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Putira Sacuena ER, Lima CNC, Abreu IN, da Silva LMC, Belleza LKG, Lemes RB, de Araújo GS, da Silva HP, Vallinoto ACR, Guerreiro JF. Host genetics and the profile of COVID-19 in indigenous people from the Brazilian Amazon: A pilot study with variants of the ACE1, ACE2 and TMPRSS2 genes. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2024; 118:105564. [PMID: 38307396 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2024.105564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
This pilot study aimed to investigate genetic factors that may have contributed to the milder clinical outcomes of COVID-19 in Brazilian indigenous populations. 263 Indigenous from the Araweté, Kararaô, Parakanã, Xikrin do Bacajá, Kayapó and Munduruku peoples were analyzed, 55.2% women, ages ranging from 10 to 95 years (average 49.5 ± 20.7). Variants in genes involved in the entry of SARS-CoV-2 into the host cell (ACE1 rs1799752 I/D, ACE2 rs2285666 C/T, ACE2 rs73635825 A/G and TMPRSS2 rs123297605 C/T), were genotyped in indigenous peoples from the Brazilian Amazon, treated during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic between 2020 and 2021. The distribution of genotypes did not show any association with the presence or absence of IgG antibodies. Additionally, the influence of genetic variations on the severity of the disease was not examined extensively because a significant number of indigenous individuals experienced the disease with either mild symptoms or no symptoms. It is worth noting that the frequencies of risk alleles were found to be lower in Indigenous populations compared to both continental populations and Brazilians. Indigenous Brazilian Amazon people exhibited an ethnic-specific genetic profile that may be associated with a milder disease, which could explain the unexpected response they demonstrated to COVID-19, being less impacted than Brazilians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliene Rodrigues Putira Sacuena
- Laboratory of Human and Medical Genetics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Brazil; Laboratory of Bioanthropological Studies in Health and Environment, Institute of Philosophy and Human Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Lilian Karen Goes Belleza
- Laboratory of Human and Medical Genetics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Brazil
| | - Renan Barbosa Lemes
- Laboratory of Human Population Genomics, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Hilton Pereira da Silva
- Laboratory of Bioanthropological Studies in Health and Environment, Institute of Philosophy and Human Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Brazil
| | | | - João Farias Guerreiro
- Laboratory of Human and Medical Genetics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Brazil.
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2
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de Oliveira LA, dos Santos Barbosa M, Leite Torres AJ, Croda MG, Oliveira da Silva B, dos Santos PCP, Rossoni R, Machado LOCL, Croda J, Maymone Gonçalves CC, Marques MF, da Silva Ferreira T, Sardi SI, Campos GS, de Almeida GB, Alves Gomes MM, Marchioro SB, Simionatto S. Seroprevalence Of SARS-COV-2 infection in asymptomatic indigenous from the largest Brazilian periurban area. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0295211. [PMID: 38134187 PMCID: PMC10745159 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0295211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
This study assessed the seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 in 496 asymptomatic individuals from Mato Grosso do Sul, located in Dourados, the largest periurban indigenous area in Brazil, from January 25 to February 4, 2021. The volunteers participated before receiving their first dose of the CoronaVac inactivated vaccine. For screening, blood samples were collected and analyzed using SARS-CoV-2 rapid tests and the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). We observed varying trends in total anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies across different variables. Seropositivity among the participants tested was 63.70% (316/496) using the rapid test and 52.82% (262/496) were positive using the ELISA method. The majority of participants identified with the Guarani-Kaiowá ethnic group, with 66.15% (217/328), and other ethnic groups with 58.84% (193/328). The median age of the subjects was 30.5 years, with 79.57% (261/328) being femaleThis research showed the elevated seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in asymptomatic Brazilians. The findings indicate a high seropositivity rate among the asymptomatic indigenous population of Midwest Brazil. This underscores the overlooked status of these communities and underscores the need for targeted national initiatives that emphasize the protection of vulnerable ethnic groups in the fight against COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marcelo dos Santos Barbosa
- Health Science Research Laboratory, Federal University of Grande Dourados, Dourados, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Alex José Leite Torres
- Laboratory of Immunology and Molecular Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Mariana Garcia Croda
- School of Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Bruna Oliveira da Silva
- Health Science Research Laboratory, Federal University of Grande Dourados, Dourados, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | | | - Regina Rossoni
- Health Science Research Laboratory, Federal University of Grande Dourados, Dourados, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | | | - Julio Croda
- School of Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
- Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Crhistinne Cavalheiro Maymone Gonçalves
- School of Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
- State Secretariat of Health of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Michele Ferreira Marques
- Health Science Research Laboratory, Federal University of Grande Dourados, Dourados, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Tiago da Silva Ferreira
- Health Science Research Laboratory, Federal University of Grande Dourados, Dourados, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Silvia Inês Sardi
- Laboratory of Immunology and Molecular Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Gubio Soares Campos
- Laboratory of Immunology and Molecular Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Barroso de Almeida
- Laboratory of Immunology and Molecular Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Marilia Maria Alves Gomes
- Health Science Research Laboratory, Federal University of Grande Dourados, Dourados, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Silvana Beutinger Marchioro
- Laboratory of Immunology and Molecular Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Simone Simionatto
- Health Science Research Laboratory, Federal University of Grande Dourados, Dourados, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
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Fernández Villalobos NV, Marsall P, Torres Páez JC, Strömpl J, Gruber J, Lotto Batista M, Pohl D, Concha G, Frickmann H, de la Hoz Restrepo FP, Schneiderhan-Marra N, Krause G, Dulovic A, Strengert M, Kann S. Humoral immune response to SARS-CoV-2 and endemic coronaviruses in urban and indigenous children in Colombia. COMMUNICATIONS MEDICINE 2023; 3:151. [PMID: 37864073 PMCID: PMC10589283 DOI: 10.1038/s43856-023-00376-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although anti-SARS-CoV-2 humoral immune responses and epidemiology have been extensively studied, data gaps remain for certain populations such as indigenous people or children especially in low- and middle-income countries. To address this gap, we evaluated SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence and humoral immunity towards the parental B.1 strain, local SARS-CoV-2 variants, and endemic coronaviruses in children from Colombia from March to April 2021. METHODS We performed a cross-sectional seroprevalence study with 80 children from Bogotá and expanded our analysis by comparing results with an independent observational study of 82 children from the Wiwa community living in the north-eastern Colombian territories. Antibody IgG titers towards SARS-CoV-2 and the endemic coronaviruses as well as ACE2 binding inhibition as a proxy for neutralization towards several SARS-CoV-2 variants were analyzed using two multiplex-based immunoassays. RESULTS While we find seroprevalence estimates of 21.3% in children from Bogotá, seroprevalence is higher with 34.1% in Wiwa children. We observe a robust induction of antibodies towards the surface-exposed spike protein, its S1-, S2- and receptor-binding-subdomains in all SARS-CoV-2 seropositive children. Only nucleocapsid-specific IgG is significantly lower in the indigenous participants. ACE2 binding inhibition is low for all SARS-CoV-2 variants examined. We observe a dominance of NL63 S1 IgG levels in urban and indigenous children which suggests an early exposure to this respiratory virus independent of living conditions and geographic location. SARS-CoV-2 seropositivity does not correlate with antibody levels towards any of the four endemic coronaviruses indicating the absence of cross-protective immunity. CONCLUSIONS Overall, antibody titers, but in particular ACE2 binding inhibition are low within Colombian samples, requiring further investigation to determine any potential clinical significance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Patrick Marsall
- Multiplex Immunoassays, NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tübingen (NMI), Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Johanna Carolina Torres Páez
- Department of Epidemiology, PhD Programme, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Braunschweig-Hannover, Germany
| | - Julia Strömpl
- Department of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Jens Gruber
- Multiplex Immunoassays, NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tübingen (NMI), Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Martín Lotto Batista
- Department of Epidemiology, PhD Programme, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Braunschweig-Hannover, Germany
- Global Health Resilience, Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Daria Pohl
- Department of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Gustavo Concha
- Organization Wiwa Yugumaiun Bunkauanarrua Tayrona (OWYBT), Department Health Advocacy, Valledupar, Colombia
| | - Hagen Frickmann
- Department of Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Bundeswehr Hospital Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medicine Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | | | - Nicole Schneiderhan-Marra
- Multiplex Immunoassays, NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tübingen (NMI), Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Gérard Krause
- Department of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Braunschweig, Germany
- Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Braunschweig-Hannover, Germany
- TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture of the Hannover Medical School and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Hannover, Germany
| | - Alex Dulovic
- Multiplex Immunoassays, NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tübingen (NMI), Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Monika Strengert
- Department of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Braunschweig, Germany.
- TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture of the Hannover Medical School and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Simone Kann
- Medical Mission Institute, Würzburg, Germany
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Novaes TER, Lara DM, da Silva SG. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) in the Context of the COVID-19 Pandemic Among Indigenous Peoples of Brazil: Epidemiology and Risk Factors Associated with Death. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities 2023:10.1007/s40615-023-01660-z. [PMID: 37314690 DOI: 10.1007/s40615-023-01660-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) represents a serious public health problem for the indigenous peoples of Brazil, since acute respiratory infections are the main causes of morbidity and mortality in this population. OBJECTIVE To assess cases of SARS in Brazilian indigenous peoples in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as sociodemographic and health factors associated with deaths from SARS in this population. METHODS Ecological study carried out based on secondary data from the Brazilian Database for Epidemiological Surveillance of Influenza referring to the Brazilian indigenous population with SARS in 2020. The variables included sociodemographic factors and health conditions. Statistical analyses were carried out considering absolute (n) and relative (%) frequencies and logistic regression with odds ratios (OR), with death as the outcome of interest. RESULTS A total of 3062 cases were reported in the analyzed period. Of these, there was a predominance of men (54.6%), adults (41.4%), with comorbidities (52.3%), with low levels of schooling (67.4%) and residents of rural areas (55.8%). Cases and deaths were concentrated in the states of Amazonas and Mato Grosso do Sul, states in the North and Midwest of Brazil. A greater chance of death was observed in elderly indigenous people (OR = 6.29; 95%CI 4.71-8.39), with low levels of schooling (OR = 1.72; 95%CI 1.22-2.28), residents of rural areas (OR = 1.35; 95%CI 1.12-1.62), and with comorbidities (OR = 1.87; 95%CI 1.42-2.46), especially obesity (OR = 2.56; 95%CI 1.07-6.11). CONCLUSION The study was able to trace the clinical-epidemiological profile, as well as identify the groups of indigenous people most vulnerable to SARS as a result of COVID-19 and evolution to death in Brazil. The findings show the high impact on the morbidity and mortality of the Brazilian indigenous population exposed to SARS and are relevant for epidemiological health surveillance, since they can guide preventive public policy actions and quality of life measures for this ethnic group in Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Darlan Martins Lara
- Medical School of the Federal University of Fronteira Sul, Campus Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, Brazil
| | - Shana Ginar da Silva
- Post-Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Federal University of Fronteira Sul, Campus Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, Brazil
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Figueiredo GM, Tengan FM, Campos SR, Luna EJ. Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 in Brazil: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2023; 78:100233. [PMID: 37348256 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinsp.2023.100233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To summarize the data on SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence surveys conducted in Brazil before the introduction of vaccines METHODS: The authors conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis on the seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in Brazil. The present review followed the PRISMA guidelines. The authors searched Medline, Embase, and LILACS databases for serologic surveys conducted in the Brazilian population, in the period from 01/10/2019 to 07/11/2021, without language restrictions. The authors included studies that presented data concerning SARS-CoV-2 antibodies seroprevalence in Brazil and had a sample size ≥50 individuals. Considering the expected heterogeneity between studies, all analyses were performed using the random effects model, and heterogeneity was assessed using the I2 statistic RESULTS: Of 586 publications identified in the initial searches, 54 were included in the review and meta-analysis, which contained the results of 135 surveys, with 336,620 participants. The estimated seroprevalence was 11.0%, ranging from 1.0% to 83.0%, with a substantial heterogeneity (I2 = 99.55%). In subgroup analyses, the authors observed that the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies was 13.0% in blood donors, 9.0% in the population-based surveys, 13% in schoolchildren, and 11.0% in healthcare workers. CONCLUSIONS Seroprevalence increases over time. Large differences were observed among the regions of the country. It was higher in the Northern region, decreasing towards the South. The present results may contribute to the analysis of the spread of SARS-CoV-2 infection in the Brazilian population before vaccination, one of the factors that may be influencing the clinical presentation of COVID-19 cases related to the new variants, as well as the effectiveness of the vaccination program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerusa Maria Figueiredo
- Departamento de Medicina Preventiva da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Fátima Mitiko Tengan
- Departamento de Moléstias Infecciosas e Parasitarias da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Sergio Roberto Campos
- Departamento de Medicina Preventiva da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Expedito José Luna
- Departamento de Medicina Preventiva da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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6
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Ro C. Legacy of covid-19 for indigenous health in the Brazilian Amazon. BMJ 2023; 380:o3005. [PMID: 36604102 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.o3005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Machado FCG, Ferron MM, Barddal MTDM, Nascimento LA, Rosalen J, Avelino-Silva VI. COVID-19 vaccination, incidence, and mortality rates among indigenous populations compared to the general population in Brazil: Describing trends over time. THE LANCET REGIONAL HEALTH - AMERICAS 2022; 13:100319. [PMID: 35874497 PMCID: PMC9294659 DOI: 10.1016/j.lana.2022.100319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Background Chronic social and health inequities faced by indigenous peoples in Brazil foretell the detrimental impact of COVID-19. Methods We use de-identified, publicly available data from the Ministry of Health from March/2020 - December/2021 to describe vaccination coverage, cumulative incidence, and cumulative mortality rates due to COVID-19 among indigenous peoples. We also compare vaccination coverage among indigenous peoples with that reported for older adults, who were simultaneously included as a priority group in the vaccination strategy. Finally, we compared COVID-19 incidence and mortality rates in the indigenous population with that reported for the general Brazilian population. Findings We found important heterogeneities in vaccination coverage across the 34 indigenous districts, and a lower overall coverage among indigenous peoples compared to older adults. We observed higher COVID-19 cumulative incidence rates among indigenous populations compared to the general Brazilian population. Although mortality rates were seemingly lower, data should be interpreted with caution due to a younger age structure and more frequent underreporting of cases and deaths among indigenous populations. After the beginning of COVID-19 vaccination program, we observed a decrease in both incidence and mortality rates among indigenous peoples in all Brazilian regions. Interpretation The COVID-19 pandemic has had a heavy toll on vulnerable populations. Although social and geographic isolation challenges the implementation of any vaccination program for indigenous populations, prior experience suggests that the COVID-19 vaccination strategy lacked effectiveness. The absence of a coordinated strategy to reinforce the importance of the vaccine and other prevention methods, to guarantee the access to trustworthy information, and to respond with the necessary resources in extreme situations, resulted in lower COVID-19 vaccination coverage, higher incidence rates, and preventable deaths due to COVID-19 among indigenous peoples in Brazil. Funding This work was not supported by specific funding.
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Horta BL, Silveira MF, Barros AJD, Hartwig FP, Dias MS, Menezes AMB, Hallal PC. COVID-19 and outpatient care: a nationwide household survey. CAD SAUDE PUBLICA 2022; 38:e00194121. [PMID: 35442261 DOI: 10.1590/0102-311x00194121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
We aimed to assess the proportion of the population in 133 Brazilian municipalities who - from March to August 2020 - had a health problem but failed to seek care or failed to attend to a health service for routine appointment or examination. We conducted a household survey from August 24-27 in 133 Brazilian cities by asking the subjects if, since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic in March 2020, they had suffered from a health problem but did not seek care or failed to attend to a routine or screening examination. Poisson regression was used for the analyses. We interviewed 33,250 subjects and 11.8% (95%CI: 11.4-12.1) reported that, since March 2020, they failed to seek care despite being ill, 17.3% (95%CI: 16.9-17.7) failed to attend to a routine or screening examination and 23.9% (95%CI: 23.4-24.4) reported one or both outcomes. Health service closure and fear of the COVID-19 infection were the main reasons for not seeking care. Women and the poorest were more likely to not look for a health service, despite having a health problem or a scheduled routine appointment. On the other hand, those subjects who self-identified as white were less likely to not look for a health service. The COVID-19 pandemic is more critical for the indigenous people and the poorest, and these people are also more likely to not seek care for other health conditions during the pandemic.
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Sansone NMS, Boschiero MN, Ortega MM, Ribeiro IA, Peixoto AO, Mendes RT, Marson FAL. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome by SARS-CoV-2 Infection or Other Etiologic Agents Among Brazilian Indigenous Population: An Observational Study from the First Year of Coronavirus Disease (COVID)-19 Pandemic. LANCET REGIONAL HEALTH. AMERICAS 2022; 8:100177. [PMID: 35018359 PMCID: PMC8739500 DOI: 10.1016/j.lana.2021.100177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Background Indigenous peoples are vulnerable to pandemics, including to the coronavirus disease (COVID)-19, since it causes high mortality and specially, the loss of elderly Indigenous individuals. Methods The epidemiological data of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) by SARS-CoV-2 infection or other etiologic agents (OEA) among Brazilian Indigenous peoples during the first year of COVID-19 pandemic was obtained from a Brazilian Ministry of Health open-access database to perform an observational study. Considering only Indigenous individuals diagnosed with SARS by COVID-19, the epidemiology data were also evaluated as risk of death. The type of sample collection for virus screening, demographic profile, clinical symptoms, comorbidities, and clinical evolution were evaluated. The primary outcome was considered the death in the Brazilian Indigenous individuals and the secondary outcome, the characteristics of Brazilian Indigenous infected by SARS-CoV-2 or OEA, as the need for intensive care unit admission or the need for mechanical ventilation support. The statistical analysis was done using Logistic Regression Model. Alpha of 0.05. Findings A total of 3,122 cases of Indigenous individuals with SARS in Brazil were reported during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic. Of these, 1,994 were diagnosed with COVID-19 and 730/1,816 (40.2%) of them died. The death rate among individuals with SARS-CoV-2 was three-fold increased when compared to the group of individuals with OEA. Several symptoms (myalgia, loss of smell, and sore throat) and comorbidities (cardiopathy, systemic arterial hypertension, and diabetes mellitus) were more prevalent in the COVID-19 group when compared to Indigenous individuals with OEA. Similar profile was observed considering the risk of death among the Indigenous individuals with COVID-19 who presented several symptoms (oxygen saturation <95%, dyspnea, and respiratory distress) and comorbidities (renal disorders, cardiopathy, and diabetes mellitus). The multivariate analysis was significant in differentiating between the COVID-19-positive and non-COVID-19 patients [X2(7)=65.187; P-value<0.001]. Among the patients’ features, the following contributed in relation to the diagnosis of COVID-19: age [≥43 years-old [y.o.]; OR=1.984 (95%CI=1.480-2.658)]; loss of smell [OR=2.373 (95%CI=1.461-3.854)]; presence of previous respiratory disorders [OR=0.487; 95%CI=0.287-0.824)]; and fever [OR=1.445 (95%CI=1.082-1.929)]. Also, the multivariate analysis was able to predict the risk of death [X2(9)=293.694; P-value<0.001]. Among the patients’ features, the following contributed in relation to the risk of death: male gender [OR=1.507 (95%CI=1.010-2.250)]; age [≥60 y.o.; OR=3.377 (95%CI=2.292-4.974)]; the need for ventilatory support [invasive mechanical ventilation; OR=24.050 (95%CI=12.584-45.962) and non-invasive mechanical ventilation; OR=2.249 (95%CI=1.378-3.671)]; dyspnea [OR=2.053 (95%CI=1.196-3.522)]; oxygen saturation <95% [OR=1.691 (95%CI=1.050-2.723)]; myalgia [OR=0.423 (95%CI=0.191-0.937)]; and the presence of kidney disorders [OR=3.135 (95%CI=1.144-8.539)]. Interpretation The Brazilian Indigenous peoples are in a vulnerable situation during the COVID-19 pandemic and presented an increased risk of death due to COVID-19. Several factors were associated with enhanced risk of death, as male sex, older age (≥60 y.o.), and need for ventilatory support; also, other factors might help to differentiate SARS by COVID-19 or by OEA, as older age (≥43 y.o.), loss of smell, and fever. Funding Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (Foundation for Research Support of the State of São Paulo; #2021/05810-7).
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Key Words
- %, Percentage
- 95%CI, 95% Confidence Interval
- COVID-19
- COVID-19, Coronavirus Disease (2019)
- Ethnicity
- H1N1, H1N1 Strain of the Flu (Influenzae) virus
- HRCT, High-Resolution Computed Tomography
- ICU, Intensive Care Unit
- Indigenous
- Intensive Care Unit
- MV, Mechanical Ventilation
- NA, Not Applicable
- OEA, Other Etiologic Agents
- OR, Odds Ratio
- Pandemic
- RT-PCR, Real Time-Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Race
- Respiratory Disease
- SAH, Systemic Arterial Hypertension
- SARS, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome
- SARS-CoV, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus
- SARS-CoV-2, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2
- SIVEP-Gripe, Information System for Epidemiological Surveillance of Influenza (Sistema de Informação de Vigilância Epidemiológica da Gripe)
- SUS, Sistema Único de Saúde (Brazilian Public Health System)
- Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome
- Virus
- y.o., Years Old
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathália M S Sansone
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Tumor Biology and Bioactive Compounds, São Francisco University, Bragança Paulista, SP, Brazil.,Laboratory of Human and Medical Genetics, São Francisco University, Bragança Paulista, SP, Brazil
| | - Matheus N Boschiero
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Tumor Biology and Bioactive Compounds, São Francisco University, Bragança Paulista, SP, Brazil
| | - Manoela M Ortega
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Tumor Biology and Bioactive Compounds, São Francisco University, Bragança Paulista, SP, Brazil.,Laboratory of Human and Medical Genetics, São Francisco University, Bragança Paulista, SP, Brazil
| | - Isadora A Ribeiro
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Tumor Biology and Bioactive Compounds, São Francisco University, Bragança Paulista, SP, Brazil.,Laboratory of Human and Medical Genetics, São Francisco University, Bragança Paulista, SP, Brazil
| | - Andressa O Peixoto
- Laboratory of Translational Medicine, Center for Investigation in Pediatrics, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas. Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Roberto T Mendes
- Laboratory of Translational Medicine, Center for Investigation in Pediatrics, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas. Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Fernando A L Marson
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Tumor Biology and Bioactive Compounds, São Francisco University, Bragança Paulista, SP, Brazil.,Laboratory of Human and Medical Genetics, São Francisco University, Bragança Paulista, SP, Brazil
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Lima CNC, Abreu IN, Rodrigues EPS, Freitas VDO, Botelho BJS, Souza SL, Cayres-Vallinoto I, Guerreiro JF, Ishak R, Vallinoto ACR. Anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies among indigenous populations of the Brazilian Amazon: a cross-sectional study. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e054271. [PMID: 35131827 PMCID: PMC8822535 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-054271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 and its pandemic spread generated serious concern about the impact of the infection on vulnerable indigenous populations of the Brazilian Amazon. Thus, this study aimed to perform a seroepidemiological survey of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in those populations. SETTING Six indigenous ethnic groups living in the State of Pará (Northern Brazil) were investigated. The villages of Xikrin do Bacajá, Assurini, Araweté, Parakanã, Munduruku and Kararaô were visited from October 2020 to January 2021. DESIGN AND PARTICIPANTS We performed a cross-sectional study to investigate the prevalence of anti-spike (S1) IgG antibodies. Plasma was tested for the presence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgM and IgG antibodies using two assays (a lateral flow rapid test and an ELISA). A total of 1185 individuals of both sexes were enrolled in the study. RESULTS The prevalences of IgM and IgG antibodies were 6.9% and 68.1%, respectively, ranging from 0% to 79.6%, with significant differences (p<0.001) between age groups in three communities (Araweté, Xikrin and Munduruku) and a virulence rate of 0.86%. The overall IgG prevalence obtained by rapid tests and ELISAs were similar, and the agreement of the results between the two tests was 80%, which was classified as good (kappa=0.4987; p<0.001; sensitivity of 82.1% and specificity of 71.6%). Herd immunity was probably attained, similar to that found in other communities of the Amazon. CONCLUSIONS SARS-CoV-2 spread rapidly among the indigenous populations investigated, but it had a low mortality rate. It is necessary to expand serological investigations to other communities in the Amazon region of Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Sandra Lima Souza
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belem, Brazil
| | | | | | - Ricardo Ishak
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belem, Brazil
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11
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Hernández-Vásquez A, Chavez-Ecos F, Barrenechea-Pulache A, Comandé D, Bendezu-Quispe G. Seroprevalence and lethality by SARS-CoV-2 in indigenous populations of Latin America and the Caribbean: a systematic review. PeerJ 2022; 9:e12552. [PMID: 35003919 PMCID: PMC8684739 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.12552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) has presented some of the highest numbers of cases and deaths due to COVID-19 in the world. Even though indigenous communities represent 8% of the total population in this region, the impact of COVID-19 on this historically vulnerable population has only been briefly explored. Thus, this study aimed to estimate the seroprevalence and lethality attributable to SARS-CoV-2 in the indigenous population of LAC. Methods A systematic review was conducted utilizing multiple databases (registry PROSPERO: CRD42020207862). Studies published in English, Spanish or Portuguese were selected between December 1st, 2019, and April 14th, 2021. The evaluation of the quality of the study was carried out utilizing the Quality Assessment Tool for Observational Cohort and Cross-Sectional Studies. A qualitative synthesis of the data analyzed was conducted following the MOOSE and PRISMA declarations. Results Fifteen studies met the inclusion criteria. Eleven studies were carried out in a Brazilian population, three in a Mexican population, and one in a Colombian population. Four studies reported data about the seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 in indigenous populations of Brazil (range: 4.2–81.65%). Twelve studies reported lethality in indigenous people (eight in Brazil, three in Mexico, and one in Colombia). In Brazil, a lethality of 53.30% was described in a hospital setting and between 1.83% and 4.03% in community studies. In Mexico, the lethality of COVID-19 ranged between 16.5% and 19.9%. Meanwhile, in Colombia, a lethality of 3.41% was reported. Most studies were deemed to be of good quality. Conclusions Despite COVID-19 affecting indigenous populations of LAC, there is limited evidence of the seroprevalence and lethality of the infection by SARS-CoV-2 in this population. Future investigations should ensure standardized methods that allow comparability among studies and ensure the precision of the results obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akram Hernández-Vásquez
- Centro de Excelencia en Investigaciones Económicas y Sociales en Salud, Vicerrectorado de Investigación, Universidad San Ignacio de Loyola, Lima, Peru
| | - Fabian Chavez-Ecos
- Sociedad Científica de Estudiantes de Medicina de Ica, Universidad Nacional "San Luis Gonzaga", Ica, Peru
| | | | - Daniel Comandé
- Institute for Clinical Effectiveness and Health Policy (IECS), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Guido Bendezu-Quispe
- Centro de Investigación Epidemiológica en Salud Global, Universidad Privada Norbert Wiener, Lima, Peru
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12
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Epelboin L, Succo T, Michaud C, Oberlis M, Bidaud B, Naudion P, Dudognon L, Fernandes C, Cochet C, Caspar C, Jacoud E, Teissier S, Douine M, Rousset D, Flamand C, Djossou F, Nacher M, Rousseau C, Vignier N, Gaillet M. COVID-19 epidemic in remote areas of the French Amazon, March 2020 to May 2021: Another reality. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2022; 55:e02742021. [PMID: 35522806 PMCID: PMC9070063 DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0274-2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Loïc Epelboin
- Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne Andrée Rosemon, French Guiana; Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne Andrée Rosemon, French Guiana; Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne, French Guiana
| | | | - Céline Michaud
- Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne Andrée Rosemon, French Guiana
| | | | | | | | - Lise Dudognon
- Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne Andrée Rosemon, French Guiana; Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne Andrée Rosemon, French Guiana
| | - Clara Fernandes
- Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne Andrée Rosemon, French Guiana; Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Charlène Cochet
- Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne, French Guiana; Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne Andrée Rosemon, French Guiana
| | - Cécile Caspar
- Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne Andrée Rosemon, French Guiana; Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Estelle Jacoud
- Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne Andrée Rosemon, French Guiana
| | | | | | | | | | - Félix Djossou
- Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne Andrée Rosemon, French Guiana
| | | | | | - Nicolas Vignier
- Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne Andrée Rosemon, French Guiana; Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne, French Guiana; Sorbonne Université, France
| | - Mélanie Gaillet
- Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne Andrée Rosemon, French Guiana; Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne Andrée Rosemon, French Guiana
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13
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Lima SS, Queiroz MAF, Machado LFA, Vallinoto ACR, Ishak MDOG, Ishak R. Retrospective epidemiology of the SARS-CoV-2 (and COVID-19) epidemic among 27 Brazilian cities. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL VIROLOGY PLUS 2021; 1:100053. [PMID: 35262029 PMCID: PMC8574077 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcvp.2021.100053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Most of the countries facing the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) epidemic are still trying to understand the dynamics of the behavior of the virus and dissemination of the new agent. Objectives A retrospective descriptive epidemiological study of the 26 state capitals of Brazil and its capital, Brasilia, was performed to investigate the behavior of the infection and disease caused by SARS-CoV-2. Study design The data presented were obtained from the State Health Departments and the Brazilian Ministry of Health. Seven epidemiological markers (including the incidence, mortality and case fatality rates and the growth of the epidemic measured by the ratios observed on days 30, 60 and 90) were compared for the initial 90 days of the epidemic for each city. Results The epidemic spread to the country within 25 days, and deaths occurred as early as nine days from initiation. The incidence and mortality rates ranged from 70 to almost 1,599/100,000 and less than 1 to 1,171/1,000,000, respectively, at the end of the 90-day period of observation. The CFR was less than two up to 12.31%. The magnitude of each marker clustered the cities in different groups. The epidemic was managed differently in each city, with differences in qualified medical services and medical preparedness to face the emergency situation. Conclusions Although modeling the epidemic has been a constant task, epidemiological data should be pursued to define actual information, such as the prevalence and incidence rates, to understand the unpredictable nature of this emerging infection, including the present policy of vaccination campaigns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Souza Lima
- Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará
| | | | | | | | | | - Ricardo Ishak
- Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará
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14
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da Silva HP, Abreu IN, Lima CNC, de Lima ACR, do Nascimento Barbosa A, de Oliveira LR, Fujishima MA, Lima SS, de Lima VN, Castelo-Branco S, Vallinoto ACR. Migration in times of pandemic: SARS-CoV-2 infection among the Warao indigenous refugees in Belém, Pará, Amazonia, Brazil. BMC Public Health 2021; 21:1659. [PMID: 34511064 PMCID: PMC8435358 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-021-11696-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The emergence of the new causative agent of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in the city of Wuhan, China, in December 2019, and its spread worldwide, led the World Health Organization (WHO) to declare a pandemic. The disease has caused high mortality among traditional populations and the most socially vulnerable groups such indigenous and refugees. The present study aims to investigate the prevalence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies in the population of Venezuelan indigenous Warao refugees residing in private and public shelters in the city of Belem, capital of Para State, in the Brazilian Amazon. Methods One hundred one individuals of both sexes (43 men and 58 women) with ages varying from 18 to 77 years (average of 36 years) were investigated. Whole blood samples were collected and subsequently separated into plasma and leukocytes. Serological analysis was performed using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay - ELISA (Anti-SARS-COV-2 S1 IgG, EUROIMMUN, USA). Results The results indicate a positive serum prevalence of 83.2% (84), of which 77.6% (45/58) were females and 90.7% (39/43) were males. An indeterminate profile was observed in 6.9% (7), where it was not possible to confirm the presence of antibodies, and 9.9% (10) individuals were negative for IgG antibodies. Conclusions The finding of the high seroprevalence of IgG anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies reveals a high exposure of the Warao population in Belem to infection with the new coronavirus. These results underscore the importance of maintaining epidemiological surveillance with testing in traditional populations due to the high possibility of spreading the virus, especially among the most socioeconomically vulnerable groups, which depend exclusively on the Unified Health System (SUS), such as refugees and indigenous people. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12889-021-11696-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilton Pereira da Silva
- Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belem, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Mayumi Aragão Fujishima
- Faculdade de Medicina, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belem, Brazil
| | | | - Vitor Nina de Lima
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Saúde, Ambiente e Sociedade da Amazônia e Programa de Pós-Graduação em Antropologia, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belem, Brazil
| | - Socorro Castelo-Branco
- Laboratório de Estudos Bioantropológicos em Saúde e Meio Ambiente, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belem, Brazil
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15
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Increased vulnerability to SARS-CoV-2 infection among indigenous people living in the urban area of Manaus. Sci Rep 2021; 11:17534. [PMID: 34475438 PMCID: PMC8413354 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-96843-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic threatens indigenous peoples living in suburban areas of large Brazilian cities and has thus far intensified their pre-existing socio-economic inequalities. We evaluated the epidemiological situation of SARS-CoV-2 infection among residents of the biggest urban multiethnic indigenous community of the Amazonas state, Brazil. Blood samples of 280 indigenous people living in the surrounding area of Manaus were tested for the presence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgA or IgG antibodies. The risk factors and sociodemographic information were assessed through an epidemiological questionnaire. We found a total positivity rate of 64.64% (95% CI 59.01–70.28) for SARS-CoV-2 infection. IgA and IgG were detected in 55.71% (95% CI 49.89–61.54) and 60.71% (95% CI 54.98–66.45) of the individuals, respectively. Over 80% of positive individuals were positive for both IgA and IgG.No significant difference in positivity rates between genders or age groups was observed. Moreover, the age group ≥ 60 years old showed the highest antibody ratios (IgA mean ratio = 3.080 ± 1.623; IgG mean ratio = 4.221 ± 1.832), while the age groups 13–19 and 20–29 showed the lowest IgA (mean ratio = 2.268 ± 0.919) and IgG ratios (mean ratio = 2.207 ± 1.246), respectively. Individuals leaving the home more frequently were at higher risk of infection (Odds ratio (OD) 2.61; 95% CI 1.00–1.49; p = 0.048). Five or more individuals per household increased fivefold the risk of virus transmission (OR 2.56; 95% CI 1.09–6.01; p = 0.019). The disproportionate dissemination of SARS-CoV-2 infection observed among the study population might be driven by typical cultural behavior and socioeconomic inequalities. Despite the pandemic threat, this population is not being targeted by public policies and appears to be chronically invisible to the Brazilian authorities.
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Hodgson D, Flasche S, Jit M, Kucharski AJ. The potential for vaccination-induced herd immunity against the SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.7 variant. Euro Surveill 2021; 26:2100428. [PMID: 34018481 PMCID: PMC8138959 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2021.26.20.2100428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We assess the feasibility of reaching the herd immunity threshold against SARS-CoV-2 through vaccination, considering vaccine effectiveness (VE), transmissibility of the virus and the level of pre-existing immunity in populations, as well as their age structure. If highly transmissible variants of concern become dominant in areas with low levels of naturally-acquired immunity and/or in populations with large proportions of < 15 year-olds, control of infection without non-pharmaceutical interventions may only be possible with a VE ≥ 80%, and coverage extended to children.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Hodgson
- Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stefan Flasche
- Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Jit
- Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Adam J Kucharski
- Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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