstitutePulawy, Poland
| | - Sven M Bergmann
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal HealthGreifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
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30
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Adamek M, Oschilewski A, Wohlsein P, Jung-Schroers V, Teitge F, Dawson A, Gela D, Piackova V, Kocour M, Adamek J, Bergmann SM, Steinhagen D. Experimental infections of different carp strains with the carp edema virus (CEV) give insights into the infection biology of the virus and indicate possible solutions to problems caused by koi sleepy disease (KSD) in carp aquaculture. Vet Res 2017; 48:12. [PMID: 28222784 PMCID: PMC5320791 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-017-0416-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Outbreaks of koi sleepy disease (KSD) caused by carp edema virus (CEV) may seriously affect populations of farmed common carp, one of the most important fish species for global food production. The present study shows further evidence for the involvement of CEV in outbreaks of KSD among carp and koi populations: in a series of infection experiments, CEV from two different genogroups could be transmitted to several strains of naïve common carp via cohabitation with fish infected with CEV. In recipient fish, clinical signs of KSD were induced. The virus load and viral gene expression results confirm gills as the target organ for CEV replication. Gill explants also allowed for a limited virus replication in vitro. The in vivo infection experiments revealed differences in the virulence of the two CEV genogroups which were associated with infections in koi or in common carp, with higher virulence towards the same fish variety as the donor fish. When the susceptibility of different carp strains to a CEV infection and the development of KSD were experimentally investigated, Amur wild carp showed to be relatively more resistant to the infection and did not develop clinical signs for KSD. However, the resistance could not be related to a higher magnitude of type I IFN responses of affected tissues. Despite not having a mechanistic explanation for the resistance of Amur wild carp to KSD, we recommend using this carp strain in breeding programs to limit potential losses caused by CEV in aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikolaj Adamek
- Fish Disease Research Unit, Institute for Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Bünteweg 17, 30559, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Anna Oschilewski
- Fish Disease Research Unit, Institute for Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Bünteweg 17, 30559, Hannover, Germany
| | - Peter Wohlsein
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Bünteweg 17, 30559, Hannover, Germany
| | - Verena Jung-Schroers
- Fish Disease Research Unit, Institute for Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Bünteweg 17, 30559, Hannover, Germany
| | - Felix Teitge
- Fish Disease Research Unit, Institute for Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Bünteweg 17, 30559, Hannover, Germany
| | - Andy Dawson
- Fish Disease Research Unit, Institute for Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Bünteweg 17, 30559, Hannover, Germany.,School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Keele, ST5 5BG, UK
| | - David Gela
- South Bohemian Research Centre of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Zatisi 728/II, 389 25, Vodnany, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Piackova
- South Bohemian Research Centre of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Zatisi 728/II, 389 25, Vodnany, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Kocour
- South Bohemian Research Centre of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Zatisi 728/II, 389 25, Vodnany, Czech Republic
| | - Jerzy Adamek
- Experimental Fish Farm in Zator, The Stanislaw Sakowicz Inland Fisheries Institute in Olsztyn, 32-640, Zator, Poland
| | - Sven M Bergmann
- Institute of Infectology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, 17498, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Dieter Steinhagen
- Fish Disease Research Unit, Institute for Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Bünteweg 17, 30559, Hannover, Germany
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31
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Swaminathan TR, Kumar R, Dharmaratnam A, Basheer VS, Sood N, Pradhan PK, Sanil NK, Vijayagopal P, Jena JK. Emergence of carp edema virus in cultured ornamental koi carp, Cyprinus carpio koi, in India. J Gen Virol 2016; 97:3392-3399. [DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- T. Raja Swaminathan
- Peninsular and Marine Fish Genetic Resources Centre of National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute Campus, Kochi 682018, India
| | - Raj Kumar
- Peninsular and Marine Fish Genetic Resources Centre of National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute Campus, Kochi 682018, India
| | - Arathi Dharmaratnam
- Peninsular and Marine Fish Genetic Resources Centre of National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute Campus, Kochi 682018, India
| | - V. S. Basheer
- Peninsular and Marine Fish Genetic Resources Centre of National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute Campus, Kochi 682018, India
| | - Neeraj Sood
- National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Lucknow 226002, India
| | - P. K. Pradhan
- National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Lucknow 226002, India
| | - N. K. Sanil
- Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Kochi 682018, India
| | - P. Vijayagopal
- Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Kochi 682018, India
| | - J. K. Jena
- Division of Fisheries Science, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Krishi Anusandhan Bhawan-II, Pusa, New Delhi 110012, India
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