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Gabiane G, Bohers C, Mousson L, Obadia T, Dinglasan RR, Vazeille M, Dauga C, Viglietta M, Yébakima A, Vega-Rúa A, Gutiérrez Bugallo G, Gélvez Ramírez RM, Sonor F, Etienne M, Duclovel-Pame N, Blateau A, Smith-Ravin J, De Lamballerie X, Failloux AB. Evaluating vector competence for Yellow fever in the Caribbean. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1236. [PMID: 38336944 PMCID: PMC10858021 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45116-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The mosquito-borne disease, Yellow fever (YF), has been largely controlled via mass delivery of an effective vaccine and mosquito control interventions. However, there are warning signs that YF is re-emerging in both Sub-Saharan Africa and South America. Imported from Africa in slave ships, YF was responsible for devastating outbreaks in the Caribbean. In Martinique, the last YF outbreak was reported in 1908 and the mosquito Aedes aegypti was incriminated as the main vector. We evaluated the vector competence of fifteen Ae. aegypti populations for five YFV genotypes (Bolivia, Ghana, Nigeria, Sudan, and Uganda). Here we show that mosquito populations from the Caribbean and the Americas were able to transmit the five YFV genotypes, with YFV strains for Uganda and Bolivia having higher transmission success. We also observed that Ae. aegypti populations from Martinique were more susceptible to YFV infection than other populations from neighboring Caribbean islands, as well as North and South America. Our vector competence data suggest that the threat of re-emergence of YF in Martinique and the subsequent spread to Caribbean nations and beyond is plausible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaelle Gabiane
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Arboviruses and Insect Vectors, Paris, France
- Université des Antilles, Ecole Doctorale 589, Schœlcher, Martinique, Marseille, France
| | - Chloé Bohers
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Arboviruses and Insect Vectors, Paris, France
| | - Laurence Mousson
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Arboviruses and Insect Vectors, Paris, France
| | - Thomas Obadia
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Hub, Marseille, France
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, G5 Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Analytics, Paris, France
| | - Rhoel R Dinglasan
- University of Florida, Department of Infectious Diseases & Immunology and Emerging Pathogens Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Marie Vazeille
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Arboviruses and Insect Vectors, Paris, France
| | - Catherine Dauga
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Arboviruses and Insect Vectors, Paris, France
| | - Marine Viglietta
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Arboviruses and Insect Vectors, Paris, France
| | | | - Anubis Vega-Rúa
- Institut Pasteur de Guadeloupe, Laboratory of Vector Control Research, Unit Transmission Reservoir and Pathogens Diversity, Les Abymes, Guadeloupe, Marseille, France
| | - Gladys Gutiérrez Bugallo
- Institut Pasteur de Guadeloupe, Laboratory of Vector Control Research, Unit Transmission Reservoir and Pathogens Diversity, Les Abymes, Guadeloupe, Marseille, France
- Department of Vector Control, Center for Research, Diagnostic, and Reference, Institute of Tropical Medicine Pedro Kouri, Havana, Cuba
| | - Rosa Margarita Gélvez Ramírez
- Centro de Atención y Diagnóstico de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Fundación INFOVIDA, Bucaramanga, Colombia
- Unité des Virus Emergents (UVE), Aix Marseille Université, IRD 190, Inserm 1207, IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Fabrice Sonor
- Centre de Démoustication et de Recherches Entomologiques, Lutte antivectorielle, Martinique, Marseille, France
- Agence Régionale de Santé, Direction de la Santé Publique, Martinique, Marseille, France
| | - Manuel Etienne
- Centre de Démoustication et de Recherches Entomologiques, Lutte antivectorielle, Martinique, Marseille, France
| | - Nathalie Duclovel-Pame
- Agence Régionale de Santé, Direction de la Santé Publique, Martinique, Marseille, France
| | - Alain Blateau
- Agence Régionale de Santé, Direction de la Santé Publique, Martinique, Marseille, France
| | - Juliette Smith-Ravin
- Groupe de recherche Biospheres Université des Antilles, Campus de Schœlcher, Martinique, Marseille, France
| | - Xavier De Lamballerie
- Unité des Virus Emergents (UVE), Aix Marseille Université, IRD 190, Inserm 1207, IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Anna-Bella Failloux
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Arboviruses and Insect Vectors, Paris, France.
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Kay GA, Patterson EI, Hughes GL, Lord JS, Reimer LJ. Knockdown resistance allele L1014F introduced by CRISPR/Cas9 is not associated with altered vector competence of Anopheles gambiae for o'nyong nyong virus. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0288994. [PMID: 37561739 PMCID: PMC10414658 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0288994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Knockdown resistance (kdr) alleles conferring resistance to pyrethroid insecticides are widespread amongst vector populations. Previous research has suggested that these alleles are associated with changes in the vector competence of mosquitoes for arboviruses and Plasmodium, however non-target genetic differences between mosquito strains may have had a confounding effect. Here, to minimise genetic differences, the laboratory Anopheles gambiae Kisumu strain was compared to a CRISPR/Cas9 homozygous kdr L1014F mutant Kisumu-kdr line in order to examine associations with vector competence for o'nyong nyong virus (ONNV). Mosquitoes were infected using either blood feeds or intrathoracic microinjections. There were no significant differences in the prevalence of virus in mosquito body parts between kdr mutant and wildtype lines from either oral or intrathoracic injection routes. The ONNV titre was significantly higher in the legs of the wildtype strain at 7dpi following intrathoracic microinjection, but no other significant differences in viral titre were detected. ONNV was not detected in the saliva of mosquitoes from either strain. Our findings from per os infections suggest that the kdr L1014F allele is not associated with altered infection prevalence for ONNV, a key component of vector competence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant A. Kay
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | | | - Grant L. Hughes
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer S. Lord
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Lisa J. Reimer
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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3
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Suh PF, Elanga-Ndille E, Tchouakui M, Sandeu MM, Tagne D, Wondji C, Ndo C. Impact of insecticide resistance on malaria vector competence: a literature review. Malar J 2023; 22:19. [PMID: 36650503 PMCID: PMC9847052 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-023-04444-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Since its first report in Anopheles mosquitoes in 1950s, insecticide resistance has spread very fast to most sub-Saharan African malaria-endemic countries, where it is predicted to seriously jeopardize the success of vector control efforts, leading to rebound of disease cases. Supported mainly by four mechanisms (metabolic resistance, target site resistance, cuticular resistance, and behavioural resistance), this phenomenon is associated with intrinsic changes in the resistant insect vectors that could influence development of invading Plasmodium parasites. A literature review was undertaken using Pubmed database to collect articles evaluating directly or indiretly the impact of insecticide resistance and the associated mechanisms on key determinants of malaria vector competence including sialome composition, anti-Plasmodium immunity, intestinal commensal microbiota, and mosquito longevity. Globally, the evidence gathered is contradictory even though the insecticide resistant vectors seem to be more permissive to Plasmodium infections. The actual body of knowledge on key factors to vectorial competence, such as the immunity and microbiota communities of the insecticide resistant vector is still very insufficient to definitively infer on the epidemiological importance of these vectors against the susceptible counterparts. More studies are needed to fill important knowledge gaps that could help predicting malaria epidemiology in a context where the selection and spread of insecticide resistant vectors is ongoing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Fongho Suh
- Department of Parasitology and Microbiology, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases, P.O. Box 13591, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Faculty of Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 837, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Emmanuel Elanga-Ndille
- Department of Medical Entomology, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases, P.O. Box 13591, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Magellan Tchouakui
- Department of Medical Entomology, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases, P.O. Box 13591, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Maurice Marcel Sandeu
- Department of Medical Entomology, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases, P.O. Box 13591, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine and Sciences, University of Ngaoundéré, P.O. Box 454, Ngaoundéré, Cameroon
| | - Darus Tagne
- Department of Parasitology and Microbiology, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases, P.O. Box 13591, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Faculty of Sciences, University of Douala, P.O. Box 24157, Douala, Cameroon
| | - Charles Wondji
- Department of Parasitology and Microbiology, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases, P.O. Box 13591, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Vector Biology Department, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | - Cyrille Ndo
- Department of Parasitology and Microbiology, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases, P.O. Box 13591, Yaoundé, Cameroon.
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Douala, P.O. Box 24157, Douala, Cameroon.
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Joseph Matiya D, Philbert AB, Kidima WB, Matowo JJ. The Effect of Plasmodium falciparum (Welch) (Haemospororida: Plasmodiidae) Infection on the Susceptibility of Anopheles gambiae s.l. and Anopheles funestus (Diptera: Culicidae) to Pyrethroid Insecticides in the North-Western and South-Eastern, Tanzania. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2023; 60:112-121. [PMID: 36287642 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjac163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The rapid development of insecticide resistance in malaria vectors threatens insecticide-based interventions. It is hypothesized that infection of insecticide-resistant vectors with Plasmodium parasites increases their vulnerability to insecticides, thus assuring the effectiveness of insecticide-based strategies for malaria control. Nonetheless, there is limited field data to support this. We investigated the effect of the Plasmodium falciparum infection on the susceptibility of Anopheles gambiae s.l. and Anopheles funestus to pyrethroids in south-eastern (Kilombero) and north-western (Muleba), Tanzania. The wild-collected mosquitoes were tested against 0.05% deltamethrin and 0.75% permethrin, then assessed for sporozoite rate and resistant gene (kdr) mutations. All Anopheles gambiae s.l. from Kilombero were An. arabiensis (Patton, 1905) while those from Muleba were 87% An. gambiae s.s (Giles, 1902) and 13% An. Arabiensis. High levels of pyrethroid resistance were observed in both areas studied. The kdr mutation was only detected in An. gambiae s.s. at the frequency of 100% in survivors and 97% in dead mosquitoes. The P. falciparum sporozoite rates were slightly higher in susceptible than in resistant mosquitoes. In Muleba, sporozoite rates in An. gambiae s.l. were 8.1% and 6.4% in dead mosquitoes and survivors, respectively (SRR = 1.28, p = 0.19). The sporozoite rates in Kilombero were 1.3% and 0.7% in the dead and survived mosquitoes, respectively (sporozoite rate ratio (SRR) = 1.9, p = 0.33). In An. funestus group sporozoite rates were 6.2% and 4.4% in dead and survived mosquitoes, respectively (SRR = 1.4, p = 0.54). These findings indicate that insecticides might still be effective in malaria control despite the rapid development of insecticide resistance in malaria vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deokary Joseph Matiya
- Dar es Salaam University College of Education (DUCE), PO Box 2329, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
- University of Dar es Salaam (UDSM), PO Box 35064, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Anitha B Philbert
- University of Dar es Salaam (UDSM), PO Box 35064, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Winifrida B Kidima
- University of Dar es Salaam (UDSM), PO Box 35064, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Johnson J Matowo
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College (KCMUCo), PO Box 2240, Moshi, Tanzania
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Mawejje HD, Weetman D, Epstein A, Lynd A, Opigo J, Maiteki-Sebuguzi C, Lines J, Kamya MR, Rosenthal PJ, Donnelly MJ, Dorsey G, Staedke SG. Characterizing pyrethroid resistance and mechanisms in Anopheles gambiae ( s.s.) and Anopheles arabiensis from 11 districts in Uganda. CURRENT RESEARCH IN PARASITOLOGY & VECTOR-BORNE DISEASES 2023; 3:100106. [PMID: 36590346 PMCID: PMC9798136 DOI: 10.1016/j.crpvbd.2022.100106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Insecticide resistance threatens recent progress on malaria control in Africa. To characterize pyrethroid resistance in Uganda, Anopheles gambiae (s.s.) and Anopheles arabiensis were analyzed from 11 sites with varied vector control strategies. Mosquito larvae were collected between May 2018 and December 2020. Sites were categorized as receiving no indoor-residual spraying ('no IRS', n = 3); where IRS was delivered from 2009 to 2014 and in 2017 and then discontinued ('IRS stopped', n = 4); and where IRS had been sustained since 2014 ('IRS active', n = 4). IRS included bendiocarb, pirimiphos methyl and clothianidin. All sites received long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) in 2017. Adult mosquitoes were exposed to pyrethroids; with or without piperonyl butoxide (PBO). Anopheles gambiae (s.s.) and An. arabiensis were identified using PCR. Anopheles gambiae (s.s.) were genotyped for Vgsc-995S/F, Cyp6aa1, Cyp6p4-I236M, ZZB-TE, Cyp4j5-L43F and Coeae1d, while An. arabiensis were examined for Vgsc-1014S/F. Overall, 2753 An. gambiae (s.l.), including 1105 An. gambiae (s.s.) and 1648 An. arabiensis were evaluated. Species composition varied by site; only nine An. gambiae (s.s.) were collected from 'IRS active' sites, precluding species-specific comparisons. Overall, mortality following exposure to permethrin and deltamethrin was 18.8% (148/788) in An. gambiae (s.s.) and 74.6% (912/1222) in An. arabiensis. Mortality was significantly lower in An. gambiae (s.s.) than in An. arabiensis in 'no IRS' sites (permethrin: 16.1 vs 67.7%, P < 0.001; deltamethrin: 24.6 vs 83.7%, P < 0.001) and in 'IRS stopped' sites (permethrin: 11.3 vs 63.6%, P < 0.001; deltamethrin: 25.6 vs 88.9%, P < 0.001). When PBO was added, mortality increased for An. gambiae (s.s.) and An. arabiensis. Most An. gambiae (s.s.) had the Vgsc-995S/F mutation (95% frequency) and the Cyp6p4-I236M resistance allele (87%), while the frequency of Cyp4j5 and Coeae1d were lower (52% and 55%, respectively). Resistance to pyrethroids was widespread and higher in An. gambiae (s.s.). Where IRS was active, An. arabiensis dominated. Addition of PBO to pyrethroids increased mortality, supporting deployment of PBO LLINs. Further surveillance of insecticide resistance and assessment of associations between genotypic markers and phenotypic outcomes are needed to better understand mechanisms of pyrethroid resistance and to guide vector control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry Ddumba Mawejje
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda.,London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - David Weetman
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - Adrienne Epstein
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - Amy Lynd
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - Jimmy Opigo
- National Malaria Control Division, Uganda Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Catherine Maiteki-Sebuguzi
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda.,National Malaria Control Division, Uganda Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Jo Lines
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Moses R Kamya
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda.,Department of Medicine, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | - Martin J Donnelly
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - Grant Dorsey
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, USA
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Serrato IM, Moreno-Aguilera D, Caicedo PA, Orobio Y, Ocampo CB, Maestre-Serrano R, Peláez-Carvajal D, Ahumada ML. Vector competence of lambda-cyhalothrin resistant Aedes aegypti strains for dengue-2, Zika and chikungunya viruses in Colombia. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0276493. [PMID: 36282839 PMCID: PMC9595557 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0276493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Aedes aegypti is the primary vector of dengue, Zika, and chikungunya viruses. Studies have shown that insecticide resistance affects vector competence (VC) of some mosquito species. This study evaluates the effect of resistance to lambda-cyhalothrin and kdr V1016I mutation genotypes on the VC of Ae. aegypti strains for DENV-2, ZIKV, and CHIKV. Three Ae. aegypti strains with gradual lambda-cyhalothrin resistance (susceptible, resistant, and highly resistant) were infected with DENV-2, ZIKV, and CHIKV. Individual mosquitoes were tested to detect virus infection in the abdomen and head-salivary glands, using RT-PCR, and genotypes for V1016I mutations using allele-specific PCR. Recorded VC variables were midgut infection rate (MIR), dissemination rate (DIR), and dissemination efficiency (DIE). Lambda-cyhalothrin resistance affects differentially VC variables for ZIKV, DENV-2, and CHIKV. For ZIKV, an apparent gradual increase in DIR and DIE with the increase in insecticide resistance was observed. For DENV-2 the MIR and DIE were higher in insecticide resistant strains. For CHIKV, only MIR could be evaluated, this variable was higher in insecticide resistance strains. The presence of kdr V1016I mutation on mosquito resistant strains did not affect VC variables for three study viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Idalba M. Serrato
- Grupo de Entomología, Instituto Nacional de Salud, Bogotá, D.C., Colombia
- Fundación Salutia, Bogotá, D.C., Colombia
| | - Diana Moreno-Aguilera
- Grupo de Entomología, Instituto Nacional de Salud, Bogotá, D.C., Colombia
- Fundación Salutia, Bogotá, D.C., Colombia
| | - Paola A. Caicedo
- Natural Science Faculty, Universidad Icesi, Cali, Valle del Cauca, Colombia
| | - Yenifer Orobio
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics Unit, Centro Internacional de Entrenamiento e Investigaciones Médicas-CIDEIM, Cali, Colombia
| | - Clara B. Ocampo
- Vector, Biology and Control Unit. Centro Internacional de Entrenamiento e Investigaciones Médicas-CIDEIM, Cali, Colombia
- Dirección de Vocaciones y Formación, Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnología e Innovación, Minciencias, Bogotá, D.C., Colombia
| | - Ronald Maestre-Serrano
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Barranquilla, Atlántico, Colombia
| | | | - Martha L. Ahumada
- Grupo de Entomología, Instituto Nacional de Salud, Bogotá, D.C., Colombia
- * E-mail:
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Namuganga JF, Nankabirwa JI, Maiteki-Ssebuguzi C, Gonahasa S, Opigo J, Staedke SG, Rutazaana D, Ebong C, Dorsey G, Tomko SS, Kizza T, Mawejje HD, Arinaitwe E, Rosenthal PJ, Kamya MR. East Africa International Center of Excellence for Malaria Research: Impact on Malaria Policy in Uganda. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2022; 107:33-39. [PMID: 36228904 PMCID: PMC9662221 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.21-1305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria is the leading cause of disease burden in sub-Saharan Africa. In 2010, the East Africa International Center of Excellence for Malaria Research, also known as the Program for Resistance, Immunology, Surveillance, and Modeling of Malaria (PRISM), was established to provide a comprehensive approach to malaria surveillance in Uganda. We instituted cohort studies and a robust malaria and entomological surveillance network at selected public health facilities that have provided a platform for monitoring trends in malaria morbidity and mortality, tracking the impact of malaria control interventions (indoor residual spraying of insecticide [IRS], use of long-lasting insecticidal nets [LLINs], and case management with artemisinin-based combination therapies [ACTs]), as well as monitoring of antimalarial drug and insecticide resistance. PRISM studies have informed Uganda's malaria treatment policies, guided selection of LLINs for national distribution campaigns, and revealed widespread pyrethroid resistance, which led to changes in insecticides delivered through IRS. Our continuous engagement and interaction with policy makers at the Ugandan Ministry of Health have enabled PRISM to share evidence, best practices, and lessons learned with key malaria stakeholders, participate in malaria control program reviews, and contribute to malaria policy and national guidelines. Here, we present an overview of interactions between PRISM team members and Ugandan policy makers to demonstrate how PRISM's research has influenced malaria policy and control in Uganda.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane F. Namuganga
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda;,Address correspondence to Jane F. Namuganga, Plot 2C Nakasero Hill, P.O. Box 7475 Kampala, Uganda. E-mail:
| | - Joaniter I. Nankabirwa
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda;,Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | | | - Jimmy Opigo
- National Malaria Control Division, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Sarah G. Staedke
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Damian Rutazaana
- National Malaria Control Division, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Chris Ebong
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Grant Dorsey
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Sheena S. Tomko
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Timothy Kizza
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | | | - Philip J. Rosenthal
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Moses R. Kamya
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda;,Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
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8
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Assessing the Impact of Insecticide Resistance on Vector Competence: A Review. INSECTS 2022; 13:insects13040377. [PMID: 35447819 PMCID: PMC9024519 DOI: 10.3390/insects13040377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Simple Summary Insects transmit a wide variety of pathogens, including parasites, bacteria, and viruses, to human and economically important crops. Since pathogen transmission threatens public health and economic activities, insecticides are the main strategy to control insect populations. The continued use of insecticides has led to resistant populations where chemicals are no longer effective. It is unknown if insecticide resistance (IR) could impact insects’ other characteristics, such as their ability to infect, maintain infection, or transmit pathogens, a trait known as vector competence (VC). In this review, we analyze the literature that involves the study of VC and IR or insecticide exposure in three main approaches; studies conducted in the field versus laboratory-designed experiments, the impact of insecticide exposure on pathogen transmission, and studies performed on vectors of crop pathogens. The evidence points out three different patterns where enhancement, impairment, or neutral effects are seen between IR and VC. It is of great concern that IR could enhance VC since it increases the risk of epidemics. More detailed and standardized studies are needed to confirm this relationship. Finally, results from this investigation could help create evidence-based vector control programs. Abstract The primary strategy to avoid adverse impacts from insect-mediated pathogen transmission is the chemical control of vector populations through insecticides; its continued use has led to insecticide resistance and unknown consequences on vector competence. This review aims to systematically analyze and synthesize the research on the influence of insecticide resistance (IR) on vector competence (VC). Thirty studies met the inclusion criteria. Twenty studies, conducted either in laboratory or field settings, described the influence of phenotypic insecticide resistance and mechanisms on VC in vectors of human pathogens. Seven studies showed the effect of exposure to insecticides on VC in vectors of human pathogens. Three studies reported the influence of phenotypic resistance and mechanisms on VC in crop pests. The evidence shows that IR could enhance, impair, or have no direct effect on VC in either field or laboratory-designed studies. Similar positive and negative trends are found in pest vectors in crops and studies of insecticide exposure and VC. Even though there is evidence that exposure to insecticides and IR can enhance VC, thus increasing the risk of pathogen transmission, more investigations are needed to confirm the observed patterns and what implications these factors could have in vector control programs.
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Derua YA, Tungu PK, Malima RC, Mwingira V, Kimambo AG, Batengana BM, Machafuko P, Sambu EZ, Mgaya YD, Kisinza WN. Laboratory and semi-field evaluation of the efficacy of Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis (Bactivec®) and Bacillus sphaericus (Griselesf®) for control of mosquito vectors in northeastern Tanzania. CURRENT RESEARCH IN PARASITOLOGY & VECTOR-BORNE DISEASES 2022; 2:100089. [PMID: 35664894 PMCID: PMC9157456 DOI: 10.1016/j.crpvbd.2022.100089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Wolie RZ, Koffi AA, Ahoua Alou LP, Sternberg ED, N'Nan-Alla O, Dahounto A, Yapo FHA, Kanh KMH, Camara S, Oumbouke WA, Tia IZ, Nguetta SPA, Thomas MB, NGuessan R. Evaluation of the interaction between insecticide resistance-associated genes and malaria transmission in Anopheles gambiae sensu lato in central Côte d'Ivoire. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:581. [PMID: 34801086 PMCID: PMC8605510 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-05079-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There is evidence that the knockdown resistance gene (Kdr) L1014F and acetylcholinesterase-1 gene (Ace-1R) G119S mutations involved in pyrethroid and carbamate resistance in Anopheles gambiae influence malaria transmission in sub-Saharan Africa. This is likely due to changes in the behaviour, life history and vector competence and capacity of An. gambiae. In the present study, performed as part of a two-arm cluster randomized controlled trial evaluating the impact of household screening plus a novel insecticide delivery system (In2Care Eave Tubes), we investigated the distribution of insecticide target site mutations and their association with infection status in wild An. gambiae sensu lato (s.l.) populations. Methods Mosquitoes were captured in 40 villages around Bouaké by human landing catch from May 2017 to April 2019. Randomly selected samples of An. gambiae s.l. that were infected or not infected with Plasmodium sp. were identified to species and then genotyped for Kdr L1014F and Ace-1R G119S mutations using quantitative polymerase chain reaction assays. The frequencies of the two alleles were compared between Anopheles coluzzii and Anopheles gambiae and then between infected and uninfected groups for each species. Results The presence of An. gambiae (49%) and An. coluzzii (51%) was confirmed in Bouaké. Individuals of both species infected with Plasmodium parasites were found. Over the study period, the average frequency of the Kdr L1014F and Ace-1R G119S mutations did not vary significantly between study arms. However, the frequencies of the Kdr L1014F and Ace-1R G119S resistance alleles were significantly higher in An. gambiae than in An. coluzzii [odds ratio (95% confidence interval): 59.64 (30.81–131.63) for Kdr, and 2.79 (2.17–3.60) for Ace-1R]. For both species, there were no significant differences in Kdr L1014F or Ace-1R G119S genotypic and allelic frequency distributions between infected and uninfected specimens (P > 0.05). Conclusions Either alone or in combination, Kdr L1014F and Ace-1R G119S showed no significant association with Plasmodium infection in wild An. gambiae and An. coluzzii, demonstrating the similar competence of these species for Plasmodium transmission in Bouaké. Additional factors including behavioural and environmental ones that influence vector competence in natural populations, and those other than allele measurements (metabolic resistance factors) that contribute to resistance, should be considered when establishing the existence of a link between insecticide resistance and vector competence. Graphical Abstract ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosine Z Wolie
- Unité de Recherche et de Pédagogie de Génétique, Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, UFR Biosciences, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire. .,Vector Control Product Evaluation Centre, Institut Pierre Richet (VCPEC-IPR), Bouaké, Côte d'Ivoire. .,Institut Pierre Richet (IPR), Institut National de Santé Publique (INSP), Bouaké, Côte d'Ivoire.
| | - Alphonsine A Koffi
- Vector Control Product Evaluation Centre, Institut Pierre Richet (VCPEC-IPR), Bouaké, Côte d'Ivoire.,Institut Pierre Richet (IPR), Institut National de Santé Publique (INSP), Bouaké, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Ludovic P Ahoua Alou
- Vector Control Product Evaluation Centre, Institut Pierre Richet (VCPEC-IPR), Bouaké, Côte d'Ivoire.,Institut Pierre Richet (IPR), Institut National de Santé Publique (INSP), Bouaké, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Eleanore D Sternberg
- Department of Entomology, Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.,Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | - Oulo N'Nan-Alla
- Unité de Recherche et de Pédagogie de Génétique, Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, UFR Biosciences, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Amal Dahounto
- Vector Control Product Evaluation Centre, Institut Pierre Richet (VCPEC-IPR), Bouaké, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Florent H A Yapo
- Vector Control Product Evaluation Centre, Institut Pierre Richet (VCPEC-IPR), Bouaké, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Kpahe M H Kanh
- Unité de Recherche et de Pédagogie de Génétique, Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, UFR Biosciences, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Soromane Camara
- Vector Control Product Evaluation Centre, Institut Pierre Richet (VCPEC-IPR), Bouaké, Côte d'Ivoire.,Institut Pierre Richet (IPR), Institut National de Santé Publique (INSP), Bouaké, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Welbeck A Oumbouke
- Vector Control Product Evaluation Centre, Institut Pierre Richet (VCPEC-IPR), Bouaké, Côte d'Ivoire.,Innovative Vector Control Consortium, IVCC, Liverpool, UK
| | - Innocent Z Tia
- Vector Control Product Evaluation Centre, Institut Pierre Richet (VCPEC-IPR), Bouaké, Côte d'Ivoire.,Institut Pierre Richet (IPR), Institut National de Santé Publique (INSP), Bouaké, Côte d'Ivoire.,Université Alassane Ouattara, Bouaké, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Simon-Pierre A Nguetta
- Unité de Recherche et de Pédagogie de Génétique, Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, UFR Biosciences, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Matthew B Thomas
- Department of Entomology, Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Raphael NGuessan
- Vector Control Product Evaluation Centre, Institut Pierre Richet (VCPEC-IPR), Bouaké, Côte d'Ivoire.,Institut Pierre Richet (IPR), Institut National de Santé Publique (INSP), Bouaké, Côte d'Ivoire.,Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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11
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Namias A, Jobe NB, Paaijmans KP, Huijben S. The need for practical insecticide-resistance guidelines to effectively inform mosquito-borne disease control programs. eLife 2021; 10:e65655. [PMID: 34355693 PMCID: PMC8346280 DOI: 10.7554/elife.65655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Monitoring local mosquito populations for insecticide resistance is critical for effective vector-borne disease control. However, widely used phenotypic assays, which are designed to monitor the emergence and spread of insecticide resistance (technical resistance), do not translate well to the efficacy of vector control products to suppress mosquito numbers in the field (practical resistance). This is because standard testing conditions such as environmental conditions, exposure dose, and type of substrate differ dramatically from those experienced by mosquitoes under field conditions. In addition, field mosquitoes have considerably different physiological characteristics such as age and blood-feeding status. Beyond this, indirect impacts of insecticide resistance and/or exposure on mosquito longevity, pathogen development, host-seeking behavior, and blood-feeding success impact disease transmission. Given the limited number of active ingredients currently available and the observed discordance between resistance and disease transmission, we conclude that additional testing guidelines are needed to determine practical resistance-the efficacy of vector control tools under relevant local conditions- in order to obtain programmatic impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Namias
- Département de Biologie, Ecole Normale Supérieure, PSL Research University, Paris, France
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier (ISEM), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, EPHE, Montpellier, France
| | - Ndey Bassin Jobe
- Center for Evolution and Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Life Sciences C, Tempe, United States
| | - Krijn Petrus Paaijmans
- Center for Evolution and Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Life Sciences C, Tempe, United States
- The Biodesign Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, Arizona State University, Biodesign Institute, Tempe, United States
- ISGlobal, Carrer del Rosselló, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça (CISM), Distrito da Manhiça, Mozambique
| | - Silvie Huijben
- Center for Evolution and Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Life Sciences C, Tempe, United States
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12
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Parker-Crockett C, Connelly CR, Siegfried B, Alto B. Influence of Pyrethroid Resistance on Vector Competency for Zika Virus by Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae). JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2021; 58:1908-1916. [PMID: 33724374 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjab035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The vector competence of mosquitoes for pathogens has been shown to be influenced by the status of insecticide resistance in the mosquito population. However, to date, only two studies has explored the impact of insecticide resistance on arbovirus transmission. The global and widespread use of pyrethroids has led to the development of insecticide resistance in many mosquito species, including Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus) (Diptera: Culicidae), the primary vector of Zika virus. Strains of Ae. aegypti that were genetically similar, but responded differently to pyrethroid exposure, were developed using backcrossing techniques. These populations were orally infected with Zika virus and susceptibility to infection, disseminated infection, and transmission potential were evaluated. Analyses revealed differences in susceptibility to infection and disseminated infection between the pyrethroid susceptible and resistant strains of Ae. aegypti during the infection period. Here, we identify an additional challenge to that of widespread pyrethroid resistance. Specifically, resistance is associated with altered phenotypic traits that influence susceptibility to arbovirus infection and progression of infection in the mosquito, factors which ultimately influence risk of arbovirus transmission. These findings support the need to 1) consider insecticide resistance status during times of arbovirus transmission and 2) to implement insecticide resistance management/ mitigation strategies in vector control programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casey Parker-Crockett
- Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory, University of Florida, Vero Beach, FL, USA
| | | | - Blair Siegfried
- Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Barry Alto
- Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory, University of Florida, Vero Beach, FL, USA
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13
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Tungu PK, Michael E, Sudi W, Kisinza WW, Rowland M. Efficacy of interceptor® G2, a long-lasting insecticide mixture net treated with chlorfenapyr and alpha-cypermethrin against Anopheles funestus: experimental hut trials in north-eastern Tanzania. Malar J 2021; 20:180. [PMID: 33836778 PMCID: PMC8033724 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-021-03716-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The effectiveness of long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLIN), the primary method for preventing malaria in Africa, is compromised by evolution and spread of pyrethroid resistance. Further gains require new insecticides with novel modes of action. Chlorfenapyr is a pyrrole insecticide that disrupts mitochrondrial function and confers no cross-resistance to neurotoxic insecticides. Interceptor® G2 LN (IG2) is an insecticide-mixture LLIN, which combines wash-resistant formulations of chlorfenapyr and the pyrethroid alpha-cypermethrin. The objective was to determine IG2 efficacy under controlled household-like conditions for personal protection and control of wild, pyrethroid-resistant Anopheles funestus mosquitoes. Methods Experimental hut trials tested IG2 efficacy against two positive controls—a chlorfenapyr-treated net and a standard alpha-cypermethrin LLIN, Interceptor LN (IG1)—consistent with World Health Organization (WHO) evaluation guidelines. Mosquito mortality, blood-feeding inhibition, personal protection, repellency and insecticide-induced exiting were recorded after zero and 20 washing cycles. The trial was repeated and analysed using multivariate and meta-analysis. Results In the two trials held in NE Tanzania, An. funestus mortality was 2.27 (risk ratio 95% CI 1.13–4.56) times greater with unwashed Interceptor G2 than with unwashed Interceptor LN (p = 0.012). There was no significant loss in mortality with IG2 between 0 and 20 washes (1.04, 95% CI 0.83–1.30, p = 0.73). Comparison with chlorfenapyr treated net indicated that most mortality was induced by the chlorfenapyr component of IG2 (0.96, CI 0.74–1.23), while comparison with Interceptor LN indicated blood-feeding was inhibited by the pyrethroid component of IG2 (IG2: 0.70, CI 0.44–1.11 vs IG1: 0.61, CI 0.39–0.97). Both insecticide components contributed to exiting from the huts but the contributions were heterogeneous between trials (heterogeneity Q = 36, P = 0.02). WHO susceptibility tests with pyrethroid papers recorded 44% survival in An. funestus. Conclusions The high mortality recorded by IG2 against pyrethroid-resistant An. funestus provides first field evidence of high efficacy against this primary, anthropophilic, malaria vector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick K Tungu
- Amani Medical Research Centre, National Institute for Medical Research, Muheza, Tanzania. .,Pan-African Malaria Vector Research Consortium (PAMVERC), P.O.Box 81, Muheza, Tanga, Tanzania.
| | - Elisante Michael
- Amani Medical Research Centre, National Institute for Medical Research, Muheza, Tanzania.,Pan-African Malaria Vector Research Consortium (PAMVERC), P.O.Box 81, Muheza, Tanga, Tanzania
| | - Wema Sudi
- Amani Medical Research Centre, National Institute for Medical Research, Muheza, Tanzania.,Pan-African Malaria Vector Research Consortium (PAMVERC), P.O.Box 81, Muheza, Tanga, Tanzania
| | - William W Kisinza
- Amani Medical Research Centre, National Institute for Medical Research, Muheza, Tanzania.,Pan-African Malaria Vector Research Consortium (PAMVERC), P.O.Box 81, Muheza, Tanga, Tanzania
| | - Mark Rowland
- Pan-African Malaria Vector Research Consortium (PAMVERC), P.O.Box 81, Muheza, Tanga, Tanzania.,London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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14
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Sougoufara S, Ottih EC, Tripet F. The need for new vector control approaches targeting outdoor biting Anopheline malaria vector communities. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:295. [PMID: 32522290 PMCID: PMC7285743 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04170-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the implementation of Roll Back Malaria, the widespread use of insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) and indoor residual spraying (IRS) is thought to have played a major part in the decrease in mortality and morbidity achieved in malaria-endemic regions. In the past decade, resistance to major classes of insecticides recommended for public health has spread across many malaria vector populations. Increasingly, malaria vectors are also showing changes in vector behaviour in response to current indoor chemical vector control interventions. Changes in the time of biting and proportion of indoor biting of major vectors, as well as changes in the species composition of mosquito communities threaten the progress made to control malaria transmission. Outdoor biting mosquito populations contribute to malaria transmission in many parts of sub-Saharan Africa and pose new challenges as they cannot be reliably monitored or controlled using conventional tools. Here, we review existing and novel approaches that may be used to target outdoor communities of malaria vectors. We conclude that scalable tools designed specifically for the control and monitoring of outdoor biting and resting malaria vectors with increasingly complex and dynamic responses to intensifying malaria control interventions are urgently needed. These are crucial for integrated vector management programmes designed to challenge current and future vector populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seynabou Sougoufara
- Centre of Applied Entomology and Parasitology, School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Staffordshire, UK
| | - Emmanuel Chinweuba Ottih
- Centre of Applied Entomology and Parasitology, School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Staffordshire, UK
| | - Frederic Tripet
- Centre of Applied Entomology and Parasitology, School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Staffordshire, UK
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15
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Perugini E, Guelbeogo WM, Calzetta M, Manzi S, Virgillito C, Caputo B, Pichler V, Ranson H, Sagnon N, Della Torre A, Pombi M. Behavioural plasticity of Anopheles coluzzii and Anopheles arabiensis undermines LLIN community protective effect in a Sudanese-savannah village in Burkina Faso. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:277. [PMID: 32487147 PMCID: PMC7268364 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04142-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the overall major impact of long-lasting insecticide treated nets (LLINs) in eliciting individual and collective protection to malaria infections, some sub-Saharan countries, including Burkina Faso, still carry a disproportionately high share of the global malaria burden. This study aims to analyse the possible entomological bases of LLIN limited impact, focusing on a LLIN-protected village in the Plateau Central region of Burkina Faso. METHODS Human landing catches (HLCs) were carried out in 2015 for 12 nights both indoors and outdoors at different time windows during the highest biting activity phase for Anopheles gambiae (s.l.). Collected specimens were morphologically and molecularly identified and processed for Plasmodium detection and L1014F insecticide-resistance allele genotyping. RESULTS Almost 2000 unfed An. gambiae (s.l.) (54% Anopheles coluzzii and 44% Anopheles arabiensis) females landing on human volunteers were collected, corresponding to a median number of 23.5 females/person/hour. No significant differences were observed in median numbers of mosquitoes collected indoors and outdoors, nor between sporozoite rates in An. coluzzii (6.1%) and An. arabiensis (5.5%). The estimated median hourly entomological inoculation rate (EIR) on volunteers was 1.4 infective bites/person/hour. Results do not show evidence of the biting peak during night hours typical for An. gambiae (s.l.) in the absence of bednet protection. The frequency of the L1014F resistant allele (n = 285) was 66% in An. coluzzii and 38% in An. arabiensis. CONCLUSIONS The observed biting rate and sporozoite rates are in line with the literature data available for An. gambiae (s.l.) in the same geographical area before LLIN implementation and highlight high levels of malaria transmission in the study village. Homogeneous biting rate throughout the night and lack of preference for indoor-biting activity, suggest the capacity of both An. coluzzii and An. arabiensis to adjust their host-seeking behaviour to bite humans despite bednet protection, accounting for the maintenance of high rates of mosquito infectivity and malaria transmission. These results, despite being limited to a local situation in Burkina Faso, represent a paradigmatic example of how high densities and behavioural plasticity in the vector populations may contribute to explaining the limited impact of LLINs on malaria transmission in holo-endemic Sudanese savannah areas in West Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Perugini
- Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica e Malattie Infettive, Laboratory affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia, Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, 00185, Italy
| | - Wamdaogo Moussa Guelbeogo
- Centre National de Recherche et Formation sur le Paludisme (CNRFP), Ouagadougou 01, BP 2208, Burkina Faso
| | - Maria Calzetta
- Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica e Malattie Infettive, Laboratory affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia, Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, 00185, Italy
| | - Sara Manzi
- Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica e Malattie Infettive, Laboratory affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia, Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, 00185, Italy
| | - Chiara Virgillito
- Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica e Malattie Infettive, Laboratory affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia, Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, 00185, Italy.,Dipartimento di Biodiversità ed Ecologia Molecolare, Centro Ricerca e Innovazione, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Trento, Italy
| | - Beniamino Caputo
- Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica e Malattie Infettive, Laboratory affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia, Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, 00185, Italy
| | - Verena Pichler
- Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica e Malattie Infettive, Laboratory affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia, Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, 00185, Italy
| | - Hilary Ranson
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | - N'Fale Sagnon
- Centre National de Recherche et Formation sur le Paludisme (CNRFP), Ouagadougou 01, BP 2208, Burkina Faso
| | - Alessandra Della Torre
- Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica e Malattie Infettive, Laboratory affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia, Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, 00185, Italy.
| | - Marco Pombi
- Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica e Malattie Infettive, Laboratory affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia, Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, 00185, Italy.
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16
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Minetti C, Ingham VA, Ranson H. Effects of insecticide resistance and exposure on Plasmodium development in Anopheles mosquitoes. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2020; 39:42-49. [PMID: 32109860 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2019.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The spread of insecticide resistance in anopheline mosquitoes is a serious threat to the success of malaria control and prospects of elimination, but the potential impact(s) of insecticide resistance or sublethal insecticide exposure on Plasmodium-Anopheles interactions are poorly understood. Only a few studies have attempted to investigate such interactions, despite their clear epidemiological significance for malaria transmission. This short review provides an update on our understanding of the interactions between insecticide resistance and exposure and Plasmodium development, focusing on the mechanisms which might underpin any interactions, and identifying some key knowledge gaps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corrado Minetti
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L35QA, United Kingdom
| | - Victoria A Ingham
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L35QA, United Kingdom
| | - Hilary Ranson
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L35QA, United Kingdom.
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17
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Kweka EJ, Mazigo HD, Lyaruu LJ, Mausa EA, Venter N, Mahande AM, Coetzee M. Anopheline Mosquito Species Composition, Kdr Mutation Frequency, and Parasite Infectivity Status in Northern Tanzania. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2020; 57:933-938. [PMID: 31923308 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjz245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The scaling-up of malaria control interventions in northern Tanzania has resulted in a decline in malaria prevalence and vector species composition. Despite this achievement, residual malaria transmission remains a concern in the area. The main aim of this study was to investigate malaria vector species composition, parasite infectivity rates, and the presence of insecticide knockdown resistance (kdr) mutations in three sites that have experienced a significant decline in malaria in northern Tanzania. Adult mosquitoes were sampled using light traps in houses and hand-aspirators in cowsheds, whereas the standard dipping method was used for sampling mosquito larvae. Adult mosquitoes identified as Anopheles gambiae s.l. and An. funestus s.l. and larval stages III and IV of An. gambiae s.l. were stored in absolute ethanol for further laboratory molecular identification. The identified species in the An. gambiae complex were An. gambiae s.s., An. merus, An. quadriannulatus, and An. arabiensis, whereas the An. funestus group comprised An. funestus s.s., An. rivulorum, and An. leesoni. For An. gambiae s.s. analyzed from Zeneth, 47.6% were kdr-East homozygous susceptible, 35.7% kdr-East heterozygous resistant, 9.6% kdr-East homozygous resistant, and 7.1% undefined, whereas specimens from Kwakibuyu were 45.5% kdr-East homozygous susceptible, 32.7% kdr-East heterozygous resistant, 16.3% kdr-East homozygous resistant, and 5.5% undefined. There were no kdr-West alleles identified from any specimen. The overall malaria parasite infectivity rate was 0.75%. No infections were found in Moshi. The findings indicate that populations of the major malaria vector mosquitoes are still present in the study area, with An. funestus taking a lead in malaria transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliningaya J Kweka
- Division of Livestock and Human Diseases Vector Control, Tropical Pesticides Research Institute, Arusha, Tanzania
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Entomology, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - Humphrey D Mazigo
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Entomology, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - Lucile J Lyaruu
- Division of Livestock and Human Diseases Vector Control, Tropical Pesticides Research Institute, Arusha, Tanzania
| | - Emmanuel A Mausa
- National Plant Genetic Resource Centre, Tropical Pesticides Research Institute, Arusha, Tanzania
| | - Nelius Venter
- Wits Research Institute for Malaria and Wits/MRC Collaborating Centre for Multi-disciplinary Research on Malaria, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Centre for Emerging, Zoonotic and Parasitic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Aneth M Mahande
- Mabogini Field Station, Tropical Pesticides Research Institute, Moshi, Tanzania
| | - Maureen Coetzee
- Wits Research Institute for Malaria and Wits/MRC Collaborating Centre for Multi-disciplinary Research on Malaria, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Centre for Emerging, Zoonotic and Parasitic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, South Africa
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18
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Assogba BS, Pasteur N, Makoundou P, Unal S, Baba-Moussa L, Labbé P, Weill M. Dynamic of resistance alleles of two major insecticide targets in Anopheles gambiae (s.l.) populations from Benin, West Africa. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:134. [PMID: 32171326 PMCID: PMC7071764 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-4006-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Insecticide resistance is a growing concern for malaria control and vector control effectiveness relies on assessing it distribution and understanding its evolution. METHODS We assessed resistance levels and the frequencies of two major target-site mutations, L1014F-VGSC and G119S-ace-1, conferring resistance to pyrethroids (PYRs) and carbamates/organophosphates (CXs/OPs) insecticides. These data were compared to those acquired between 2006 and 2010 to follow resistance evolutionary trends over ten years. RESULTS We report the results of a 3-year survey (2013-2015) of insecticide resistance in 13 localities across the whole country of Benin. Permethrin (PYR) resistance was found in all populations tested, L1014F-VGSC being almost fixed everywhere, while bendiocarb resistance was limited to a few localities, G119S-ace-1 remaining rare, with very limited variations during surveyed period. Interestingly, we found no effect of the type of insecticide pressure on the dynamics of these mutations. CONCLUSIONS These results confirm both the high prevalence of PYR resistance and the potential of CXs/OPs as short- to medium-term alternatives in Benin. They also underline the need for regular resistance monitoring and informed management in their usage, as the G119S-ace-1 mutation is already present in Benin and surrounding countries. Their unwise usage would rapidly lead to its spread, which would jeopardize PYR-resistant Anopheles control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoît S. Assogba
- Institut des Sciences de l’Evolution de Montpellier (ISEM), UMR CNRS-IRD-EPHE-Université de Montpellier, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier, France
- Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Laboratoire de Biologie et de Typage Moléculaire en Microbiologie, Université d’Abomey Calavi, 05 BP 1604, Cotonou, Benin
- Institut Régional de Santé Publique, Université d’Abomey Calavi, 01 BP 918, Cotonou, Benin
- Disease Control and Elimination Department, Medical Research Council, Unit The Gambia at London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Fajara, Gambia
| | - Nicole Pasteur
- Institut des Sciences de l’Evolution de Montpellier (ISEM), UMR CNRS-IRD-EPHE-Université de Montpellier, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier, France
| | - Patrick Makoundou
- Institut des Sciences de l’Evolution de Montpellier (ISEM), UMR CNRS-IRD-EPHE-Université de Montpellier, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier, France
| | - Sandra Unal
- Institut des Sciences de l’Evolution de Montpellier (ISEM), UMR CNRS-IRD-EPHE-Université de Montpellier, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier, France
| | - Lamine Baba-Moussa
- Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Laboratoire de Biologie et de Typage Moléculaire en Microbiologie, Université d’Abomey Calavi, 05 BP 1604, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Pierrick Labbé
- Institut des Sciences de l’Evolution de Montpellier (ISEM), UMR CNRS-IRD-EPHE-Université de Montpellier, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier, France
| | - Mylène Weill
- Institut des Sciences de l’Evolution de Montpellier (ISEM), UMR CNRS-IRD-EPHE-Université de Montpellier, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier, France
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Atyame CM, Alout H, Mousson L, Vazeille M, Diallo M, Weill M, Failloux AB. Insecticide resistance genes affect Culex quinquefasciatus vector competence for West Nile virus. Proc Biol Sci 2020; 286:20182273. [PMID: 30963855 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2018.2273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Insecticide resistance has been reported to impact the interactions between mosquitoes and the pathogens they transmit. However, the effect on vector competence for arboviruses still remained to be investigated. We examined the influence of two insecticide resistance mechanisms on vector competence of the mosquito Culex quinquefasciatus for two arboviruses, Rift Valley Fever virus (RVFV) and West Nile virus (WNV). Three Cx. quinquefasciatus lines sharing a common genetic background were used: two insecticide-resistant lines, one homozygous for amplification of the Ester2 locus (SA2), the other homozygous for the acetylcholinesterase ace-1 G119S mutation (SR) and the insecticide-susceptible reference line Slab. Statistical analyses revealed no significant effect of insecticide-resistant mechanisms on vector competence for RVFV. However, both insecticide resistance mechanisms significantly influenced the outcome of WNV infections by increasing the dissemination of WNV in the mosquito body, therefore leading to an increase in transmission efficiency by resistant mosquitoes. These results showed that insecticide resistance mechanisms enhanced vector competence for WNV and may have a significant impact on transmission dynamics of arboviruses. Our findings highlight the importance of understanding the impacts of insecticide resistance on the vectorial capacity parameters to assess the overall consequence on transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Célestine M Atyame
- 1 Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, Arboviruses and Insect Vectors , Paris , France.,2 Université de La Réunion, UMR PIMIT (Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical) CNRS-INSERM-IRD-Université de La Réunion , île de La Réunion , France
| | - Haoues Alout
- 3 INRA, UMR 1309 ASTRE, INRA-CIRAD , 34598 Montpellier , France.,4 Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier (ISEM), UMR CNRS-IRD-EPHE-Université de Montpellier , Montpellier , France
| | - Laurence Mousson
- 1 Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, Arboviruses and Insect Vectors , Paris , France
| | - Marie Vazeille
- 1 Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, Arboviruses and Insect Vectors , Paris , France
| | - Mawlouth Diallo
- 5 Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Unité d'Entomologie médicale , Dakar , Sénégal
| | - Mylène Weill
- 4 Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier (ISEM), UMR CNRS-IRD-EPHE-Université de Montpellier , Montpellier , France
| | - Anna-Bella Failloux
- 1 Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, Arboviruses and Insect Vectors , Paris , France
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20
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Vontas J, Mavridis K. Vector population monitoring tools for insecticide resistance management: Myth or fact? PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 161:54-60. [PMID: 31685197 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2019.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 08/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Insecticide resistance is a large and growing problem for the control of mosquito disease vectors. The World Health Organization (WHO) established the Global Plan for Insecticide Resistance Management (GPIRM) in 2012. In that context, both classical and molecular tools, as well as entomological databases and decision support platforms have been developed and used for IRM. Despite major advances in the molecular elucidation of resistance mechanisms and the development of diagnostic tools, their impact on disease control programs has been limited. In most cases diagnostic tools provide a retrospective examination of changes imposed by insecticides rather than a prospective analysis to guide vector control strategies. The uncertainty of the predictive value of markers, the assay robustness and the common misconceptions in resistance diagnosis terminology are continuing challenges in monitoring vector resistance. Furthermore, an often logistics, as opposed to systematic scientific evidence, based approach to decision for the use of the very few alternative chemicals in vector control, has reduced the value of resistance monitoring in practice. The current deployment of new insecticidal active ingredients should necessitate the application of companion diagnostics (CDx) and the development of modern ways for interpretation and management of the data by trained programme managers. This will establish their real value for use in decision-making, in line with evidence based choice of chemicals in agriculture and medical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Vontas
- Institute of Molecular Biology & Biotechnology, Foundation for Research & Technology Hellas, 100 N. Plastira Street, GR-700 13 Heraklion, Crete, Greece; Laboratory of Pesticide Science, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Greece.
| | - Konstantinos Mavridis
- Institute of Molecular Biology & Biotechnology, Foundation for Research & Technology Hellas, 100 N. Plastira Street, GR-700 13 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
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21
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Traoré A, Badolo A, Guelbeogo MW, Sanou A, Viana M, Nelli L, Zongo S, Toé HK, Traoré AS, Ranson H, Sagnon N. Anopheline species composition and the 1014F-genotype in different ecological settings of Burkina Faso in relation to malaria transmission. Malar J 2019; 18:165. [PMID: 31068189 PMCID: PMC6507147 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-019-2789-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A three-year longitudinal study was conducted in four sentinel sites from different ecological settings in Burkina Faso, between 2008 and 2010 to identify longitudinal changes in insecticide resistance within Anopheles gambiae complex species based on larval collection. During this study, adult mosquitoes were also collected indoor and outdoor using several methods of collection. The present study reports the diversity of malaria vectors and the 1014F-genotype from this adult collection and investigates the association between this 1014F-genotype and sporozoite rate. Methods Adult mosquitoes were collected from July to August (corresponding to the start of rainy season) and October to November (corresponding to the end of rainy season) over 3 years (2008–2010) at four sites across the country, using pyrethrum spray catches (PSC), exit traps and pit shelters. Anopheles gambiae complex mosquitoes were identified to species and genotyped for the L1014F kdr mutation by PCR using genomic DNA. The circumsporozoite antigen of Plasmodium falciparum was detected in mosquitoes using sandwich ELISA. Results Overall 9212 anopheline mosquitoes were collected during the study period. Of those, 6767 mosquitoes were identified as Anopheles gambiae sensu lato (s.l.). Anopheles arabiensis, Anopheles coluzzii, Anopheles gambiae and or Anopheles funestus were incriminated as vectors of P. falciparum in the study area with an average sporozoite rate of 5%, (95% CI 4.14–5.99%). The kdr1014F-genotype frequencies were 11.44% (95% CI 2.5–39.85%), 19.2% (95% CI 4.53–53.73%) and 89.9 (95% CI 63.14–97.45%), respectively for An. arabiensis, An. coluzzii and An. gambiae. The proportion of the 1014F-genotype varied between sporozoite-infected and uninfected An. gambiae s.l. group. There was no significant difference in the 1014F-genotype frequency between infected and uninfected mosquitoes. Conclusion The current study shows the diversity of malaria vectors and significant interaction between species composition and kdr1014F-genotype in An. gambiae complex mosquitoes from Burkina Faso. In this study, no associations were found between the 1014F-genotype and P. falciparum infection in the major malaria vector An. gambiae s.l. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12936-019-2789-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alphonse Traoré
- Centre National de Recherche et de Formation sur le Paludisme, 01 BP 2208, Ouagadougou 01, Burkina Faso. .,Laboratoire d'Entomologie Fondamentale et Appliquée, Université Ouaga1 Pr Joseph Ki-Zerbo, BP 7021, Ouagadougou 03, Burkina Faso.
| | - Athanase Badolo
- Centre National de Recherche et de Formation sur le Paludisme, 01 BP 2208, Ouagadougou 01, Burkina Faso.,Laboratoire d'Entomologie Fondamentale et Appliquée, Université Ouaga1 Pr Joseph Ki-Zerbo, BP 7021, Ouagadougou 03, Burkina Faso
| | - Moussa W Guelbeogo
- Centre National de Recherche et de Formation sur le Paludisme, 01 BP 2208, Ouagadougou 01, Burkina Faso
| | - Antoine Sanou
- Centre National de Recherche et de Formation sur le Paludisme, 01 BP 2208, Ouagadougou 01, Burkina Faso
| | - Mafalda Viana
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, University Avenue, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Luca Nelli
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, University Avenue, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Soumanaba Zongo
- Centre National de Recherche et de Formation sur le Paludisme, 01 BP 2208, Ouagadougou 01, Burkina Faso
| | - Hyacinthe K Toé
- Centre National de Recherche et de Formation sur le Paludisme, 01 BP 2208, Ouagadougou 01, Burkina Faso
| | - Alfred S Traoré
- Laboratoire d'Entomologie Fondamentale et Appliquée, Université Ouaga1 Pr Joseph Ki-Zerbo, BP 7021, Ouagadougou 03, Burkina Faso
| | - Hilary Ranson
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | - N'Falé Sagnon
- Centre National de Recherche et de Formation sur le Paludisme, 01 BP 2208, Ouagadougou 01, Burkina Faso
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22
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Tchouakui M, Chiang MC, Ndo C, Kuicheu CK, Amvongo-Adjia N, Wondji MJ, Tchoupo M, Kusimo MO, Riveron JM, Wondji CS. A marker of glutathione S-transferase-mediated resistance to insecticides is associated with higher Plasmodium infection in the African malaria vector Anopheles funestus. Sci Rep 2019; 9:5772. [PMID: 30962458 PMCID: PMC6453935 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-42015-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic resistance to insecticides is threatening malaria control in Africa. However, the extent to which it impacts malaria transmission remains unclear. Here, we investigated the association between a marker of glutathione S-transferase mediated metabolic resistance and Plasmodium infection in field population of Anopheles funestus s.s. in comparison to the A296S-RDL target site mutation. The 119F-GSTe2 resistant allele was present in southern (Obout) (56%) and central (Mibellon) (25%) regions of Cameroon whereas the 296S-RDL resistant allele was detected at 98.5% and 15% respectively. The whole mosquito Plasmodium and sporozoite infection rates were 57% and 14.8% respectively in Obout (n = 508) and 19.7% and 5% in Mibellon (n = 360). No association was found between L119F-GSTe2 genotypes and whole mosquito infection status. However, when analyzing oocyst and sporozoite infection rates separately, the resistant homozygote 119F/F genotype was significantly more associated with Plasmodium infection in Obout than both heterozygote (OR = 2.5; P = 0.012) and homozygote susceptible (L/L119) genotypes (OR = 2.10; P = 0.013). In contrast, homozygote RDL susceptible mosquitoes (A/A296) were associated more frequently with Plasmodium infection than other genotypes (OR = 4; P = 0.03). No additive interaction was found between L119F and A296S. Sequencing of the GSTe2 gene showed no association between the polymorphism of this gene and Plasmodium infection. Glutathione S-transferase metabolic resistance is potentially increasing the vectorial capacity of resistant An. funestus mosquitoes. This could result in a possible exacerbation of malaria transmission in areas of high GSTe2-based metabolic resistance to insecticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magellan Tchouakui
- Research Unit LSTM/OCEAC, P.O. BOX 288, Yaoundé, Cameroon. .,Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), P.O. BOX 13591, Yaoundé, Cameroon. .,Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé 1, P.O. Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon.
| | - Mu-Chun Chiang
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, L35QA, Liverpool, UK
| | - Cyrille Ndo
- Research Unit LSTM/OCEAC, P.O. BOX 288, Yaoundé, Cameroon.,Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), P.O. BOX 13591, Yaoundé, Cameroon.,University of Douala, P.O. Box 2701, Douala, Cameroon
| | - Carine K Kuicheu
- Research Unit LSTM/OCEAC, P.O. BOX 288, Yaoundé, Cameroon.,Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), P.O. BOX 13591, Yaoundé, Cameroon.,Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé 1, P.O. Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Nathalie Amvongo-Adjia
- Research Unit LSTM/OCEAC, P.O. BOX 288, Yaoundé, Cameroon.,Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé 1, P.O. Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon.,Centre for Medical Research, Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plants Studies (IMPM), P.O. Box 13033, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Murielle J Wondji
- Research Unit LSTM/OCEAC, P.O. BOX 288, Yaoundé, Cameroon.,Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), P.O. BOX 13591, Yaoundé, Cameroon.,Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, L35QA, Liverpool, UK
| | - Micareme Tchoupo
- Research Unit LSTM/OCEAC, P.O. BOX 288, Yaoundé, Cameroon.,Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), P.O. BOX 13591, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Michael O Kusimo
- Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), P.O. BOX 13591, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Jacob M Riveron
- Research Unit LSTM/OCEAC, P.O. BOX 288, Yaoundé, Cameroon.,Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), P.O. BOX 13591, Yaoundé, Cameroon.,Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, L35QA, Liverpool, UK
| | - Charles S Wondji
- Research Unit LSTM/OCEAC, P.O. BOX 288, Yaoundé, Cameroon. .,Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), P.O. BOX 13591, Yaoundé, Cameroon. .,Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, L35QA, Liverpool, UK.
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23
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Matiya DJ, Philbert AB, Kidima W, Matowo JJ. Dynamics and monitoring of insecticide resistance in malaria vectors across mainland Tanzania from 1997 to 2017: a systematic review. Malar J 2019; 18:102. [PMID: 30914051 PMCID: PMC6434877 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-019-2738-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Malaria still claims substantial lives of individuals in Tanzania. Insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) and indoor residual spray (IRS) are used as major malaria vector control tools. These tools are facing great challenges from the rapid escalating insecticide resistance in malaria vector populations. This review presents the information on the dynamics and monitoring of insecticide resistance in malaria vectors in mainland Tanzania since 1997. The information is important to policy-makers and other vector control stakeholders to reflect and formulate new resistance management plans in the country. Methods Reviewed articles on susceptibility and mechanisms of resistance in malaria vectors to insecticides across mainland Tanzania were systematically searched from the following databases: PubMed, Google scholar, HINARI and AGORA. The inclusion criteria were articles published between 2000 and 2017, reporting susceptibility of malaria vectors to insecticides, mechanisms of resistance in the mainland Tanzania, involving field collected adult mosquitoes, and mosquitoes raised from the field collected larvae. Exclusion criteria were articles reporting insecticide resistance in larval bio-assays, laboratory strains, and unpublished data. Reviewed information include year of study, malaria vectors, insecticides, and study sites. This information was entered in the excel sheet and analysed. Results A total of 30 articles met the selection criteria. The rapid increase of insecticide resistance in the malaria vectors across the country was reported since year 2006 onwards. Insecticide resistance in Anopheles gambiae sensu lato (s.l.) was detected in at least one compound in each class of all recommended insecticide classes. However, the Anopheles funestus s.l. is highly resistant to pyrethroids and DDT. Knockdown resistance (kdr) mechanism in An. gambiae s.l. is widely studied in the country. Biochemical resistance by detoxification enzymes (P450s, NSE and GSTs) in An. gambiae s.l. was also recorded. Numerous P450s genes associated with metabolic resistance were over transcribed in An. gambiae s.l. collected from agricultural areas. However, no study has reported mechanisms of insecticide resistance in the An. funestus s.l. in the country. Conclusion This review has shown the dynamics and monitoring of insecticide resistance in malaria vector populations across mainland Tanzanian. This highlights the need for devising improved control approaches of the malaria vectors in the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deokary Joseph Matiya
- Dar es Salaam University College of Education (DUCE), P.O. Box 2329, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. .,University of Dar es Salaam (UDSM), P.O. Box 35064, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
| | - Anitha B Philbert
- University of Dar es Salaam (UDSM), P.O. Box 35064, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Winifrida Kidima
- University of Dar es Salaam (UDSM), P.O. Box 35064, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Johnson J Matowo
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College (KCMUCo), P.O. Box 2240, Moshi, Tanzania
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Huijben S, Paaijmans KP. Putting evolution in elimination: Winning our ongoing battle with evolving malaria mosquitoes and parasites. Evol Appl 2018; 11:415-430. [PMID: 29636796 PMCID: PMC5891050 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Since 2000, the world has made significant progress in reducing malaria morbidity and mortality, and several countries in Africa, South America and South-East Asia are working hard to eliminate the disease. These elimination efforts continue to rely heavily on antimalarial drugs and insecticide-based interventions, which remain the cornerstones of malaria treatment and prevention. However, resistance has emerged against nearly every antimalarial drug and insecticide that is available. In this review we discuss the evolutionary consequences of the way we currently implement antimalarial interventions, which is leading to resistance and may ultimately lead to control failure, but also how evolutionary principles can be applied to extend the lifespan of current and novel interventions. A greater understanding of the general evolutionary principles that are at the core of emerging resistance is urgently needed if we are to develop improved resistance management strategies with the ultimate goal to achieve a malaria-free world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvie Huijben
- ISGlobalBarcelona Ctr. Int. Health Res. (CRESIB)Hospital Clínic ‐ Universitat de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
| | - Krijn P. Paaijmans
- ISGlobalBarcelona Ctr. Int. Health Res. (CRESIB)Hospital Clínic ‐ Universitat de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
- Centro de Investigação em Saúde de ManhiçaMaputoMozambique
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25
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Dieme C, Rotureau B, Mitri C. Microbial Pre-exposure and Vectorial Competence of Anopheles Mosquitoes. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:508. [PMID: 29376030 PMCID: PMC5770632 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Anopheles female mosquitoes can transmit Plasmodium, the malaria parasite. During their aquatic life, wild Anopheles mosquito larvae are exposed to a huge diversity of microbes present in their breeding sites. Later, adult females often take successive blood meals that might also carry different micro-organisms, including parasites, bacteria, and viruses. Therefore, prior to Plasmodium ingestion, the mosquito biology could be modulated at different life stages by a suite of microbes present in larval breeding sites, as well as in the adult environment. In this article, we highlight several naturally relevant scenarios of Anopheles microbial pre-exposure that we assume might impact mosquito vectorial competence for the malaria parasite: (i) larval microbial exposures; (ii) protist co-infections; (iii) virus co-infections; and (iv) pathogenic bacteria co-infections. In addition, significant behavioral changes in African Anopheles vectors have been associated with increasing insecticide resistance. We discuss how these ethological modifications may also increase the repertoire of microbes to which mosquitoes could be exposed, and that might also influence their vectorial competence. Studying Plasmodium–Anopheles interactions in natural microbial environments would efficiently contribute to refining the transmission risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constentin Dieme
- Genetics and Genomics of Insect Vectors Unit, Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unit of Hosts, Vectors and Pathogens (URA3012), Paris, France
| | - Brice Rotureau
- Trypanosome Transmission Group, Trypanosome Cell Biology Unit, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1201 and Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Christian Mitri
- Genetics and Genomics of Insect Vectors Unit, Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unit of Hosts, Vectors and Pathogens (URA3012), Paris, France
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26
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Alout H, Labbé P, Chandre F, Cohuet A. Malaria Vector Control Still Matters despite Insecticide Resistance. Trends Parasitol 2017; 33:610-618. [PMID: 28499699 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2017.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Revised: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Mosquito vectors' resistance to insecticides is usually considered a major threat to the recent progresses in malaria control. However, studies measuring the impact of interventions and insecticide resistance reveal inconsistencies when using entomological versus epidemiological indices. First, evaluation tests that do not reflect the susceptibility of mosquitoes when they are infectious may underestimate insecticide efficacy. Moreover, interactions between insecticide resistance and vectorial capacity reveal nonintuitive outcomes of interventions. Therefore, considering ecological interactions between vector, parasite, and environment highlights that the impact of insecticide resistance on the malaria burden is not straightforward and we suggest that vector control still matters despite insecticide resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoues Alout
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, University of Montpellier, ISEM - UMR 5554, Montpellier, France.
| | - Pierrick Labbé
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, University of Montpellier, ISEM - UMR 5554, Montpellier, France
| | - Fabrice Chandre
- Institut de recherche pour le développement (IRD), Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs, Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle (MIVEGEC), UM-CNRS 5290 IRD 224, Montpellier, France
| | - Anna Cohuet
- Institut de recherche pour le développement (IRD), Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs, Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle (MIVEGEC), UM-CNRS 5290 IRD 224, Montpellier, France.
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