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Momoh EO, Ghag SK, White J, Mudeppa DG, Rathod PK. Multiplex Assays for Analysis of Antibody Responses to South Asian Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax Malaria Infections. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 12:1. [PMID: 38276660 PMCID: PMC10818873 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Malaria remains a major global health challenge, causing over 0.6 million yearly deaths. To understand naturally acquired immunity in adult human populations in malaria-prevalent regions, improved serological tools are needed, particularly where multiple malaria parasite species co-exist. Slide-based and bead-based multiplex approaches can help characterize antibodies in malaria patients from endemic regions, but these require pure, well-defined antigens. To efficiently bypass purification steps, codon-optimized malaria antigen genes with N-terminal FLAG-tag and C-terminal Ctag sequences were expressed in a wheat germ cell-free system and adsorbed on functionalized BioPlex beads. In a pilot study, 15 P. falciparum antigens, 8 P. vivax antigens, and a negative control (GFP) were adsorbed individually on functionalized bead types through their Ctag. To validate the multiplexing powers of this platform, 10 P. falciparum-infected patient sera from a US NIH MESA-ICEMR study site in Goa, India, were tested against all 23 parasite antigens. Serial dilution of patient sera revealed variations in potency and breadth of antibodies to various parasite antigens. Individual patients revealed informative variations in immunity to P. falciparum versus P. vivax. This multiplex approach to malaria serology captures varying immunity to different human malaria parasite species and different parasite antigens. This approach can be scaled to track the dynamics of antibody production during one or more human malaria infections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Devaraja G. Mudeppa
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; (E.O.M.); (S.K.G.); (J.W.)
| | - Pradipsinh K. Rathod
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; (E.O.M.); (S.K.G.); (J.W.)
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López AR, Martins EB, de Pina-Costa A, Pacheco-Silva AB, Ferreira MT, Mamani RF, Detepo PJT, Lupi O, Bressan CS, Calvet GA, Silva MFB, de Fátima Ferreira-da-Cruz M, de Bruycker-Nogueira F, Filippis AMB, Daniel-Ribeiro CT, Siqueira A, Brasil P. A fatal respiratory complication of malaria caused by Plasmodium vivax. Malar J 2023; 22:303. [PMID: 37814260 PMCID: PMC10563287 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-023-04720-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malaria is endemic and represents an important public health issue in Brazil. Knowledge of risk factors for disease progression represents an important step in preventing and controlling malaria-related complications. Reports of severe forms of Plasmodium vivax malaria are now becoming a common place, but respiratory complications are described in less than 3% of global literature on severe vivax malaria. CASE PRESENTATION A severe respiratory case of imported vivax malaria in a previously healthy 40-year-old woman has been reported. The patient died after the fifth day of treatment with chloroquine and primaquine due to acute respiratory distress syndrome. CONCLUSIONS Respiratory symptoms started 48 h after the initiation of anti-malarial drugs, raising the hypothesis that the drugs may have been involved in the genesis of the complication. The concept that vivax malaria is a benign disease that can sometimes result in the development of serious complications must be disseminated. This report highlights, once more, the crucial importance of malaria early diagnosis, a true challenge in non-endemic areas, where health personnel are not familiar with the disease and do not consider its diagnosis promptly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angie R. López
- Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ezequias B. Martins
- Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Centro de Pesquisa, Diagnóstico e Treinamento em Malária da Fiocruz e da Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde, Ministério da Saúde, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Anielle de Pina-Costa
- Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Centro de Pesquisa, Diagnóstico e Treinamento em Malária da Fiocruz e da Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde, Ministério da Saúde, Brasília, Brazil
| | | | - Marcel T. Ferreira
- Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Roxana F. Mamani
- Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Centro de Pesquisa, Diagnóstico e Treinamento em Malária da Fiocruz e da Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde, Ministério da Saúde, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Paula J. T. Detepo
- Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Otilia Lupi
- Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Centro de Pesquisa, Diagnóstico e Treinamento em Malária da Fiocruz e da Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde, Ministério da Saúde, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Clarisse S. Bressan
- Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Centro de Pesquisa, Diagnóstico e Treinamento em Malária da Fiocruz e da Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde, Ministério da Saúde, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Guilherme A. Calvet
- Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Centro de Pesquisa, Diagnóstico e Treinamento em Malária da Fiocruz e da Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde, Ministério da Saúde, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Michele F. B. Silva
- Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Centro de Pesquisa, Diagnóstico e Treinamento em Malária da Fiocruz e da Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde, Ministério da Saúde, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Maria de Fátima Ferreira-da-Cruz
- Centro de Pesquisa, Diagnóstico e Treinamento em Malária da Fiocruz e da Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde, Ministério da Saúde, Brasília, Brazil
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Malária, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Av. Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, 21045-900 Brazil
| | | | | | - Cláudio Tadeu Daniel-Ribeiro
- Centro de Pesquisa, Diagnóstico e Treinamento em Malária da Fiocruz e da Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde, Ministério da Saúde, Brasília, Brazil
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Malária, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Av. Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, 21045-900 Brazil
| | - André Siqueira
- Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Malária, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Av. Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, 21045-900 Brazil
| | - Patrícia Brasil
- Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Malária, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Av. Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, 21045-900 Brazil
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3
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Dash R, Skillman KM, Pereira L, Mascarenhas A, Dass S, Walke J, Almeida A, Fernandes M, Gomes E, White J, Chery-Karschney L, Khandeparkar A, Rathod PK, Duraisingh MT, Kanjee U. Development of a Plasmodium vivax biobank for functional ex vivo assays. Malar J 2023; 22:250. [PMID: 37653486 PMCID: PMC10470152 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-023-04668-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plasmodium vivax is the second most prevalent cause of malaria yet remains challenging to study due to the lack of a continuous in vitro culture system, highlighting the need to establish a biobank of clinical isolates with multiple freezes per sample for use in functional assays. Different methods for cryopreserving parasite isolates were compared and subsequently the most promising one was validated. Enrichment of early- and late-stage parasites and parasite maturation were quantified to facilitate assay planning. METHODS In order to compare cryopreservation protocols, nine clinical P. vivax isolates were frozen with four glycerolyte-based mixtures. Parasite recovery post thaw, post KCl-Percoll enrichment and in short-term in vitro culture was measured via slide microscopy. Enrichment of late-stage parasites by magnetic activated cell sorting (MACS) was measured. Short and long-term storage of parasites at either - 80 °C or liquid nitrogen were also compared. RESULTS Of the four cryopreservation mixtures, one mixture (glycerolyte:serum:RBC at a 2.5:1.5:1 ratio) resulted in improved parasite recovery and statistically significant (P < 0.05) enhancement in parasite survival in short-term in vitro culture. A parasite biobank was subsequently generated using this protocol resulting in a collection of 106 clinical isolates, each with 8 vials. The quality of the biobank was validated by measuring several factors from 47 thaws: the average reduction in parasitaemia post-thaw (25.3%); the average fold enrichment post KCl-Percoll (6.65-fold); and the average percent recovery of parasites (22.0%, measured from 30 isolates). During short-term in vitro culture, robust maturation of ring stage parasites to later stages (> 20% trophozoites, schizonts and gametocytes) was observed in 60.0% of isolates by 48 h. Enrichment of mature parasite stages via MACS showed good reproducibility, with an average of 30.0% post-MACS parasitaemia and an average of 5.30 × 105 parasites/vial. Finally, the effect of storage temperature was tested, and no large impacts from short-term (7 days) or long-term (7-10 years) storage at - 80 °C on parasite recovery, enrichment or viability was observed. CONCLUSIONS Here, an optimized freezing method for P. vivax clinical isolates is demonstrated as a template for the generation and validation of a parasite biobank for use in functional assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashmi Dash
- Goa Medical College and Hospital, Bambolim, Goa, 403202, India
- Departments of Chemistry and Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Kristen M Skillman
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Ligia Pereira
- Goa Medical College and Hospital, Bambolim, Goa, 403202, India
- Departments of Chemistry and Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Anjali Mascarenhas
- Goa Medical College and Hospital, Bambolim, Goa, 403202, India
- Departments of Chemistry and Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Sheena Dass
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Jayashri Walke
- Goa Medical College and Hospital, Bambolim, Goa, 403202, India
- Departments of Chemistry and Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Anvily Almeida
- Goa Medical College and Hospital, Bambolim, Goa, 403202, India
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Mezia Fernandes
- Goa Medical College and Hospital, Bambolim, Goa, 403202, India
- Departments of Chemistry and Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Edwin Gomes
- Goa Medical College and Hospital, Bambolim, Goa, 403202, India
| | - John White
- Departments of Chemistry and Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Laura Chery-Karschney
- Departments of Chemistry and Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | | | - Pradipsinh K Rathod
- Departments of Chemistry and Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Manoj T Duraisingh
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Usheer Kanjee
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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Duong MC, Pham OKN, Thai TT, Lee R, Nguyen TP, Nguyen VVC, Nguyen HP. Magnitude and patterns of severe Plasmodium vivax monoinfection in Vietnam: a 4-year single-center retrospective study. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1128981. [PMID: 37324161 PMCID: PMC10265633 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1128981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Infection with Plasmodium vivax is a recognized cause of severe malaria including deaths. The exact burden and patterns of severe P. vivax monoinfections is however still not well quantified, especially in P. vivax endemic regions. We examined the magnitude and patterns of severe malaria caused by monoinfections of P. vivax and associated predictors among patients admitted to a tertiary care center for malaria in Vietnam. Methods A retrospective cohort study was conducted based on the patients' medical records at the Hospital for Tropical Diseases from January 2015 to December 2018. Extracted information included demographic, epidemiologic, clinical, laboratory and treatment characteristics. Results Monoinfections with P. vivax were found in 153 (34.5, 95% CI 30.3-39.1%) patients of whom, uncomplicated and severe malaria were documented in 89.5% (137/153, 95% CI 83.7-93.5%) and 10.5% (16/153, 95% CI 6.5-16.3%), respectively. Patterns of severe malaria included jaundice (8 cases), hypoglycemia (3 cases), shock (2 cases), anemia (2 cases), and cerebral malaria (1 case). Among 153 patients, 73 (47.7%) had classic malaria paroxysm, 57 (37.3%) had >7 days of illness at the time of admission, and 40 (26.1%) were referred from other hospitals. A misdiagnosis as having other diseases from malaria cases coming from other hospitals was up to 32.5% (13/40). Being admitted to hospital after day 7th of illness (AOR = 6.33, 95% CI 1.14-35.30, p = 0.035) was a predictor of severe malaria. Severe malaria was statistically associated with longer hospital length of stay (p = 0.035). Early and late treatment failures and recrudescence were not recorded. All patients recovered completely. Discussion This study confirms the emergence of severe vivax malaria in Vietnam which is associated with delayed hospital admission and increased hospital length of stay. Clinical manifestations of P. vivax infection can be misdiagnosed which results in delayed treatment. To meet the goal of malaria elimination by 2030, it is crucial that the non-tertiary hospitals have the capacity to quickly and correctly diagnose malaria and then provide treatment for malaria including P. vivax infections. More robust studies need to be conducted to fully elucidate the magnitude of severe P. vivax in Vietnam.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minh Cuong Duong
- School of Population Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Thanh Truc Thai
- Faculty of Public Health, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Rogan Lee
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Pathology West-ICPMR and Marie Bashir Institute, University of Sydney, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Van Vinh Chau Nguyen
- Department of Health, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Hoan Phu Nguyen
- Medical School, Vietnam National University of Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit (OUCRU), Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
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5
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Dash R, Skillman KM, Pereira L, Mascarenhas A, Dass S, Walke J, Almeida A, Fernandes M, Gomes E, White J, Chery-Karschney L, Khandeparkar A, Rathod PK, Duraisingh MT, Kanjee U. Development of a Plasmodium vivax biobank for functional ex vivo assays. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.03.17.533128. [PMID: 36993272 PMCID: PMC10055260 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.17.533128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Background Plasmodium vivax is the second most prevalent cause of malaria yet remains challenging to study due to the lack of a continuous in vitro culture system, highlighting the need to establish a biobank of clinical isolates with multiple freezes per sample for use in functional assays. Different methods for cryopreserving parasite isolates were compared and subsequently the most promising one was validated. Enrichment of early- and late-stage parasites and parasite maturation were quantified to facilitate assay planning. Methods In order to compare cryopreservation protocols, nine clinical P. vivax isolates were frozen with four glycerolyte-based mixtures. Parasite recovery post thaw, post KCl-Percoll enrichment and in short-term in vitro culture was measured via slide microscopy. Enrichment of late-stage parasites by magnetic activated cell sorting (MACS) was measured. Short and long-term storage of parasites at either -80°C or liquid nitrogen were also compared. Results Of the four cryopreservation mixtures, one mixture (glycerolyte:serum:RBC at a 2.5:1.5:1 ratio) resulted in improved parasite recovery and statistically significant (P<0.05) enhancement in parasite survival in short-term in vitro culture. A parasite biobank was subsequently generated using this protocol resulting in a collection with 106 clinical isolates, each with 8 vials. The quality of the biobank was validated by measuring several factors from 47 thaws: the average reduction in parasitemia post-thaw (25.3%); the average fold enrichment post KCl-Percoll (6.65-fold); and the average percent recovery of parasites (22.0%, measured from 30 isolates). During short-term in vitro culture, robust maturation of ring stage parasites to later stages (>20% trophozoites, schizonts and gametocytes) was observed in 60.0% of isolates by 48 hours. Enrichment of mature parasite stages via MACS showed good reproducibility, with an average 30.0% post-MACS parasitemia and an average 5.30 × 10 5 parasites/vial. Finally, the effect of storage temperature was tested, and no large impacts from short-term (7 day) or long term (7 - 10 year) storage at -80°C on parasite recovery, enrichment or viability was observed. Conclusions Here, an optimized freezing method for P. vivax clinical isolates is demonstrated as a template for the generation and validation of a parasite biobank for use in functional assays.
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6
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Zhang G, Niu G, Hooker–Romera D, Shabani S, Ramelow J, Wang X, Butler NS, James AA, Li J. Targeting plasmodium α-tubulin-1 to block malaria transmission to mosquitoes. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1132647. [PMID: 37009496 PMCID: PMC10064449 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1132647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium ookinetes use an invasive apparatus to invade mosquito midguts, and tubulins are the major structural proteins of this apical complex. We examined the role of tubulins in malaria transmission to mosquitoes. Our results demonstrate that the rabbit polyclonal antibodies (pAb) against human α-tubulin significantly reduced the number of P. falciparum oocysts in Anopheles gambiae midguts, while rabbit pAb against human β-tubulin did not. Further studies showed that pAb, specifically against P. falciparum α-tubulin-1, also significantly limited P. falciparum transmission to mosquitoes. We also generated mouse monoclonal antibodies (mAb) using recombinant P. falciparum α-tubulin-1. Out of 16 mAb, two mAb, A3 and A16, blocked P. falciparum transmission with EC50 of 12 μg/ml and 2.8 μg/ml. The epitopes of A3 and A16 were determined to be a conformational and linear sequence of EAREDLAALEKDYEE, respectively. To understand the mechanism of the antibody-blocking activity, we studied the accessibility of live ookinete α-tubulin-1 to antibodies and its interaction with mosquito midgut proteins. Immunofluorescent assays showed that pAb could bind to the apical complex of live ookinetes. Moreover, both ELISA and pull-down assays demonstrated that insect cell-expressed mosquito midgut protein, fibrinogen-related protein 1 (FREP1), interacts with P. falciparum α-tubulin-1. Since ookinete invasion is directional, we conclude that the interaction between Anopheles FREP1 protein and Plasmodium α-tubulin-1 anchors and orients the ookinete invasive apparatus towards the midgut PM and promotes the efficient parasite infection in the mosquito.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genwei Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, United States
| | - Guodong Niu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Biomolecule Sciences Institute, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Diana Hooker–Romera
- Department of Biological Sciences, Biomolecule Sciences Institute, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Sadeq Shabani
- Department of Biological Sciences, Biomolecule Sciences Institute, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Julian Ramelow
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Xiaohong Wang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Biomolecule Sciences Institute, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Noah S. Butler
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Anthony A. James
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics and Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, United States
- Department of Biological Sciences, Biomolecule Sciences Institute, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
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Chakrabarti R, Chery-Karschney L, White J, Mascarenhas A, Skillman KM, Kanjee U, Babar PH, Patrapuvich R, Mohapatra PK, Patankar S, Smith JD, Anvikar A, Valecha N, Rahi M, Duraisingh MT, Rathod PK. Diverse Malaria Presentations across National Institutes of Health South Asia International Center for Excellence in Malaria Research Sites in India. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2022; 107:107-117. [PMID: 36228910 PMCID: PMC9662227 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.21-1344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The Malaria Evolution in South Asia (MESA) International Center for Excellence in Malaria Research (ICEMR) was established by the US National Institutes of Health (US NIH) as one of 10 malaria research centers in endemic countries. In 10 years of hospital-based and field-based work in India, the MESA-ICEMR has documented the changing epidemiology and transmission of malaria in four different parts of India. Malaria Evolution in South Asia-ICEMR activities, in collaboration with Indian partners, are carried out in the broad thematic areas of malaria case surveillance, vector biology and transmission, antimalarial resistance, pathogenesis, and host response. The program integrates insights from surveillance and field studies with novel basic science studies. This is a two-pronged approach determining the biology behind the disease patterns seen in the field, and generating new relevant biological questions about malaria to be tested in the field. Malaria Evolution in South Asia-ICEMR activities inform local and international stakeholders on the current status of malaria transmission in select parts of South Asia including updates on regional vectors of transmission of local parasites. The community surveys and new laboratory tools help monitor ongoing efforts to control and eliminate malaria in key regions of South Asia including the state of evolving antimalarial resistance in different parts of India, new host biomarkers of recent infection, and molecular markers of pathogenesis from uncomplicated and severe malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rimi Chakrabarti
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
- Department of Medicine, Goa Medical College and Hospital, Bambolim, Goa, India
| | | | - John White
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Anjali Mascarenhas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
- Department of Medicine, Goa Medical College and Hospital, Bambolim, Goa, India
| | - Kristen M. Skillman
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Usheer Kanjee
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Prasad H. Babar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
- Department of Medicine, Goa Medical College and Hospital, Bambolim, Goa, India
| | - Rapatbhorn Patrapuvich
- Drug Research Unit for Malaria (DRUM), Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Swati Patankar
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, IIT Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, India
| | | | - Anup Anvikar
- National Institute of Biologicals, Noida, UP, India
| | - Neena Valecha
- National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Manju Rahi
- Division of Epidemiology and Communicable Disease, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Manoj T. Duraisingh
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
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8
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Mascarenhas A, Chakrabarti R, Chery-Karschney L, White J, Skillman KM, Kanjee U, Babar PH, Patrapuvich R, Mohanty AK, Duraisingh MT, Rathod PK. International Center of Excellence for Malaria Research for South Asia and Broader Malaria Research in India. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2022; 107:118-123. [PMID: 36228906 PMCID: PMC9662211 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.22-0005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The Malaria Evolution in South Asia (MESA) International Center of Excellence for Malaria Research (ICEMR) conducted research studies at multiple sites in India to record blood-slide positivity over time, but also to study broader aspects of the disease. From the Southwest of India (Goa) to the Northeast (Assam), the MESA-ICEMR invested in research equipment, operational capacity, and trained personnel to observe frequencies of Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax infections, clinical presentations, treatment effectiveness, vector transmission, and reinfections. With Government of India partners, Indian and U.S. academics, and trained researchers on the ground, the MESA-ICEMR team contributes information on malaria in selected parts of India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjali Mascarenhas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
- Department of Medicine, Goa Medical College and Hospital, Bambolim, Goa, India
| | - Rimi Chakrabarti
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
- Department of Medicine, Goa Medical College and Hospital, Bambolim, Goa, India
| | | | - John White
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Kristen M. Skillman
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Usheer Kanjee
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Prasad H. Babar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
- Department of Medicine, Goa Medical College and Hospital, Bambolim, Goa, India
| | - Rapatbhorn Patrapuvich
- Drug Research Unit for Malaria, Center of Excellence in Malaria Research, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Manoj T. Duraisingh
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
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Willers C, Lynch T, Chand V, Islam M, Lassere M, March L. A Versatile, Secure, and Sustainable All-in-One Biobank-Registry Data Solution: The A3BC REDCap Model. Biopreserv Biobank 2021; 20:244-259. [PMID: 34807733 DOI: 10.1089/bio.2021.0098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: A key element in the big data revolution is large-scale biobanking and the associated development of high-quality data collections and supporting informatics solutions. As such, in establishing the Australian Arthritis and Autoimmune Biobank Collaborative (A3BC), we sought to establish a low-cost, nation-scale data management system capable of managing a multisite biobank registry with complex longitudinal sample and data requirements. Materials and Methods: We assessed several international commercial and nonprofit software platforms using standardized system requirement criteria and follow-up interviews. Vendor compliance scoring was prioritized to meet our project-critical requirements. Consumer/end-user codesign was integral to refining our system requirements for optimized adoption. Customization of the selected software solution was performed to optimize field auto-population between participant timepoints and forms, using modules that are transferable and that do not impact core code. Institutional and independent testing was used to ensure data security. Results: We selected the widely used research web application Research Electronic Data Capture (REDCap), which is "free" (under nonprofit license agreement terms), highly configurable, and customizable to a variety of biobank and registry needs and can be developed/maintained by biobank users with modest IT skill, time, and cost. We created a secure, comprehensive participant-centric biobank-registry database that includes: (1) best practice data security measures (incl. multisite access login using institutional user credentials), (2) permission-to-contact and dynamic itemized electronic consent, (3) a complete chain of custody from consent to longitudinal biospecimen data collection to publication, (4) complex longitudinal patient-reported surveys, (5) integration of record-level extracted/linked participant data, (6) significant form auto-population for streamlined data capture, and (7) native dashboards for operational visualizations. Conclusion: We recommend the versatile, reusable, and sustainable informatics model we have developed in REDCap for prospective chronic disease biobanks or registry biobanks (of local to national complexity) supporting holistic research into disease prediction, precision medicine, and prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig Willers
- Institute of Bone and Joint Research, The Australian Arthritis and Autoimmune Biobank Collaborative, Kolling Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Tom Lynch
- Institute of Bone and Joint Research, The Australian Arthritis and Autoimmune Biobank Collaborative, Kolling Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Vibhasha Chand
- Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Mohammad Islam
- Information and Communications Technology, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Marissa Lassere
- School of Population Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Lyn March
- Institute of Bone and Joint Research, The Australian Arthritis and Autoimmune Biobank Collaborative, Kolling Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Department of Rheumatology, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, Australia
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10
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Mohanty AK, de Souza C, Harjai D, Ghavanalkar P, Fernandes M, Almeida A, Walke J, Manoharan SK, Pereira L, Dash R, Mascarenhas A, Gomes E, Thita T, Chery L, Anvikar AR, Kumar A, Valecha N, Rathod PK, Patrapuvich R. Optimization of Plasmodium vivax sporozoite production from Anopheles stephensi in South West India. Malar J 2021; 20:221. [PMID: 34006297 PMCID: PMC8129701 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-021-03767-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Efforts to study the biology of Plasmodium vivax liver stages, particularly the latent hypnozoites, have been hampered by the limited availability of P. vivax sporozoites. Anopheles stephensi is a major urban malaria vector in Goa and elsewhere in South Asia. Using P. vivax patient blood samples, a series of standard membrane-feeding experiments were performed with An. stephensi under the US NIH International Center of Excellence for Malaria Research (ICEMR) for Malaria Evolution in South Asia (MESA). The goal was to understand the dynamics of parasite development in mosquitoes as well as the production of P. vivax sporozoites. To obtain a robust supply of P. vivax sporozoites, mosquito-rearing and mosquito membrane-feeding techniques were optimized, which are described here. METHODS Membrane-feeding experiments were conducted using both wild and laboratory-colonized An. stephensi mosquitoes and patient-derived P. vivax collected at the Goa Medical College and Hospital. Parasite development to midgut oocysts and salivary gland sporozoites was assessed on days 7 and 14 post-feeding, respectively. The optimal conditions for mosquito rearing and feeding were evaluated to produce high-quality mosquitoes and to yield a high sporozoite rate, respectively. RESULTS Laboratory-colonized mosquitoes could be starved for a shorter time before successful blood feeding compared with wild-caught mosquitoes. Optimizing the mosquito-rearing methods significantly increased mosquito survival. For mosquito feeding, replacing patient plasma with naïve serum increased sporozoite production > two-fold. With these changes, the sporozoite infection rate was high (> 85%) and resulted in an average of ~ 22,000 sporozoites per mosquito. Some mosquitoes reached up to 73,000 sporozoites. Sporozoite production could not be predicted from gametocyte density but could be predicted by measuring oocyst infection and oocyst load. CONCLUSIONS Optimized conditions for the production of high-quality P. vivax sporozoite-infected An. stephensi were established at a field site in South West India. This report describes techniques for producing a ready resource of P. vivax sporozoites. The improved protocols can help in future research on the biology of P. vivax liver stages, including hypnozoites, in India, as well as the development of anti-relapse interventions for vivax malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajeet Kumar Mohanty
- Field Unit, National Institute of Malaria Research, Campal, Goa, 403001, India.
| | - Charles de Souza
- Field Unit, National Institute of Malaria Research, Campal, Goa, 403001, India
| | - Deepika Harjai
- Field Unit, National Institute of Malaria Research, Campal, Goa, 403001, India
| | | | - Mezia Fernandes
- Goa Medical College and Hospital, Bambolim, Goa, 403202, India.,Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Anvily Almeida
- Goa Medical College and Hospital, Bambolim, Goa, 403202, India.,Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Jayashri Walke
- Goa Medical College and Hospital, Bambolim, Goa, 403202, India.,Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Suresh Kumar Manoharan
- Goa Medical College and Hospital, Bambolim, Goa, 403202, India.,Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Ligia Pereira
- Goa Medical College and Hospital, Bambolim, Goa, 403202, India.,Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Rashmi Dash
- Goa Medical College and Hospital, Bambolim, Goa, 403202, India.,Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Anjali Mascarenhas
- Goa Medical College and Hospital, Bambolim, Goa, 403202, India.,Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Edwin Gomes
- Goa Medical College and Hospital, Bambolim, Goa, 403202, India
| | - Thanyapit Thita
- Drug Research Unit for Malaria (DRUM), Center of Excellence in Malaria Research, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Laura Chery
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Anupkumar R Anvikar
- National Institute of Malaria Research (ICMR), Sector 8, Dwarka, New Delhi, 110077, India
| | - Ashwani Kumar
- Field Unit, National Institute of Malaria Research, Campal, Goa, 403001, India.,ICMR-Vector Control Research Centre, Medical Complex, VCRC Road, Indra Nagar, Priyadarshini Nagar, Puducherry, 605006, India
| | - Neena Valecha
- National Institute of Malaria Research (ICMR), Sector 8, Dwarka, New Delhi, 110077, India
| | | | - Rapatbhorn Patrapuvich
- Drug Research Unit for Malaria (DRUM), Center of Excellence in Malaria Research, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand.
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11
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Matlani M, Kojom LP, Mishra N, Dogra V, Singh V. Severe vivax malaria trends in the last two years: a study from a tertiary care centre, Delhi, India. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob 2020; 19:49. [PMID: 33126884 PMCID: PMC7602347 DOI: 10.1186/s12941-020-00393-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Plasmodium vivax, once considered benign species, is recently being recognised to be causing severe malaria like Plasmodium falciparum. In the present study, the authors report the trends in malaria severity in P. vivax among patients from a Delhi government hospital. The aim of the study was to understand the disease severity and the burden of severe vivax malaria. Methods A hospital based study was carried out from June 2017 to December 2018 at a tertiary care centre from Delhi, India. Patients were tested for malaria using peripheral blood smear (PBS) and/or rapid malaria antigen test (RMAT). The severe and non-severe vivax malaria categorization was done as per the WHO guidelines. Sociodemographic, clinic and paraclinical data were collected from patients and their medical records. Results Of the 205 patients, 177 (86.3%) had P. vivax infection, 22 (10.7%) had P. falciparum infection and six (2.9%) had mixed infection with both the species. Out of 177 P. vivax cases included in this study one or more manifestations of severe malaria was found in 58 cases (32.7%). Severe anaemia (56.9%), jaundice (15%) and significant bleeding (15%) were the most common complications reported in most of patients, along with thrombocytopenia. Conclusions In this study, it is evident that vivax malaria is emerging as the new severe disease in malaria patients, a significant shift in the paradigm of P. vivax pathogenesis. The spectrum of complications and alterations in the laboratory parameters in P. vivax clinical cases also indicate the recent shift in the disease severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Matlani
- Department of Microbiology, Vardhman Mahavir Medical College and Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Loick P Kojom
- Cell Biology Laboratory and Malaria Parasite Bank, ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Neelangi Mishra
- Department of Microbiology, Vardhman Mahavir Medical College and Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Vinita Dogra
- Department of Microbiology, Vardhman Mahavir Medical College and Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Vineeta Singh
- Cell Biology Laboratory and Malaria Parasite Bank, ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, India.
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12
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A micro-epidemiological report on the unstable transmission of malaria in Aligarh, India. Parasite Epidemiol Control 2020; 11:e00161. [PMID: 32642569 PMCID: PMC7334815 DOI: 10.1016/j.parepi.2020.e00161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
India contributes approximately 70% to the malaria burden of Southeast Asia. The transmission of disease in the country is generally hypoendemic, seasonal and unstable. Most researchers focus upon the hyperendemic malarious regions with stable malaria transmission. There is paucity of data regarding malaria transmission in hypoendemic regions, here we are presenting an epidemiological picture of clinical manifestations through a hospital-based survey in Aligarh, India, during 2016-18. Two thousand sixty-eight patients were diagnosed with malaria infection in Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College and Hospital (JNMCH), out of which 1104 were enrolled for clinical analysis. Ninety per cent of the cases were reported during July-November, and the rest in the dry season. A progressive increase in the prevalence rate was observed during the study period, i.e. 4.8, 7.57 and 8.7% in 2016, 2017 and 2018, respectively. Of the total cases, 75.77% had vivax malaria, while rest suffered from falciparum malaria. The risk of disease was significantly higher in the age group 0-15 years compared to all other age groups (p < .0001). The infection rate was higher in males (61%) compared to females (39%) p < .0001. Overall 8.6% of the patients had severe malaria who fulfilled the WHO criteria. The increasing rate of malaria infection during the study period and a considerable no. of severe vivax malaria cases warrant an efficient disease monitoring system, pointing towards the need to carry out micro-epidemiological studies in order to estimate the real burden of malaria in the country.
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13
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Ruhamyankaka E, Brunk BP, Dorsey G, Harb OS, Helb DA, Judkins J, Kissinger JC, Lindsay B, Roos DS, San EJ, Stoeckert CJ, Zheng J, Tomko SS. ClinEpiDB: an open-access clinical epidemiology database resource encouraging online exploration of complex studies. Gates Open Res 2020; 3:1661. [PMID: 32047873 PMCID: PMC6993508 DOI: 10.12688/gatesopenres.13087.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The concept of open data has been gaining traction as a mechanism to increase data use, ensure that data are preserved over time, and accelerate discovery. While epidemiology data sets are increasingly deposited in databases and repositories, barriers to access still remain.
ClinEpiDB was constructed as an open-access online resource for clinical and epidemiologic studies by leveraging the extensive web toolkit and infrastructure of the Eukaryotic Pathogen Database Resources (EuPathDB; a collection of databases covering 170+ eukaryotic pathogens, relevant related species, and select hosts) combined with a unified semantic web framework. Here we present an intuitive point-and-click website that allows users to visualize and subset data directly in the ClinEpiDB browser and immediately explore potential associations. Supporting study documentation aids contextualization, and data can be downloaded for advanced analyses. By facilitating access and interrogation of high-quality, large-scale data sets, ClinEpiDB aims to spur collaboration and discovery that improves global health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Brian P Brunk
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Grant Dorsey
- Department of Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94110, USA
| | - Omar S Harb
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Danica A Helb
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - John Judkins
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Jessica C Kissinger
- Center for Tropical & Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.,Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.,Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Brianna Lindsay
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - David S Roos
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Emmanuel James San
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda.,Kwazulu-Natal Research and Innovation Sequencing Platform, Durban, South Africa
| | - Christian J Stoeckert
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.,Institute for Biomedical Informatics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Jie Zheng
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Sheena Shah Tomko
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
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14
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Ruhamyankaka E, Brunk BP, Dorsey G, Harb OS, Helb DA, Judkins J, Kissinger JC, Lindsay B, Roos DS, San EJ, Stoeckert CJ, Zheng J, Tomko SS. ClinEpiDB: an open-access clinical epidemiology database resource encouraging online exploration of complex studies. Gates Open Res 2020; 3:1661. [PMID: 32047873 PMCID: PMC6993508 DOI: 10.12688/gatesopenres.13087.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The concept of open data has been gaining traction as a mechanism to increase data use, ensure that data are preserved over time, and accelerate discovery. While epidemiology data sets are increasingly deposited in databases and repositories, barriers to access still remain. ClinEpiDB was constructed as an open-access online resource for clinical and epidemiologic studies by leveraging the extensive web toolkit and infrastructure of the Eukaryotic Pathogen Database Resources (EuPathDB; a collection of databases covering 170+ eukaryotic pathogens, relevant related species, and select hosts) combined with a unified semantic web framework. Here we present an intuitive point-and-click website that allows users to visualize and subset data directly in the ClinEpiDB browser and immediately explore potential associations. Supporting study documentation aids contextualization, and data can be downloaded for advanced analyses. By facilitating access and interrogation of high-quality, large-scale data sets, ClinEpiDB aims to spur collaboration and discovery that improves global health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Brian P. Brunk
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Grant Dorsey
- Department of Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94110, USA
| | - Omar S. Harb
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Danica A. Helb
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - John Judkins
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Jessica C. Kissinger
- Center for Tropical & Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
- Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
- Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Brianna Lindsay
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - David S. Roos
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Emmanuel James San
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda
- Kwazulu-Natal Research and Innovation Sequencing Platform, Durban, South Africa
| | - Christian J. Stoeckert
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Institute for Biomedical Informatics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Jie Zheng
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Sheena Shah Tomko
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
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15
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Mathews SE, Bhagwati MM, Agnihotri V. Clinical spectrum of Plasmodium vivax infection, from benign to severe malaria: A tertiary care prospective study in adults from Delhi, India. Trop Parasitol 2019; 9:88-92. [PMID: 31579662 PMCID: PMC6767802 DOI: 10.4103/tp.tp_2_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Plasmodium vivax infection has been recognized to be a cause of severe malaria in recent time. We report findings from a prospective observational study aimed at analyzing the clinical spectrum, complications, and outcome of patients infected with P. vivax malaria. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted in a tertiary care hospital of Delhi over a period of 2 years. All adults hospitalized with P. vivax malaria, confirmed on peripheral smear and/or rapid diagnostic test, were included in the study. The cases were categorized into uncomplicated and severe malaria groups according to WHO criteria. The clinical and biochemical profile of cases in each group were compared for determining the predictors of severe malaria. Results: One hundred and fifty consecutive cases of P. vivax monoinfection were included in the study. All patients had fever, and 63 (42%) developed severe malaria, while 87 (58%) were uncomplicated. Vomiting, abdominal pain, headache, altered consciousness, cough with breathlessness, icterus, and hepatosplenomegaly were more frequent in severe malaria. Severe malaria was associated with severe thrombocytopenia, leucopenia, raised serum bilirubin, elevated serum creatinine, and prolonged prothrombin time. Jaundice (54 patients) was the most common complication, followed by acute respiratory distress syndrome, spontaneous bleeding, metabolic acidosis, shock, renal failure, and cerebral malaria. Multiple complications were observed in 17 (26.9%) cases of severe malaria. Overall mortality of 1.33% was recorded. However, case fatality of 40% was observed in cases with evidence of multiorgan dysfunction. Conclusion: P. vivax malaria has a varying clinical profile, from a relatively benign uncomplicated form to severe, even fatal disease. Certain clinical and laboratory parameters may serve as predictors of severe disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Vinod Agnihotri
- Department of Medicine, Holy Family Hospital, New Delhi, India
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16
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Venkatesh A, Jain A, Davies H, Periera L, Maki JN, Gomes E, Felgner PL, Srivastava S, Patankar S, Rathod PK. Hospital-derived antibody profiles of malaria patients in Southwest India. Malar J 2019; 18:138. [PMID: 30995911 PMCID: PMC6472095 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-019-2771-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Naturally acquired immunity to malaria across the globe varies in intensity and protective powers. Many of the studies on immunity are from hyperendemic regions of Africa. In Asia, particularly in India, there are unique opportunities for exploring and understanding malaria immunity relative to host age, co-occurrence of Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax infections, varying travel history, and varying disease severity. Variation in immunity in hospital settings is particularly understudied. Methods A US NIH ICEMR (South Asia) team examined the level of immunity in an Indian malaria patient population visiting or admitted to Goa Medical College and Hospital in Goa, India. Sera from 200 patients of different ages, in different seasons, infected with P. falciparum or P. vivax or both species, and with different clinical severity were applied to an established protein array system with over 1000 P. falciparum and P. vivax antigens. Differential binding of patient IgG to different antigens was measured. Results Even though Goa itself has much more P. vivax than P. falciparum, IgG reactivity towards P. falciparum antigens was very strong and comparable to that seen in regions of the world with high P. falciparum endemicity. Of 248 seropositive P. falciparum antigens, the strongest were VAR, MSP10, HSP70, PTP5, AP2, AMA1, and SYN6. In P. vivax patients, ETRAMPs, MSPs, and ApiAP2, sexual stage antigen s16, RON3 were the strongest IgG binders. Both P. falciparum and P. vivax patients also revealed strong binding to new antigens with unknown functions. Seropositives showed antigens unique to the young (HSP40, ACS6, GCVH) or to non-severe malaria (MSP3.8 and PHIST). Conclusion Seroreactivity at a major hospital in Southwest India reveals antibody responses to P. falciparum and P. vivax in a low malaria transmission region with much migration. In addition to markers of transmission, the data points to specific leads for possible protective immunity against severe disease. Several, but not all, key antigens overlap with work from different settings around the globe and from other parts of India. Together, these studies confidently help define antigens with the greatest potential chance of universal application for surveillance and possibly for disease protection, in many different parts of India and the world. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12936-019-2771-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apoorva Venkatesh
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India
| | - Aarti Jain
- Vaccine R&D Center, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Huw Davies
- Vaccine R&D Center, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Ligia Periera
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Jennifer N Maki
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Edwin Gomes
- Department of Medicine, Goa Medical College and Hospital, Bambolim, Goa, 403202, India
| | - Philip L Felgner
- Vaccine R&D Center, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Sanjeeva Srivastava
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India
| | - Swati Patankar
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India
| | - Pradipsinh K Rathod
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
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17
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Kho S, Barber BE, Johar E, Andries B, Poespoprodjo JR, Kenangalem E, Piera KA, Ehmann A, Price RN, William T, Woodberry T, Foote S, Minigo G, Yeo TW, Grigg MJ, Anstey NM, McMorran BJ. Platelets kill circulating parasites of all major Plasmodium species in human malaria. Blood 2018; 132:1332-1344. [PMID: 30026183 PMCID: PMC6161646 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2018-05-849307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Platelets are understood to assist host innate immune responses against infection, although direct evidence of this function in any human disease, including malaria, is unknown. Here we characterized platelet-erythrocyte interactions by microscopy and flow cytometry in patients with malaria naturally infected with Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium malariae, or Plasmodium knowlesi Blood samples from 376 participants were collected from malaria-endemic areas of Papua, Indonesia, and Sabah, Malaysia. Platelets were observed binding directly with and killing intraerythrocytic parasites of each of the Plasmodium species studied, particularly mature stages, and was greatest in P vivax patients. Platelets preferentially bound to the infected more than to the uninfected erythrocytes in the bloodstream. Analysis of intraerythrocytic parasites indicated the frequent occurrence of platelet-associated parasite killing, characterized by the intraerythrocytic accumulation of platelet factor-4 and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase deoxyuridine triphosphate nick-end labeling of parasite nuclei (PF4+TUNEL+ parasites). These PF4+TUNEL+ parasites were not associated with measures of systemic platelet activation. Importantly, patient platelet counts, infected erythrocyte-platelet complexes, and platelet-associated parasite killing correlated inversely with patient parasite loads. These relationships, taken together with the frequency of platelet-associated parasite killing observed among the different patients and Plasmodium species, suggest that platelets may control the growth of between 5% and 60% of circulating parasites. Platelet-erythrocyte complexes made up a major proportion of the total platelet pool in patients with malaria and may therefore contribute considerably to malarial thrombocytopenia. Parasite killing was demonstrated to be platelet factor-4-mediated in P knowlesi culture. Collectively, our results indicate that platelets directly contribute to innate control of Plasmodium infection in human malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Kho
- Global and Tropical Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research and Charles Darwin University, Darwin, NT, Australia
| | - Bridget E Barber
- Global and Tropical Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research and Charles Darwin University, Darwin, NT, Australia
- Infectious Diseases Society Sabah-Menzies School of Health Research Clinical Research Unit, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Edison Johar
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Benediktus Andries
- Timika Malaria Research Programme, Papuan Health and Community Development Foundation, Timika, Papua, Indonesia
| | - Jeanne R Poespoprodjo
- Timika Malaria Research Programme, Papuan Health and Community Development Foundation, Timika, Papua, Indonesia
- Rumah Sakit Umum Daerah Kabupaten Mimika, Timika, Papua, Indonesia
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Enny Kenangalem
- Timika Malaria Research Programme, Papuan Health and Community Development Foundation, Timika, Papua, Indonesia
- Rumah Sakit Umum Daerah Kabupaten Mimika, Timika, Papua, Indonesia
| | - Kim A Piera
- Global and Tropical Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research and Charles Darwin University, Darwin, NT, Australia
| | - Anna Ehmann
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Ric N Price
- Global and Tropical Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research and Charles Darwin University, Darwin, NT, Australia
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy William
- Infectious Diseases Society Sabah-Menzies School of Health Research Clinical Research Unit, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
- Jesselton Medical Centre, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia; and
- Clinical Research Centre, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Ministry of Health, Malaysia
| | - Tonia Woodberry
- Global and Tropical Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research and Charles Darwin University, Darwin, NT, Australia
| | - Simon Foote
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Gabriela Minigo
- Global and Tropical Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research and Charles Darwin University, Darwin, NT, Australia
| | - Tsin W Yeo
- Global and Tropical Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research and Charles Darwin University, Darwin, NT, Australia
- Infectious Diseases Society Sabah-Menzies School of Health Research Clinical Research Unit, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Matthew J Grigg
- Global and Tropical Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research and Charles Darwin University, Darwin, NT, Australia
- Infectious Diseases Society Sabah-Menzies School of Health Research Clinical Research Unit, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Nicholas M Anstey
- Global and Tropical Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research and Charles Darwin University, Darwin, NT, Australia
- Infectious Diseases Society Sabah-Menzies School of Health Research Clinical Research Unit, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Brendan J McMorran
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
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18
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Chen C, Wulff RT, Sholle ET, Roboz GJ, Kraemer DA, Campion TR. Evaluating Generalizability of a Biospecimen Informatics Approach: Support for Local Requirements and Best Practices. AMIA JOINT SUMMITS ON TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE PROCEEDINGS. AMIA JOINT SUMMITS ON TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2018; 2017:55-62. [PMID: 29888041 PMCID: PMC5961803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/30/2022]
Abstract
To enable clinical and translational research, academic medical centers increasingly implement biospecimen information management systems. At our institution, one laboratory successfully implemented a multi-system solution that enabled collection and reporting of specimen- and aliquot-level data. The objective of this study was to assess the solution against the laboratory's requirements and with respect to support of best practices for biospecimen information management systems defined by the International Society for Biological and Environmental Repositories (ISBER). The solution supported the laboratory's reporting needs and 90% (n=26) of ISBER best practices. To the best of our knowledge, this is among the first studies to demonstrate the generalizability of a biospecimen informatics approach. Findings suggest that development and evaluation of biospecimen informatics approaches can potentially improve through closer collaboration of informatics and biorepository professional societies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy Chen
- Information Technologies and Services Department, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Regina T. Wulff
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Evan T. Sholle
- Information Technologies and Services Department, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Gail J. Roboz
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
| | - David A. Kraemer
- Information Technologies and Services Department, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Thomas R. Campion
- Information Technologies and Services Department, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY,Department of Healthcare Policy and Research, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY,Clinical and Translational Science Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY,Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
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19
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Balabaskaran Nina P, Mohanty AK, Ballav S, Vernekar S, Bhinge S, D'souza M, Walke J, Manoharan SK, Mascarenhas A, Gomes E, Chery L, Valecha N, Kumar A, Rathod PK. Dynamics of Plasmodium vivax sporogony in wild Anopheles stephensi in a malaria-endemic region of Western India. Malar J 2017; 16:284. [PMID: 28693607 PMCID: PMC5504555 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-017-1931-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In global efforts to track mosquito infectivity and parasite elimination, controlled mosquito-feeding experiments can help in understanding the dynamics of parasite development in vectors. Anopheles stephensi is often accepted as the major urban malaria vector that transmits Plasmodium in Goa and elsewhere in South Asia. However, much needs to be learned about the interactions of Plasmodium vivax with An. stephensi. As a component of the US NIH International Center of Excellence for Malaria Research (ICEMR) for Malaria Evolution in South Asia (MESA), a series of membrane-feeding experiments with wild An. stephensi and P. vivax were carried out to better understand this vector-parasite interaction. Methods Wild An. stephensi larvae and pupae were collected from curing water in construction sites in the city of Ponda, Goa, India. The larvae and pupae were reared at the MESA ICEMR insectary within the National Institute of Malaria Research (NIMR) field unit in Goa until they emerged into adult mosquitoes. Blood for membrane-feeding experiments was obtained from malaria patients at the local Goa Medical College and Hospital who volunteered for the study. Parasites were counted by Miller reticule technique and correlation between gametocytaemia/parasitaemia and successful mosquito infection was studied. Results A weak but significant correlation was found between patient blood gametocytaemia/parasitaemia and mosquito oocyst load. No correlation was observed between gametocytaemia/parasitaemia and oocyst infection rates, and between gametocyte sex ratio and oocyst load. When it came to development of the parasite in the mosquito, a strong positive correlation was observed between oocyst midgut levels and sporozoite infection rates, and between oocyst levels and salivary gland sporozoite loads. Kinetic studies showed that sporozoites appeared in the salivary gland as early as day 7, post-infection. Conclusions This is the first study in India to carry out membrane-feeding experiments with wild An. stephensi and P. vivax. A wide range of mosquito infection loads and infection rates were observed, pointing to a strong interplay between parasite, vector and human factors. Most of the present observations are in agreement with feeding experiments conducted with P. vivax elsewhere in the world. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12936-017-1931-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ajeet Kumar Mohanty
- National Institute of Malaria Research, Field Unit, Campal, Goa, 403001, India
| | - Shuvankar Ballav
- National Institute of Malaria Research, Field Unit, Campal, Goa, 403001, India
| | - Smita Vernekar
- National Institute of Malaria Research, Field Unit, Campal, Goa, 403001, India
| | - Sushma Bhinge
- National Institute of Malaria Research, Field Unit, Campal, Goa, 403001, India
| | - Maria D'souza
- National Institute of Malaria Research, Field Unit, Campal, Goa, 403001, India
| | - Jayashree Walke
- Departments of Chemistry and of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.,Goa Medical College and Hospital, Bambolim, Goa, 403202, India
| | - Suresh Kumar Manoharan
- Departments of Chemistry and of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.,Goa Medical College and Hospital, Bambolim, Goa, 403202, India
| | - Anjali Mascarenhas
- Departments of Chemistry and of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.,Goa Medical College and Hospital, Bambolim, Goa, 403202, India
| | - Edwin Gomes
- Goa Medical College and Hospital, Bambolim, Goa, 403202, India
| | - Laura Chery
- Departments of Chemistry and of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Neena Valecha
- National Institute of Malaria Research (ICMR), Sector 8, Dwarka, New Delhi, 110077, India
| | - Ashwani Kumar
- National Institute of Malaria Research, Field Unit, Campal, Goa, 403001, India
| | - Pradipsinh K Rathod
- Departments of Chemistry and of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
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20
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Simon B, Sow F, Al Mukhaini SK, Al-Abri S, Ali OAM, Bonnot G, Bienvenu AL, Petersen E, Picot S. An outbreak of locally acquired Plasmodium vivax malaria among migrant workers in Oman. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 24:25. [PMID: 28695821 PMCID: PMC5504921 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2017028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Plasmodium vivax is the most widely distributed human malaria parasite. Outside sub-Saharan Africa, the proportion of P. vivax malaria is rising. A major cause for concern is the re-emergence of Plasmodium vivax in malaria-free areas. Oman, situated in the south-eastern corner of the Arabian Peninsula, has long been an area of vivax malaria transmission but no locally acquired cases were reported in 2004. However, local transmission has been registered in small outbreaks since 2007. In this study, a local outbreak of 54 cases over 50 days in 2014 was analyzed retrospectively and stained blood slides have been obtained for parasite identification and genotyping. The aim of this study was to identify the geographical origin of these cases, in an attempt to differentiate between imported cases and local transmission. Using circumsporozoite protein (csp), merozoite surface protein 1 (msp1), and merozoite surface protein 3 (msp3) markers for genotyping of parasite DNA obtained by scrapping off the surface of smears, genetic diversity and phylogenetic analysis were performed. The study found that the samples had very low genetic diversity, a temperate genotype, and a high genetic distance, with most of the reference strains coming from endemic countries. We conclude that a small outbreak of imported malaria is not associated with re-emergence of malaria transmission in Oman, as no new cases have been seen since the outbreak ended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Simon
- Malaria Research Unit, SMITh, ICBMS UMR 5246, University of Lyon, Campus Lyon-Tech La Doua, 43 Boulevard du 11 Novembre 1918, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Fatimata Sow
- Malaria Research Unit, SMITh, ICBMS UMR 5246, University of Lyon, Campus Lyon-Tech La Doua, 43 Boulevard du 11 Novembre 1918, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Said K Al Mukhaini
- The Department of Malaria, Directorate General for Disease Surveillance and Control, Ministry of Health, P. O. Box 393, Postal Code 113, Muscat, Oman
| | - Seif Al-Abri
- Directorate General for Disease Surveillance and Control, Ministry of Health, P. O. Box 2657, CPO 111, Muscat, Oman
| | - Osama A M Ali
- The Department of Malaria, Directorate General for Disease Surveillance and Control, Ministry of Health, P. O. Box 393, Postal Code 113, Muscat, Oman
| | - Guillaume Bonnot
- Malaria Research Unit, SMITh, ICBMS UMR 5246, University of Lyon, Campus Lyon-Tech La Doua, 43 Boulevard du 11 Novembre 1918, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Anne-Lise Bienvenu
- Malaria Research Unit, SMITh, ICBMS UMR 5246, University of Lyon, Campus Lyon-Tech La Doua, 43 Boulevard du 11 Novembre 1918, 69622 Villeurbanne, France - Service Pharmacie, Hospices Civils de Lyon, 103 Grande Rue de la Croix-Rousse, 69317 Lyon, France
| | - Eskild Petersen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Royal Hospital, P. O. Box 1331, CPO 111, Muscat, Oman - Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Aarhus, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 82, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Stéphane Picot
- Malaria Research Unit, SMITh, ICBMS UMR 5246, University of Lyon, Campus Lyon-Tech La Doua, 43 Boulevard du 11 Novembre 1918, 69622 Villeurbanne, France - Institut de Parasitologie et Mycologie Médicale, Hospices Civils de Lyon, 103 Grande Rue de la Croix-Rousse, 69317 Lyon, France
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21
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Kumar S, Mudeppa DG, Sharma A, Mascarenhas A, Dash R, Pereira L, Shaik RB, Maki JN, White J, Zuo W, Tuljapurkar S, Duraisingh MT, Gomes E, Chery L, Rathod PK. Distinct genomic architecture of Plasmodium falciparum populations from South Asia. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2016; 210:1-4. [PMID: 27457272 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2016.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Revised: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Previous whole genome comparisons of Plasmodium falciparum populations have not included collections from the Indian subcontinent, even though two million Indians contract malaria and about 50,000 die from the disease every year. Stratification of global parasites has revealed spatial relatedness of parasite genotypes on different continents. Here, genomic analysis was further improved to obtain country-level resolution by removing var genes and intergenic regions from distance calculations. P. falciparum genomes from India were found to be most closely related to each other. Their nearest neighbors were from Bangladesh and Myanmar, followed by Thailand. Samples from the rest of Southeast Asia, Africa and South America were increasingly more distant, demonstrating a high-resolution genomic-geographic continuum. Such genome stratification approaches will help monitor variations of malaria parasites within South Asia and future changes in parasite populations that may arise from in-country and cross-border migrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiva Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Devaraja G Mudeppa
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Ambika Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Department of Medicine, Goa Medical College and Hospital, Bambolim, Goa 403202, India
| | - Anjali Mascarenhas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Department of Medicine, Goa Medical College and Hospital, Bambolim, Goa 403202, India
| | - Rashmi Dash
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Department of Medicine, Goa Medical College and Hospital, Bambolim, Goa 403202, India
| | - Ligia Pereira
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Department of Medicine, Goa Medical College and Hospital, Bambolim, Goa 403202, India
| | - Riaz Basha Shaik
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Department of Medicine, Goa Medical College and Hospital, Bambolim, Goa 403202, India
| | - Jennifer N Maki
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - John White
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Wenyun Zuo
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | - Manoj T Duraisingh
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Edwin Gomes
- Department of Medicine, Goa Medical College and Hospital, Bambolim, Goa 403202, India
| | - Laura Chery
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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