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Djègbè I, Hessou-Djossou D, Gounou Boukari MKY, Nonfodji O, Tchigossou G, Djouaka R, Cornelie S, Akogbeto M, Djogbenou L, Chandre F. Physico-chemical characterization of Anopheles gambiae s.l. breeding sites and kdr mutations in urban areas of Cotonou and Natitingou, Benin. BMC Infect Dis 2024; 24:545. [PMID: 38816702 PMCID: PMC11140934 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-024-09440-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to investigate the relationship between the physicochemical characteristics of An. gambiae s.s. and An. coluzzii breeding sites, the susceptibility profiles to commonly used insecticides in public health, and the underlying insecticide resistance mechanisms. METHODS Anopheles breeding sites surveys were conducted in Cotonou and Natitingou in September 2020, January and August 2021. Physicochemical properties and bacterial loads were determined in individual breeding sites. The WHO susceptibility assays were carried out using the female of the emerging adult mosquitoes. Anopheles species were identified through PCR techniques. Kdr L1014F/S, N1575Y and G119S mutations were investigated using TaqMan genotyping assays. RESULTS Molecular analysis showed that all mosquitoes analyzed in Cotonou were Anopheles coluzzii, while those of Natitingou were Anopheles gambiae s.s. Fecal coliforms were identified as playing a role in this distribution through their significant influence on the presence of An. coluzzii larvae. WHO susceptibility assay indicated a high level of resistance to deltamethrin in the two cities. The resistance levels to deltamethrin were higher in Cotonou (X2 = 31.689; DF = 1; P < 0.0001). There was a suspected resistance to bendiocarb in Cotonou, whereas the mosquito population in Natitingou was resistant. The kdr L1014F mutation was highly observed in both mosquito populations (frequence: 86-91%), while the Ace-1 mutation was found in a small proportion of mosquitoes. In Cotonou, salinity was the only recorded physicochemical parameter that significantly correlated with the resistance of Anopheles mosquitoes to deltamethrin (P < 0.05). In Natitingou, significant correlations were observed between the allelic frequencies of the kdr L1014F mutation and pH, conductivity, and TDS. CONCLUSION These results indicate a high level of pyrethroid resistance in the anopheles populations of both Cotonou and Natitingou. Moreover, this study report the involvement of abiotic factors influencing Anopheles susceptibility profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Innocent Djègbè
- Département des Sciences de la Vie et de la Terre, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Natitingou, Natitingou, Bénin
- Plateforme Agriculture Environnement Santé, Institut International d'Agriculture Tropicale (IITA-Bénin), Cotonou, Bénin
| | - Donald Hessou-Djossou
- Département des Sciences de la Vie et de la Terre, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Natitingou, Natitingou, Bénin.
| | | | - Odilon Nonfodji
- Laboratoire de Chimie de l'Eau et de l'Environnement (LCEE), Ecole Normale Supérieure de Natitingou, UNSTIM, Natitingou, Bénin
| | - Geneviève Tchigossou
- Plateforme Agriculture Environnement Santé, Institut International d'Agriculture Tropicale (IITA-Bénin), Cotonou, Bénin
| | - Rousseau Djouaka
- Plateforme Agriculture Environnement Santé, Institut International d'Agriculture Tropicale (IITA-Bénin), Cotonou, Bénin
| | - Sylvie Cornelie
- Evolution et Contrôle, UMR IRD 224-CNRS, Université de Montpellier2. MIVEGEC. Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs : Ecologie, Génétique, Montpellier cedex 5, 5290, France
| | - Martin Akogbeto
- Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou (CREC), Ministère de la Santé, Cotonou, Bénin
| | - Luc Djogbenou
- Institut Régional de Santé Publique (IRSP), Université d'Abomey-Calavi (UAC), Ouidah, Bénin
| | - Fabrice Chandre
- Evolution et Contrôle, UMR IRD 224-CNRS, Université de Montpellier2. MIVEGEC. Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs : Ecologie, Génétique, Montpellier cedex 5, 5290, France
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Eligo N, Wegayehu T, Pareyn M, Tamiru G, Lindtjørn B, Massebo F. Anopheles arabiensis continues to be the primary vector of Plasmodium falciparum after decades of malaria control in southwestern Ethiopia. Malar J 2024; 23:14. [PMID: 38195563 PMCID: PMC10777518 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-024-04840-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/11/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Investigating the species distribution and their role in malaria transmission is important as it varies from place to place and is highly needed to design interventions appropriate to the site. The current study aimed to investigate the Anopheles mosquito species distribution and their infection rate in southwestern Ethiopia. METHODS The study was conducted in 14 malaria-endemic kebeles (the smallest administrative unit), which were situated in eight different malaria-endemic districts and four zones in southwestern Ethiopia. Ten per cent of households in each village were visited to collect adult mosquitoes using Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) light traps. The larval and pupal collection was done from breeding sites within the villages, and reared to adults. Female mosquitoes were morphologically identified. The head and thorax of adult Anopheles mosquitoes were tested for circumsporozoite proteins (CSPs) using ELISA. At the same time, legs, wings, and abdomen were used to identify sibling species using PCR targeting the rDNA intergenic spacers region for species typing of the Anopheles funestus group and the internal transcribed spacer 2 region genes for Anopheles gambiae complex. RESULTS A total of 1445 Anopheles mosquitoes comprising eight species were collected. Of 813 An. gambiae complex tested by PCR, 785 (97%) were Anopheles arabiensis, and the remaining 28 (3%) were not amplified. There were 133 An. funestus group captured and tested to identify the species, of which 117 (88%) were positive for Anopheles parensis, and 15 (11%) were not amplified. A single specimen (1%) showed a band with a different base pair length from the known An. funestus group species. Sequencing revealed this was Anopheles sergentii. Among 1399 Anopheles tested for CSPs by ELISA, 5 (0.4%) An. arabiensis were positive for Plasmodium falciparum and a single (0.07%) was positive for Plasmodium vivax. CONCLUSIONS Anopheles arabiensis continues to play the principal role in malaria transmission despite implementing indoor-based interventions for decades. Sequencing results suggest that An. sergentii was amplified by the An. funestus group primer, producing PCR amplicon size of different length. Therefore, relying solely on amplifying a specific gene of interest in grouping species could be misleading, as different species may share the same gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nigatu Eligo
- Department of Biology, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
| | - Teklu Wegayehu
- Department of Biology, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
| | - Myrthe Pareyn
- Clinical Sciences Department, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Girum Tamiru
- Department of Biology, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
| | - Bernt Lindtjørn
- Department of Biology, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
- Centre for International Health, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Fekadu Massebo
- Department of Biology, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia.
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Jeon J, Kim HC, Klein TA, Choi KS. Analysis of geometric morphometrics and molecular phylogeny for Anopheles species in the Republic of Korea. Sci Rep 2023; 13:22009. [PMID: 38086890 PMCID: PMC10716165 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-49536-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Human malaria, transmitted by Anopheles mosquitoes, is the most predominant mosquito-borne disease that is responsible for hundreds of thousands of deaths worldwide each year. In the Republic of Korea (ROK), there are currently several hundred malaria cases annually, mostly near the demilitarized zone (DMZ). Eight species of Anopheles mosquitoes are currently known to be present in the ROK. Similar to other major malaria vectors in Africa and India, it is very challenging to morphologically differentiate Anopheles mosquitoes in the ROK due to their extremely similar morphology. In this study, wing geometric morphometrics (WGM) were used to differentiate the eight Anopheles species collected at six locations near the DMZ, Seoul and Pyeongtaek from April-October 2021. Phylogenetic analysis was also performed using cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (COI), internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2), and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) genes for comparison with WGM analysis and to infer evolutionary relationships. The results of cross-validation (overall accuracy = 74.8%) demonstrated that species identification using WGM alone was not possible with a high accuracy for all eight species. While phylogenetic analyses based on the COI region could not clearly distinguish some species, the analysis based on ITS2 and TH was more useful for resolving the phylogenetic correlation of the eight species. Our results may improve Anopheles species identification strategies for effective identification and control of malaria vectors in the ROK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiseung Jeon
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 FOUR KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
- School of Life Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute for Dok-do and Ulleung-do Island, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Heung Chul Kim
- U Inc., Daesakwan-ro 34-gil, Yongsan-gu, Seoul, 04409, Republic of Korea
| | - Terry A Klein
- Force Health Protection and Preventive Medicine, Medical Department Activity-Korea/65th Medical Brigade, Unit 15281, Pyeongtaek, APO AP 96281-5281, USA
- PSC 450, Box 75R, Pyeongtaek, APO AP 96206, USA
| | - Kwang Shik Choi
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 FOUR KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea.
- School of Life Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea.
- Research Institute for Dok-do and Ulleung-do Island, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea.
- Research Institute for Phylogenomics and Evolution, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea.
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Omucheni DL, Kaduki KA, Mukabana WR. Rapid and non-destructive identification of Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles arabiensis mosquito species using Raman spectroscopy via machine learning classification models. Malar J 2023; 22:342. [PMID: 37940964 PMCID: PMC10634188 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-023-04777-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Identification of malaria vectors is an important exercise that can result in the deployment of targeted control measures and monitoring the susceptibility of the vectors to control strategies. Although known to possess distinct biting behaviours and habitats, the African malaria vectors Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles arabiensis are morphologically indistinguishable and are known to be discriminated by molecular techniques. In this paper, Raman spectroscopy is proposed to complement the tedious and time-consuming Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) method for the rapid screening of mosquito identity. METHODS A dispersive Raman microscope was used to record spectra from the legs (femurs and tibiae) of fresh anaesthetized laboratory-bred mosquitoes. The scattered Raman intensity signal peaks observed were predominantly centered at approximately 1400 cm-1, 1590 cm-1, and 2067 cm-1. These peaks, which are characteristic signatures of melanin pigment found in the insect cuticle, were important in the discrimination of the two mosquito species. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was used for dimension reduction. Four classification models were built using the following techniques: Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA), Logistic Regression (LR), Quadratic Discriminant Analysis (QDA), and Quadratic Support Vector Machine (QSVM). RESULTS PCA extracted twenty-one features accounting for 95% of the variation in the data. Using the twenty-one principal components, LDA, LR, QDA, and QSVM discriminated and classified the two cryptic species with 86%, 85%, 89%, and 93% accuracy, respectively on cross-validation and 79%, 82%, 81% and 93% respectively on the test data set. CONCLUSION Raman spectroscopy in combination with machine learning tools is an effective, rapid and non-destructive method for discriminating and classifying two cryptic mosquito species, Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles arabiensis belonging to the Anopheles gambiae complex.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Wolfgang R Mukabana
- Department of Biology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
- Science for Health Society, Nairobi, Kenya
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Assa A, Eligo N, Massebo F. Anopheles mosquito diversity, entomological indicators of malaria transmission and challenges of morphological identification in southwestern Ethiopia. Trop Med Health 2023; 51:38. [PMID: 37452392 PMCID: PMC10347854 DOI: 10.1186/s41182-023-00529-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A number of Anopheles species play either a primary or secondary role in malaria transmission. This necessitates understanding the species composition, bionomics, and behaviors of malaria mosquitoes in a particular geographic area, which is relevant to design and implement tailored intervention tools. This study aimed to assess the species composition, sporozoite infection rate, and blood meal origins of malaria mosquitoes in two malaria-endemic villages of Boreda district in Gamo Zone, southwest Ethiopia. METHODS Thirty houses, 20 for Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) light traps and 10 for Pyrethrum Spray Catches (PSC) were randomly selected for bimonthly mosquito collection from October 2019 to February 2020. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was carried out to detect the blood meal origins and circumsporozoite proteins (CSPs). The entomological inoculation rate (EIR) was calculated by multiplying the sporozoite and human biting rates from PSCs. Anopheles gambiae complex and An. funestus group samples were further identified to species by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Anopheles species with some morphological similarity with An. gambiae complex or An. funestus group were tested using the primers of the two species complexes. RESULTS A total of 14 Anopheles species were documented, of which An. demeilloni was found to be the dominant species. An. arabiensis was found to be positive for P. falciparum CSP with the overall CSP rate of 0.53% (1/190: 95% CI 0.01-2.9). The overall estimated P. falciparum EIR of An. arabiensis from PSC was 1.5 infectious bites/person/5 months. Of the 145 freshly fed Anopheles mosquitoes tested for blood meal sources, 57.9% (84/145) had bovine blood meal, 15.2% (22/145) had human blood meal origin alone, and 16.5% (24/145) had a mixed blood meal origin of human and bovine. Anopheles demeilloni were more likely to feed on blood meals of bovine origin (102/126 = 80.9%), while An. arabiensis were more likely to have blood meals of human origin. Eleven samples (2.6%; 11/420) were morphologically categorized as An. demeilloni, but it has been identified as An. leesoni (the only An. funestus group identified in the area) by PCR, though it requires additional verification by sequencing, because different species genes may have amplified for these species specific primers. Similarly, a small number of An. arabiensis were morphologically identified as An. salbaii, An. maculipalpis and An. fuscivenosus. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS In spite of the wide variety of Anopheles mosquito species, An. arabiensis dominates indoor malaria transmission, necessitating additional interventions targeting this species. In addition, increasing entomological knowledge may make morphological identification less difficult.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adilo Assa
- Department of Biology, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
| | - Nigatu Eligo
- Department of Biology, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
| | - Fekadu Massebo
- Department of Biology, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
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Rants'o TA, Koekemoer LL, van Zyl RL. Bioactivity of select essential oil constituents against life stages of Anopheles arabiensis (Diptera: Culicidae). Exp Parasitol 2023:108569. [PMID: 37330107 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2023.108569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Malaria is transmitted by infected female Anopheles mosquitoes, and An. arabiensis is a main malaria vector in arid African countries. Like other anophelines, its life cycle comprises of three aquatic stages; egg, larva, and pupa, followed by a free flying adult stage. Current vector control interventions using synthetic insecticides target these stages using adulticides or less commonly, larvicides. With escalating insecticide resistance against almost all conventional insecticides, identification of agents that simultaneously act at multiple stages of Anopheles life cycle presents a cost-effective opportunity. A further cost-effective approach would be the discovery of such insecticides from natural origin. Interestingly, essential oils present as potential sources of cost-effective and eco-friendly bioinsecticides. This study aimed to identify essential oil constituents (EOCs) with potential toxic effects against multiple stages of An. arabiensis life cycle. Five EOCs were assessed for inhibition of Anopheles egg hatching and ability to kill larvae, pupae and adult mosquitoes of An. arabiensis species. One of these EOCs, namely methyleugenol, exhibited potent Anopheles egg hatchability inhibition with an IC50 value of 0.51 ± 0.03 μM compared to propoxur (IC50: 5.13 ± 0.62 μM). Structure-activity relationship study revealed that methyleugenol and propoxur share a 1,2-dimethoxybenze moiety that may be responsible for the observed egg-hatchability inhibition. On the other hand, all five EOCs exhibited potent larvicidal activity with LC50 values less than 5 μM, with four of them; cis-nerolidol, trans-nerolidol, (-)-α-bisabolol, and farnesol, also possessing potent pupicidal effects (LC50 < 5 μM). Finally, all EOCs showed only moderate lethality against adult mosquitoes. This study reports for the first time, methyleugenol, (-)-α-bisabolol and farnesol as potent bioinsecticides against early life stages of An. arabiensis. This synchronized activity against Anopheles aquatic stages shows a prospect to integrate EOCs into existing adulticide-based vector control interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thankhoe A Rants'o
- Pharmacology Division, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; WITS Research Institute for Malaria, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Lizette L Koekemoer
- WITS Research Institute for Malaria, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Centre for Emerging Zoonotic and Parasitic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Robyn L van Zyl
- Pharmacology Division, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; WITS Research Institute for Malaria, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
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Fondjo E, Toto JC, Tchouakui M, Eyisap WE, Patchoke S, Menze B, Njeambosay B, Zeukeug F, Ngomdjum RT, Mandeng E, Elanga-Ndille E, Kopya E, Binyang JA, Ndo C, Tene-Fossog B, Tedjou A, Nchoutpouen E, Tchouine F, Achu D, Ambrose K, Hedje J, Kouambeng C, Carlson J, Zohdy S, Chabi J. High vector diversity and malaria transmission dynamics in five sentinel sites in Cameroon. Malar J 2023; 22:123. [PMID: 37055836 PMCID: PMC10100606 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-023-04552-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malaria remains one of the main causes of morbidity and mortality in Cameroon. To inform vector control intervention decision making, malaria vector surveillance was conducted monthly from October 2018 to September 2020 in five selected sentinel sites (Gounougou and Simatou in the North, and Bonabéri, Mangoum and Nyabessang in the South). METHODS Human landing catches (HLCs), U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) light traps, and pyrethrum spray catches (PSCs) were used to assess vector density, species composition, human biting rate (HBR), endophagic index, indoor resting density (IRD), parity, sporozoite infection rates, entomological inoculation rate (EIR), and Anopheles vectorial capacity. RESULTS A total of 139,322 Anopheles mosquitoes from 18 species (or 21 including identified sub-species) were collected across all sites. Out of the 18 species, 12 were malaria vectors including Anopheles gambiae sensu lato (s.l.), Anopheles funestus s.l.., Anopheles nili, Anopheles moucheti, Anopheles paludis, Anopheles demeilloni, Anopheles. pharoensis, Anopheles ziemanni, Anopheles multicinctus, Anopheles tenebrosus, Anopheles rufipes, and Anopheles marshallii. Anopheles gambiae s.l. remains the major malaria vector (71% of the total Anopheles) collected, though An. moucheti and An. paludis had the highest sporozoite rates in Nyabessang. The mean indoor HBR of Anopheles ranged from 11.0 bites/human/night (b/h/n) in Bonabéri to 104.0 b/h/n in Simatou, while outdoors, it varied from 24.2 b/h/n in Mangoum to 98.7 b/h/n in Simatou. Anopheles gambiae s.l. and An. moucheti were actively biting until at least 8:00 a.m. The mean Anopheles IRD was 17.1 females/room, and the parity rate was 68.9%. The mean EIRs for each site were 55.4 infective bites/human/month (ib/h/m) in Gounougou, 99.0 ib/h/m in Simatou, 51.2 ib/h/m in Mangoum, 24.4 ib/h/m in Nyabessang, and 18.1 ib/h/m in Bonabéri. Anopheles gambiae s.l. was confirmed as the main malaria vector with the highest vectorial capacity in all sites based on sporozoite rate, except in Nyabessang. CONCLUSION These findings highlight the high malaria transmission occurring in Cameroon and will support the National Malaria Control Program to design evidence-based malaria vector control strategies, and deployment of effective and integrated vector control interventions to reduce malaria transmission and burden in Cameroon, where several Anopheles species could potentially maintain year-round transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etienne Fondjo
- U.S. President's Malaria Initiative (PMI) VectorLink Project, Abt Associates, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Jean-Claude Toto
- Central African Organization for Endemic Disease Control (OCEAC), Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | | | - Wolfgang Ekoko Eyisap
- Central African Organization for Endemic Disease Control (OCEAC), Yaoundé, Cameroon
- University of Bamenda, Bamenda, Cameroon
| | - Salomon Patchoke
- The Biotechnology Center (BTC), University of Yaoundé 1, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Benjamin Menze
- Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Boris Njeambosay
- The Biotechnology Center (BTC), University of Yaoundé 1, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Francis Zeukeug
- The Biotechnology Center (BTC), University of Yaoundé 1, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | | | - Elysée Mandeng
- Central African Organization for Endemic Disease Control (OCEAC), Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | | | - Edmond Kopya
- Central African Organization for Endemic Disease Control (OCEAC), Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | | | - Cyrille Ndo
- Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Billy Tene-Fossog
- Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Armel Tedjou
- Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Elysée Nchoutpouen
- Central African Organization for Endemic Disease Control (OCEAC), Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Frederic Tchouine
- U.S. President's Malaria Initiative (PMI) VectorLink Project, Abt Associates, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Dorothy Achu
- National Malaria Control Programme, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Kelley Ambrose
- U.S. President's Malaria Initiative VectorLink Project, Abt Associates, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Judith Hedje
- U.S. President's Malaria Initiative, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Celestin Kouambeng
- U.S. President's Malaria Initiative U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID), Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Jenny Carlson
- U.S. President's Malaria Initiative, USAID, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Sarah Zohdy
- U.S. President's Malaria Initiative, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Joseph Chabi
- U.S. President's Malaria Initiative VectorLink Project, Abt Associates, Rockville, MD, USA.
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In vitro and in silico analysis of the Anopheles anticholinesterase activity of terpenoids. Parasitol Int 2023; 93:102713. [PMID: 36455706 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2022.102713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Anopheles gambiae, An. coluzzii, An. arabiensis, and An. funestus are major vectors in high malaria endemic African regions. Various terpenoid classes form the main chemical constituent repository of essential oils, many of which have been shown to possess insecticidal effects against Anopheles species. The current study aimed to assess the bioactivity of terpenoids including four sesquiterpene alcohols, farnesol, (-)-α-bisabolol, cis-nerolidol, and trans-nerolidol; a phenylpropanoid, methyleugenol, and a monoterpene, (R)-(+)-limonene, using the larvicidal screening assay against the four Anopheles species. The mechanism of action was investigated through in vitro acetylcholinesterase inhibition assay and in silico molecular modelling. All six terpenoids showed potent larvicidal activity against the four Anopheles species. Insights into the mechanism of action revealed that the six terpenoids are strong AChE inhibitors against An. funestus and An. arabiensis, while there was a moderate inhibitory activity against An. gambiae AChE, but very weak activity against An. coluzzii. Interestingly, in the in silico study, farnesol established a favourable hydrogen bonding interaction with a conserved amino acid residue, Cys447, at the entrance to the active site gorge. While (-)-α-bisabolol and methyleugenol displayed a strong interaction with the catalytic Ser360 and adjacent amino acid residues; but sparing the mutable Gly280 residue that confers resistance to the current anticholinesterase insecticides. As a result, this study identified farnesol, (-)-α-bisabolol, and methyleugenol as selective bioinsecticidal agents with potent Anopheles AChE inhibition. These terpenoids present as natural compounds for further development as anticholinesterase bioinsecticides.
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Nguyen AHL, Pattaradilokrat S, Kaewlamun W, Kaneko O, Asada M, Kaewthamasorn M. Myzomyia and Pyretophorus series of Anopheles mosquitoes acting as probable vectors of the goat malaria parasite Plasmodium caprae in Thailand. Sci Rep 2023; 13:145. [PMID: 36599869 PMCID: PMC9812981 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-26833-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Unlike malaria parasites in humans, non-human primates, rodents, and birds, ungulate malaria parasites and their vectors have received little attention. As a result, understanding of the hosts, vectors, and biology of ungulate malaria parasites has remained limited. In this study, we aimed to identify the vectors of the goat malaria parasite Plasmodium caprae. A total of 1019 anopheline and 133 non-anopheline mosquitoes were collected from goat farms in Thailand, where P. caprae-infected goats were discovered. Anopheline mosquitoes were identified using molecular biological methods that target the cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1), the cytochrome c oxidase subunit 2 (cox2) genes, and the internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) region. Pool and individual mosquitoes were tested for P. caprae using the head-thorax parts that contain the salivary glands, with primers targeting three genetic markers including cytochrome b, cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1, and 18S small subunit ribosomal RNA genes. Additionally, goat blood samples were collected concurrently with mosquito surveys and screened to determine the status of malaria infection. This study revealed nine mosquito species belonging to six groups on goat farms, including Hyrcanus, Barbirostris, Subpictus, Funestus, Tessellatus, and Annularis. The DNA of P. caprae was detected in Anopheles subpictus and Anopheles aconitus. This is the first time An. subpictus and An. aconitus have been implicated as probable vectors of P. caprae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anh Hoang Lan Nguyen
- grid.7922.e0000 0001 0244 7875The International Graduate Program of Veterinary Science and Technology (VST), Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330 Thailand ,grid.7922.e0000 0001 0244 7875Veterinary Parasitology Research Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330 Thailand
| | - Sittiporn Pattaradilokrat
- grid.7922.e0000 0001 0244 7875Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330 Thailand
| | - Winai Kaewlamun
- grid.7922.e0000 0001 0244 7875School of Agricultural Resources, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Osamu Kaneko
- grid.174567.60000 0000 8902 2273Department of Protozoology, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, 852-8523 Japan
| | - Masahito Asada
- grid.412310.50000 0001 0688 9267National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Department of Global Cooperation, Research Unit for Global Infection Control, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, 080-8555 Japan
| | - Morakot Kaewthamasorn
- grid.7922.e0000 0001 0244 7875Veterinary Parasitology Research Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330 Thailand
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10
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Coulibaly YI, Sangare M, Dolo H, Soumaoro L, Coulibaly SY, Dicko I, Diabaté AF, Diarra L, Coulibaly ME, Doumbia SS, Diallo AA, Dembele M, Koudou BG, Bockarie MJ, Kelly-Hope LA, Klion AD, Nutman TB. No evidence of lymphatic filariasis transmission in Bamako urban setting after three mass drug administration rounds. Parasitol Res 2022; 121:3243-3248. [PMID: 36066741 PMCID: PMC9556341 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-022-07648-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Lymphatic filariasis (LF) elimination activities started in Mali in 2005 in the most endemic areas and reached countrywide coverage in 2009. In 2004, the district of Bamako was endemic for LF with a prevalence of 1.5%. The current study was designed to determine LF endemicity level in the urban area of Bamako after three rounds of ivermectin and albendazole mass drug administration (MDA). A cross-sectional study was conducted in 2011 in Bamako city, consisting of human prevalence and entomological surveys. Volunteers aged 14 years and above were invited to participate and tested for evidence of Wuchereria bancrofti using night time blood thick smear microfilarial count and blood spots for LF antibodies using the SD BIOLINE Oncho/LF IgG4 Biplex rapid test (Ov16/Wb123). Mosquitoes were collected using CDC light and gravid traps and tested using molecular methods. Poolscreen software v2.0 was used to estimate vector transmission potential. Of the 899 volunteers, one (0.11%) was found to be positive for LF using the Oncho/LF IgG4 Biplex rapid test, and none was found to have Wuchereria bancrofti microfilariae. No mosquitoes were found infected among 6174 Culex spp. (85.2%), 16 Anopheles gambiae s.l. (An. gambiae s.l.) (0.2%), 26 Aedes spp. (0.4%), 858 Ceratopogonidae (11.8%) and 170 other insects not identified (2.3%) tested. Our data indicate that there was no active LF transmission in the low prevalence urban district of Bamako after three MDA rounds. These data helped the National LF programme move forward towards the elimination goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaya Ibrahim Coulibaly
- Mali - International Center of Excellence in Research (ICER-Mali), University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali.,Dermatology Hospital of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Moussa Sangare
- Mali - International Center of Excellence in Research (ICER-Mali), University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali. .,Interdisciplinary School of Health Sciences
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada.
| | - Housseini Dolo
- Mali - International Center of Excellence in Research (ICER-Mali), University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Lamine Soumaoro
- Mali - International Center of Excellence in Research (ICER-Mali), University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Siaka Yamoussa Coulibaly
- Mali - International Center of Excellence in Research (ICER-Mali), University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Ilo Dicko
- Mali - International Center of Excellence in Research (ICER-Mali), University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Abdoul Fatao Diabaté
- Mali - International Center of Excellence in Research (ICER-Mali), University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Lamine Diarra
- Mali - International Center of Excellence in Research (ICER-Mali), University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Michel Emmanuel Coulibaly
- Mali - International Center of Excellence in Research (ICER-Mali), University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Salif Seriba Doumbia
- Mali - International Center of Excellence in Research (ICER-Mali), University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Abdallah Amadou Diallo
- Mali - International Center of Excellence in Research (ICER-Mali), University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Massitan Dembele
- National Lymphatic Filariasis Elimination Program, Ministry of Health and Public Hygiene, Bamako, Mali
| | - Benjamin G Koudou
- Centre Suisse de Recherche Scientifiques en Côte d'Ivoire, 01 BP 1303 Abidjan 01, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire.,UFR Science de la Nature, Université Nangui Abrogoua, 02 BP 801 Abidjan 01, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | | | - Louise A Kelly-Hope
- Centre for Neglected Tropical Diseases, Department of Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK.,Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Amy D Klion
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Thomas B Nutman
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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11
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Nugraheni YR, Arnuphapprasert A, Nguyen TT, Narapakdeesakul D, Nguyen HLA, Poofery J, Kaneko O, Asada M, Kaewthamasorn M. Myzorhynchus series of Anopheles mosquitoes as potential vectors of Plasmodium bubalis in Thailand. Sci Rep 2022; 12:5747. [PMID: 35388073 PMCID: PMC8987089 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-09686-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Ungulate malaria parasites and their vectors are among the least studied when compared to other medically important species. As a result, a thorough understanding of ungulate malaria parasites, hosts, and mosquito vectors has been lacking, necessitating additional research efforts. This study aimed to identify the vector(s) of Plasmodium bubalis. A total of 187 female mosquitoes (133 Anopheles spp., 24 Culex spp., 24 Aedes spp., and 6 Mansonia spp. collected from a buffalo farm in Thailand where concurrently collected water buffalo samples were examined and we found only Anopheles spp. samples were P. bubalis positive. Molecular identification of anopheline mosquito species was conducted by sequencing of the PCR products targeting cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1), cytochrome c oxidase subunit 2 (cox2), and internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) markers. We observed 5 distinct groups of anopheline mosquitoes: Barbirostris, Hyrcanus, Ludlowae, Funestus, and Jamesii groups. The Barbirostris group (Anopheles wejchoochotei or Anopheles campestris) and the Hyrcanus group (Anopheles peditaeniatus) were positive for P. bubalis. Thus, for the first time, our study implicated these anopheline mosquito species as probable vectors of P. bubalis in Thailand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yudhi Ratna Nugraheni
- The International Graduate Program of Veterinary Science and Technology (VST), Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.,Veterinary Parasitology Research Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.,Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia
| | - Apinya Arnuphapprasert
- Veterinary Pathobiology Graduate Program, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Trang Thuy Nguyen
- The International Graduate Program of Veterinary Science and Technology (VST), Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Duriyang Narapakdeesakul
- Veterinary Pathobiology Graduate Program, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Hoang Lan Anh Nguyen
- The International Graduate Program of Veterinary Science and Technology (VST), Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Juthathip Poofery
- Veterinary Parasitology Research Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Osamu Kaneko
- Department of Protozoology, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan
| | - Masahito Asada
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Department of Global Cooperation, Research Unit for Global Infection Control, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary, Obihiro, 080-8555, Japan.
| | - Morakot Kaewthamasorn
- Veterinary Parasitology Research Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
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12
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Multiplex PCR Assay for the Identification of Four Species of the Anopheles Leucosphyrus Sub-Group in Malaysia. INSECTS 2022; 13:insects13020195. [PMID: 35206768 PMCID: PMC8878329 DOI: 10.3390/insects13020195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Revised: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Plasmodium parasites cause malaria. The bites of infected female Anopheles mosquitoes, known as “malaria vectors,” transmit the parasites to people. To prevent the spread of malaria, precise mosquito species identification is essential. This study aims to develop a quick and accurate method for identifying the Anopheles species (An. introlatus, An. latens, An. cracens, and An. balabacensis), which have been incriminated as vectors for simian malaria in Malaysia. Overall, six primers targeting the internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) region of each species were designed for this assay. This study is helpful for the researchers or vector-related field workers to correctly identify the mosquitoes for control activities. Abstract The Leucosphyrus Group of mosquitoes are the major simian malaria vectors in Malaysia. Accurate species identification is required to help in curbing the spread of simian malaria. The aim of the study is to provide an accurate molecular method for identifying the four important Anopheles vector species found in Malaysia. Mosquito specimens were collected from various localities in Malaysia, where simian malaria cases were reported. DNA from 122 mosquito specimens was tested to develop a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay. The specificity of this assay was tested against other mosquito species. Molecular identification of the species was further confirmed by analysing the internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) DNA region of the specimens. Anopheles balabacensis and An. latens showed two distinct clades in the phylogenetic tree. The multiplex PCR assay was developed based on the ITS2 region for the identification of Anopheles introlatus (298–299 bp), Anopheles latens (197–198 bp), Anopheles cracens (421–426 bp), and Anopheles balabacensis (224–228 bp). This method will be useful to accurately identify the major Anopheles Leucosphyrus Group species in Malaysia, which are difficult to identify morphologically, to determine the correct vector as well as its geographical distribution.
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13
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Singh A, Allam M, Kwenda S, Khumalo ZTH, Ismail A, Oliver SV. The dynamic gut microbiota of zoophilic members of the Anopheles gambiae complex (Diptera: Culicidae). Sci Rep 2022; 12:1495. [PMID: 35087127 PMCID: PMC8795440 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-05437-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota of mosquitoes plays a critical role in the life history of the animal. There is a growing body of research characterising the gut microbiota of a range of mosquito species, but there is still a paucity of information on some members of the Anopheles gambiae complex. In this study, the gut microbiota of four laboratory strains were characterised. SENN (Anopheles arabiensis—insecticide susceptible major vector), SENN DDT (Anopheles arabiensis—insecticide resistant major vector), MAFUS (Anopheles merus—minor vector) and SANGWE (Anopheles quadriannulatus—non-vector) were used in this study. The microbiota of fourth instar larvae, 3-day old, 15-day old non-blood fed and 15-day old blood fed females were characterised by MALDI-TOF mass spectroscopy and 16 s rRNA gene sequencing by next generation sequencing. The four strains differed in species richness but not diversity. The major vectors differ in β-diversity from that of the minor and non-vectors. There was no difference in α- or β-diversity in 15 non-blood fed females and 15-day old females that had 3 blood meals before day 15. These differences may be related to a mixture of the effect of insecticide resistance phenotype as well as a potential relationship to vector competence to a limited extent. Bacterial diversity is affected by species and age. There is also a potential relationship between the differences in gut microbiota and capacity to transmit parasites. This genetic background of the mosquitoes, however, play a major role, and must be considered in this relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashmika Singh
- Centre for Emerging Zoonotic and Parasitic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Wits Research Institute for Malaria, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Mushal Allam
- Sequencing Core Facility, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Department of Genetics and Genomics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Stanford Kwenda
- Sequencing Core Facility, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Zamantungwa T H Khumalo
- Sequencing Core Facility, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa
| | - Arshad Ismail
- Sequencing Core Facility, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Shüné V Oliver
- Centre for Emerging Zoonotic and Parasitic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa. .,Wits Research Institute for Malaria, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
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14
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Clark NF, Taylor-Robinson AW. An Ecologically Framed Comparison of The Potential for Zoonotic Transmission of Non-Human and Human-Infecting Species of Malaria Parasite. THE YALE JOURNAL OF BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2021; 94:361-373. [PMID: 34211355 PMCID: PMC8223545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The threats, both real and perceived, surrounding the development of new and emerging infectious diseases of humans are of critical concern to public health and well-being. Among these risks is the potential for zoonotic transmission to humans of species of the malaria parasite, Plasmodium, that have been considered historically to infect exclusively non-human hosts. Recently observed shifts in the mode, transmission, and presentation of malaria among several species studied are evidenced by shared vectors, atypical symptoms, and novel host-seeking behavior. Collectively, these changes indicate the presence of environmental and ecological pressures that are likely to influence the dynamics of these parasite life cycles and physiological make-up. These may be further affected and amplified by such factors as increased urban development and accelerated rate of climate change. In particular, the extended host-seeking behavior of what were once considered non-human malaria species indicates the specialist niche of human malaria parasites is not a limiting factor that drives the success of blood-borne parasites. While zoonotic transmission of non-human malaria parasites is generally considered to not be possible for the vast majority of Plasmodium species, failure to consider the feasibility of its occurrence may lead to the emergence of a potentially life-threatening blood-borne disease of humans. Here, we argue that recent trends in behavior among what were hitherto considered to be non-human malaria parasites to infect humans call for a cross-disciplinary, ecologically-focused approach to understanding the complexities of the vertebrate host/mosquito vector/malaria parasite triangular relationship. This highlights a pressing need to conduct a multi-species investigation for which we recommend the construction of a database to determine ecological differences among all known Plasmodium species, vectors, and hosts. Closing this knowledge gap may help to inform alternative means of malaria prevention and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole F. Clark
- Institute for Applied Ecology, University of Canberra,
Bruce, Australia,College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders
University, Australia
| | - Andrew W. Taylor-Robinson
- Infectious Diseases Research Group, School of Health,
Medical & Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Brisbane,
Australia,College of Health & Human Sciences, Charles Darwin
University, Casuarina, Australia,To whom all correspondence should be addressed:
Prof Andrew W. Taylor-Robinson, Infectious Diseases Research Group, School of
Health, Medical & Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, 160 Ann
Street, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia; Tel: +61 7 3295 1185;
; ORCID iD: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7342-8348
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15
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Zhong D, Hemming-Schroeder E, Wang X, Kibret S, Zhou G, Atieli H, Lee MC, Afrane YA, Githeko AK, Yan G. Extensive new Anopheles cryptic species involved in human malaria transmission in western Kenya. Sci Rep 2020; 10:16139. [PMID: 32999365 PMCID: PMC7527330 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-73073-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
A thorough understanding of malaria vector species composition and their bionomic characteristics is crucial to devise effective and efficient vector control interventions to reduce malaria transmission. It has been well documented in Africa that malaria interventions in the past decade have resulted in major changes in species composition from endophilic Anopheles gambiae to exophilic An. arabiensis. However, the role of cryptic rare mosquito species in malaria transmission is not well known. This study examined the species composition and distribution, with a particular focus on malaria transmission potential of novel, uncharacterized Anopheles cryptic species in western Kenya. Phylogenetic analysis based on ITS2 and COX1 genes revealed 21 Anopheles mosquito species, including two previously unreported novel species. Unusually high rates of Plasmodium sporozoite infections were detected in An. funestus, An. gambiae and eight cryptic rare species. Plasmodium falciparum, P. malariae and P. ovale sporozoite infections were identified with large proportion of mixed species infections in these vectors. This study, for the first time, reports extensive new Anopheles cryptic species involved in the malaria transmission in western Kenya. These findings underscore the importance of non-common Anopheles species in malaria transmission and the need to target them in routine vector control and surveillance efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daibin Zhong
- Program in Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.
| | - Elizabeth Hemming-Schroeder
- Program in Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Xiaoming Wang
- Program in Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Solomon Kibret
- Program in Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Guofa Zhou
- Program in Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Harrysone Atieli
- Centre for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Ming-Chieh Lee
- Program in Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Yaw A Afrane
- Department of Medical Microbiology, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Andrew K Githeko
- Centre for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Guiyun Yan
- Program in Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.
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