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Bao TD, Van Cuong N, Mai NN, Ha LTT, Phu DH, Kiet BT, Carrique-Mas J, Rushton J. Economic assessment of an intervention strategy to reduce antimicrobial usage in small-scale chicken farms in Vietnam. One Health 2024; 18:100699. [PMID: 38496339 PMCID: PMC10943031 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2024.100699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobials are a core aspect of most livestock production systems, especially in low-and middle-income countries. They underpin the efficient use of scarce feed resources and stabilize returns on capital and labor inputs. Antimicrobial use (AMU) contributes to the production of healthy animals, yet AMU in livestock is linked to antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in animals, humans and the environment. The Vietnamese Platform for Antimicrobial Reduction in Chicken Production was implemented during 2016-2019 and was one of Southeast Asia's first interventions focused on AMU reductions in livestock production. The project targeted small-scale commercial poultry farms in the Mekong Delta region of Vietnam using a "randomized before-and-after controlled" study design. It provided farmers with a locally adapted support service (farmer training plan, advisory visits, biosecurity, and antimicrobial replacement products) to help them reduce their reliance on antimicrobials. A partial budget analysis was performed comparing the control group (status-quo) and intervention group (alternative). The median net farm-level benefit of the intervention strategies with the project's support was VND 6.78 million (interquartile range (IR) VND -71.9-89 million) per farm. Without project support the benefit was reduced to VND 5.1 million (IR VND -69.1-87.2 million) to VND 5.3 million (IR -VND 68.9-87.5 million) depending on the antimicrobial alternative product used. At the project level with a focus on AMU and its reduction, subsequently influence on the resistance reduction, our results showed that achieving resistance reduction benefits with the current knowledge and technologies required investment of at least VND 9.1 million (US$ 395.10) per farm during the project's lifetime. The results highlight the positive net profit for the majority of enrolled farms and a reasonable investments from the project. The recommendation focuses on the implementation of policies on financial support, legislation, and information as potential solutions to facilitate the application of intervention strategies to reduce AMU in poultry production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Truong Dinh Bao
- Faculty of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, University of Agriculture and Forestry, HCMC, Viet Nam
| | | | - Nguyen Nhu Mai
- Faculty of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, University of Agriculture and Forestry, HCMC, Viet Nam
| | | | - Doan Hoang Phu
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh, Viet Nam
| | - Bach Tuan Kiet
- Sub Department of Animal Health and Production, Cao Lanh, Viet Nam
| | - Juan Carrique-Mas
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh, Viet Nam
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan Rushton
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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Hibbard R, Chapot L, Yusuf H, Ariyanto KB, Maulana KY, Febriyani W, Cameron A, Vergne T, Faverjon C, Paul MC. "It's a habit. They've been doing it for decades and they feel good and safe.": A qualitative study of barriers and opportunities to changing antimicrobial use in the Indonesian poultry sector. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0291556. [PMID: 37747889 PMCID: PMC10519599 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0291556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Interventions to change antimicrobial use (AMU) practices can help mitigate the risk of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) development. However, changing AMU practices can be challenging due to the complex nature of the factors influencing AMU-related behaviours. This study used a qualitative approach to explore the factors that influenced decision-making on AMU by farmers and other actors in the Indonesian poultry sector. Thirty-five semi-structured interviews were conducted with farmers, technical services staff from the private sector, and representatives of associations, universities, and international organisations in Central Java, West Java, and East Java. Thematic analysis identified three patterns of influence on AMU: how farmers used information to make AMU-related decisions, the importance of farmers' social and advisory networks, and the motivations driving changes in AMU behaviours. Key barriers identified included a lack of shared understanding around when to use antibiotics, financial pressures in the poultry sector, and a lack of engagement with government veterinary services. Potential opportunities identified included high farmer awareness of AMU, identification of private sector actors and peer networks as the stakeholders with established relationships of trust with farmers, and the importance of farmers' conceptions of good farming practices, which could be engaged with to improve AMU practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Hibbard
- Ausvet Europe, Lyon, France
- INRAE, IHAP, ENVT, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Lorraine Chapot
- Ausvet Europe, Lyon, France
- INRAE, IHAP, ENVT, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
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Bâtie C, Tran Minh H, Thi Vu VA, Thuy Luong D, Thi Pham T, Fortané N, Pham Duc P, Goutard FL. Reducing antimicrobial use in chicken production in Vietnam: Exploring the systemic dimension of change. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0290296. [PMID: 37683022 PMCID: PMC10490891 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0290296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic use in livestock production is one of the drivers of antibiotic resistance and a shift towards better and reduced antibiotic usage is urgently required. In Vietnam, where there are frequent reports of the misuse and overuse of antibiotics, little attention has been paid to farmers who have successfully changed their practices. This qualitative study aims to understand the transition process of Vietnamese chicken farmers toward reduced antibiotic usage. We conducted semi-structured interviews with 18 chicken farmers, 13 drug sellers, and 5 traders using participatory tools and a socio-anthropological approach. We explored the farmers' histories, current and past antibiotic usage, methods used to reduce antibiotic use, and motivations and barriers to changing practices. Through the thematic analysis of the farmers' transcripts, we identified technical, economic, and social factors that influence change. Out of eighteen farmers, we identified ten farmers who had already reduced antibiotic usage. The main motivations included producing quality chickens (tasty and safe) while reducing farm expenditures. Barriers were related to poor biosecurity in the area, market failures, and the farmers' lack of knowledge. Innovation led to overcome these obstacles included the local development of handmade probiotics and the organization of farmer cooperatives to overcome economic difficulties and guarantee product outlets. Knowledge was increased by workshops organized at the communal level and the influence of competent veterinarians in the area. We showed that the transition process was influenced by several components of the system rather than by any individual alone. Our study demonstrated that local initiatives to reduce antibiotic use in Vietnamese chicken production do exist. As changes depend on the system in which stakeholders are embedded, systemic lock-ins must be removed to allow practices to change. The promotion of locally-developed solutions should be further encouraged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloé Bâtie
- ASTRE, CIRAD, INRAE, Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Hang Tran Minh
- Institute of Anthropology, Vietnam Academy of Social Sciences, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Van Anh Thi Vu
- USAID Learns, United States Agency for International Development/Vietnam, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Duong Thuy Luong
- Institute of Regional Sustainable Development, Vietnam Academy of Social, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Trang Thi Pham
- Faculty of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry, Thai Nguyen, Vietnam
| | - Nicolas Fortané
- UMR IRISSO, CNRS, INRAE, Université Paris Dauphine, PSL, Paris, France
| | - Phuc Pham Duc
- Center for Public Health and Ecosystem Research (CENPHER), Hanoi University of Public Health, Hanoi, Vietnam
- Institute of Environmental Health and Sustainable Development, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Flavie Luce Goutard
- ASTRE, CIRAD, INRAE, Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- ASTRE, CIRAD, Hanoi, Vietnam
- National Institute of Animal Science, Hanoi, Vietnam
- National Institute of Veterinary Research, Hanoi, Vietnam
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Carrique-Mas JJ, Hue LT, Dung LT, Thuy NT, Padungtod P. Restrictions on antimicrobial use in aquaculture and livestock, Viet Nam. Bull World Health Organ 2023; 101:223-225. [PMID: 36865604 PMCID: PMC9948497 DOI: 10.2471/blt.22.289187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Juan J Carrique-Mas
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Emergency Center for Transboundary Animal Diseases, Room 402, B3 Building, Van Phuc Diplomatic Compound 298, Kim Ma, 100000Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Le Thi Hue
- Department of Animal Health, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Le Thi Dung
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Emergency Center for Transboundary Animal Diseases, Room 402, B3 Building, Van Phuc Diplomatic Compound 298, Kim Ma, 100000Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Nguyen Thu Thuy
- Department of Animal Health, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Pawin Padungtod
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Emergency Center for Transboundary Animal Diseases, Room 402, B3 Building, Van Phuc Diplomatic Compound 298, Kim Ma, 100000Hanoi, Viet Nam
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Antibiotic usage practices and its drivers in commercial chicken production in Bangladesh. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0276158. [PMID: 36251714 PMCID: PMC9576089 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0276158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Irrational and inappropriate use of antibiotics in commercial chicken production can contribute to the development of antimicrobial resistance. We aimed to assess antibiotic usage in commercial chicken production in Bangladesh, and identify factors associated with this practice. We conducted a large-scale cross-sectional study to collect information on antibiotic usage in commercial chickens from January to May 2021. Structured interviews were conducted with 288 broiler, 288 layer and 192 Sonali (locally-produced cross-bred) farmers in 20 sub-districts across Bangladesh. The frequency of antibiotic usage, the types of antibiotics and purpose of usage were estimated for each production type. Adjusted odds ratios (aOR) were calculated to measure the association between antibiotic usage and factors related to the characteristics of the farms and farmers using multivariable logistic regression models. The proportion of farms, irrespective of their production type, reporting usage of antibiotics in the 24 hours preceding the interview was 41% (n = 314, 95% CI: 37–44%). Forty-five percent (n = 344, 41–48%) reported antibiotic usage in the last 72 hours, 86% (n = 658, 83–88%) in the last 14 days, and almost all farms, 98% (n = 753, 97–99%), had used antibiotics since the start of their production cycle. Use of antibiotics in the 24 hours preceding an interview was more frequently reported in broiler (OR 1.91, 95% CI: 1.36–2.69) and Sonali (OR 1.94, 95% CI: 1.33–2.33) than layer farms. Oxytetracycline (23–31%, depending on production type), doxycycline (18–25%), ciprofloxacin (16–26%) and amoxicillin (16–44%) were the most frequently used antibiotics. Antibiotics were reported to be used for both treatment and prophylactic purposes on most farms (57–67%). Usage of antibiotics in the 24h preceding an interview was significantly associated with the occurrence of any illnesses in chickens (aOR broiler: 41.22 [95% CI:13.63–124.62], layer: aOR 36.45[9.52–139.43], Sonali: aOR 28.47[4.97–162.97]). Antibiotic usage was mainly advised by veterinary practitioners (45–71%, depending on production type), followed by feed dealers (21–40%) and farmers (7–13%). Improvement of chicken health through good farming practices along with changes in key stakeholders (feed dealers and practitioners) attitudes towards antibiotic recommendations to farmers, may help to reduce the levels of antibiotic usage and thus contribute to mitigate antimicrobial resistance.
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Characterisation of chicken farms in Vietnam: a typology of antimicrobial use among different production systems. Prev Vet Med 2022; 208:105731. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2022.105731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Van Cuong N, Kiet BT, Phu DH, Van NTB, Hien VB, Thwaites G, Carrique‐Mas J, Choisy M. Effects of prophylactic and therapeutic antimicrobial uses in small-scale chicken flocks. Zoonoses Public Health 2021; 68:483-492. [PMID: 33934522 PMCID: PMC8573609 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobials are extensively used both prophylactically and therapeutically in poultry production. Despite this, there are little data on the effect of antimicrobial use (AMU) on disease incidence rate and per cent mortality. We investigated the relationships between AMU and disease and between AMU and mortality using data from a large (n = 322 flocks) cohort of small-scale chicken flocks in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam, that were followed longitudinally from day old to slaughter (5,566 observation weeks). We developed a parameterized algorithm to emulate a randomized control trial from observational data by categorizing the observation weeks into 'non-AMU', 'prophylactic AMU' and 'therapeutic AMU'. To evaluate the prophylactic AMU effect, we compared the frequencies of clinical signs in 'non-AMU' and 'prophylactic AMU' periods. To analyse therapeutic AMU, we compared weekly per cent mortality between the weeks of disease episodes before and after AMU. Analyses were stratified by clinical signs (4) and antimicrobial classes (13). Prophylactic AMU never reduced the probability of disease, and some antimicrobial classes such as lincosamides, amphenicols and penicillins increased the risk. The risk of diarrhoea consistently increased with prophylactic AMU. Therapeutic AMU often had an effect on mortality, but the pattern was inconsistent across the combinations of antimicrobial classes and clinical signs with 14/29 decreasing and 11/29 increasing the per cent weekly mortality. Lincosamides, methenamines and cephalosporins were the only three antimicrobial classes that always decreased the mortality when used therapeutically. Results were robust respective to the parameters values of the weeks categorization algorithm. This information should help support policy efforts and interventions aiming at reducing AMU in animal production.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bach Tuan Kiet
- Sub‐Department of Animal Health and Production (SDAHP)Cao LanhVietnam
| | - Doan Hoang Phu
- Oxford University Clinical Research UnitHo Chi Minh CityVietnam
- Faculty of Animal Science and Veterinary MedicineUniversity of Agriculture and ForestryHo Chi Minh CityVietnam
| | | | - Vo Be Hien
- Faculty of Animal Science and Veterinary MedicineUniversity of Agriculture and ForestryHo Chi Minh CityVietnam
| | - Guy Thwaites
- Oxford University Clinical Research UnitHo Chi Minh CityVietnam
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global HealthNuffield Department of MedicineUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Juan Carrique‐Mas
- Oxford University Clinical Research UnitHo Chi Minh CityVietnam
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global HealthNuffield Department of MedicineUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Marc Choisy
- Oxford University Clinical Research UnitHo Chi Minh CityVietnam
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global HealthNuffield Department of MedicineUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
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Jibril AH, Okeke IN, Dalsgaard A, Olsen JE. Association between antimicrobial usage and resistance in Salmonella from poultry farms in Nigeria. BMC Vet Res 2021; 17:234. [PMID: 34215271 PMCID: PMC8254292 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-021-02938-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global health threat affecting treatment outcome in animals and humans. A pre-requisite for development of AMR reduction strategies is knowledge of antimicrobial use patterns, and how these affect resistance development. The aim of this study was to determine antimicrobial usage (AMU) and whether such usage was associated with AMR in Salmonella from poultry farms in Northwest Nigeria. RESULTS Fifteen (37%) of antimicrobial products observed contained compounds that are of highest priority and critically important for human medicine. Broilers chicken consumed higher (28 ± 14 mg/kg active ingredients) amounts of antimicrobials compared to layers (13 ± 8 mg/kg) per week (p = 0.0009). Surprisingly, chickens raised under backyard system consumed higher amounts of antimicrobials (34 ± 7 mg/kg) than poultry in other systems (p = 0.02). High levels of resistance to tetracycline (58%), sulphonamides (65%), ciprofloxacin (46%) and gentamicin (42%) correlated with high farm level usage of these antimicrobials, and there was a strong correlation (r = 0.9) between farm usage and resistance of isolates to the same antimicrobials (p = 0.03). CONCLUSION High AMU, including use of highest priority critically important antimicrobials was observed at poultry farms in Northwest Nigeria. AMU correlated with high levels of resistance. Communication of prudent use of antimicrobials to farmers and regulation to obtain reduction in AMU should be a priority.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdurrahman Hassan Jibril
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Usmanu Danfodiyo University Sokoto, Sokoto, Nigeria
| | - Iruka N. Okeke
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Anders Dalsgaard
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - John Elmerdahl Olsen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Di KN, Pham DT, Tee TS, Binh QA, Nguyen TC. Antibiotic usage and resistance in animal production in Vietnam: a review of existing literature. Trop Anim Health Prod 2021; 53:340. [PMID: 34089130 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-021-02780-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Inappropriate use of antibiotics in animal production system is one of the major factors leading to the antibiotic resistance (ABR) development. In Vietnam, the ABR situation is crucial as antibiotics have been used indiscriminately for disease prevention and as growth promoters in animals. Thus, a thorough understanding on the ABR in veterinary settings would be beneficial to the Vietnam public health authority in formulating timely interventions. This review aimed to provide information on the current status of antibiotic usage in animal husbandry in Vietnam, identified gaps in research, and suggested possible solutions to tackle ABR. To this end, data on ABR in animals were extracted from 3 major electronic databases (PubMed, Web of Science, and ScienceDirect) in the period of January 2013-December 2020. The review findings were reported according to PRISMA, which highlighted the emergence and persistence of ABR in bacterial isolates, including Escherichia coli, Enterococcus spp., and Salmonella species, obtained from pigs and poultry. The lack of awareness of Vietnamese farmers on the antibiotic utilization guidelines was one of the main causes driving the animal ABR. Hence, this paper calls for interventions to restrict antibiotics use in food-producing animals by national action plan and antibiotics control programs. Additionally, studies to evaluate knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) of the community are required to promote rational use of antibiotics in all sectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khanh Nguyen Di
- Department of Academic Affairs - Testing, Dong Nai Technology University, Nguyen Khuyen Street, Trang Dai Ward, Bien Hoa City, Dong Nai, 810000, Vietnam. .,Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Duy Toan Pham
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Can Tho University, Can Tho, 900000, Vietnam.
| | - Tay Sun Tee
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Quach An Binh
- Department of Academic Affairs - Testing, Dong Nai Technology University, Nguyen Khuyen Street, Trang Dai Ward, Bien Hoa City, Dong Nai, 810000, Vietnam
| | - Thanh Cong Nguyen
- Faculty of Applied Science and Health, Dong Nai Technology University, Nguyen Khuyen Street, Trang Dai Ward, Bien Hoa City, Dong Nai, 810000, Vietnam
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Luu QH, Nguyen TLA, Pham TN, Vo NG, Padungtod P. Antimicrobial use in household, semi-industrialized, and industrialized pig and poultry farms in Viet Nam. Prev Vet Med 2021; 189:105292. [PMID: 33621709 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2021.105292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The use and misuse of antimicrobials in livestock production contributes to increasing antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Antimicrobial use (AMU), has been identified as a problem in Viet Nam. There were many identified drivers of AMU in Viet Nam such as lack of access to veterinary services, easy access to cheap over-the-counter antimicrobials, and insufficient farm biosecurity. This study included chicken farmers (n = 540) and pig farmers (n = 540) from household, semi-industrialized, and industrialized farms in the North, Central, and South of Viet Nam. The objective of this study was to determine farmers rationale behind AMU on their farms and their usage patterns. On pig farms, 98.1% of the farmers reported use of antimicrobials in their production. On chicken farms, 87.9% reported use of antimicrobials in their production. The results of the survey showed that the three main purposes of AMU were treatment of sick animals, disease prevention, and weight gain. Treatment accounted for 81.3% in pig farming and 62.1% in chicken farming. The main reason to start antimicrobial therapy in pig and chicken production was observation of the first clinical signs of disease (73.9% of the pig farmers and 74.9% of chicken farmers). The proportion of industrial pig farms performing diagnostic tests before using antimicrobials was singnificantly (p < 0.05) higher than household farms (OR = 45.3). The proportion of chicken farmers who used diagnostic tests before using antimicrobials on semi-industrial (OR = 4.1) and industrial farms (OR = 26.7) were significantly higher compared with household farms. Through encouraging the prudent use of antimicrobials in animal husbandry we can reduce the use of antimicrobials at the primary production level and thereby lowering the risk of AMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quynh Huong Luu
- National Institute of Veterinary Research, No. 86, Truong Chinh road, Phuong Mai ward, Dong Da district, Ha Noi, Viet Nam.
| | - Thi Lan Anh Nguyen
- National Institute of Veterinary Research, No. 86, Truong Chinh road, Phuong Mai ward, Dong Da district, Ha Noi, Viet Nam.
| | - Thi Ngoc Pham
- National Institute of Veterinary Research, No. 86, Truong Chinh road, Phuong Mai ward, Dong Da district, Ha Noi, Viet Nam.
| | - Ngan Giang Vo
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Country Office for Viet Nam Green One UN House Building, No. 304, Kim Ma Street, Hanoi, Viet Nam.
| | - Pawin Padungtod
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Country Office for Viet Nam Green One UN House Building, No. 304, Kim Ma Street, Hanoi, Viet Nam.
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Lv J, Deng S, Zhang L. A review of artificial intelligence applications for antimicrobial resistance. BIOSAFETY AND HEALTH 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bsheal.2020.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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Butzin-Dozier Z, Waters WF, Baca M, Vinueza RL, Saraiva-Garcia C, Graham J. Assessing Upstream Determinants of Antibiotic Use in Small-Scale Food Animal Production through a Simulated Client Method. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 10:antibiotics10010002. [PMID: 33374513 PMCID: PMC7822171 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Small-scale food animal production has been celebrated as a means of economic mobility and improved food security but the use of veterinary antibiotics among these producers may be contributing to the spread of antibiotic resistance in animals and humans. In order to improve antibiotic stewardship in this sector, it is critical to identify the drivers of producers’ antibiotic use. This study assessed the determinants of antibiotic use in small-scale food animal production through simulated client visits to veterinary supply stores and surveys with households that owned food animals (n = 117) in Ecuador. Eighty percent of households with food animals owned chickens and 78% of those with chickens owned fewer than 10 birds. Among the households with small-scale food animals, 21% reported giving antibiotics to their food animals within the last six months. Simulated client visits indicated that veterinary sales agents frequently recommended inappropriate antibiotic use, as 66% of sales agents recommended growth promoting antibiotics, and 48% of sales agents recommended an antibiotic that was an inappropriate class for disease treatment. In contrast, few sales agents (3%) were willing to sell colistin, an antibiotic banned for veterinary use in Ecuador as of January 2020, which supports the effectiveness of government regulation in antibiotic stewardship. The cumulative evidence provided by this study indicates that veterinary sales agents play an active role in promoting indiscriminate and inappropriate use of antibiotics in small-scale food animal production.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - William F. Waters
- San Francisco de Quito University, Quito 170157, Ecuador; (W.F.W.); (M.B.); (R.L.V.); (C.S.-G.)
| | - Martin Baca
- San Francisco de Quito University, Quito 170157, Ecuador; (W.F.W.); (M.B.); (R.L.V.); (C.S.-G.)
| | - Rommel Lenin Vinueza
- San Francisco de Quito University, Quito 170157, Ecuador; (W.F.W.); (M.B.); (R.L.V.); (C.S.-G.)
| | - Carlos Saraiva-Garcia
- San Francisco de Quito University, Quito 170157, Ecuador; (W.F.W.); (M.B.); (R.L.V.); (C.S.-G.)
| | - Jay Graham
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94704, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(443)-286-8335
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Yen NTP, Nhung NT, Van NTB, Cuong NV, Kiet BT, Phu DH, Hien VB, Campbell J, Chansiripornchai N, E. Thwaites G, Carrique-Mas JJ. Characterizing Antimicrobial Resistance in Chicken Pathogens: A Step towards Improved Antimicrobial Stewardship in Poultry Production in Vietnam. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:antibiotics9080499. [PMID: 32784954 PMCID: PMC7460290 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9080499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In the Mekong Delta of Vietnam, farmers use large quantities of antimicrobials to raise small-scale chicken flocks, often including active ingredients regarded of “critical importance’” by the World Health Organization. Due to limitations in laboratory capacity, the choice of antimicrobials normally does not follow any empirical criteria of effectiveness. The aim of this study was to highlight non-critically important antimicrobials against which chicken pathogens are likely to be susceptible as a basis for treatment guidelines. Microtiter broth dilution method was performed to determine the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 12 commonly used antimicrobials for 58 isolates, including Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale (ORT) (n = 22), Gallibacterium anatis (n = 19), and Avibacterium endocarditidis (n = 17). Unfortunately, internationally accepted breakpoints for resistance in these organisms do not exist. We drew tentative epidemiological cut-offs (TECOFFs) for those antimicrobial-pathogen combinations where MIC distributions suggested the presence of a distinct non-wild-type population. Based on the observed results, doxycycline would be the drug of choice for A.endocarditidis (11.8% presumptive non-wild type) and G. anatis infections (5.3% presumptive non-wild type). A total of 13.6% ORT isolates were non-wild type with regards to oxytetracycline, making it the drug of choice against this pathogen. This study illustrates the challenges in interpreting susceptibility testing results and the need to establish internationally accepted breakpoints for veterinary pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Thi Phuong Yen
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh 700000, Vietnam; (N.T.P.Y.); (N.T.N.); (N.T.B.V.); (N.V.C.); (D.H.P.); (J.C.); (G.E.T.)
| | - Nguyen Thi Nhung
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh 700000, Vietnam; (N.T.P.Y.); (N.T.N.); (N.T.B.V.); (N.V.C.); (D.H.P.); (J.C.); (G.E.T.)
| | - Nguyen Thi Bich Van
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh 700000, Vietnam; (N.T.P.Y.); (N.T.N.); (N.T.B.V.); (N.V.C.); (D.H.P.); (J.C.); (G.E.T.)
| | - Nguyen Van Cuong
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh 700000, Vietnam; (N.T.P.Y.); (N.T.N.); (N.T.B.V.); (N.V.C.); (D.H.P.); (J.C.); (G.E.T.)
| | - Bach Tuan Kiet
- Sub-Department of Animal Health and Production, Dong Thap 81000, Vietnam; (B.T.K.); (V.B.H.)
| | - Doan Hoang Phu
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh 700000, Vietnam; (N.T.P.Y.); (N.T.N.); (N.T.B.V.); (N.V.C.); (D.H.P.); (J.C.); (G.E.T.)
- Faculty of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Nong Lam University, Ho Chi Minh 700000, Vietnam
| | - Vo Be Hien
- Sub-Department of Animal Health and Production, Dong Thap 81000, Vietnam; (B.T.K.); (V.B.H.)
| | - James Campbell
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh 700000, Vietnam; (N.T.P.Y.); (N.T.N.); (N.T.B.V.); (N.V.C.); (D.H.P.); (J.C.); (G.E.T.)
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Oxford University, Oxford OX3 7FZ, UK
| | | | - Guy E. Thwaites
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh 700000, Vietnam; (N.T.P.Y.); (N.T.N.); (N.T.B.V.); (N.V.C.); (D.H.P.); (J.C.); (G.E.T.)
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Oxford University, Oxford OX3 7FZ, UK
| | - Juan J. Carrique-Mas
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh 700000, Vietnam; (N.T.P.Y.); (N.T.N.); (N.T.B.V.); (N.V.C.); (D.H.P.); (J.C.); (G.E.T.)
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Oxford University, Oxford OX3 7FZ, UK
- Correspondence:
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Van NTB, Yen NTP, Nhung NT, Cuong NV, Kiet BT, Hoang NV, Hien VB, Chansiripornchai N, Choisy M, Ribas A, Campbell J, Thwaites G, Carrique-Mas J. Characterization of viral, bacterial, and parasitic causes of disease in small-scale chicken flocks in the Mekong Delta of Vietnam. Poult Sci 2019; 99:783-790. [PMID: 32036978 PMCID: PMC7587710 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2019.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In the Mekong Delta region of Vietnam, small-scale chicken farming is common. However, high levels of disease or mortality in such flocks impair economic development and challenge the livelihoods of many rural households. We investigated 61 diseased small-scale flocks (122 chickens) for evidence of infection with 5 bacteria, 4 viruses, and helminths. Serological profiles (ELISA) were also determined against 6 of these pathogens. The aims of this study were the following: (1) to investigate the prevalence of different pathogens and to compare the probability of detection of bacterial pathogens using PCR and culture; (2) to investigate the relationship between detection of organisms in birds' tissues and the observed morbidity and mortality, as well as their antibody profile; and (3) to characterize risk factors for infection with specific viral or bacterial pathogens. We used PCR to test for viral (viruses causing infectious bronchitis [IB], highly pathogenic avian influenza [HPAI], Newcastle disease, and infectious bursal disease [IBD]) and bacterial pathogens (Mycoplasma gallisepticum, Pasteurella multocida, Avibacterium paragallinarum, and Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale [ORT]). The latter two were also investigated in respiratory tissues by conventional culture. Colisepticemic Escherichia coli was investigated by liver or spleen culture. In 49 of 61 (80.3%) flocks, at least one bacterial or viral pathogen was detected, and in 29 (47.5%) flocks, more than one pathogen was detected. A. paragallinarum was detected in 62.3% flocks, followed by M. gallisepticum (26.2%), viruses causing IBD (24.6%) and IB (21.3%), septicemic E. coli (14.8%), ORT (13.1%), and HPAI viruses (4.9%). Of all flocks, 67.2% flocks were colonized by helminths. Mortality was highest among flocks infected with HPAI (100%, interquartile range [IQR]: 81.6–100%) and lowest with flocks infected with ORT (5.3%, IQR: 1.1–9.0%). The results indicated slight agreement (kappa ≤ 0.167) between detection by PCR and culture for both A. paragallinarum and ORT, as well as between the presence of cestodes and ORT infection (kappa = 0.317). Control of A. paragallinarum, viruses causing HPAI, IBD, and IB, M. gallisepticum, and gastrointestinal helminths should be a priority in small-scale flocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Thi Bich Van
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
| | - Nguyen Thi Phuong Yen
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Thi Nhung
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Van Cuong
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Bach Tuan Kiet
- Sub-Department of Animal Health, Dong Thap Province, Cao Lanh, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Van Hoang
- Sub-Department of Animal Health, Dong Thap Province, Cao Lanh, Vietnam
| | - Vo Be Hien
- Sub-Department of Animal Health, Dong Thap Province, Cao Lanh, Vietnam
| | - Niwat Chansiripornchai
- Avian Health Research Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Thailand
| | - Marc Choisy
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hanoi, Vietnam; MIVEGEC, IRD, CNRS, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Alexis Ribas
- Department of Zoology and Fisheries, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - James Campbell
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam; Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Guy Thwaites
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam; Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Juan Carrique-Mas
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam; Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom
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