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Thiam F, Diop G, Coulonges C, Derbois C, Thiam A, Diouara AAM, Mbaye MN, Diop M, Nguer CM, Dieye Y, Mbengue B, Zagury JF, Deleuze JF, Dieye A. An elevated level of interleukin-17A in a Senegalese malaria cohort is associated with rs8193038 IL-17A genetic variant. BMC Infect Dis 2024; 24:275. [PMID: 38438955 PMCID: PMC10910704 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-024-09149-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Malaria infection is a multifactorial disease partly modulated by host immuno-genetic factors. Recent evidence has demonstrated the importance of Interleukin-17 family proinflammatory cytokines and their genetic variants in host immunity. However, limited knowledge exists about their role in parasitic infections such as malaria. We aimed to investigate IL-17A serum levels in patients with severe and uncomplicated malaria and gene polymorphism's influence on the IL-17A serum levels. In this research, 125 severe (SM) and uncomplicated (UM) malaria patients and 48 free malaria controls were enrolled. IL-17A serum levels were measured with ELISA. PCR and DNA sequencing were used to assess host genetic polymorphisms in IL-17A. We performed a multivariate regression to estimate the impact of human IL-17A variants on IL-17A serum levels and malaria outcomes. Elevated serum IL-17A levels accompanied by increased parasitemia were found in SM patients compared to UM and controls (P < 0.0001). Also, the IL-17A levels were lower in SM patients who were deceased than in those who survived. In addition, the minor allele frequencies (MAF) of two IL-17A polymorphisms (rs3819024 and rs3748067) were more prevalent in SM patients than UM patients, indicating an essential role in SM. Interestingly, the heterozygous rs8193038 AG genotype was significantly associated with higher levels of IL-17A than the homozygous wild type (AA). According to our results, it can be concluded that the IL-17A gene rs8193038 polymorphism significantly affects IL-17A gene expression. Our results fill a gap in the implication of IL-17A gene polymorphisms on the cytokine level in a malaria cohort. IL-17A gene polymorphisms also may influence cytokine production in response to Plasmodium infections and may contribute to the hyperinflammatory responses during severe malaria outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatou Thiam
- Groupe de Recherche Biotechnologies Appliquees & Bioprocedes Environnementaux, Ecole Superieure Polytechnique, Universite Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar, Corniche Ouest, Dakar-Fann, BP: 5085, Senegal.
| | - Gora Diop
- Departement de Biologie Animale, Faculte Des Sciences Et Techniques, Unite Postulante de Biologie GenetiqueGenomique Et Bio-Informatique (G2B), Universite Cheikh Anta DIOP, Avenue Cheikh Anta DIOP, Dakar, BP: 5005, Senegal
- Pole d'Immunophysiopathologie & Maladies Infectieuses (IMI), Institut Pasteur de Dakar, 36, Avenue Pasteur, Dakar, BP: 220, Senegal
| | - Cedric Coulonges
- Equipe GBA «GenomiqueBioinformatique & Applications», Conservatoire National Des Arts Et Metiers, 292, Rue Saint Martin, Paris Cedex 03, Paris, 75141, France
| | - Celine Derbois
- Centre National de Recherche en Génétique Humaine (CNRGH), Institut de Biologie François Jacob, 2 Rue Gaston Crémieux, CP 5721, Evry Cedex, 91057, France
| | - Alassane Thiam
- Pole d'Immunophysiopathologie & Maladies Infectieuses (IMI), Institut Pasteur de Dakar, 36, Avenue Pasteur, Dakar, BP: 220, Senegal
| | - Abou Abdallah Malick Diouara
- Groupe de Recherche Biotechnologies Appliquees & Bioprocedes Environnementaux, Ecole Superieure Polytechnique, Universite Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar, Corniche Ouest, Dakar-Fann, BP: 5085, Senegal
| | - Mame Ndew Mbaye
- Groupe de Recherche Biotechnologies Appliquees & Bioprocedes Environnementaux, Ecole Superieure Polytechnique, Universite Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar, Corniche Ouest, Dakar-Fann, BP: 5085, Senegal
| | - Mamadou Diop
- Groupe de Recherche Biotechnologies Appliquees & Bioprocedes Environnementaux, Ecole Superieure Polytechnique, Universite Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar, Corniche Ouest, Dakar-Fann, BP: 5085, Senegal
| | - Cheikh Momar Nguer
- Groupe de Recherche Biotechnologies Appliquees & Bioprocedes Environnementaux, Ecole Superieure Polytechnique, Universite Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar, Corniche Ouest, Dakar-Fann, BP: 5085, Senegal
| | - Yakhya Dieye
- Groupe de Recherche Biotechnologies Appliquees & Bioprocedes Environnementaux, Ecole Superieure Polytechnique, Universite Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar, Corniche Ouest, Dakar-Fann, BP: 5085, Senegal
- Pôle de Microbiologie, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, 36 Avenue Pasteur, Dakar, BP 220, Senegal
| | - Babacar Mbengue
- Service d'Immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, de Pharmacie Et d'Odontostomatologie, Université Cheikh Anta DIOP, Avenue Cheikh Anta DIOP, Dakar, BP: 5005, Senegal
| | - Jean-Francois Zagury
- Equipe GBA «GenomiqueBioinformatique & Applications», Conservatoire National Des Arts Et Metiers, 292, Rue Saint Martin, Paris Cedex 03, Paris, 75141, France
| | - Jean-Francois Deleuze
- Centre National de Recherche en Génétique Humaine (CNRGH), Institut de Biologie François Jacob, 2 Rue Gaston Crémieux, CP 5721, Evry Cedex, 91057, France
| | - Alioune Dieye
- Service d'Immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, de Pharmacie Et d'Odontostomatologie, Université Cheikh Anta DIOP, Avenue Cheikh Anta DIOP, Dakar, BP: 5005, Senegal
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Mukherjee S, Ghosh S, Bawali S, Chatterjee R, Saha A, Sengupta A, Keswani T, Sarkar S, Ghosh P, Chakraborty S, Khamaru P, Bhattacharyya A. Administration of soluble gp130Fc disrupts M-1 macrophage polarization, dendritic cell activation, MDSC expansion and Th-17 induction during experimental cerebral malaria. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 123:110671. [PMID: 37494839 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Regulatory effect of IL-6 on various immune cells plays a crucial role during experimental cerebral malaria pathogenesis. IL-6 neutralization can restore distorted ratios of myeloid dendritic cells and plasmacytoid dendritic cells as well as the balance between Th-17 and T-regulatory cells. IL-6 can also influence immune cells through classical and trans IL-6 signalling pathways. As trans IL-6 signalling is reportedly involved during malaria pathogenesis, we focused on studying the effects of trans IL-6 signalling blockade on various immune cell populations and how they regulate ECM progression. Results show that administration of sgp130Fc recombinant chimera protein lowers the parasitemia, increases the survivability of Plasmodium berghei ANKA infected mice, and restores the distorted ratios of M1/M2 macrophage, mDC/pDC, and Th-17/Treg. IL-6 trans signalling blockade has been found to affect both expansion of myeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) and expression of inflammatory markers on them during Plasmodium berghei ANKA infection indicating that trans IL-6 signalling might regulate various immune cells and their function during ECM. In this work for the first time, we delineate the effect of sgp130Fc administration on influencing the immunological changes within the host secondary lymphoid organ during ECM induced by Plasmodium berghei ANKA infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saikat Mukherjee
- Immunology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Calcutta. 35, Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata-700019, West Bengal, India
| | - Soubhik Ghosh
- Immunology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Calcutta. 35, Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata-700019, West Bengal, India
| | - Sriparna Bawali
- Immunology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Calcutta. 35, Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata-700019, West Bengal, India
| | - Rimbik Chatterjee
- Immunology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Calcutta. 35, Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata-700019, West Bengal, India
| | - Atreyee Saha
- Immunology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Calcutta. 35, Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata-700019, West Bengal, India
| | - Anirban Sengupta
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, 58185 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Tarun Keswani
- Center for Immunological and Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA 149 13th Street Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Samrat Sarkar
- Immunology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Calcutta. 35, Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata-700019, West Bengal, India
| | - Pronabesh Ghosh
- Immunology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Calcutta. 35, Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata-700019, West Bengal, India
| | - Sayan Chakraborty
- Immunology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Calcutta. 35, Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata-700019, West Bengal, India
| | - Poulomi Khamaru
- Immunology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Calcutta. 35, Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata-700019, West Bengal, India
| | - Arindam Bhattacharyya
- Immunology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Calcutta. 35, Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata-700019, West Bengal, India.
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Helegbe GK, Aryee P, Mohammed BS. Preterm Delivery and Neonatal Deaths among Anaemic Pregnant Women in the Bolgatanga Metropolis of Ghana. Anemia 2023; 2023:9865224. [PMID: 37363756 PMCID: PMC10287521 DOI: 10.1155/2023/9865224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Preterm deliveries and neonatal deaths as functions of anaemia in pregnancy are of major public health interest. However, data on the prevalence of preterm deliveries and their association with mortality in anaemic pregnant women in the study area are scanty. Thus, the study sought to investigate the prevalence of preterm delivery and neonatal deaths among anaemic pregnant women in the Bolgatanga Regional Hospital in the Upper East Region of Ghana during the past five years. A retrospective study design was adopted, and data were gathered between March and May 2016. Records of women who were anaemic during any trimester of their pregnancy and delivered in the hospital within the last five years were included in the study. In all, two hundred (200) cases were reviewed. Data on the sociodemographic characteristics, health status, and birth outcome of participants were captured, and analyses were conducted using SPSS version 21 while considering significant differences at p < 0.05. The study revealed that more than half of the anaemic women (52.5%, n = 105) had preterm deliveries, while neonatal mortality was 8.5% (n = 17). The proportion of mothers who received dietary or medical intervention for the treatment of anaemia and the number of attendances to antenatal clinics were comparable between preterm and normal-term mothers (p > 0.05). Mothers with preterm deliveries had a higher risk of neonatal mortality (AOR = 13.66, 95% CI = 1.65-113.30, and p=0.015). This study has shown that anaemia in pregnancy increases the risk of preterm delivery and neonatal death. It is recommended that extra care be given to pregnant women with anaemia, while further studies are conducted with a larger sample size to substantiate the claims made in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gideon K. Helegbe
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University for Development Studies, Tamale, Ghana
| | - Paul Aryee
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, School of Allied Health Sciences, University for Development Studies, Tamale, Ghana
| | - Baba Sulemana Mohammed
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University for Development Studies, Tamale, Ghana
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Céspedes N, Donnelly EL, Lowder C, Hansten G, Wagers D, Briggs AM, Schauer J, Haapanen L, Åbrink M, Van de Water J, Luckhart S. Mast Cell Chymase/Mcpt4 Suppresses the Host Immune Response to Plasmodium yoelii, Limits Malaria-Associated Disruption of Intestinal Barrier Integrity and Reduces Parasite Transmission to Anopheles stephensi. Front Immunol 2022; 13:801120. [PMID: 35154114 PMCID: PMC8829543 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.801120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
An increase in mast cells (MCs) and MCs mediators has been observed in malaria-associated bacteremia, however, the role of these granulocytes in malarial immunity is poorly understood. Herein, we studied the role of mouse MC protease (Mcpt) 4, an ortholog of human MC chymase, in malaria-induced bacteremia using Mcpt4 knockout (Mcpt4-/-) mice and Mcpt4+/+ C57BL/6J controls, and the non-lethal mouse parasite Plasmodium yoelii yoelii 17XNL. Significantly lower parasitemia was observed in Mcpt4-/- mice compared with Mcpt4+/+ controls by day 10 post infection (PI). Although bacterial 16S DNA levels in blood were not different between groups, increased intestinal permeability to FITC-dextran and altered ileal adherens junction E-cadherin were observed in Mcpt4-/- mice. Relative to infected Mcpt4+/+ mice, ileal MC accumulation in Mcpt4-/- mice occurred two days earlier and IgE levels were higher by days 8-10 PI. Increased levels of circulating myeloperoxidase were observed at 6 and 10 days PI in Mcpt4+/+ but not Mcpt4-/- mice, affirming a role for neutrophil activation that was not predictive of parasitemia or bacterial 16S copies in blood. In contrast, early increased plasma levels of TNF-α, IL-12p40 and IL-3 were observed in Mcpt4-/- mice, while levels of IL-2, IL-10 and MIP1β (CCL4) were increased over the same period in Mcpt4+/+ mice, suggesting that the host response to infection was skewed toward a type-1 immune response in Mcpt4-/- mice and type-2 response in Mcpt4+/+ mice. Spearman analysis revealed an early (day 4 PI) correlation of Mcpt4-/- parasitemia with TNF-α and IFN-γ, inflammatory cytokines known for their roles in pathogen clearance, a pattern that was observed in Mcpt4+/+ mice much later (day 10 PI). Transmission success of P. y. yoelii 17XNL to Anopheles stephensi was significantly higher from infected Mcpt4-/- mice compared with infected Mcpt4+/+ mice, suggesting that Mcpt4 also impacts transmissibility of sexual stage parasites. Together, these results suggest that early MCs activation and release of Mcpt4 suppresses the host immune response to P. y. yoelii 17XNL, perhaps via degradation of TNF-α and promotion of a type-2 immune response that concordantly protects epithelial barrier integrity, while limiting the systemic response to bacteremia and parasite transmissibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Céspedes
- Department of Entomology, Plant Pathology and Nematology, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, United States
| | - Erinn L. Donnelly
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, United States
| | - Casey Lowder
- Department of Entomology, Plant Pathology and Nematology, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, United States
| | - Gretchen Hansten
- Department of Entomology, Plant Pathology and Nematology, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, United States
| | - Delaney Wagers
- Department of Entomology, Plant Pathology and Nematology, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, United States
| | - Anna M. Briggs
- Department of Entomology, Plant Pathology and Nematology, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, United States
| | - Joseph Schauer
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Lori Haapanen
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Magnus Åbrink
- Section of Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences & Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Judy Van de Water
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Shirley Luckhart
- Department of Entomology, Plant Pathology and Nematology, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, United States
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, United States
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Omer S, Franco-Jarava C, Noureldien A, Omer M, Abdelrahim M, Molina I, Adam I. Impact of placental malaria on maternal, placental and fetal cord responses and its role in pregnancy outcomes in women from Blue Nile State, Sudan. Malar J 2021; 20:35. [PMID: 33422078 PMCID: PMC7797158 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-021-03580-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The sequestration of Plasmodium falciparum infected cells in the placenta results in placental malaria (PM). It activates the mother's immune cells and induces secretion of inflammatory cytokines, which might influence pregnancy outcomes. This study aims to investigate the cytokines (levels IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-17A, and INF γ) in maternal peripheral, placental, and umbilical cord blood in response to PM and the extent to which this may influence maternal haemoglobin levels and birth weight. Methods A total of 185 consenting Sudanese women from Blue Nile State were enrolled at delivery time in a cross-sectional study conducted between Jan 2012-Dec 2015. Malaria infection in the collected maternal peripheral, placental, umbilical cord samples was determined microscopically, and ELISA was used to measure the plasma levels IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-17A, and INF γ in the collected positive and negative malaria samples. Results Elevated levels of IL-4 and IL-10 and reduced levels of IL-6 were detected in the malaria positive samples in comparison to the negative ones in the three types of the samples investigated. Maternal, IL-4 and IL-10 were significantly higher in the samples collected from the PM infected group compared to the non-infected control (P < 0.001). While the absence of PM was significantly associated with the IL-6 and maternal IFN-γ levels, maternal IL-17A, placental and umbilical cord IFN-γ levels showed no significant difference (P = 0.214, P = 0.065, P = 0.536, respectively) due to infection. Haemoglobin level and birth weight were increased in the group with high levels of IL-6 and IL-17A, but not in the group with IL-4 and IL-10 levels. While significantly negative correlation was found between IFN-γ levels and birth weight for all three types of samples, only maternal peripheral IFN-γ level was significantly positively correlated with maternal haemoglobin (r = 0.171, P = 0.020). Conclusion These results suggest that PM induces mother’s immune response and impairs her cytokine profile, which might alter maternal haemoglobin levels and the baby's birth weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samia Omer
- Department of Immunology and Biotechnology, Tropical Medicine Research Institute, Khartoum, Sudan.
| | | | - Ali Noureldien
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Mona Omer
- Bioscience Research Institute, Ibn Sina University, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Mutasim Abdelrahim
- Ed-Damazin Hospital, Blue Nile State Ministry of Health, Ed-Damazin, Sudan
| | - Israel Molina
- Infectious Diseases Department, Vall d Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ishag Adam
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Unaizah College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Unaizah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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Early suppression of B cell immune responses by low doses of chloroquine and pyrimethamine: implications for studying immunity in malaria. Parasitol Res 2019; 118:1987-1992. [PMID: 31069535 PMCID: PMC6520326 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-019-06335-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Malaria remains a significant worldwide public health problem. To address biological questions, researchers rely on the experimental murine model. For decades, chloroquine (CQ) and pyrimethamine (Pyr) have been used to clear Plasmodium infections in experimental animals using standardised accepted protocols and, because of this, drug-treated controls are rarely included. However, there is limited data available on the modulation of anti-malarial immunity, including generation of memory B cells, when these drugs are administered days after malaria infection. We investigated B cell responses to an important malaria glycolipid, glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI), and the hapten nitrophenol (NP), with or without standard CQ and Pyr treatment using the murine model. At day 14, CQ/Pyr treatment significantly suppressed the frequency of NP+IgG1+ memory B cells in NP-KLH-immunised mice. Furthermore, CQ/Pyr-treated NP-KLH-immunised mice did not have significantly higher cellular counts of NP+ B cells, germinal centre B cells, nor NP+IgG1+ memory B cells than naïve mice (CQ/Pyr treated and untreated). CQ/Pyr-treated GPI-KLH-immunised mice did not have significantly higher cellular counts of GPI+ B cells than naïve untreated mice. By day 28, this effect appeared to resolve since all immunised mice, whether treated or untreated, had significantly higher B cell proliferative responses than naïve mice (CQ/Pyr treated and untreated) for the majority of B cell phenotypes. The current study emphasises the potential for drug modulation of antigenic B cell responses when using standardised malaria treatment protocols in the experimental murine model. It is recommended that drug-treated controls are included when using experimental malaria infections to address biological questions.
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Ourives SS, Borges QI, Dos Santos DSA, Melo ECM, de Souza RM, Damazo AS. Analysis of the lymphocyte cell population during malaria caused by Plasmodium vivax and its correlation with parasitaemia and thrombocytopaenia. Malar J 2018; 17:303. [PMID: 30126413 PMCID: PMC6102853 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-018-2443-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mechanisms of activation and regulation of T lymphocytes and their cytokines in malaria caused by Plasmodium vivax are complex and poorly understood. Previous data suggest that T cells balance protective immune responses with immune mediated pathology in malaria. This study investigates the lymphocytic profile of patients infected with P. vivax by identifying and quantifying the specific sub-populations of Th1, Th2, Th17 and Treg cells and observing the correlation between parasitaemia and the number of platelets. METHODS A cross-sectional study was carried out in an endemic area of the state of Acre, Brazil. In order to obtain identification and quantification of lymphocyte sub-populations through flow cytometry, blood samples were collected from 50 individuals infected with P. vivax and 20 non-infected controls. To differentiate Th1 from Th2, the presence of cytokines IL-4 and TNF was examined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Utilizing the Mann-Whitney and Spearman coefficient tests, comparison and correlation analysis were rendered to test the parasitaemia and the number of platelets relationship. RESULTS The data indicate that individuals infected with P. vivax present a significant reduction in Th1, Th2 and Th17 cell sub-populations when compared to the non-infected control group. A negative correlation exists between parasitaemia and platelet counts in individuals infected with P. vivax. There is no correlation of parasitaemia or thrombocytopaenia with any sub-population of T lymphocytes analysed. Interestingly, patients with serum Th1 cytokine profile present inversely proportional parasitaemia to the increase in the number of Th1, Th2, Th17 and Treg cells while patients with serum Th2 cytokine profile present directly proportional parasitaemia to the increase in number of Th1 and Th2 cells. Regarding the number of platelets, patients with serum Th1 cytokine profile show a correlation directly proportional to the Th17 sub-population. In contrast, platelet counts are directly proportional only to Treg and activated Treg cells in patients with serum Th2 cytokine profile. CONCLUSIONS During the P. vivax infection patients with serum Th1 versus Th2 cytokine profile present different biological mechanisms for activating the immune system against parasite load.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Soares Ourives
- Faculty of Medicine (FM), Federal University of Mato Grosso (UFMT), Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, 78060-900, Brazil
| | - Quessi Irias Borges
- Faculty of Medicine (FM), Federal University of Mato Grosso (UFMT), Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, 78060-900, Brazil
| | | | | | - Rodrigo Medeiros de Souza
- Centre for Health Sciences and Sport, Federal University of Acre (UFAC), Cruzeiro do Sul, AC, 69980000, Brazil
| | - Amílcar Sabino Damazo
- Faculty of Medicine (FM), Federal University of Mato Grosso (UFMT), Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, 78060-900, Brazil. .,Department of Basic Science in Health Faculty of Medicine (FM), Federal University of Mato Grosso (UFMT), Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, 78060-900, Brazil.
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