1
|
Pattanshetty S, Dsouza VS, Shekharappa A, Yagantigari M, Raj R, Inamdar A, Alsamara I, Rajvanshi H, Brand H. A Scoping Review on Malaria Prevention and Control Intervention in Fragile and Conflict-Affected States (FCAS): A Need for Renewed Focus to Enhance International Cooperation. J Epidemiol Glob Health 2024; 14:4-12. [PMID: 38224386 PMCID: PMC11043240 DOI: 10.1007/s44197-023-00180-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Malaria is a major public health problem in developing countries. The burden of malaria in fragile and conflict-affected states (FCAS) is increasing year by year. Moreover, the population living in FCAS is often the most vulnerable and at high risk of malaria due to factors, such as deteriorating healthcare system, mass relocations, and reduced resilience to shocks. Therefore, this scoping review aims to map the interventions that are conducted at the FCAS on malaria prevention among the general population. In addition, this review can help policy-makers and international health bodies, providing a comprehensive overview that can lead to more targeted, effective, and context-specific interventions. Databases, such as PubMed, EBSCO-CINAHL, Web of Science, ProQuest, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, were searched using specified search terms. A total of 3601 studies were retrieved from the search. After screening, 62 studies were included in the synthesis that met the eligibility criteria. Narrative analysis of the findings was done. The results revealed that in fragile countries, interventions for children below 5 years of age included IPTi, TDA, and ACT. In conflicted countries, interventions for children below 5 years of age included TDA, LLINs, SMC, drug trials, and vaccination. Similar interventions were reported for other age groups and populations. Despite ongoing conflicts, malaria interventions have been maintained in these countries, but a persistent high burden of malaria remains. To achieve the goals of malaria elimination, the results of the review highlight the need for continued research and evaluation of malaria control interventions to assess their effectiveness and impact. Strengthening health systems, building partnerships, utilizing digital health technologies, and conducting context-specific research are recommended to improve healthcare access and reduce the burden of malaria in FCAS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Pattanshetty
- Department of Global Health Governance, Prasanna School of Public Health, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
- Centre for Health Diplomacy, Department of Global Health Governance, Prasanna School of Public Health, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
- Department of International Health, Faculty of Health Medicine and Life Sciences, Care and Public Health Research Institute-CAPHRI, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Viola Savy Dsouza
- Centre for Regulatory Science, Department of Health Information, Prasanna School of Public Health, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India.
| | - Anupama Shekharappa
- Department of Global Health Governance, Prasanna School of Public Health, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | | | - Rohit Raj
- Department of Community Medicine, Manipal Tata Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Jamshedpur, India
| | - Aniruddha Inamdar
- Centre for Health Diplomacy, Department of Global Health Governance, Prasanna School of Public Health, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Issam Alsamara
- Department of International Health, Faculty of Health Medicine and Life Sciences, Care and Public Health Research Institute-CAPHRI, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Helmut Brand
- Department of International Health, Faculty of Health Medicine and Life Sciences, Care and Public Health Research Institute-CAPHRI, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Health Policy, Prasanna School of Public Health, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Gebreegziabher T, Sidibe S. Prevalence and contributing factors of anaemia among children aged 6-24 months and 25-59 months in Mali. J Nutr Sci 2023; 12:e112. [PMID: 37964977 PMCID: PMC10641697 DOI: 10.1017/jns.2023.93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Although considerable global initiatives have been undertaken to tackle anaemia, its prevalence continues to be high in sub-Saharan African nations. In Mali specifically, anaemia represents a significant and pressing public health issue. The purpose of the present study was to examine the key risk factors related to anaemia among children aged 6-24 months (younger age group) and 25-59 months (older age group). We used the Mali 2018 Demographic and Health Survey data, collected from 8861 mothers with children under five. Logistic regression was used to assess the risk factors for childhood anaemia. The results suggest that the prevalence of anaemia was 88 % in the younger and 76 % in the older age groups. The risk factors unique to the younger age group were malaria (OR 4⋅05; CI 0⋅95, 11⋅3) and place of residence (OR 0⋅55; CI 0⋅32, 0⋅94), while for the older age group, they were morbidity (OR 1⋅91; CI 1⋅12, 3⋅24), drinking from a bottle (OR 1⋅52; CI 1⋅04, 2⋅22), and micronutrient intake (OR 0⋅61; CI 0⋅40, 0⋅91). Risk factors that significantly contributed to both age groups include breastfeeding, deworming, maternal anaemia, maternal education, and wealth index. Anaemia also varied by region. The widespread prevalence of anaemia can be attributed to a multitude of factors. In addressing this issue, it is imperative to acknowledge the unique characteristics of specific regions and rural areas, where the incidence of anaemia surpasses the national average. Therefore, any intervention efforts should be tailored to the specific needs and challenges of these areas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tafere Gebreegziabher
- Food Science and Nutrition, Department of Health Sciences, Central Washington University, 400 E University Way, Ellensburg, WA 98926-7571, USA
| | - Saran Sidibe
- Food Science and Nutrition, Department of Health Sciences, Central Washington University, 400 E University Way, Ellensburg, WA 98926-7571, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Doumbia S, Toure M, Sogoba N, Alifrangis M, Diakite M, Diarra A, Keita M, Konaté D, Diawara SI, Thiam SM, Keita S, Tounkara M, Cissé I, Sanogo V, Magassa MH, Barry AE, Winch PJ, Marker HC, Shaffer JG, Traoré SF, Müller GC, Cui L, Beier JC, Mihigo J. The West Africa ICEMR Partnerships for Guiding Policy to Improve the Malaria Prevention and Control. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2022; 107:84-89. [PMID: 36228908 PMCID: PMC9662222 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.21-1330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The Mali National Malaria Control Program (NMCP) recently established a phased set of goals for eliminating malaria in Mali by 2030. Over the past decade, the scale-up of NMCP-led malaria control interventions has led to considerable progress, as evidenced by multiple malariometric indicators. The West Africa International Center of Excellence in Malaria Research (WA-ICEMR) is a multidisciplinary research program that works closely with the NMCP and its partners to address critical research needs for malaria control. This coordinated effort includes assessing the effectiveness of control interventions based on key malaria research topics, including immune status, parasite genetic diversity, insecticide and drug resistance, diagnostic accuracy, malaria vector populations and biting behaviors, and vectorial capacity. Several signature accomplishments of the WA-ICEMR include identifying changing malaria age demographic profiles, testing innovative approaches to improve control strategies, and providing regular reporting on drug and insecticide resistance status. The NMCP and WA-ICEMR partnership between the WA-ICEMR and the NMCP offers a comprehensive research platform that informs the design and implementation of malaria prevention and control research programs. These efforts build local expertise and capacity for the next generation of malaria researchers and guide local policy, which is crucial in sustaining efforts toward eliminating malaria in West Africa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seydou Doumbia
- Malaria Research and Training Center, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
- University Clinical Research Center, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Mahamoudou Toure
- Malaria Research and Training Center, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
- University Clinical Research Center, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Nafomon Sogoba
- Malaria Research and Training Center, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Michael Alifrangis
- Centre for Medical Parasitology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital (Rigshospitalet), Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mahamadou Diakite
- Malaria Research and Training Center, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
- University Clinical Research Center, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Ayouba Diarra
- Malaria Research and Training Center, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
- University Clinical Research Center, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Moussa Keita
- Malaria Research and Training Center, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Drissa Konaté
- Malaria Research and Training Center, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Sory I. Diawara
- Malaria Research and Training Center, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Sidibé M’Baye Thiam
- Malaria Research and Training Center, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Soumba Keita
- Malaria Research and Training Center, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Moctar Tounkara
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Odontostomatology, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Idrissa Cissé
- National Malaria Control Program, Ministry of Health, Bamako, Mali
| | - Vincent Sanogo
- National Malaria Control Program, Ministry of Health, Bamako, Mali
| | | | | | - Peter J. Winch
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Hannah C. Marker
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jeffrey G. Shaffer
- School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Sékou F. Traoré
- Malaria Research and Training Center, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Günter C. Müller
- Malaria Research and Training Center, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
- University Clinical Research Center, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Liwang Cui
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
| | - John C. Beier
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Jules Mihigo
- U.S. President’s Malaria Initiative, United States Agency for International Development Office, Bamako, Mali
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Aliye M, Hong T. Role of health extension workers in the relationship between vector control interventions and malaria in Ethiopia. BMC Infect Dis 2021; 21:1140. [PMID: 34749657 PMCID: PMC8573560 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-021-06040-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite a tremendous decline in the burden of malaria through public health interventions, it is yet remains a critical parasitic health problem in Ethiopia. Insecticide-treated nets and indoor residual spray are considered as the most effective preventive interventions against malaria. This study intended to determine the role of health extension workers in influencing the relationship between vector control strategies and malaria prevalence in Ethiopia. METHODS The study adopted a descriptive study based on panel data collected from 10 regions of Ethiopia from 2010 to 2018. The data collected were analyzed using STATA version 13.0. Structural equation modelling was used to assess the mediating effect of health extension workers in the relationship. Further, the random effect model was employed to investigate the direct relationship among the study variables. RESULTS We observed a strong mediating role of health extension workers to the relationship between strategic interventions and malaria prevalence, where the direct path is (β = 0.64, p < 0.05), and the indirect path (β = 0.72, p < 0.001) and (β = 0.98, p < 0.001) confirming the mediation condition to appear. Our analysis revealed that, insecticide-treated nets and indoor residual spray significantly impacts the malaria prevalence (β = 0.20, p < 0.05) and (β = 0.70, p < 0.001) respectively. Further, our analysis suggests that the cumulative effect of indoor residual spray and insecticide-treated mosquito nets have helped better avert malaria prevalence (β = 81.3%, P < 0.05). Moreover, the finding demonstrates the incremental rate of 30.2%, which is the indirect effect of the research [(β = 0.813) - (β1 = 0.511)]. CONCLUSION The findings are potentially useful for the health sector in charge of infectious disease prevention and control, particularly in developing countries explaining how these group provided support to reduce malaria ensuring the provision of proper health message about the program.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Aliye
- School of Management, Harbin Institute of Technology, 150001, Harbin, P.R. China
| | - Tao Hong
- Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang province, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Oguoma VM, Anyasodor AE, Adeleye AO, Eneanya OA, Mbanefo EC. Multilevel modelling of the risk of malaria among children aged under five years in Nigeria. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2021; 115:482-494. [PMID: 32945885 DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/traa092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malaria is still a major cause of morbidity and mortality among children aged <5 y (U5s). This study assessed individual, household and community risk factors for malaria in Nigerian U5s. METHODS Data from the Nigerian Malaria Health Indicator Survey 2015 were pooled for analyses. This comprised a national survey of 329 clusters. Children aged 6-59 mo who were tested for malaria using microscopy were retained. Multilevel logit model accounting for sampling design was used to assess individual, household and community factors associated with malaria parasitaemia. RESULTS A total of 5742 children were assessed for malaria parasitaemia with an overall prevalence of 27% (95% CI 26 to 28%). Plasmodium falciparum constituted 98% of the Plasmodium species. There was no significant difference in parasitaemia between older children and those aged ≤12 mo. In adjusted analyses, rural living, northwest region, a household size of >7, dependence on river and rainwater as primary water source were associated with higher odds of parasitaemia, while higher wealth index, all U5s who slept under a bed net and dependence on packaged water were associated with lower odds of parasitaemia. CONCLUSION Despite sustained investment in malaria control and prevention, a quarter of the overall study population of U5s have malaria. Across the six geopolitical zones, the highest burden was in children living in the poorest rural households.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Victor M Oguoma
- Health Research Institute, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, Australia.,Child Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, NT, Australia
| | | | - Adeniyi O Adeleye
- School of Nursing, Midwifery and Social Sciences, Central Queensland University, Mackay, QLD, Australia
| | - Obiora A Eneanya
- Washington University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Infectious Diseases Division, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Osuagwu UL, Nwaeze O, Ovenseri-Ogbomo G, Oloruntoba R, Ekpenyong B, Mashige KP, Timothy C, Ishaya T, Langsi R, Charwe D, Kwasi Abu E, Chundung MA, Agho KE. Opinion and uptake of chloroquine for treatment of COVID-19 during the mandatory lockdown in the sub-Saharan African region. Afr J Prim Health Care Fam Med 2021; 13:e1-e8. [PMID: 34212739 PMCID: PMC8252178 DOI: 10.4102/phcfm.v13i1.2795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND As the search for effective treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection continues, the public opinion around the potential use of chloroquine (CQ) in treating COVID-19 remains mixed. AIM To examine opinion and uptake of CQ for treating COVID-19 in the sub-Saharan African (SSA) region. SETTING This study was conducted through an online survey software titled SurveyMonkey. METHODS Anonymous online survey of 1829 SSA countries was conducted during the lockdown period using Facebook, WhatsApp and authors' networks. Opinion and uptake of CQ for COVID-19 treatment were assessed using multivariate analyses. RESULTS About 14% of respondents believed that CQ could treat COVID-19 and of which, 3.2% took CQ for COVID-19 treatment. Multivariate analyses revealed that respondents from Central (adjusted odds ratios [aOR]: 2.54, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.43, 4.43) and West Africa (aOR: 1.79, 95% CI 1.15, 2.88) had higher odds of believing that CQ could treat COVID-19. Respondents from East Africa reported higher odds for uptake of CQ for COVID-19 than Central, Western and Southern Africans. Knowledge of the disease and compliance with the public health advice were associated with both belief and uptake of CQ for COVID-19 treatment. CONCLUSION Central and West African respondents were more likely to believe in CQ as a treatment for COVID-19 whilst the uptake of the medication during the pandemic was higher amongst East Africans. Future intervention discouraging the unsupervised use of CQ should target respondents from Central, West and East African regions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Uchechukwu L Osuagwu
- School of Medicine, Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Translational Research Unit, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, New South Wales, Australia; and, African Eye and Public Health Research Initiative, African Vision Research Institute, Discipline of Optometry, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Karemere J, Nana IG, Andrada A, Kakesa O, Mukomena Sompwe E, Likwela Losimba J, Emina J, Sadou A, Humes M, Yé Y. Associating the scale-up of insecticide-treated nets and use with the decline in all-cause child mortality in the Democratic Republic of Congo from 2005 to 2014. Malar J 2021; 20:241. [PMID: 34051817 PMCID: PMC8164747 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-021-03771-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To reduce the malaria burden and improve the socioeconomic status of its citizens, the Democratic Republic of Congo scaled up key malaria control interventions, especially insecticide-treated nets (ITNs), between 2005 and 2014. Since then, the effects of these interventions on malaria mortality and morbidity have not been assessed. This study aimed to measure the impact of the National Malaria Control Programme's efforts and to inform future control strategies. METHODS The authors used data from the Demographic and Health Surveys 2007 and 2013-2014 to assess trends in all-cause childhood mortality (ACCM) against trends in coverage of malaria interventions at national and subnational levels. The authors used the plausibility argument to assess the impact of the malaria control interventions and used Kaplan-Meier survival probability and Cox proportional hazard models to examine the effect of ITN ownership on child survival. Contextual factor trends affecting child survival were also considered. RESULTS Countrywide, household ownership of at least one ITN increased, from 9% in 2007 to 70% in 2013-2014. All provinces experienced similar increases, with some greater than the national level. ITN use increased between 2007 and 2013-2014 among children under five (6% to 55%). Severe anaemia (haemoglobin concentration < 8 g/dl) prevalence among children aged 6-59 months significantly decreased, from 11% (95% confidence interval [CI] 9-13%) in 2007 to 6% (95% CI 5-7%) in 2013-2014. During the same period, ACCM declined, from 148 (95% CI 132-163) to 104 (95% CI 97-112) deaths per 1000 live births. The decline in ACCM was greater among children aged 6-23 months (relative reduction of 36%), compared to children aged 24-59 months (relative reduction of 12%). Cox regression indicated that household ownership of at least one ITN reduced the risk of mortality by 24% among children under five (risk ratio = 0.76, 95% CI 0.64-0.90). Contextual factor analysis revealed marginal improvements in socioeconomic indicators and other health interventions. CONCLUSIONS Given the patterns of the coverage of malaria control interventions, patterns in ACCM by province, and marginal improvements in contextual factors, the authors conclude that the malaria control interventions have plausibly contributed to the decrease in ACCM in the Democratic Republic of Congo from 2005 to 2014.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Karemere
- PMI Measure Malaria, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
- ICF, Rockville, MD, USA.
| | - Ismael G Nana
- PMI Measure Malaria, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- ICF, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Andrew Andrada
- PMI Measure Malaria, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- ICF, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Olivier Kakesa
- PMI Measure Malaria, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- ICF, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Eric Mukomena Sompwe
- National Malaria Control Programme, Ministry of Health, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
- University of Lubumbashi, Lubumbashi, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Joris Likwela Losimba
- National Malaria Control Programme, Ministry of Health, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
- University of Kisangani, Kisangani, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Jacques Emina
- University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
- Population and Health Research Institute, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Aboubacar Sadou
- President's Malaria Initiative/U.S. Agency for International Development, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Michael Humes
- President's Malaria Initiative/U.S. Agency for International Development, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Yazoumé Yé
- PMI Measure Malaria, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- ICF, Rockville, MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Coulibaly D, Guindo B, Niangaly A, Maiga F, Konate S, Kodio A, Diallo A, Antar ATM, Kone AK, Traore K, Travassos MA, Sagara I, Doumbo OK, Thera MA. A Decline and Age Shift in Malaria Incidence in Rural Mali following Implementation of Seasonal Malaria Chemoprevention and Indoor Residual Spraying. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2021; 104:1342-1347. [PMID: 33646974 PMCID: PMC8045648 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.20-0622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Many African countries have reported declines in malaria incidence, attributed to the implementation of control strategies. In Mali, artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) was introduced in 2004, and long-lasting insecticide-treated nets (LLINs) have been partially distributed free of charge since 2007. In the Malian town of Bandiagara, a study conducted from 2009 to 2013 showed a stable incidence of malaria compared with 1999, despite the implementation of ACTs and LLINs. Since 2016, seasonal malaria chemoprevention has been scaled up across the country. In addition to these strategies, the population of Bandiagara benefited from indoor residual spray implementation in 2017 and 2018 and continued universal bed net coverage. This study aimed to measure the incidence of malaria in Bandiagara, given this recent scaling up of control strategies. A cohort of 300 children aged 6 months to 15 years was followed up from October 2017 to December 2018. We performed monthly cross-sectional surveys to measure anemia and the prevalence of malaria infection by microscopy. The overall incidence of symptomatic malaria was 0.5 episodes/person-year. Malaria incidence in children up to 5 years old significantly declined since 2012 and since 1999 (incidence rate ratio estimates: 6.7 [95% CI: 4.2-11.4] and 13.5 [95% CI: 8.4-22.7]), respectively. The average prevalence of malaria parasitemia was 6.7%. Malaria incidence was higher in children older than 5 years than in those younger than 5 years, highlighting the need to extend malaria control efforts to these older children.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Drissa Coulibaly
- 1Department of Epidemiology of Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Malaria Research and Training Center, University of Science, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Boureima Guindo
- 1Department of Epidemiology of Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Malaria Research and Training Center, University of Science, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Amadou Niangaly
- 1Department of Epidemiology of Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Malaria Research and Training Center, University of Science, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Fayçal Maiga
- 1Department of Epidemiology of Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Malaria Research and Training Center, University of Science, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Salimata Konate
- 1Department of Epidemiology of Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Malaria Research and Training Center, University of Science, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Aly Kodio
- 1Department of Epidemiology of Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Malaria Research and Training Center, University of Science, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Astou Diallo
- 1Department of Epidemiology of Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Malaria Research and Training Center, University of Science, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Abdou Tahirou Mohamed Antar
- 1Department of Epidemiology of Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Malaria Research and Training Center, University of Science, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Abdoulaye K Kone
- 1Department of Epidemiology of Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Malaria Research and Training Center, University of Science, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Karim Traore
- 1Department of Epidemiology of Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Malaria Research and Training Center, University of Science, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Mark A Travassos
- 2Malaria Research Program, Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Issaka Sagara
- 1Department of Epidemiology of Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Malaria Research and Training Center, University of Science, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Ogobara K Doumbo
- 1Department of Epidemiology of Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Malaria Research and Training Center, University of Science, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Mahamadou A Thera
- 1Department of Epidemiology of Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Malaria Research and Training Center, University of Science, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Zhou Z, Tan H, Li Q, Li Q, Wang Y, Bu Q, Li Y, Wu Y, Chen W, Zhang L. TRICHOME AND ARTEMISININ REGULATOR 2 positively regulates trichome development and artemisinin biosynthesis in Artemisia annua. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 228:932-945. [PMID: 32589757 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Glandular secretory trichomes (GSTs) are regarded as biofactories for synthesizing, storing, and secreting artemisinin. It is necessary to figure out the initiation and development regulatory mechanism of GSTs to cultivate high-yielding Artemisia annua. Here, we identified an MYB transcription factor, AaTAR2, from bioinformatics analysis of the A. annua genome database and Arabidopsis trichome development-related genes. AaTAR2 is mainly expressed in young leaves and located in the nucleus. Repression and overexpression of AaTAR2 resulted in a decrease and increase, respectively, in the GSTs numbers, leaf biomass, and the artemisinin content in transgenic plants. Furthermore, the morphological characteristics changed obviously in trichomes, suggesting AaTAR2 plays a key role in trichome formation. In addition, the expression of flavonoid biosynthesis genes and total flavonoid content increased dramatically in AaTAR2-overexpressing transgenic plants. Owing to flavonoids possibly counteracting emerging resistance to artemisinin in Plasmodium species, AaTAR2 is a potential target to improve the effect of artemisinin in clinical therapy. Taken together, AaTAR2 positively regulates trichome development and artemisinin and flavonoid biosynthesis. A better understanding of this 'multiple functions' transcription factor may enable enhanced artemisinin and flavonoids yield. AaTAR2 is a potential breeding target for cultivating high-quality A. annua.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Zhou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai,, 200433, China
| | - Hexin Tan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai,, 200433, China
| | - Qi Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai,, 200433, China
| | - Qing Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai,, 200003, China
| | - Yun Wang
- Biomedical Innovation R&D Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Qitao Bu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai,, 200433, China
| | - Yaoxin Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai,, 200433, China
| | - Yu Wu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai,, 200433, China
| | - Wansheng Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai,, 200003, China
- Research and Development Center of Chinese Medicine Resources and Biotechnology, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai,, 200433, China
- Biomedical Innovation R&D Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311300, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Wagman J, Cissé I, Kone D, Fomba S, Eckert E, Mihigo J, Bankineza E, Bah M, Diallo D, Gogue C, Tynuv K, Saibu A, Richardson JH, Fornadel C, Slutsker L, Robertson M. Rapid reduction of malaria transmission following the introduction of indoor residual spraying in previously unsprayed districts: an observational analysis of Mopti Region, Mali, in 2017. Malar J 2020; 19:340. [PMID: 32950056 PMCID: PMC7501620 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-020-03414-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The National Malaria Control Programme (NMCP) of Mali has had recent success decreasing malaria transmission using 3rd generation indoor residual spraying (IRS) products in areas with pyrethroid resistance, primarily in Ségou and Koulikoro Regions. In 2015, national survey data showed that Mopti Region had the highest under 5-year-old (u5) malaria prevalence at 54%—nearly twice the national average—despite having high access to long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) and seasonal malaria chemoprevention (SMC). Accordingly, in 2016 the NMCP and other stakeholders shifted IRS activities from Ségou to Mopti. Here, the results of a series of observational analyses utilizing routine malaria indicators to evaluate the impact of this switch are presented. Methods A set of retrospective, eco-observational time-series analyses were performed using monthly incidence rates of rapid diagnostic test (RDT)-confirmed malaria cases reported in the District Health Information System 2 (DHIS2) from January 2016 until February 2018. Comparisons of case incidence rates were made between health facility catchments from the same region that differed in IRS status (IRS vs. no-IRS) to describe the general impact of the 2016 and 2017 IRS campaigns, and a difference-in-differences approach comparing changes in incidence from year-to-year was used to describe the effect of suspending IRS operations in Ségou and introducing IRS operations in Mopti in 2017. Results Compared to communities with no IRS, cumulative case incidence rates in IRS communities were reduced 16% in Ségou Region during the 6 months following the 2016 campaign and 31% in Mopti Region during the 6 months following the 2017 campaign, likely averting a total of more than 22,000 cases of malaria that otherwise would have been expected during peak transmission months. Across all comparator health facilities (HFs) where there was no IRS in either year, peak malaria case incidence rates fell by an average of 22% (CI95 18–30%) from 2016 to 2017. At HFs in communities of Mopti where IRS was introduced in 2017, peak incidence fell by an average of 42% (CI95 31–63%) between these years, a significantly greater decrease (p = 0.040) almost double what was seen in the comparator HFCAs. The opposite effect was observed in Ségou Region, where peak incidence at those HFs where IRS was withdrawn after the 2016 campaign increased by an average of 106% (CI95 63–150%) from year to year, also a significant difference-in-differences compared to the comparator no-IRS HFs (p < 0.0001). Conclusion Annual IRS campaigns continue to make dramatic contributions to the seasonal reduction of malaria transmission in communities across central Mali, where IRS campaigns were timed in advance of peak seasonal transmission and utilized a micro-encapsulated product with an active ingredient that was of a different class than the one found on the LLINs used throughout the region and to which local malaria vectors were shown to be susceptible. Strategies to help mitigate the resurgence of malaria cases that can be expected should be prioritized whenever the suspension of IRS activities in a particular region is considered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Idrissa Cissé
- Programme National de Lutte contre le Paludisme, Bamako, Mali
| | - Diakalkia Kone
- Programme National de Lutte contre le Paludisme, Bamako, Mali
| | - Seydou Fomba
- Programme National de Lutte contre le Paludisme, Bamako, Mali
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Moyo SJ, Manyahi J, Blomberg B, Tellevik MG, Masoud NS, Aboud S, Manji K, Roberts AP, Hanevik K, Mørch K, Langeland N. Bacteraemia, Malaria, and Case Fatality Among Children Hospitalized With Fever in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:2118. [PMID: 33013772 PMCID: PMC7511546 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.02118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Febrile illness is the commonest cause of hospitalization in children <5 years in sub-Saharan Africa, and bacterial bloodstream infections and malaria are major causes of death. Methods From March 2017 to July 2018, we enrolled 2,226 children aged 0–5 years hospitalized due to fever in four major public hospitals of Dar es Salaam, namely, Amana, Temeke, and Mwananyamala Regional Hospitals and Muhimbili National Hospital. We recorded social demographic and clinical data, and we performed blood-culture and HIV-antibody testing. We used qPCR to quantify Plasmodium falciparum parasitaemia and Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization-Time of Flight (MALDI-TOF) to identify bacterial isolates. Disk diffusion method was used for antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Results Nineteen percent of the children (426/2,226) had pathogens detected from blood. Eleven percent (236/2,226) of the children had bacteraemia/fungaemia and 10% (204/2,063) had P. falciparum malaria. Ten children had concomitant malaria and bacteraemia. Gram-negative bacteria (64%) were more frequent than Gram-positive (32%) and fungi (4%). Over 50% of Gram-negative bacteria were extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producers and multidrug resistant. Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) was found in 11/42 (26.2%). The most severe form of clinical malaria was associated with high parasitaemia (>four million genomes/μL) of P. falciparum in plasma. Overall, in-hospital death was 4% (89/2,146), and it was higher in children with bacteraemia (8%, 18/227) than malaria (2%, 4/194, p = 0.007). Risk factors for death were bacteraemia (p = 0.03), unconsciousness at admission (p < 0.001), and admission at a tertiary hospital (p = 0.003). Conclusion Compared to previous studies in this region, our study showed a reduction in malaria prevalence, a decrease in in-hospital mortality, and an increase in antimicrobial resistance (AMR) including ESBLs and multidrug resistance. An increase of AMR highlights the importance of continued strengthening of diagnostic capability and antimicrobial stewardship programs. We also found malaria and bacteraemia contributed equally in causing febrile illness, but bacteraemia caused higher in-hospital death. The most severe form of clinical malaria was associated with P. falciparum parasitaemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina J Moyo
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Joel Manyahi
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Bjørn Blomberg
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Norwegian National Advisory Unit on Tropical Infectious Diseases, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Marit Gjerde Tellevik
- Norwegian National Advisory Unit on Tropical Infectious Diseases, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Microbiology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Nahya Salim Masoud
- Department of Paediatrics, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Said Aboud
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Karim Manji
- Department of Paediatrics, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Adam P Roberts
- Department of Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Kurt Hanevik
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Norwegian National Advisory Unit on Tropical Infectious Diseases, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Kristine Mørch
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Norwegian National Advisory Unit on Tropical Infectious Diseases, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Nina Langeland
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Norwegian National Advisory Unit on Tropical Infectious Diseases, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Ashton RA, Prosnitz D, Andrada A, Herrera S, Yé Y. Evaluating malaria programmes in moderate- and low-transmission settings: practical ways to generate robust evidence. Malar J 2020; 19:75. [PMID: 32070357 PMCID: PMC7027277 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-020-03158-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many countries have made substantial progress in scaling-up and sustaining malaria intervention coverage, leading to more focalized and heterogeneous transmission in many settings. Evaluation provides valuable information for programmes to understand if interventions have been implemented as planned and with quality, if the programme had the intended impact on malaria burden, and to guide programmatic decision-making. Low-, moderate-, and heterogeneous-transmission settings present unique evaluation challenges because of dynamic and targeted intervention strategies. This paper provides illustration of evaluation approaches and methodologies for these transmission settings, and suggests how to answer evaluation questions specific to the local context. METHODS The Roll Back Malaria Monitoring and Evaluation Reference Group formed a task force in October 2017 to lead development of this framework. The task force includes representatives from National Malaria Programmes, funding agencies, and malaria research and implementing partners. The framework builds on existing guidance for process and outcome evaluations and impact evaluations specifically in high transmission settings. RESULTS The theory of change describes how evaluation questions asked by national malaria programmes in different contexts influence evaluation design. The transmission setting, existing stratification, and data quality and availability are also key considerations. The framework is intended for adaption by countries to their local context, and use for evaluation at sub-national level. Confirmed malaria incidence is recommended as the primary impact indicator due to its sensitivity to detect changes in low-transmission settings. It is expected that process evaluations provide sufficient evidence for programme monitoring and improvement, while impact evaluations are needed following adoption of new mixes of interventions, operational strategies, tools or policies, particularly in contexts of changing malaria epidemiology. Impact evaluations in low-, moderate-, or heterogeneous-transmission settings will likely use plausibility designs, and methods highlighted by the framework include interrupted time series, district-level dose-response analyses, and constructed control methods. Triangulating multiple data sources and analyses is important to strengthen the plausibility argument. CONCLUSIONS This framework provides a structure to assist national malaria programmes and partners to design evaluations in low-, moderate- or heterogeneous-transmission settings. Emphasizing a continuous cycle along the causal pathway linking process evaluation to impact evaluation and then programmatic decision-making, the framework provides practical guidance in evaluation design, analysis, and interpretation to ensure that the evaluation meets national malaria programme priority questions and guides decision-making at national and sub-national levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruth A Ashton
- MEASURE Evaluation, Center for Applied Malaria Research and Evaluation, Tulane School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, 1440 Canal Street, Suite 2300, New Orleans, LA, USA.
| | | | | | - Samantha Herrera
- MEASURE Evaluation, ICF, Rockville, MD, USA.,Save the Children, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Yazoumé Yé
- MEASURE Evaluation, ICF, Rockville, MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Kweka EJ, Tungu PK, Mahande AM, Mazigo HD, Sayumwe S, Msangi S, Lyaruu L, Waweru J, Kisinza W, Wangai J. Bio-efficacy and wash resistance of MAGNet long-lasting insecticidal net against wild populations of Anopheles funestus in experimental huts in Muheza, Tanzania. Malar J 2019; 18:335. [PMID: 31570107 PMCID: PMC6771101 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-019-2973-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The decline in malaria cases and vectors is major milestone in fighting against malaria. The efficacy of MAGNet long-lasting insecticidal nets (MAGNet LLIN), an alpha-cypermethrin incorporated long-lasting net, with the target dose ± 25% of 5.8 g active ingredient (AI)/kg (4.35–7.25 g AI/kg) was evaluated in six veranda-trap experimental huts in Muheza, Tanzania against freely flying wild population of Anopheles funestus. Methods MAGNet LLINs were tested against wild, free-flying, host-seeking An. funestus mosquitoes over a period of 6 weeks (total of 36 nights in the huts). MAGNet LLIN efficacy was determined in terms of mosquito mortality, blood-feeding inhibition, deterrence, induced exiting, personal protection, and insecticidal killing over 20 washes according to WHO standardized procedures. Efficacy was compared with reference to a WHOPES recommended approved LLINs (DuraNet) and to a net conventionally treated (CTN) treated with alpha-cypermethrin at WHO-recommended dose and washed to just before cut-off point. The efficacy of MAGNet was evaluated in experimental huts against wild, free-flying, pyrethroid-resistant An. funestus. The WHO-susceptibility method was used to detect resistance in wild Anopheles exposed to 0.75% permethrin. Mosquito mortality, blood-feeding inhibition and personal protection were compared between untreated nets and standard LLINs. Blood-feeding rates were recorded and compared between the 20 times washed; blood-feeding rates between 20 times washed MAGNet LLIN and 20 times washed WHOPES-approved piperonyl butoxide (PBO)/pyrethroid were not statistically different (p > 0.05). Results The results have evidently shown that MAGNet LLIN provides similar blood-feeding inhibition, exophily, mortality, and deterrence to the standard approved LLIN, thus meeting the WHOPES criteria for blood feeding. The significantly high feeding inhibition and personal protection over pyrethroid-resistant An. funestus recorded by both unwashed and 20 times washed MAGNet compared to the unwashed DuraNet, the WHOPES-approved standard pyrethroid-only LLIN provides proof of MAGNet meeting Phase II WHOPES criteria for a LLIN. Conclusion Based on this study, MAGNet has been shown to have a promising impact on protection when 20 times washed against a highly resistant population of An. funestus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eliningaya J Kweka
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Entomology, School of Medicine, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 1464, Mwanza, Tanzania. .,Mosquito Section, Division of Livestock and Human Health Disease Vector Control, Tropical Pesticides Research Institute, P.O. Box 3024, Arusha, Tanzania.
| | - Patrick K Tungu
- Amani Medical Research Centre, National Institute for Medical Research, P.O.Box 81, Muheza, Tanga, Tanzania
| | - Aneth M Mahande
- Division of Livestock and Human Health Disease Vector Control, Tropical Pesticides Research Institute, Mabogini Field Station, Moshi, Tanzania
| | - Humphrey D Mazigo
- Mosquito Section, Division of Livestock and Human Health Disease Vector Control, Tropical Pesticides Research Institute, P.O. Box 3024, Arusha, Tanzania
| | - Subira Sayumwe
- Mosquito Section, Division of Livestock and Human Health Disease Vector Control, Tropical Pesticides Research Institute, P.O. Box 3024, Arusha, Tanzania
| | - Shandala Msangi
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Entomology, School of Medicine, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 1464, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - Lucile Lyaruu
- Mosquito Section, Division of Livestock and Human Health Disease Vector Control, Tropical Pesticides Research Institute, P.O. Box 3024, Arusha, Tanzania
| | - John Waweru
- PestNet Kenya Ltd, P.O. BOX 51533-00200, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - William Kisinza
- Amani Medical Research Centre, National Institute for Medical Research, P.O.Box 81, Muheza, Tanga, Tanzania
| | - James Wangai
- PestNet Kenya Ltd, P.O. BOX 51533-00200, Nairobi, Kenya
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Sauboin C, Van Vlaenderen I, Van Bellinghen LA, Standaert B. Reducing Malaria Mortality at the Lowest Budget: An Optimization Tool for Selecting Malaria Preventative Interventions Applied to Ghana. MDM Policy Pract 2019; 4:2381468319861346. [PMID: 31384668 PMCID: PMC6659186 DOI: 10.1177/2381468319861346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Preventative malaria interventions include
long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs), indoor residual spraying (IRS), and
seasonal malaria chemoprevention (SMC). The RTS,S vaccine candidate is now also
approved for pilot introduction. This analysis estimates the optimal approach
when combining current interventions with the vaccine to reduce under-five
malaria mortality in Ghana at the lowest cost. Methods. A
vector model was combined with a static human cohort model, using
country-specific unit costs. Current coverage of each intervention was used as
baseline. The base-case vaccine price was US$5/dose, with US$2 or US$10 tested
in sensitivity analysis. Model simulations used a goal for extra mortality
reduction in children aged <5 years, and identified the optimal combination
of interventions to reach that goal at the lowest cost. The time horizon was 5
years. Results. The optimal sequence of investments would be
the following: (1) introduce RTS,S; (2) introduce SMC; (3) increase LLINs and
IRS concurrently. RTS,S introduction was associated with mortality reduction of
16% for a budget increase of US$15.6 million. Adding SMC with a partial coverage
of 4% further reduced mortality by 1% at an additional budget of US$1.4 million.
Subsequently scaling-up IRS, LLINs, and SMC at their maximum achievable coverage
further reduced mortality by 82% (total reduction 98%) at an additional budget
of US$474 million. At an RTS,S price of US$10/dose, SMC was first in the optimal
sequence. A lower RTS,S price maintained the sequence but reduced the budget
need. Conclusions. In Ghana, RTS,S introduction in addition to
the existing measures would be the optimal first step for reducing under-five
malaria mortality at the lowest cost, followed by SMC in relevant areas, and
then further scaling-up of IRS and LLINs.
Collapse
|
15
|
Mohamed N, Magzoub M, Mohamed REH, Aleanizy FS, Alqahtani FY, Nour BYM, Alkarsany MMS. Prevalence and identification of arthropod-transmitted viruses in Kassala state, Eastern Sudan. Libyan J Med 2019. [PMID: 30716013 PMCID: PMC6366427 DOI: 10.1080/19932820.2018.1564511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Vector-borne diseases are responsible for more than 20% of the infectious diseases worldwide. The prevalence of arboviruses transmit diseases to humans in Sudan has not been investigated. Mosquito-borne viral diseases increase globally incidence, including the Sudan. Frequent unknown fever outbreaks have been reported in eastern region, Sudan. However, diagnosis was based exclusively on clinical signs and symptoms without confirmatory laboratory investigations. However, for accurate detection of these viruses in outbreaks, molecular technique is considered. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of six arboviruses in the Kassala state of east Sudan during unknown fever outbreak. A cross sectional hospital-based study was conducted in the Kassala, Teaching Hospital. Blood samples from 119 patients suffering from unknown fever were used for screening of six arboviruses, hepatitis E virus and malarial using molecular techniques and serology. The overall arboviruses seroprevelance was 61.3% (73/119). The highest positivity rate was 73.1% (52/73) chikungunya virus; 29 males and 20 females patients were chikungunya positive. Other arboviruses were circulating in low rate 20.5% (15/73), and 6.8% (5/73) for sindbis and rift valley fever viruses respectively. Hepatitis E virus was negative in all cases and malaria positivity rate 13.4% (16/119). The prevalence of arboviruses among unknown fever patients present to Kassala teaching hospital of eastern region in Sudan is significantly high (61.3%). The chikungunya virus is the predominant causative agent of arboviruses. Molecular techniques such as PCR are important for accurate and rapid diagnosis of this viral outbreak.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nahla Mohamed
- a Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences , Karrary University , Omdurman , Sudan.,b Faculty of Medicine , University of Kassala, Kassala , Sudan
| | - Mamoun Magzoub
- c College of Medicine , Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University , Riyadh , Saudi Arabia.,d Clinical Microbiology Department, Virology Unit , Umeå university , Umeå , Sweden
| | - Rania El Hadi Mohamed
- e College of Science , Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University , Riyadh , Saudi Arabia.,f Federal Ministry of Health , Khartoum , Sudan
| | - Fadilah Sfouq Aleanizy
- g Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy , King Saud University , Riyadh , Saudi Arabia
| | - Fulwah Y Alqahtani
- g Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy , King Saud University , Riyadh , Saudi Arabia
| | - Bakri Y M Nour
- h Blue Nile National Institute for Communicable Diseases , University of Gezira , Wad Medani , Sudan.,i Department of Parasitology , University of Gezira , Wad Medani , Sudan
| | - Mubark M S Alkarsany
- c College of Medicine , Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University , Riyadh , Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|