Epigenetically upregulated oncoprotein PLCE1 drives esophageal carcinoma angiogenesis and proliferation via activating the PI-PLCε-NF-κB signaling pathway and VEGF-C/ Bcl-2 expression

Integrative analysis of exosomal ncRNAs and their regulatory networks in liver cancer progression

Background

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a significant global health challenge with complex molecular underpinnings. Recent advancements in understanding the role of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) and exosomes in cancer biology have opened new avenues for research into potential diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.

Methods

This study utilized a comprehensive approach to analyze gene expression patterns and regulatory networks in HCC. We integrated RNA sequencing data gathered from both tissue samples and exosomes. The WGCNA and limma R packages were employed to construct co-expression networks and identify differentially expressed ncRNAs, including long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and circular RNAs (circRNAs).

Results

Our analysis demonstrated distinct expression profiles of various ncRNAs in HCC, revealing their intricate interactions with cancer-related genes. Key findings include the identification of a network of microRNAs that interact with selected lncRNAs and their potential roles as biomarkers. Moreover, exosomal RNA was shown to effectively reflect tissue-specific gene expression changes.

Conclusions

The results of this study highlight the significance of exosomal ncRNAs in the progression of liver cancer, suggesting their potential as both diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets. Future research should focus on the functional implications of these ncRNAs to further elucidate their roles in HCC and explore their applications in clinical settings.

Exosome-based approaches in cancer along with unlocking new insights into regeneration of cancer-prone tissues

Most eukaryotic cells secrete extracellular vesicles called exosomes, which are involved in intercellular communication. Exosomes play a role in tumor development and metastasis by transporting bioactive chemicals from cancerous cells to other cells in local and distant microenvironments. However, the potential of exosomes can be used by engineering them and considering different therapeutic approaches to overcome tumors. Exosomes are a promising drug delivery approach that can help decrease side effects from traditional treatments like radiation and chemotherapy by acting as targeted agents at the tumor site. The present review provides an overview of exosomes and various aspects of the role of exosomes in cancer development, which include these items: exosomes in cancer diagnosis, exosomes and drug delivery, exosomes and drug resistance, exosomal microRNAs and exosomes in tumor microenvironment, etc. Cancer stem cells release exosomes that nurture tumors, promoting unwanted growth and regeneration, and these types of exosomes should be inhibited. Ironically, exosomes from other cells, such as hepatocytes or mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), are vital for healing organs like the liver and repairing gastric ulcers. Without proper treatment, this healing process can backfire, potentially leading to disease progression or even cancer. What can be found from various studies about the role of exosomes in the field of cancer is that exosomes act like a double-edged sword; on the other hand, natural exosomes in the body may play an important role in the process and progression of cancer, but by engineering exosomes, they can be directed towards target therapy and targeted delivery of drugs to tumor cells. By examining the role and application of exosomes in various mechanisms of cancer, it is possible to help treat this disease more efficiently and quickly in preclinical and clinical research.

JAK-STAT Signaling in Autoimmunity and Cancer

The JAK-STAT pathway is an essential cell survival signaling that regulates gene expressions related to inflammation, immunity and cancer. Cytokine receptors, signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) proteins, and Janus kinases (JAKs) are the critical component of this signaling cascade. When JAKs are stimulated by cytokines, STAT phosphorylation, dimerization, and nuclear translocation occur, which eventually impacts gene transcription. Dysregulation of JAK-STAT signaling is linked with various autoimmune diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, and inflammatory bowel disease. This pathway is constitutively activated in human malignancies and leads to tumor cell survival, proliferation, and immune evasion. Oncogenic mutations in the JAK and STAT genes have been found in solid tumors, leukemia, and lymphoma. Targeting the JAK-STAT pathway is a viable and promising therapeutic strategy for the treatment of autoimmune diseases and cancers.

Knockdown NEK7 stimulates anti-tumor immune responses by NLRP3/PD-L1 signaling in esophageal cancer

BACKGROUND

Esophageal cancer is a prevalent malignancy with limited treatment options. The study aimed to understand the role and mechanism of NEK7 in esophageal cancer development.

METHODS

RNA sequencing compared esophageal cancer tissues with adjacent tissues, and real-time PCR validated NEK7 expression. Co-IP identified NLRP3 as NEK7's binding partner. We also study the effects of NEK7 knockdown on cell viability, apoptosis, migration, invasion, and the expression of NLRP3/PD-L1 in esophageal carcinoma cell lines. TIMER 2.0 analyzed immune infiltration. An animal model was used to investigate the impact of NEK7 knockdown on tumor size, survival rates, and immune cell infiltration. Licochalcone B blocked NEK7/NLRP3, enhancing CD8 T cell-mediated tumor killing. PD-1's role in T cell viability was also assessed.

RESULTS

NEK7 was observed to be markedly elevated in both tumor tissues of esophageal cancer and EC109 cells. Moreover, silencing NEK7 reduced cell viability, migration, and invasion, while enhancing cell apoptosis in vitro. Knockdown of NEK7 caused a notable reduction in levels of NLRP3 and PD-L1 in EC109 cells. NEK7 expression showed a positive correlation with immune cell infiltration. Knockdown of NEK7 decreased PD-L1 expression, while upregulation of NEK7 increased PD-L1 expression, then reversed by NLRP3 knockdown. In animal studies, NEK7 knockdown reduced tumor size and volume while improving survival. It also promoted CD4 and CD8 T cell infiltration while inhibiting Treg cells and PD-1 + CD4 and CD8 T cells. Licochalcone B blocked NEK7/NLRP3 binding, decreased cell viability of EC109 cells, and enhanced the activity of co-cultured CD8 T cells. Furthermore, Licochalcone B and anti-PD-1 treatment increased the killing ratio of EC109 cells.

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, NEK7 is a key regulator in the progression of esophageal cancer and the immune evasion. Targeting the NEK7/NLRP3 pathway may have therapeutic potential for the treatment of esophageal cancer.

A HClO-activated BODIPY based ratiometric fluorescent probe with dual near-infrared channels for differentiating cancerous cells from normal cells and surgical guidance of tumor resection

Cancer (malignant tumor), a serious disease with a high mortality rate, early-stage diagnosis and treatment are very important for cancer therapy. The average concentration of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cancer cells is ten times higher than in normal cells, and the overexpression of hypochlorous acid (HClO) is closely associated with cancer progression. Herein, a novel near-infrared (NIR) Golgi apparatus-targetable (GA) fluorescent probe GA-BOD-S was synthesized using the BODIPY and phenothiazine as the basic fluorescence framework for HClO monitoring. GA-BOD-S exhibited a colorimetric and ratiometric dual-mode recognition for HClO with the excellent merits including low detection limit (35 nM), fast response time (within 13 s), and exceptional GA targeting capability (Pearson's coefficient 0.98). Notably, both fluorescence emission wavelengths of GA-BOD-S before and after reaction with HClO are located in the NIR region, significantly enhancing the quality of fluorescence imaging in vivo. Cellular experiments revealed that GA-BOD-S can effectively visualize both endogenous and exogenous HClO within cells and living zebrafish. GA-BOD-S was successfully employed for high-contrast imaging of cancer cells and normal cells based on the differences in intracellular ROS levels, and achieved in-situ imaging of tumors in vivo. Furthermore, the precision of tumor resection surgery was significantly improved under the guidance of fluorescence probe GA-BOD-S, which provided a new perspective for the diagnosis and treatment of cancer disease.

DOCK9 as a predictive biomarker linked to angiogenesis and immune response in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma

Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) remains a serious health concern due to its high prevalence and mortality rates. Identifying prognostic biomarkers is essential to improving patient outcomes and treatment strategies. DOCK9, a gene implicated in various cellular functions, may play a significant role in ESCC progression and prognosis. We analyzed RNA microarray datasets and single-cell RNA sequencing data to identify survival-associated genes in ESCC. Using protein expression analysis, we examined DOCK9 in ESCC tissues and assessed its functional impact on human umbilical vein endothelial cells to understand its role in angiogenesis. Additionally, we developed a 21-gene prognostic risk model, focusing on the relevance of DOCK9. Our findings revealed that DOCK9 expression is significantly reduced in ESCC tissues and correlates with poor survival outcomes. Functionally, DOCK9 was found to regulate angiogenesis and modulate the tumor-associated fibroblast environment in ESCC. Furthermore, the DOCK9/CD31 ratio emerged as a potential marker to predict immune therapy response in ESCC. DOCK9 serves as a prognostic biomarker in ESCC, influencing both angiogenesis and immune response, and could guide future therapeutic strategies, particularly in immunotherapy. This study highlights DOCK9's relevance in ESCC prognosis, supporting its potential role in tailored therapies aimed at angiogenesis and immune modulation.

TAK1-mediated phosphorylation of PLCE1 represses PIP2 hydrolysis to impede esophageal squamous cancer metastasis

TAK1 is a serine/threonine protein kinase that is a key regulator in a wide variety of cellular processes. However, the functions and mechanisms involved in cancer metastasis are still not well understood. Here, we found that TAK1 knockdown promoted esophageal squamous cancer carcinoma (ESCC) migration and invasion, whereas TAK1 overexpression resulted in the opposite outcome. These in vitro findings were recapitulated in vivo in a xenograft metastatic mouse model. Mechanistically, co-immunoprecipitation and mass spectrometry demonstrated that TAK1 interacted with phospholipase C epsilon 1 (PLCE1) and phosphorylated PLCE1 at serine 1060 (S1060). Functional studies revealed that phosphorylation at S1060 in PLCE1 resulted in decreased enzyme activity, leading to the repression of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) hydrolysis. As a result, the degradation products of PIP2 including diacylglycerol (DAG) and inositol IP3 were reduced, which thereby suppressed signal transduction in the axis of PKC/GSK-3β/β-Catenin. Consequently, expression of cancer metastasis-related genes was impeded by TAK1. Overall, our data indicate that TAK1 plays a negative role in ESCC metastasis, which depends on the TAK1-induced phosphorylation of PLCE1 at S1060.

The Role of N6-Methyladenosine in Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Pathology

Mitochondria are indispensable in cells and play crucial roles in maintaining cellular homeostasis, energy production, and regulating cell death. Mitochondrial dysfunction has various manifestations, causing different diseases by affecting the diverse functions of mitochondria in the body. Previous studies have mainly focused on mitochondrial-related diseases caused by nuclear gene mutations or mitochondrial gene mutations, or mitochondrial dysfunction resulting from epigenetic regulation, such as DNA and histone modification. In recent years, as a popular research area, m6A has been involved in a variety of important processes under physiological and pathological conditions. However, there are few summaries on how RNA methylation, especially m6A RNA methylation, affects mitochondrial function. Additionally, the role of m6A in pathology through influencing mitochondrial function may provide us with a new perspective on disease treatment. In this review, we summarize several manifestations of mitochondrial dysfunction and compile examples from recent years of how m6A affects mitochondrial function and its role in some diseases.

Albumin-targeted oxaliplatin(iv) prodrugs bearing STING agonists

The anticancer platinum complex oxaliplatin exerts its activity through DNA damage and immune-stimulatory mechanisms, but is associated with adverse treatment side effects. Platinum(iv) complexes represent a promising prodrug strategy to improve tolerability and to enhance antitumor efficacy via attachment of additional bioactive ligands or tumor-targeting moieties. In the present study, oxaliplatin(iv) complexes containing immune-stimulatory STING agonists SR-717 or MSA-2 were synthesized and their biological properties were studied. Whereas the Pt-SR-717 compound was fast reduced, Pt-MSA-2 complexes displayed significantly higher reductive stability reflected by low in vitro cytotoxicity. Although the platinum(iv) complexes activated interferon regulatory factor (IRF) and NF-κB signaling pathways less effectively compared to the free STING agonists, reducing conditions elevated cytotoxicity and STING downstream signaling, particularly for MSA-2-containing prodrugs. Rapid albumin binding of a maleimide-containing Pt-MSA-2 derivative resulted in elevated plasma levels, prolonged blood circulation, and enhanced tumor accumulation of platinum in CT-26 tumor-bearing mice. The Pt-MSA-2 complexes triggered immune activation and cytokine secretion without hematotoxicity usually associated with free oxaliplatin. The albumin-targeted Pt-MSA-2 drug significantly inhibited tumor growth after intravenous application, while the non-maleimide complex was effective only when applied peritumorally. However, the effects were not enhanced compared to mono-treatment with oxaliplatin or MSA-2, indicating a lack of synergism between the two simultaneously released agents. Our results demonstrate that oxaliplatin(iv) complexes represent a valuable strategy for enhanced tumor-targeting and adverse effect reduction, but question the simultaneous release of STING agonists and free oxaliplatin as a potent strategy towards synergistic antineoplastic activity.

PD-L1 importance in malignancies comprehensive insights into the role of PD-L1 in malignancies: from molecular mechanisms to therapeutic opportunities

The phenomenon of upregulated programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression is common in numerous human malignancies. The overexpression of PD-L1 significantly contributes to immune evasion because its interaction with the PD-1 receptor on activated T lymphocytes impairs anti-tumour immunity by neutralizing T cell stimulatory signals. Furthermore, beyond its immunological interface, PD-L1 possesses intrinsic capabilities that directly modulate oncogenic processes, fostering cancer cell proliferation and survival. This dual function of PD-L1 challenges the efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors and highlights its possible application as a direct target for therapy. Recent discoveries concerning the cancer cell-intrinsic signalling pathways of PD-L1 have significantly enhanced our understanding of the pathological implications linked to its tumour-specific expression. These entail the orchestration of tumour proliferation and viability, maintenance of cancer stem cell-like phenotypes, modulation of immune responses, as well as impacts on DNA repair mechanisms and transcriptional regulation. This review aims to deliver an exhaustive synthesis of PD-L1's molecular underpinnings alongside its clinical implications in a spectrum of cancers, spanning both solid neoplasms and haematological disorders. It underscores the necessity for an integrated understanding of PD-L1 in further refining therapeutic strategies and improving patient outcomes.

For and against tumor microenvironment: Nanoparticle-based strategies for active cancer therapy

Cancer treatment is challenged by the tumor microenvironment (TME), which promotes drug resistance and cancer cell growth. This review offers a comprehensive and innovative perspective on how nanomedicine can modify the TME to enhance therapy. Strategies include using nanoparticles to improve oxygenation, adjust acidity, and alter the extracellular matrix, making treatments more effective. Additionally, nanoparticles can enhance immune responses by activating immune cells and reducing suppression within tumors. By integrating these approaches with existing therapies, such as chemotherapy and radiotherapy, nanoparticles show promise in overcoming traditional treatment barriers. The review discusses how changes in the TME can enhance the effectiveness of nanomedicine itself, creating a reciprocal relationship that boosts overall efficacy. We also highlight novel strategies aimed at exploiting and overcoming the TME, leveraging nanoparticle-based approaches for targeted cancer therapy through precise TME modulation.

Multi-Omics Analysis of Survival-Related Splicing Factors and Identifies CRNKL1 as a Therapeutic Target in Esophageal Cancer

Background: RNA alternative splicing represents a pivotal regulatory mechanism of eukaryotic gene expression, wherein splicing factors (SFs) serve as key regulators. Aberrant SF expression drives oncogenic splice variant production, thereby promoting tumorigenesis and malignant progression. However, the biological functions and potential targets of SFs remain largely underexplored. Methods: Through multi-omics analysis, we identified survival-related splicing factors (SFs) in esophageal cancer and elucidated their biological regulatory networks. To further investigate their downstream splicing targets, we combined alternative splicing events resulting from SF knockdown with those specific to esophageal cancer. Finally, these splicing events were validated through full-length RNA sequencing and confirmed in cancer cells and clinical specimens. Result: We identified six SFs that are highly expressed in esophageal cancer and correlate with poor prognosis. Further analysis revealed that these factors are significantly associated with immune infiltration, cancer stemness, tumor heterogeneity, and drug resistance. CRNKL1 was identified as a hub SFs. The target genes and pathways regulated by these SFs showed substantial overlap, suggesting their coordinated roles in promoting cancer stemness and metastasis. Specifically, alternative splicing of key markers, such as CD44 and CTTN, was regulated by most of these SFs and correlated with poor prognosis. Conclusions: Our study unveils six survival-related SFs that contribute to the aggressiveness of esophageal cancer and CTTN and CD44 alternative splicing may act as common downstream effectors of survival-related SFs. This study provides mechanistic insights into SF-mediated tumorigenesis and highlight novel therapeutic vulnerabilities in esophageal cancer.

Helium and argon cold plasma effects on the 4T1 cancer cells and a triple negative mouse model of breast cancer

Nowadays, cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) technology has developed as an innovative tool for cancer therapy. Although many studies have reported the antitumor effects of plasma in vivo and in vitro, there are many challenges, including standardization of plasma devices and treatment time for different tumors. For the first time, we aimed to evaluate and compare optimal exposure time and direction-dependent cellular effects of helium and argon plasma on the 4T1 cancer cells and a triple-negative mouse model of breast cancer. This study used two types of helium and argon plasma jet devices with different input parameters. In vitro evaluations on 4T1 cell line using the MTT assays and flow cytometry analysis demonstrate CAP-induced apoptosis in all treated groups, especially in the direct approach. These changes were concurrent with increased intracellular reactive oxygen species levels and decreased total antioxidant capacity in these cells. In vivo studies concurrent with in vitro results revealed that CAP therapy reduces tumor size, decreases Nottingham histological score, prevents weight loss, and increases the survival rate in all treated groups. These results suggest that plasma therapy may overcome the adverse effects of approved cancer therapeutic strategies and seems to be a significant issue for cancer patients in the clinical stage, alone or in combination with current therapeutic programs.

Convergent evolution of complex adaptive traits modulates angiogenesis in high-altitude Andean and Himalayan human populations

Convergent adaptations represent paradigmatic examples of the capacity of natural selection to influence organisms' biology. However, the possibility to investigate the genetic determinants underpinning convergent complex adaptive traits has been offered only recently by methods for inferring polygenic adaptations from genomic data. Relying on this approach, we demonstrate how high-altitude Andean human groups experienced pervasive selective events at angiogenic pathways, which resemble those previously attested for Himalayan populations despite partial convergence at the single-gene level was observed. This provides additional evidence for the drivers of convergent evolution of enhanced blood perfusion in populations exposed to hypobaric hypoxia for thousands of years.

The complex role of regulatory cells in breast cancer: implication for immunopathogenesis and immunotherapy

Breast cancers (BCs) are frequently linked to an immunosuppressive microenvironment that facilitates tumor evasion of anti-cancer immunity. The cells that suppress the immune system such as regulatory B cells (Bregs), regulatory T cells (Tregs), tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), tumor-associated neutrophils (TANs), myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), play a crucial role in immune resistance. Also, tumor progression and immune evasion of cancers are facilitated by cytokines and factors released by tumor cells or immunosuppressive cells. Targeting these regulatory cells therapeutically, whether through elimination, inactivation, or reprogramming, has resulted in hopeful anti-tumor reactions. Yet, the substantial diversity and adaptability of these cells, both in terms of appearance and function, as well as their variation over time and depending on where they are in the body, have posed significant challenges for using them as reliable biomarkers and creating focused therapies that could target their creation, growth, and various tumor-promoting roles. The immunotherapy approaches in BC and their effectiveness in treating certain subtypes are still in their initial phases. In this review, we thoroughly outlined the characteristics, roles, and possible treatment options for these immune-suppressing cells in the tumor environment.

Role of circRNAs in regulating cell death in cancer: a comprehensive review

Despite multiple diagnostic and therapeutic advances, including surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy, cancer preserved its spot as a global health concern. Prompt cancer diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis depend on the discovery of new biomarkers and therapeutic strategies. Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are considered as a stable, conserved, abundant, and varied group of RNA molecules that perform multiple roles such as gene regulation. There is evidence that circRNAs interact with RNA-binding proteins, especially capturing miRNAs. An extensive amount of research has presented the substantial contribution of circRNAs in various types of cancer. To fully understand the linkage between circRNAs and cancer growth as a consequence of various cell death processes, including autophagy, ferroptosis, and apoptosis, more research is necessary. The expression of circRNAs could be controlled to limit the occurrence and growth of cancer, providing a more encouraging method of cancer treatment. Consequently, it is critical to understand how circRNAs affect various forms of cancer cell death and evaluate whether circRNAs could be used as targets to induce tumor death and increase the efficacy of chemotherapy. The current study aims to review and comprehend the effects that circular RNAs exert on cell apoptosis, autophagy, and ferroptosis in cancer to investigate potential cancer treatment targets.

Aberrant DNA Methylation in Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma and its Clinical Implications in Systemic Chemotherapy

Esophageal cancer is a significant global health concern, with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma being the predominant subtype in high-incidence regions like China. Despite advances in multidisciplinary treatments, the prognosis for ESCC remains poor, with systemic chemotherapy facing the challenge of drug resistance. Epigenetic alterations, particularly DNA methylation, play a crucial role in ESCC carcinogenesis and therapeutic response. Aberrant DNA methylations, including global hypomethylation and promoter-specific hyper-methylation, disrupt critical pathways such as cell cycle regulation, apoptosis, and DNA repair, contributing to chemoresistance. Several studies have identified methylation markers that predict treatment response, particularly for chemotherapy, targeted therapy and immunotherapy, such as p16 and GPX3 for cisplatin, MTHFR for 5-FU, CHFR for paclitaxel. DNA methyltransferase inhibitors and other epigenetic therapies are being explored to reverse these methylation changes and enhance therapeutic efficacy. However, the clinical utility of these markers remains limited due to the lack of large-scale validation and concerns over off-target effects. This review aims to summarize all aberrant methylation alterations in ESCC and the clinical implications of aberrantly methylated candidate genes identified in ESCC systemic chemotherapy, with the goal of further understanding the underlying molecular mechanisms, refining methylation-targeting therapies, and integrating them with conventional treatments to improve patient outcomes.

Ang-1 and VEGF: central regulators of angiogenesis

Angiopoietin-1 (Ang-1) and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) are central regulators of angiogenesis and are often inactivated in various cardiovascular diseases. VEGF forms complexes with ETS transcription factor family and exerts its action by downregulating multiple genes. Among the target genes of the VEGF-ETS complex, there are a significant number encoding key angiogenic regulators. Phosphorylation of the VEGF-ETS complex releases transcriptional repression on these angiogenic regulators, thereby promoting their expression. Ang-1 interacts with TEK, and this phosphorylation release can be modulated by the Ang-1-TEK signaling pathway. The Ang-1-TEK pathway participates in the transcriptional activation of VEGF genes. In summary, these elements constitute the Ang-1-TEK-VEGF signaling pathway. Additionally, Ang-1 is activated under hypoxic and inflammatory conditions, leading to an upregulation in the expression of TEK. Elevated TEK levels result in the formation of the VEGF-ETS complex, which, in turn, downregulates the expression of numerous angiogenic genes. Hence, the Ang-1-dependent transcriptional repression is indirect. Reduced expression of many target genes can lead to aberrant angiogenesis. A significant overlap exists between the target genes regulated by Ang-1-TEK-VEGF and those under the control of the Ang-1-TEK-TSP-1 signaling pathway. Mechanistically, this can be explained by the replacement of the VEGF-ETS complex with the TSP-1 transcriptional repression complex at the ETS sites on target gene promoters. Furthermore, VEGF possesses non-classical functions unrelated to ETS and DNA binding. Its supportive role in TSP-1 formation may be exerted through the VEGF-CRL5-VHL-HIF-1α-VH032-TGF-β-TSP-1 axis. This review assesses the regulatory mechanisms of the Ang-1-TEK-VEGF signaling pathway and explores its significant overlap with the Ang-1-TEK-TSP-1 signaling pathway.

Role of Non-coding RNAs in the Response of Glioblastoma to Temozolomide

Chemotherapy and radiotherapy are widely used in clinical practice across the globe as cancer treatments. Intrinsic or acquired chemoresistance poses a significant problem for medical practitioners and researchers, causing tumor recurrence and metastasis. The most dangerous kind of malignant brain tumor is called glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) that often recurs following surgery. The most often used medication for treating GBM is temozolomide chemotherapy; however, most patients eventually become resistant. Researchers are studying preclinical models that accurately reflect human disease and can be used to speed up drug development to overcome chemoresistance in GBM. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) have been shown to be substantial in regulating tumor development and facilitating treatment resistance in several cancers, such as GBM. In this work, we mentioned the mechanisms of how different ncRNAs (microRNAs, long non-coding RNAs, circular RNAs) can regulate temozolomide chemosensitivity in GBM. We also address the role of these ncRNAs encapsulated inside secreted exosomes.

Exosomal miRNAs involvement in pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of rheumatoid arthritis

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is the most common chronic autoimmune arthropathy worldwide. The initiation, and progression of RA involves multiple cellular and molecular pathways, and biological interactions. Micro RNAs (miRNAs) are characterized as a class of small non-coding RNAs that influence gene expression at the post-transcriptional level. Exosomes are biological nano-vesicles that are secreted by different types of cells. They facilitate communication and signalling between cells by transferring a variety of biological substances, such as proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids like mRNA and miRNA. Exosomal miRNAs were shown to be involved in normal and pathological conditions. In RA, deregulated exosomal miRNA expression was observed to be involved in the intercellular communication between synovial cells, and inflammatory or regulatory immune cells. Furthermore, circulating exosomal miRNAs were introduced as available diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for RA pathology. The current review categorized and summarized dysregulated pathologically involved and circulating exosomal miRNAs in the context of RA. It highlighted present situation and future perspective of using exosomal miRNAs as biomarkers and a specific gene therapy approach for RA treatment.

Phospholipase C epsilon 1 as a therapeutic target in cardiovascular diseases

BACKGROUND

Phospholipase C epsilon 1 (PLCε1) can hydrolyze phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate and phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate at the plasma membrane and perinuclear membrane in the cardiovascular system, producing lipid-derived second messengers. These messengers are considered prominent triggers for various signal transduction processes. Notably, diverse cardiac phenotypes have been observed in cardiac-specific and global Plce1 knockout mice under conditions of pathological stress. It is well established that the cardiac-specific Plce1 knockout confers cardioprotective benefits. Therefore, the development of tissue/cell-specific targeting approaches is critical for advancing therapeutic interventions.

AIM OF REVIEW

This review aims to distill the foundational biology and functional significance of PLCε1 in cardiovascular diseases, as well as to explore potential avenues for research and the development of novel therapeutic strategies targeting PLCε1.

KEY SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS OF REVIEW

Cardiovascular diseases remain the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, with incidence rates escalating annually. A comprehensive understanding of the multifaceted role of PLCε1 is essential for enhancing the diagnosis, management, and prognostic assessment of patients suffering from cardiovascular diseases.

Known and unknown: Exosome secretion in tumor microenvironment needs more exploration

Exosomes, extracellular vesicles originating from endosomes, were discovered in the late 1980s and their function in intercellular communication has since garnered considerable interest. Exosomes are lipid bilayer-coated vesicles that range in size from 30 to 150 nm and appear as sacs under the electron microscope. Exosome secretion is crucial for cell-to-cell contact in both normal physiology and the development and spread of tumors. Furthermore, cancer cells can secrete more exosomes than normal cells. Scientists believe that intercellular communication in the complex tissue environment of the human body is an important reason for cancer cell invasion and metastasis. For example, some particles containing regulatory molecules are secreted in the tumor microenvironment, including exosomes. Then the contents of exosomes can be released by donor cells into the environment and interact with recipient cells to promote the migration and invasion of tumor cells. Therefore, in this review, we summarized the biogenesis of exosome, as well as exosome cargo and related roles. More importantly, this review introduces and discusses the factors that have been reported to affect exosome secretion in tumors and highlights the important role of exosomes in tumors.

RNA nanotherapeutics for hepatocellular carcinoma treatment

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains a leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide, particularly due to the limited effectiveness of current therapeutic options for advanced-stage disease. The efficacy of traditional treatments is often compromised by the intricate liver microenvironment and the inherent heterogeneity. RNA-based therapeutics offer a promising alternative, utilizing the innovative approach of targeting aberrant molecular pathways and modulating the tumor microenvironment. The integration of nanotechnology in this field, through the development of advanced nanocarrier delivery systems, especially lipid nanoparticles (LNPs), polymer nanoparticles (PNPs), and bioinspired vectors, enhances the precision and efficacy of RNA therapies. This review highlights the significant progress in RNA nanotherapeutics for HCC treatment, covering micro RNA (miRNA), small interfering RNA (siRNA), message RNA (mRNA), and small activating RNA (saRNA) mediated gene silencing, therapeutic protein restoration, gene activation, cancer vaccines, and concurrent therapy. It further comprehensively discusses the prevailing challenges within this therapeutic landscape and provides a forward-looking perspective on the potential of RNA nanotherapeutics to transform HCC treatment.

Bacteria Derived from Diamondback Moth, Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae), Gut Regurgitant Negatively Regulate Glucose Oxidase-Mediated Anti-Defense Against Host Plant

The ongoing interplay among plants, insects, and bacteria underscores the intricate balance of defense mechanisms in ecosystems. Regurgitant bacteria directly/indirectly impact plant immune responses, but the underlying mechanism is unclear. Here, we focus on the interaction between regurgitant bacteria, diamondback moth (DBM), and plant. Six culturable bacteria were isolated from DBM gut regurgitant, including three Enterobacter strains (RB1-3), Micrococcus sp. (RB4), Staphylococcus haemolyticus (RB5), and Bacillus cereus (RB6). These RB strains suppressed genes related to jasmonic acid and glucosinolate signaling pathways but had little effect on salicylic acid signaling pathway genes in Arabidopsis thaliana wounds. RB1 and RB5 inhibited DBM development on A. thaliana but not on an artificial diet. RB1 and RB5 significantly suppressed GOX genes and proteins in DBMs. However, the Pxgox2 insect mutant strain inoculated with RB1 or RB5 did not significantly affect DBM feeding on A. thaliana compared to the wild type. Six RB have been functionally identified, with RB1 and RB5 negatively regulating GOX-mediated host adaptability. The deliberate addition of RB1 and RB5 can negatively affect DBM herbivory and fitness. Our study provides a molecular basis for the further application of RB for insect pest management by modulating insect-plant interactions.

Interaction of noncoding RNAs with hippo signaling pathway in cancer cells and cancer stem cells

The Hippo signaling pathway has a regulatory function in the organogenesis process and cellular homeostasis, switching the cascade reactions of crucial kinases acts to turn off/on the Hippo pathway, altering the downstream gene expression and thereby regulating proliferation, apoptosis, or stemness. Disruption of this pathway can lead to the occurrence of various disorders and different types of cancer. Recent findings highlight the importance of ncRNAs, such as microRNA, circular RNA, and lncRNAs, in modulating the Hippo pathway. Defects in ncRNAs can disrupt Hippo pathway balance, increasing tumor cells, tumorigenesis, and chemotherapeutic resistance. This review summarizes ncRNAs' inhibitory or stimulatory role in - Hippo pathway regulation in cancer and stem cells. Identifying the relation between ncRNAs and the components of this pathway could pave the way for developing new biomarkers in the treatment and diagnosis of cancers.

The emerging role of circular RNAs in cisplatin resistance in ovarian cancer: From molecular mechanism to future potential

Ovarian cancer (OC) is the most common cause of death in female cancers. The prognosis of OC is very poor due to delayed diagnosis and identification of most patients in advanced stages, metastasis, recurrence, and resistance to chemotherapy. As chemotherapy with platinum-based drugs such as cisplatin (DDP) is the main treatment in most OC cases, resistance to DDP is an important obstacle to achieving satisfactory therapeutic efficacy. Consequently, knowing the different molecular mechanisms involved in resistance to DDP is necessary to achieve new therapeutic approaches. According to numerous recent studies, non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) could regulate proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, and chemoresistance in many cancers, including OC. Most of these ncRNAs are released by tumor cells into human fluid, allowing them to be used as tools for diagnosis. CircRNAs are ncRNA family members that have a role in the initiation, progression, and chemoresistance regulation of various cancers. In the current study, we investigated the roles of several circRNAs and their signaling pathways on OC progression and also on DDP resistance during chemotherapy.

MicroRNA-mediated autophagy and drug resistance in cancer: mechanisms and therapeutic strategies

This paper provides an exhaustive overview of the intricate interplay between microRNAs (miRNAs) and autophagy in the context of human cancers, underscoring the pivotal role these non-coding RNAs play in modulating autophagic pathways and their implications for cancer development, progression, and resistance to therapy. MiRNAs, as critical regulators of gene expression post-transcription, influence various biological processes, including autophagy, a catabolic mechanism essential for cellular homeostasis, stress response, and survival. The review meticulously delineates the mechanisms through which miRNAs impact autophagy by targeting specific genes and signaling pathways, thereby affecting cancer cell proliferation, metastasis, and response to chemotherapy. It highlights several miRNAs with dual roles, acting either as oncogenes or tumor suppressors based on the cellular context and the specific autophagic pathways they regulate. The paper further explores the therapeutic potential of targeting miRNA-autophagy axis, offering insights into novel strategies for cancer treatment through modulation of this axis. Emphasizing the complexity of the miRNA-autophagy relationship, the review calls for more in-depth studies to unravel the nuanced regulatory networks between miRNAs and autophagy in cancer, which could pave the way for the development of innovative therapeutic interventions and diagnostic tools.

The functional roles of competitive endogenous RNA (ceRNA) networks in apoptosis in human cancers: The circRNA/miRNA/mRNA regulatory axis and cell signaling pathways

Circular RNAs are noncoding RNAs with circular conformation mainly due to backsplicing event. CircRNAs can potentially impact cell biological processes by interacting with cell signaling pathways. Numerous circRNAs have been found to be aberrantly expressed in a variety of cancers. These RNAs can act as ceRNA (competitive endogenous RNA) by sponging certain miRNAs to form circRNA/miRNA/mRNA networks. Dysregulation of ceRNA networks may lead to dysfunctions in various cell pathways, which modulate apoptosis-associated genes and ultimately result in cancer progression. Since disruption of apoptosis is one of the leading causes of cancer development, one approach for cancer treatment is to drive cells toward apoptosis. In this review, we present a summary of studies on the role of ceRNA networks in cellular signaling pathways that regulate apoptosis; these networks are suggested to be potential biomarkers for cancer treatment.

The interplay between epitranscriptomic RNA modifications and neurodegenerative disorders: Mechanistic insights and potential therapeutic strategies

Neurodegenerative disorders encompass a group of age-related conditions characterized by the gradual decline in both the structure and functionality of the central nervous system (CNS). RNA modifications, arising from the epitranscriptome or RNA-modifying protein mutations, have recently been observed to contribute significantly to neurodegenerative disorders. Specific modifications like N6-methyladenine (m6A), N1-methyladenine (m1A), 5-methylcytosine (m5C), pseudouridine and adenosine-to-inosine (A-to-I) play key roles, with their regulators serving as crucial therapeutic targets. These epitranscriptomic changes intricately control gene expression, influencing cellular functions and contributing to disease pathology. Dysregulation of RNA metabolism, affecting mRNA processing and noncoding RNA biogenesis, is a central factor in these diseases. This review underscores the complex relationship between RNA modifications and neurodegenerative disorders, emphasizing the influence of RNA modification and the epitranscriptome, exploring the function of RNA modification enzymes in neurodegenerative processes, investigating the functional consequences of RNA modifications within neurodegenerative pathways, and evaluating the potential therapeutic advancements derived from assessing the epitranscriptome.

Regulation of m6A (N6-Methyladenosine) methylation modifiers in solid cancers

Solid cancers constitute a tremendous burden on global healthcare, requiring a deeper understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying cancer development and progression. Epigenetic changes, notably N6-methyladenosine (m6A) RNA methylation, have emerged as important contributors to the biology of solid tumors in recent years. This epigenetic mark dynamically affects gene expression at the post-transcriptional level and modulates a variety of cellular processes, making it a focus of research in the context of solid tumors. m6A modification patterns are dysregulated in a variety of solid cancers, including ovarian, breast, lung, colorectal, pancreatic, and others. This dysregulated m6A landscape has been shown to induce significant changes in the expression of oncogenes, tumor suppressors, and genes involved in cancer stem cells, metastasis, and treatment resistance. In solid tumors, the interaction of m6A "writers" (e.g., METTL3, METTL14, and others), "erasers" (e.g., ALKBH5, FTO), and "readers" (e.g., members of YTHDF proteins and others) delicately changes the m6A methylome. Targeting m6A regulators as a potential therapeutic method to control gene expression and prevent tumor development seems a novel strategy. To enhance treatment results, advances in this area of research have led to the development of targeted treatments aiming at restoring or altering m6A alteration patterns in solid tumors.

Combination of Formononetin and Sulforaphane Natural Drug Repress the Proliferation of Cervical Cancer Cells via Impeding PI3K/AKT/mTOR Pathway

Natural substances have been demonstrated to be an unrivalled source of anticancer drugs in the present era of pharmacological development. Plant-based substances, together with their derivatives through analogues, play a significant character in the treatment of cancer by altering the tumor microenvironment and several signaling pathways. In this study, it was investigated whether the natural drugs, formononetin (FN) and sulforaphane (SFN), when combined, assess the efficacy of inhibiting cervical cancer cell proliferation by impeding the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway in HeLa cells. The cells were treated with the combination of FN and SFN (FN + SFN) in various concentrations (0-50 µM) for 24 h and then analyzed for various experiments. The combination of FN + SFN-mediated cytotoxicity was analyzed by MTT assay. DCFH-DA staining was used to assess the ROS measurement, and apoptotic changes were studied by dual (AO/EtBr) staining assays. Protein expressions of cell survival, cell cycle, proliferation, and apoptosis protein were evaluated by flow cytometry and western blotting. Results showed that the cytotoxicity of FN and SFN was determined to be around 23.7 µM and 26.92 µM, respectively. Combining FN and SFN causes considerable cytotoxicity in HeLa cells, with an IC50 of 21.6 µM after 24-h incubation. Additionally, HeLa cells treated with FN and SFN together showed increased apoptotic signals and considerable ROS generation. Consequently, by preventing the production of PI3K, AKT, and mToR-mediated regulation of proliferation and cell cycle-regulating proteins, the combined use of FN + SFN has been regarded as a chemotherapeutic medication. Further research will need to be done shortly to determine how effectively the co-treatment promotes apoptosis to employ them economically.

CgIκB2 negatively regulates the expression of interferon-like protein by Rel/NF-κB signal in Crassostrea gigas

Inhibitors of NF-κB (IκBs) have been implicated as major components of the Rel/NF-κB signaling pathway, playing an important negative regulatory role in host antiviral immunity such as in the activation of interferon (IFN) in vertebrates. In the present study, the immunomodulatory effect of IκB (CgIκB2) on the expression of interferon-like protein (CgIFNLP) was evaluated in Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas). After poly (I:C) stimulation, the mRNA expression level of CgIκB2 in haemocytes was significantly down-regulated at 3-12 h while up-regulated at 48-72 h. The mRNA expression of CgIκB2 in haemocytes was significantly up-regulated at 3 h after rCgIFNLP stimulation. In the CgIκB2-RNAi oysters, the mRNA expression of CgIFNLP, interferon regulatory factor-8 (CgIRF8) and NF-κB subunit (CgRel), the abundance of CgIFNLP and CgIRF8 protein in haemocytes, as well as the abundance of CgRel protein in nucleus were significantly increased after poly (I:C) stimulation. Immunofluorescence assay showed that nuclear translocation of CgIRF8 and CgRel protein was promoted in CgIκB2-RNAi oysters compared with that in EGFP-RNAi group. In the CgRel-RNAi oysters, the mRNA and protein expression level of CgIFNLP significantly down-regulated after poly (I:C) stimulation. The collective results indicated that CgIκB2 plays an important role in regulating CgIFNLP expression through its effects on Rel/NF-κB and IRF signaling pathways.

Targeting DNA damage repair mechanism by using RAD50-silencing siRNA nanoparticles to enhance radiotherapy in triple negative breast cancer

Radiotherapy (RT) is one of major therapeutic modalities in combating breast cancer. In RT, ionizing radiation is employed to induce DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) as a primary mechanism that causes cancer cell death. However, the induced DNA damage can also trigger the activation of DNA repair mechanisms, reducing the efficacy of RT treatment. Given the pivotal role of RAD50 protein in the radiation-responsive DNA repair pathways involving DSBs, we developed a novel polymer-lipid based nanoparticle formulation containing RAD50-silencing RNA (RAD50-siRNA-NPs) and evaluated its effect on the RAD50 downregulation as well as cellular and tumoral responses to ionizing radiation using human triple-negative breast cancer as a model. The RAD50-siRNA-NPs successfully preserved the activity of the siRNA, facilitated its internalization by cancer cells via endocytosis, and enabled its lysosomal escape. The nanoparticles significantly reduced RAD50 expression, whereas RT alone strongly increased RAD50 levels at 24 h. Pretreatment with RAD50-siRNA-NPs sensitized the cancer cells to RT with ∼2-fold higher level of initial DNA DSBs as determined by a γH2AX biomarker and a 2.5-fold lower radiation dose to achieve 50 % colony reduction. Intratumoral administration of RAD50-siRNA-NPs led to a remarkable 53 % knockdown in RAD50. The pretreatment with RAD50-siRNA-NPs followed by RT resulted in approximately a 2-fold increase in DNA DSBs, a 4.5-fold increase in cancer cell apoptosis, and 2.5-fold increase in tumor growth inhibition compared to RT alone. The results of this work demonstrate that RAD50 silencing by RAD50-siRNA-NPs can disrupt RT-induced DNA damage repair mechanisms, thereby significantly enhancing the radiation sensitivity of TNBC MDA-MB-231 cells in vitro and in orthotopic tumors as measured by colony forming and tumor regrowth assays, respectively.

Targeting autophagy can synergize the efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors against therapeutic resistance: New promising strategy to reinvigorate cancer therapy

Immune checkpoints are a set of inhibitory and stimulatory molecules/mechanisms that affect the activity of immune cells to maintain the existing balance between pro- and anti-inflammatory signaling pathways and avoid the progression of autoimmune disorders. Tumor cells can employ these checkpoints to evade immune system. The discovery and development of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) was thereby a milestone in the area of immuno-oncology. ICIs stimulate anti-tumor immune responses primarily by disrupting co-inhibitory signaling mechanisms and accelerate immune-mediated killing of tumor cells. Despite the beneficial effects of ICIs, they sometimes encounter some degrees of therapeutic resistance, and thereby do not effectively act against tumors. Among multiple combination therapies have been introduced to date, targeting autophagy, as a cellular degradative process to remove expired organelles and subcellular constituents, has represented with potential capacities to overcome ICI-related therapy resistance. It has experimentally been illuminated that autophagy induction blocks the immune checkpoint molecules when administered in conjugation with ICIs, suggesting that autophagy activation may restrict therapeutic challenges that ICIs have encountered with. However, the autophagy flux can also provoke the immune escape of tumors, which must be considered. Since the conventional FDA-approved ICIs have designed and developed to target programmed cell death receptor/ligand 1 (PD-1/PD-L1) as well as cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated molecule 4 (CTLA-4) immune checkpoint molecules, we aim to review the effects of autophagy targeting in combination with anti-PD-1/PD-L1- and anti-CTLA-4-based ICIs on cancer therapeutic resistance and tumor immune evasion.

m6ATM: a deep learning framework for demystifying the m6A epitranscriptome with Nanopore long-read RNA-seq data

N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is one of the most abundant and well-known modifications in messenger RNAs since its discovery in the 1970s. Recent studies have demonstrated that m6A is involved in various biological processes, such as alternative splicing and RNA degradation, playing an important role in a variety of diseases. To better understand the role of m6A, transcriptome-wide m6A profiling data are indispensable. In recent years, the Oxford Nanopore Technology Direct RNA Sequencing (DRS) platform has shown promise for RNA modification detection based on current disruptions measured in transcripts. However, decoding current intensity data into modification profiles remains a challenging task. Here, we introduce the m6A Transcriptome-wide Mapper (m6ATM), a novel Python-based computational pipeline that applies deep neural networks to predict m6A sites at a single-base resolution using DRS data. The m6ATM model architecture incorporates a WaveNet encoder and a dual-stream multiple-instance learning model to extract features from specific target sites and characterize the m6A epitranscriptome. For validation, m6ATM achieved an accuracy of 80% to 98% across in vitro transcription datasets containing varying m6A modification ratios and outperformed other tools in benchmarking with human cell line data. Moreover, we demonstrated the versatility of m6ATM in providing reliable stoichiometric information and used it to pinpoint PEG10 as a potential m6A target transcript in liver cancer cells. In conclusion, m6ATM is a high-performance m6A detection tool, and our results pave the way for future advancements in epitranscriptomic research.

The synergistic mechanisms of propofol with cisplatin or doxorubicin in human ovarian cancer cells

BACKGROUND

Most ovarian cancer cases are diagnosed at an advanced stage, leading to poor outcomes and a relatively low 5-year survival rate. While tumor resection in the early stages can be highly effective, recurrence following primary treatment remains a significant cause of mortality. Propofol is a commonly used intravenous anesthetic agent in cancer resection surgery. Previous research has shown that propofol anesthesia was associated with improved survival in patients undergoing elective surgery for epithelial ovarian cancer. However, the underlying antitumor mechanisms are not yet fully understood.

METHODS

This study aimed to uncover the antitumor properties of propofol alone and combined with cisplatin or doxorubicin, in human SKOV3 and OVCAR3 ovarian cancer cells. We applied flowcytometry analysis for mitochondrial membrane potential, apoptosis, and autophagy, colony formation, migration, and western blotting analysis.

RESULTS

Given that chemotherapy is a primary clinical approach for managing advanced and recurrent ovarian cancer, it is essential to address the limitations of current chemotherapy, particularly in the use of cisplatin and doxorubicin, which are often constrained by their side effects and the development of resistance. First of all, propofol acted synergistically with cisplatin and doxorubicin in SKOV3 cells. Moreover, our data further showed that propofol suppressed colony formation, disrupted mitochondrial membrane potential, and induced apoptosis and autophagy in SKOV3 and OVCAR3 cells. Finally, the effects of combined propofol with cisplatin or doxorubicin on mitochondrial membrane potential, apoptosis, autophagy, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition were different in SKOV3 and OVCAR3 cells, depending on the p53 status.

CONCLUSION

In summary, repurposing propofol could provide novel insights into the existing chemotherapy strategies for ovarian cancer. It holds promise for overcoming resistance to cisplatin or doxorubicin and may potentially reduce the required chemotherapy dosages and associated side effects, thus improving treatment outcomes.

Exosomes in esophageal cancer: Promising nanocarriers in cancer progression, diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy

Esophageal cancer (EC) is one of the most fatal cancers all over the world. Sensitive detection modalities for early-stage EC and efficient treatment methods are urgently needed for the improvement of the prognosis of EC. Exosomes are small vesicles for intercellular communication, mediating many biological responses including cancer progression, which are not only promising biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis but also therapeutic tools for EC. This review provides an overview of the relationships between exosomes and EC progression, as well as the application of exosomes in the diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of EC. This article is categorized under: Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Oncologic Disease.

Advanced approaches of the use of circRNAs as a replacement for cancer therapy

Cancer is a broad name for a group of diseases in which abnormal cells grow out of control and are characterized by their complexity and recurrence. Although there has been progress in cancer therapy with the entry of precision medicine and immunotherapy, cancer incidence rates have increased globally. Non-coding RNAs in the form of circular RNAs (circRNAs) play crucial roles in the pathogenesis, clinical diagnosis, and therapy of different diseases, including cancer. According to recent studies, circRNAs appear to serve as accurate indicators and therapeutic targets for cancer treatment. However, circRNAs are promising candidates for cutting-edge cancer therapy because of their distinctive circular structure, stability, and wide range of capabilities; many challenges persist that decrease the applications of circRNA-based cancer therapeutics. Here, we explore the roles of circRNAs as a replacement for cancer therapy, highlight the main challenges facing circRNA-based cancer therapies, and discuss the key strategies to overcome these challenges to improve advanced innovative therapies based on circRNAs with long-term health effects.

Exosomal long non-coding RNAs in cancer: Interplay, modulation, and therapeutic avenues

In the intricate field of cancer biology, researchers are increasingly intrigued by the emerging role of exosomal long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) due to their multifaceted interactions, complex modulation mechanisms, and potential therapeutic applications. These exosomal lncRNAs, carried within extracellular vesicles, play a vital partin tumorigenesis and disease progression by facilitating communication networks between tumor cells and their local microenvironment, making them an ideal candidates for use in a liquid biopsy approach. However, exosomal lncRNAs remain an understudied area, especially in cancer biology. Therefore this review aims to comprehensively explore the dynamic interplay between exosomal lncRNAs and various cellular components, including interactions with tumor-stroma, immune modulation, and drug resistance mechanisms. Understanding the regulatory functions of exosomal lncRNAs in these processes can potentially unveil novel diagnostic markers and therapeutic targets for cancer. Additionally, the emergence of RNA-based therapeutics presents exciting opportunities for targeting exosomal lncRNAs, offering innovative strategies to combat cancer progression and improve treatment outcomes. Thus, this review provides insights into the current understanding of exosomal lncRNAs in cancer biology, highlighting their crucial roles, regulatory mechanisms, and the evolving landscape of therapeutic interventions. Furthermore, we have also discussed the advantage of exosomes as therapeutic carriers of lncRNAs for the development of personalized targeted therapy for cancer patients.

Stress granules in cancer: Adaptive dynamics and therapeutic implications

Stress granules (SGs), membrane-less cellular organelles formed via liquid-liquid phase separation, are central to how cells adapt to various stress conditions, including endoplasmic reticulum stress, nutrient scarcity, and hypoxia. Recent studies have underscored a significant link between SGs and the process of tumorigenesis, highlighting that proteins, associated components, and signaling pathways that facilitate SG formation are often upregulated in cancer. SGs play a key role in enhancing tumor cell proliferation, invasion, and migration, while also inhibiting apoptosis, facilitating immune evasion, and driving metabolic reprogramming through multiple mechanisms. Furthermore, SGs have been identified as crucial elements in the development of resistance against chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and radiotherapy across a variety of cancer types. This review delves into the complex role of SGs in cancer development and resistance, bringing together the latest progress in the field and exploring new avenues for therapeutic intervention.

The circular RNA circ_0001742 regulates colorectal carcinoma proliferation and migration via the MicroRNA-431-5p/ALG8 axis

Background

Accumulating studies have found that circular RNAs (circRNAs) have a regulatory effect in a variety of tumors. However, to date, the relationship between specific circRNAs and colorectal cancer (CRC) remains elusive.

Methods

An RNA-sequencing method based on different metastatic potential of CRC cell lines was applied to evaluate the circRNA expression profile. Additionally, we conducted a series of experiments to assess the relationship between circRNAs and CRC progression.

Results

Circ_0001742 was upregulated in CRC cells with high metastatic potential, and circ_0001742 overexpression was observed to facilitate proliferation, migration and metastasis while knockdown will inhibit. More importantly, we found that circ_0001742 acted as a sponge for miR-431-5p, thus affecting ALG8 levels and the development of CRC.

Conclusions

This study demonstrated an essential function for the circ_0001742/miR-431-5p/ALG8 axis in CRC development, and it may be a promising therapeutic target for CRC.

The diagnostic accuracy of serum and plasma microRNAs in detection of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and cervical cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Studies suggest a need for new diagnostic approaches for cervical cancer including microRNA technology. In this review, we assessed the diagnostic accuracy of microRNAs in detecting cervical cancer and Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia (CIN). We performed a systematic review following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis guideline for protocols (PRISMA-P). We searched for all articles in online databases and grey literature from 01st January 2012 to 16th August 2022. We used the quality assessment of diagnostic accuracy studies tool (QUADAS-2) to assess the risk of bias of included studies and then conducted a Random Effects Meta-analysis. We identified 297 articles and eventually extracted data from 24 studies. Serum/plasma concentration miR-205, miR-21, miR-192, and miR-9 showed highest diagnostic accuracy (AUC of 0.750, 0.689, 0.980, and 0.900, respectively) for detecting CIN from healthy controls. MicroRNA panels (miR-21, miR-125b and miR-370) and (miR-9, miR-10a, miR-20a and miR-196a and miR-16-2) had AUC values of 0.897 and 0.886 respectively for detecting CIN from healthy controls. For detection of cervical cancer from healthy controls, the most promising microRNAs were miR-21, miR-205, miR-192 and miR-9 (AUC values of 0.723, 0.960, 1.00, and 0.99 respectively). We report higher diagnostic accuracy of upregulated microRNAs, especially miR-205, miR-9, miR-192, and miR-21. This highlights their potential as stand-alone screening or diagnostic tests, either with others, in a new algorithm, or together with other biomarkers for purposes of detecting cervical lesions. Future studies could standardize quantification methods, and also study microRNAs in higher prevalence populations like in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia. Our review protocol was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42022313275).

Research Progress on the Role of M6A in Regulating Economic Traits in Livestock

Reversible regulation of N6-methyladenosine (m6A) methylation of eukaryotic RNA via methyltransferases is an important epigenetic event affecting RNA metabolism. As such, m6A methylation plays crucial roles in regulating animal growth, development, reproduction, and disease progression. Herein, we review the latest research advancements in m6A methylation modifications and discuss regulatory aspects in the context of growth, development, and reproductive traits of livestock. New insights are highlighted and perspectives for the study of m6A methylation modifications in shaping economically important traits are discussed.

Variable calling of m6A and associated features in databases: a guide for end-users

N6-methyladenosine (m$^{6}$A) is a widely-studied methylation to messenger RNAs, which has been linked to diverse cellular processes and human diseases. Numerous databases that collate m$^{6}$A profiles of distinct cell types have been created to facilitate quick and easy mining of m$^{6}$A signatures associated with cell-specific phenotypes. However, these databases contain inherent complexities that have not been explicitly reported, which may lead to inaccurate identification and interpretation of m$^{6}$A-associated biology by end-users who are unaware of them. Here, we review various m$^{6}$A-related databases, and highlight several critical matters. In particular, differences in peak-calling pipelines across databases drive substantial variability in both peak number and coordinates with only moderate reproducibility, and the inclusion of peak calls from early m$^{6}$A sequencing protocols may lead to the reporting of false positives or negatives. The awareness of these matters will help end-users avoid the inclusion of potentially unreliable data in their studies and better utilize m$^{6}$A databases to derive biologically meaningful results.

Readers of RNA Modification in Cancer and Their Anticancer Inhibitors

Cancer treatment has always been a challenge for humanity. The inadequacies of current technologies underscore the limitations of our efforts against this disease. Nevertheless, the advent of targeted therapy has introduced a promising avenue, furnishing us with more efficacious tools. Consequently, researchers have turned their attention toward epigenetics, offering a novel perspective in this realm. The investigation of epigenetics has brought RNA readers to the forefront, as they play pivotal roles in recognizing and regulating RNA functions. Recently, the development of inhibitors targeting these RNA readers has emerged as a focal point in research and holds promise for further strides in targeted therapy. In this review, we comprehensively summarize various types of inhibitors targeting RNA readers, including non-coding RNA (ncRNA) inhibitors, small-molecule inhibitors, and other potential inhibitors. We systematically elucidate their mechanisms in suppressing cancer progression by inhibiting readers, aiming to present inhibitors of readers at the current stage and provide more insights into the development of anticancer drugs.

Versatile function of NF-ĸB in inflammation and cancer

Nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-ĸB) plays a crucial role in both innate and adaptive immune systems, significantly influencing various physiological processes such as cell proliferation, migration, differentiation, survival, and stemness. The function of NF-ĸB in cancer progression and response to chemotherapy has gained increasing attention. This review highlights the role of NF-ĸB in inflammation control, biological mechanisms, and therapeutic implications in cancer treatment. NF-ĸB is instrumental in altering the release of inflammatory factors such as TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β, which are key in the regulation of carcinogenesis. Specifically, in conditions including colitis, NF-ĸB upregulation can intensify inflammation, potentially leading to the development of colorectal cancer. Its pivotal role extends to regulating the tumor microenvironment, impacting components such as macrophages, fibroblasts, T cells, and natural killer cells. This regulation influences tumorigenesis and can dampen anti-tumor immune responses. Additionally, NF-ĸB modulates cell death mechanisms, notably by inhibiting apoptosis and ferroptosis. It also has a dual role in stimulating or suppressing autophagy in various cancers. Beyond these functions, NF-ĸB plays a role in controlling cancer stem cells, fostering angiogenesis, increasing metastatic potential through EMT induction, and reducing tumor cell sensitivity to chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Given its oncogenic capabilities, research has focused on natural products and small molecule compounds that can suppress NF-ĸB, offering promising avenues for cancer therapy.

A gene delivery system with autophagy blockade for enhanced anti-angiogenic therapy against Fusobacterium nucleatum-associated colorectal cancer

Anti-angiogenesis has emerged a promising strategy against colorectal cancer (CRC). However, the efficacy of anti-angiogenic therapy is greatly compromised by the up-regulated autophagy levels resulting from the evolutionary resistance mechanism and the presence of Fusobacterium nucleatum (F. nucleatum) in CRC. Herein, we report a cationic polymer capable of blocking autophagic flux to deliver plasmid DNA (pDNA) encoding soluble FMS-like tyrosine kinase-1 (sFlt-1) for enhanced anti-angiogenic therapy against F. nucleatum-associated CRC. The autophagy-inhibiting cationic polymer, referred to as PNHCQ, is synthesized by conjugating hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) into 3,3'-diaminodipropylamine-pendant poly(β-benzyl-L-aspartate) (PAsp(Nors)), which can be assembled and electrostatically interacted with sFlt-1 plasmid to form PNHCQ/sFlt-1 polyplexes. Hydrophobic HCQ modification not only boosts transfection efficiency but confers autophagy inhibition activity to the polymer. Hyaluronic acid (HA) coating is further introduced to afford PNHCQ/sFlt-1@HA for improved tumor targeting without compromising on transfection. Consequently, PNHCQ/sFlt-1@HA demonstrates significant anti-tumor efficacy in F. nucleatum-colocalized HT29 mouse xenograft model by simultaneously exerting anti-angiogenic effects through sFlt-1 expression and down-regulating autophagy levels exacerbated by F. nucleatum challenge. The combination of anti-angiogenic gene delivery and overall autophagy blockade effectively sensitizes CRC tumors to anti-angiogenesis, providing an innovative approach for enhanced anti-angiogenic therapy against F. nucleatum-resident CRC. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Up-regulated autophagy level within tumors is considered responsible for the impaired efficacy of clinic antiangiogenic therapy against CRC colonized with pathogenic F. nucleatum. To tackle this problem, an autophagy-inhibiting cationic polymer is developed to enable efficient intracellular delivery of plasmid DNA encoding soluble FMS-like tyrosine kinase-1 (sFlt-1) and enhance anti-angiogenic therapy against F. nucleatum-associated CRC. HA coating that can be degraded by tumor-enriching hyaluronidase is further introduced for improved tumor targeting without compromising transfection efficiency. The well-orchestrated polyplexes achieve considerable tumor accumulation, efficient in vivo transfection, and effectively reinforce the sensitivity of CRC to the sFlt-1-derived anti-angiogenic effects by significantly blocking overall autophagy flux exacerbated by F. nucleatum challenge, thus harvesting robust antitumor outcomes against F. nucleatum-resident CRC.

PIWI-interacting RNAs (PiRNAs) as emerging biomarkers and therapeutic targets in biliary tract cancers: A comprehensive review

Cancers affecting the biliary tract, such as gallbladder cancer and cholangiocarcinoma, make up a small percentage of adult gastrointestinal malignancies, but their incidence is on the rise. Due to the lack of dependable molecular biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis, these cancers are often not detected until later stages and have limited treatment options. Piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) are a type of small noncoding RNA that interacts with Piwi proteins and has been linked to various diseases, especially cancer. Manipulation of piRNA expression has the potential to serve as an important biomarker and target for therapy. This review uncovers the relationship between PIWI-interacting RNA (piRNA) and a variety of gastrointestinal cancers, including biliary tract cancer (BTC). It is evident that piRNAs have the ability to impact gene expression and regulate key genes and pathways related to the advancement of digestive cancers. Abnormal expression of piRNAs plays a significant role in the development and progression of digestive-related malignancies. The potential of piRNAs as potential biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis, as well as therapeutic targets in BTC, is noteworthy. Nevertheless, there are obstacles and limitations that require further exploration to fully comprehend piRNAs' role in BTC and to devise effective diagnostic and therapeutic approaches using piRNAs. In summary, this review underscores the value of piRNAs as valuable biomarkers and promising targets for treating BTC, as we delve into the association between piRNAs and various gastrointestinal cancers, including BTC, and how piRNAs can impact gene expression and control essential pathways for digestive cancer advancement. The present research consists of a thorough evaluation presented in a storytelling style. The databases utilized to locate original sources were PubMed, MEDLINE, and Google Scholar, and the search was conducted using the designated keywords.

Circular RNAs in tuberculosis and lung cancer

This review signifies the role of circular RNAs (circRNAs) in tuberculosis (TB) and lung cancer (LC), focusing on pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment. CircRNAs, a newly discovered type of non-coding RNA, have emerged as key regulators of gene expression and promising biomarkers in various bodily fluids due to their stability. The current review discusses circRNA biogenesis, highlighting their RNase-R resistance due to their loop forming structure, making them effective biomarkers. It details their roles in gene regulation, including splicing, transcription control, and miRNA interactions, and their impact on cellular processes and diseases. For LC, the review identifies circRNA dysregulation affecting cell growth, motility, and survival, and their potential as therapeutic targets and biomarkers. In TB, it addresses circRNAs' influence on host anti-TB immune responses, proposing their use as early diagnostic markers. The paper also explores the interplay between TB and LC, emphasizing circRNAs as dual biosignatures, and the necessity for differential diagnosis. It concludes that no single circRNA biomarker is universally applicable for both TB and LC. Ultimately, the review highlights the pivotal role of circRNAs in TB and LC, encouraging further research in biomarker identification and therapeutic development concomitant for both diseases.

DNM3OS/miR-127-5p/CDH11, activates Wnt3a/β-catenin/LEF-1 pathway to form a positive feedback and aggravate spine facet joint osteoarthritis

Spinal facet joint osteoarthritis (FJOA) is an OA disease with pathogenesis and progression uncovered. Our present study was performed to elucidate the role of DNM3OS on spinal FJOA. In this study, spine facet joint tissue of patients were collected. In vitro and in vivo models were constructed with SW1353 cells and rats. Hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining, Safranin O-fast Green, Alcian blue staining, and Tolueine blue O (TBO) staining were employed for histology analyses. Quantitative PCR, western blotting, and Immunofluorescence were performed to evaluate the expression of genes. The levels of inflammatory cytokines were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay analysis. Cell Counting Kit-8 and flow cytometry were used for cell activity and apoptosis evaluation. The targeting sites between microRNA (miR)-127-5p and cadherin 11 (CDH11) were predicted TargetScan and miRbase database and confirmed by Dual-luciferase reporter assays. CHIP and EMS assay were employed to confirm the binding of LEF1and DNM3OS promoter. Our results showed that DNM3OS was found to upregulated, while miR-127-5p was downregulated in severe FJOA patients and inflammation-induced chondrosarcoma SW1353 cells. DNM3OS reduced cell activity, induced cell apoptosis and extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation by sponging miR-127-5p in vitro. miR-127-5p targeted CDH11 and inhibited wnt3a/β-catenin pathway to regulate OA in vitro. LEF1 promoted DNM3OS transcription to form a positively feedback in activated wnt3a/β-catenin pathway. In vivo rat model also confirmed that DNM3OS aggravated FJOA. In summary, DNM3OS/miR-127-5p/CDH11 enhanced Wnt3a/β-Catenin/LEF-1 pathway to form a positive feedback and aggravate spinal FJOA.