Myeloid-derived suppressor cells: an emerging target for anticancer immunotherapy

Innovative sarcoma therapy using multifaceted nano-PROTAC-induced EZH2 degradation and immunity enhancement

Sarcomas are highly malignant tumors characterized by their heterogeneity and resistance to conventional therapies, which significantly limit treatment options. EZH2 is highly expressed in sarcomas, but targeting it is difficult. In this study, we uncovered the non-canonical transcriptional mechanisms of EZH2 in sarcoma and highlighted the essential role of EZH2 in regulating YAP1 through non-canonical transcriptional pathways in the progression of sarcoma. Building on this, we developed YM@VBM, a novel and versatile nano-PROTAC (proteolysis-targeting chimera), by integrating a polyphenol-vanadium oxide system with the EZH2 degrader YM281 PROTAC, encapsulated in methoxy polyethylene glycol-NH2 to enhance biocompatibility. To further facilitate targeted drug delivery to tumors, YM@VBM nano-PROTACs were incorporated into microneedle patches. Our engineered YM@VBM exhibited multiple functionalities, including the peroxidase-like activity to generate reactive oxygen species, depletion of glutathione, and photothermal effects, specifically targeting sarcoma characteristics. YM@VBM significantly enhanced targeting efficacy via inducing potent EZH2 degradation. Most importantly, it can also activate anti-tumor immunity via excluding myeloid-derived suppressor cells, maturing dendritic cells, and forming tertiary lymphoid structures. Hence, we reveal that YM@VBM presents a promising treatment strategy for sarcoma, offering a multifaceted approach to combat this challenging malignancy.

Biological mechanisms and immunotherapy of brain metastases in non-small cell lung cancer

Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is a leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide, with Brain Metastases serving as a significant adverse prognostic factor. The blood-brain barrier poses a substantial challenge in the treatment of brain metastases, as it restricts the penetration of many anticancer agents. Novel immunotherapy, such as immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have emerged as promising treatment for NSCLC and its associated brain metastases. This review summarizes the biological mechanism underlying NSCLC brain metastases and provides an overview of the current landscape of immunotherapy, exploring the mechanism of action and clinical applications of these advanced treatments.

Cellular mechanisms underlying beneficial versus detrimental effects of bacterial antitumor immunotherapy

Bacteria engineered to express tumor antigens as cancer vaccines have produced mixed results. Here, we used an attenuated strain of Listeria monocytogenes (ΔactA, Lm) that lacks tumor antigens to examine the immune response to Lm itself in tumor-bearing mice following intravenous (i.v.), intratumoral (i.t.), or combined i.v. + i.t. Lm delivery. Unexpectedly, i.t. Lm alone recruited neutrophils to tumors, which became immunosuppressive, provided an intracellular reservoir for long-term persistence of Lm in tumors, and promoted tumor growth. In contrast, prior i.v. Lm administration generated anti-Lm cytotoxic CD8+ T cells that infiltrated tumors upon i.t. Lm delivery. These Lm-specific CD8+ T cells control tumors by inducing cancer cell apoptosis, limiting cancer cell proliferation, and enhancing tumor antigen cross-presentation to tumor-specific T cells. Thus, an anti-Lm CD8+ T cell response against Lm-colonized tumors can control cancer, offering a paradigm for cancer immunotherapy that leverages systemic CD8+ T cell immunity targeting i.t. bacteria.

Insights of immune cell heterogeneity, tumor-initiated subtype transformation, drug resistance, treatment and detecting technologies in glioma microenvironment

BACKGROUND

With the gradual understanding of glioma development and the immune microenvironment, many immune cells have been discovered. Despite the growing comprehension of immune cell functions and the clinical application of immunotherapy, the precise roles and characteristics of immune cell subtypes, how glioma induces subtype transformation of immune cells and its impact on glioma progression have yet to be understood.

AIM OF THE REVIEW

In this review, we comprehensively center on the four major immune cells within the glioma microenvironment, particularly neutrophils, macrophages, lymphocytes, myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), and other significant immune cells. We discuss (1) immune cell subtype markers, (2) glioma-induced immune cell subtype transformation, (3) the mechanisms of each subtype influencing chemotherapy resistance, (4) therapies targeting immune cells, and (5) immune cell-associated single-cell sequencing. Eventually, we identified the characteristics of immune cell subtypes in glioma, comprehensively summarized the exact mechanism of glioma-induced immune cell subtype transformation, and concluded the progress of single-cell sequencing in exploring immune cell subtypes in glioma.

KEY SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS OF REVIEW

In conclusion, we have analyzed the mechanism of chemotherapy resistance detailly, and have discovered prospective immunotherapy targets, excavating the potential of novel immunotherapies approach that synergistically combines radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and surgery, thereby paving the way for improved immunotherapeutic strategies against glioma and enhanced patient outcomes.

Comprehensive immunogenomic landscape analysis unveils CD33 + myeloid cell-driven immunomodulatory signatures in melanoma development

BACKGROUND

Understanding the causal relationships between immune cell populations and cancer development remains a critical challenge in tumor immunology.

METHODS

We employed Mendelian Randomization analysis leveraging genome-wide association studies of 612 immune cell traits and 91 cancer types to systematically evaluate causal associations. Single-cell RNA sequencing and computational deconvolution analyses were performed to characterize myeloid cell subpopulations in melanoma samples.

FINDINGS

Our analysis revealed significant relationships between specific immune cell subsets and cancer risk, particularly highlighting the role of CD33 + myeloid cells in melanoma pathogenesis. Single-cell RNA sequencing identified distinct CD33high myeloid subpopulations characterized by elevated expression of complement cascade components and chemokine signaling pathways. Through computational deconvolution of The Cancer Genome Atlas melanoma cohort, we demonstrated that elevated CD33high monocyte abundance correlates with increased immune dysfunction scores, reduced CD8 + T cell infiltration, and poor survival outcomes.

INTERPRETATION

Here we delineate the multifaceted mechanisms through which CD33 + myeloid cell populations orchestrate perturbations in the tumor-immune microenvironmental landscape, manifesting in compromised immunosurveillance and enhanced tumor progression. Our findings illuminate novel therapeutic opportunities through targeted modulation of myeloid cell function, while providing a systematic framework for understanding the complex interplay between immune cell populations and oncogenic processes.

Characterizing the Emergence of Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cell Subsets in a Murine Model of Pulmonary Fibrosis

The immune system plays a major role in pulmonary fibrosis (PF), a devastating lung disease with limited treatment options. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are immune cells with remarkable immunosuppressive functions. We hypothesized that their anti-inflammatory activity may dampen PF by inhibiting inflammation and its transition to fibrosis. Here, we studied the emergence of both polymorphonuclear (PMN)- and monocytic (M)-MDSCs in a murine model of PF. We assessed immunological, histopathological, and clinical changes at days 3, 7, 14, and 21 following bleomycin challenge. A comprehensive overview of the role of MDSCs during the acute lung injury and chronic phase of pulmonary fibrosis is provided, along with the effects of MDSCs adoptive transfer and depletion. Inflammation and fibrosis increased over a period of 21 days after bleomycin administration. In the lung, the number of PMN-MDSCs increased, while M-MDSCs decreased over the time following bleomycin challenge. Especially, M-MDSCs showed enhanced suppressive activity on day 3 following bleomycin challenge. Adoptive transfer of PMN-MDSCs attenuated inflammation and fibrosis development. However, depletion of PMN-MDSCs did not lead to an exacerbation of PF. Our results suggest that adoptive transfer of PMN-MDSCs can ameliorate the inflammatory responses and thus the development of fibrosis in a bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis model.

The predictive value of peripheral blood monocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells for survival and immunotherapy responses in tumor patients

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES

The identification of affordable and easily accessible indicators to predict overall survival is important for tumor immunotherapy. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are a heterogeneous population of immature myeloid cells, which promote tumor immune escape in the tumor microenvironment (TME). This study aimed to determine whether peripheral blood MDSCs could determine their potential as predictors of survival in tumor patients with immunotherapy.

METHODS

Flow cytometry was used to detect peripheral blood monocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells (M-MDSCs) and granulocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells (G-MDSCs) in 126 patients. Multivariate Cox regression analysis was conducted to examine the associations between peripheral blood MDSCs and patient survival. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve determined the optimal cutoff value for peripheral blood MDSCs and grouped the indicators. The relationship between peripheral blood M-MDSCs and the prognosis and treatment outcome of tumor patients was explored.

RESULTS

The proportion of peripheral blood M-MDSCs was associated with the prognosis of patients with tumors, as were tumor metastasis, the red blood cell count, absolute neutrophil count, absolute monocyte count, and BMI. Multivariate Cox regression analysis revealed that M-MDSCs, absolute lymphocyte value, and tumor metastasis were independent risk factors affecting the prognosis of patients with tumors. Detection of peripheral blood M-MDSCs obtained high sensitivity and specificity for tumor diagnosis. Patients with high M-MDSCs percentage demonstrated reduced survival durations and diminished responses to immunotherapy compared to those with low M-MDSCs percentage.

CONCLUSIONS

Peripheral blood M-MDSCs may be used to predict overall survival and immunotherapy efficacy outcomes. This study provides a putative predictive biomarker for clinicians to choose from to predict tumor patients' survival and the selection of receiving immunotherapy regimens.

Causal analysis of 731 immunophenotypes and heart failure: A bidirectional Mendelian randomization study

The aim of this study was to elucidate the causal relationship between immunophenotypes and heart failure (HF) using bidirectional Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis. Summary-level data for HF and immunophenotypes were obtained from public genome-wide association study data. Five robust MR methods were employed to delineate the causal effects between the 2. Further analyses included horizontal pleiotropic analysis, Cochran Q analysis, MR-Egger intercept test, and leave-one-out analysis. Finally, we used the screened immunophenotypes as outcomes and HF as exposure for reverse MR analyses. Eight immunophenotypes demonstrated an increased risk of HF, including immunoglobin D+ (IgD+) CD38br absolute cell (AC); double positive (CD4+CD8+) %leukocyte; CD28- CD127- CD25++ CD8br %T cell; CD28- CD127- CD25++ CD8br %CD8br; CD28+ CD45RA+ CD8br %T cell; CD19 on IgD+ CD38br; CD27 on IgD- CD38dim; CD45 on lymphocyte. Conversely, 7 immunophenotypes exhibited a reduced risk of HF, including Activated Treg AC; Im myeloid-derived suppressor cell %CD33dim human leukocyte antigen DR- (HLA DR-) CD66b-; CD33dim HLA DR+ CD11b+ %CD33dim HLA DR+; CD20 on IgD- CD38dim; side scatter-A (SSC-A) on CD14+ monocyte; SSC-A on HLA DR+ natural killer cell; CD11b on CD14+ monocyte. Importantly, we did not find any horizontal multidimensional outliers, genetic heterogeneity, directional pleiotropy, or a single nucleotide polymorphism that determines ultimate causality. The results of the reverse MR analysis were not statistically significant. In this study, the genetic correlation between 15 immunophenotypes and HF was revealed by MR analysis, which provides a reference for future clinical treatment.

Application of mass cytometry in the immune microenvironment of breast cancer

The rapid development of immunotherapy has shown preliminary clinical efficacy and significant anti-tumor effects in some cancer patients. Although immunotherapy has been approved for breast cancer, some breast cancer patients still do not benefit from it due to issues such as immunotherapy insensitivity and resistance. Mass cytometry, as a mature single-cell proteomic analysis method, with its high-throughput capabilities, has been widely used in the analysis of tumor immune microenvironments and immune cell subpopulations. Using mass cytometry to analyze the immune microenvironment of breast cancer and explore new immunotherapy targets can help improve the current status of breast cancer immunotherapy and develop personalized treatment plans for more patients. This review surveys the recent advancements in analyzing the single-cell components of breast cancer using mass cytometry technology and reviews the immune microenvironment of breast cancer as well as potential targets for immunotherapy. These results provide new insights for the subsequent research of the immune microenvironment of breast cancer and targeted immunotherapy.

The progress and prospects of targeting the adenosine pathway in cancer immunotherapy

Despite the notable success of cancer immunotherapy, its effectiveness is often limited in a significant proportion of patients, highlighting the need to explore alternative tumor immune evasion mechanisms. Adenosine, a key metabolite accumulating in hypoxic tumor regions, has emerged as a promising target in oncology. Inhibiting the adenosinergic pathway not only inhibits tumor progression but also holds potential to enhance immunotherapy outcomes. Multiple therapeutic strategies targeting this pathway are being explored, ranging from preclinical studies to clinical trials. This review examines the complex interactions between adenosine, its receptors, and the tumor microenvironment, proposing strategies to target the adenosinergic axis to boost anti-tumor immunity. It also evaluates early clinical data on pharmacological inhibitors of the adenosinergic pathway and discusses future directions for improving clinical responses.

Tumor-associated macrophages remodel the suppressive tumor immune microenvironment and targeted therapy for immunotherapy

Despite the significant advances in the development of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI), primary and acquired ICI resistance remains the primary impediment to effective cancer immunotherapy. Residing in the tumor microenvironment (TME), tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) play a pivotal role in tumor progression by regulating diverse signaling pathways. Notably, accumulating evidence has confirmed that TAMs interplay with various cellular components within the TME directly or indirectly to maintain the dynamic balance of the M1/M2 ratio and shape an immunosuppressive TME, consequently conferring immune evasion and immunotherapy tolerance. Detailed investigation of the communication network around TAMs could provide potential molecular targets and optimize ICI therapies. In this review, we systematically summarize the latest advances in understanding the origin and functional plasticity of TAMs, with a focus on the key signaling pathways driving macrophage polarization and the diverse stimuli that regulate this dynamic process. Moreover, we elaborate on the intricate interplay between TAMs and other cellular constituents within the TME, that is driving tumor initiation, progression and immune evasion, exploring novel targets for cancer immunotherapy. We further discuss current challenges and future research directions, emphasizing the need to decode TAM-TME interactions and translate preclinical findings into clinical breakthroughs. In conclusion, while TAM-targeted therapies hold significant promise for enhancing immunotherapy outcomes, addressing key challenges-such as TAM heterogeneity, context-dependent plasticity, and therapeutic resistance-remains critical to achieving optimal clinical efficacy.

Immunological Mechanisms and Effects of Bacterial Infections in Acute-on-Chronic Liver Failure

Acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) is a severe clinical syndrome characterized by high morbidity and mortality rates. Bacterial infection is a frequent precipitating factor and complication in ACLF patients, significantly worsening patient outcomes. Elucidating the mechanisms underlying bacterial infections and their impact on ACLF pathophysiology is crucial for developing effective therapies to reduce infection rates and mortality. Current research highlights that immune suppression in ACLF increases susceptibility to bacterial infections, which in turn exacerbate immune dysfunction. However, a comprehensive review summarizing the emerging mechanisms underlying this immunosuppression is currently lacking. This review aims to provide an overview of the latest research, focusing on alterations in the immune responses of innate immune cells-including monocytes, macrophages, and neutrophils-as well as adaptive immune cells such as T and B lymphocytes during the onset and progression of bacterial infections in ACLF. In addition, recent advances in immunomodulatory therapies, including stem cell-based interventions, will also be discussed.

Constructing a Prognostic Model for Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer Risk Based on Genes Characterising the Differentiation of Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells

Cancer is the most common malignancy, with over 2 million new cases and nearly 1.8 million deaths worldwide annually. Non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the predominant subtype, accounting for the majority of cases. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), which originate from monocytes and typically differentiate into macrophages and granulocytes, possess potent immunosuppressive capabilities. MDSCs regulate immune responses in various pathological conditions and are strongly associated with poor prognosis in cancer patients. This study aims to elucidate the complex interplay between MDSCs, immune cells, and tumours in the NSCLC tumour microenvironment (TME). By integrating single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) data with bulk RNA sequencing (Bulk RNA-seq) data, we identified MDSCs as the target cell population and used Monocle software (v2.22.0) to infer their developmental trajectories. We identified key genes associated with MDSCs differentiation processes and classified MDSCs into seven distinct states based on their functional roles. Furthermore, we constructed a prognostic risk model based on the impact of MDSCs differentiation on NSCLC prognosis, utilizing Elastic Net regression and multivariate Cox regression analysis of Bulk RNA-seq data. The model's performance and accuracy were validated using both internal and external validation sets. Additionally, we compared risk scores with clinical pathological features and the relationship between risk scores and key immune cells in the immune microenvironment, demonstrating the model's clinical predictive value. We also explored how prognostic genes contribute to poor prognosis in NSCLC. Moreover, small molecule compounds targeting these prognostic genes were screened, and their anti-tumour effects were evaluated as potential therapeutic strategies for NSCLC treatment. This study not only reveals the complex regulatory mechanisms of MDSCs in the NSCLC immune microenvironment but also successfully constructs a prognostic risk model based on MDSCs differentiation states. The model demonstrates excellent clinical performance in predicting patient prognosis, effectively identifying high-risk patients and providing robust support for individualized treatment and immunotherapy decisions. Through association analyses with key immune cells in the immune microenvironment and clinical pathological features, our model can assist clinicians in formulating more precise treatment plans based on patients' immune status and tumour characteristics. Furthermore, we identified small molecule compounds targeting these prognostic genes, providing novel and promising therapeutic targets for NSCLC, which could further enhance treatment efficacy and improve patients' survival quality.

Role of tumor microenvironment in ovarian cancer metastasis and clinical advancements

Ovarian cancer (OC) is the most lethal gynecological malignancy worldwide, characterized by heterogeneity at the molecular, cellular and anatomical levels. Most patients are diagnosed at an advanced stage, characterized by widespread peritoneal metastasis. Despite optimal cytoreductive surgery and platinum-based chemotherapy, peritoneal spread and recurrence of OC are common, resulting in poor prognoses. The overall survival of patients with OC has not substantially improved over the past few decades, highlighting the urgent necessity of new treatment options. Unlike the classical lymphatic and hematogenous metastasis observed in other malignancies, OC primarily metastasizes through widespread peritoneal seeding. Tumor cells (the "seeds") exhibit specific affinities for certain organ microenvironments (the "soil"), and metastatic foci can only form when there is compatibility between the "seeds" and "soil." Recent studies have highlighted the tumor microenvironment (TME) as a critical factor influencing the interactions between the "seeds" and "soil," with ascites and the local peritoneal microenvironment playing pivotal roles in the initiation and progression of OC. Prior to metastasis, the interplay among tumor cells, immunosuppressive cells, and stromal cells leads to the formation of an immunosuppressive pre-metastatic niche in specific sites. This includes characteristic alterations in tumor cells, recruitment and functional anomalies of immune cells, and dysregulation of stromal cell distribution and function. TME-mediated crosstalk between cancer and stromal cells drives tumor progression, therapy resistance, and metastasis. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on the onset and metastatic progression of OC. We provide a comprehensive discussion of the characteristics and functions of TME related to OC metastasis, as well as its association with peritoneal spread. We also outline ongoing relevant clinical trials, aiming to offer new insights for identifying potential effective biomarkers and therapeutic targets in future clinical practice.

Contemporary understanding of myeloid-derived suppressor cells in the acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) tumor microenvironment

INTRODUCTION

Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are a key immunosuppressive component in the tumor microenvironment, contributing to immune evasion and disease progression in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS).

AREAS COVERED

We searched PubMed for literature that evaluated the effect of MDSCs in myeloid diseases. MDSCs impact outcomes by facilitating leukemic stem cell survival, impairing immune checkpoint efficacy, and modulating the bone marrow niche. While these immunosuppressive properties can mitigate graft-versus-host disease post-transplantation, sustained MDSC-mediated immunosuppression can also increase the risk of leukemia relapse.We review MDSC development and function, including metabolic reprogramming, epigenetic modifications, and cytokine-mediated pathways. Therapeutic strategies targeting MDSCs, such as depletion, functional reprogramming, and inhibition of key metabolic and immune pathways, show promising data in preclinical models. However, clinical translation remains hindered by challenges in MDSC quantification and standardization of functional assays. This review underscores the potential of combining MDSC-targeted therapies with conventional and novel treatments to improve patient outcomes in AML and MDS.

EXPERT OPINION

Future studies should focus on standardizing MDSC assessment, elucidate their dynamic roles in therapy, and optimize combination approaches for clinical application.

Reciprocal Modulation of Tumour and Immune Cell Motility: Uncovering Dynamic Interplays and Therapeutic Approaches

Dysregulated cell movement is a hallmark of cancer progression and metastasis, the leading cause of cancer-related mortality. The metastatic cascade involves tumour cell migration, invasion, intravasation, dissemination, and colonisation of distant organs. These processes are influenced by reciprocal interactions between cancer cells and the tumour microenvironment (TME), including immune cells, stromal components, and extracellular matrix proteins. The epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) plays a crucial role in providing cancer cells with invasive and stem-like properties, promoting dissemination and resistance to apoptosis. Conversely, the mesenchymal-epithelial transition (MET) facilitates metastatic colonisation and tumour re-initiation. Immune cells within the TME contribute to either anti-tumour response or immune evasion. These cells secrete cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors that shape the immune landscape and influence responses to immunotherapy. Notably, immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) has transformed cancer treatment, yet its efficacy is often dictated by the immune composition of the tumour site. Elucidating the molecular cross-talk between immune and cancer cells, identifying predictive biomarkers for ICB response, and developing strategies to convert cold tumours into immune-active environments is critical to overcoming resistance to immunotherapy and improving patient survival.

Unveiling vitamin C: A new hope in the treatment of diffuse large B‑cell lymphoma (Review)

Lymphoma is a malignancy of the immune system, which originates from lymphatic tissues and lymph nodes. Diffuse large B‑cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is a common type of non‑Hodgkin lymphoma, occurring in 30‑40% of all cases, which has persistent clinical challenges. The treatment of DLBCL is challenging due to its diverse genetic and biological characteristics and complex clinical physiology. Despite advancements in overall prognosis, 20‑25% of patients continue to experience relapse and 10‑15% of patients experience refractory disease. Vitamin C is a water‑soluble vitamin with antioxidant properties and notable pharmacological activity, with potential applications in cancer therapy. Pharmacological doses of vitamin C (1‑4 g/kg) can induce apoptosis in malignant cells by inhibiting and/or reversing gene mutations that are associated with hematological malignancies. For example, 10‑25% of patients with myeloid malignancies have tet methylcytosine dioxygenase 2 (TET2) gene mutations and vitamin C can regulate blood stem cell frequency and leukemia production by enhancing TET2 function. Consequently, pharmacological doses of vitamin C can inhibit the development and progression of hematological malignancies. Therefore, the present review aimed to investigate the role of vitamin C in the pathophysiology and treatment of DLBCL, whilst highlighting the potential challenges and future perspectives.

Stroma AReactive Invasion Front Areas (SARIFA), tumour immune microenvironment, and survival in colorectal cancer

BACKGROUND

SARIFA (Stroma AReactive Invasion Front Areas), defined as the direct contact between a tumour cell cluster and adipose cells at the invasion margin, has been proposed as a prognostic marker in gastrointestinal cancers. We hypothesized that SARIFA is associated with an immunosuppressive tumour microenvironment.

METHODS

SARIFA status was evaluated in two large colorectal cancer cohorts (N = 1876). Survival analyses were performed using multivariable Cox regression. Immune cell densities were analysed utilizing multiplex and conventional immunohistochemistry combined with digital image analysis.

RESULTS

SARIFA-positivity was independently associated with a shorter cancer-specific survival in both cohorts [Cohort 1: hazard ratio (HR) for SARIFA-positive (vs. negative) 1.75 (95% CI 1.35-2.25), P < 0.0001; Cohort 2: HR for SARIFA-positive (vs. negative) 2.09 (95% CI 1.43-3.05), P = 0.0001]. SARIFA-positivity was associated with lower densities of CD3+ T cells, CD66b+ granulocytes, M1-like macrophages, and CD14+HLA-DR+ mature monocytic cells, but higher densities of M2-like macrophages and CD14+HLA-DR- immature monocytic cells. Mean Cohen's kappa for SARIFA evaluation between eight investigators was 0.80.

CONCLUSIONS

SARIFA status is a highly reproducible, independent prognostic factor in colorectal cancer. SARIFA-positivity is associated with lower densities of antitumourigenic immune cells and the polarisation of macrophages towards a protumourigenic M2-like phenotype.

Galectin-3 suppresses CD8+ T cells function via myeloid-derived suppressor cells recruitment in cervical cancer

The tumor immune microenvironment is crucial in tumor development. Galectin-3 (GAL3), a beta-galactoside-binding lectin and tumor secretory protein, is increasingly recognized as a key mediator of immunosuppression in various cancers; however, its role in cervical cancer (CC) immune escape has not been well studied. This study investigates GAL3 regulation of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) through immune infiltration, flow cytometry, cytokine screening, and animal models. Particularly, GAL3 was upregulated in CC samples and was significantly correlated with lymph node metastasis, recurrence, and survival. Correlation analysis showed that GAL3 expression was correlated with the aggregation of MDSCs. Patients with high MDSCs infiltration have a poor prognosis. Mechanistically, GAL3 promoted MDSCs recruitment by activating STAT3/Akt signaling pathway. Additionally, MDSCs inhibited CD8+ T cells function by secreting interleukin-6 (IL-6) and C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 2 (CXCL2). Furthermore, GAL3 and MDSCs inhibitors diminished subcutaneous tumor in vivo by reducing MDSCs accumulation and increasing CD8+ cells infiltration. This study demonstrates that GAL3 enhances the immunosuppressive function of MDSCs in CC, leading to impaired CD8+ T cells function and poor patient prognosis. These findings identify GAL3 and MDSCs as promising targets for therapeutic intervention, providing a basis for novel immunotherapeutic approaches in CC treatment.

Multi-omics pan-cancer analysis of monocyte to macrophage differentiation-associated (MMD) and its significance in hepatocellular carcinoma

BackgroundMalignant tumors are serious diseases that endanger human health. Therefore, it is crucial to identify markers that facilitate tumor diagnosis and prognostic assessment.ObjectiveThis study analyzed the significance of Monocyte to macrophage differentiation-associated (MMD) in various tumors from multiple perspectives, to explore the possibility of using MMD as a novel tumor marker.MethodsUsing the R software, an examination of MMD levels was conducted across diverse human cancers and their influence on cancer outcomes. MMD methylation, mutations, and immune infiltration analyses of various tumors were performed. A Cox regression model was used to predict the survival rates of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Finally, MMD expression and function were validated in Hep-3B cells.ResultsMMD was aberrantly expressed in diverse tumors and can predict patient outcomes. Methylation and functional enrichment studies indicated possible function of MMD in tumor progression, whereas immune infiltration data suggested its involvement in tumor immune evasion. Cox regression analysis revealed that elevated MMD levels were independent predictors of HCC patient outcomes. The quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) data demonstrated high MMD levels in Hep-3B cells, and its suppression impeded Hep-3B cell growth.ConclusionsMMD was abnormally expressed in various tumors and was closely associated with tumor prognosis. Thus, it had the potential to be used as a novel tumor marker.

From neglect to necessity: the role of innate immunity in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma therapy

As the second most common non-melanoma skin cancer, cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) has experienced a significant increase in incidence. Although clinical detection is relatively easy, a considerable number of patients are diagnosed at an advanced stage, featuring local tissue infiltration and distant metastasis. Cemiplimab, along with other immune checkpoint inhibitors, enhances T cell activation by blocking the PD-1 pathway, resulting in notable improvements in clinical outcomes. Nonetheless, approximately 50% of the patients with advanced cSCC remain unresponsive to this therapeutic approach. It emphasizes the importance of finding innovative therapeutic targets and strategies to boost the success of immunotherapy across a wider range of patients. Therefore, we focused on frequently neglected functions of innate immune cells. Emerging evidence indicates that innate immune cells exhibit considerable heterogeneity and plasticity, fundamentally contributing to tumor initiation and development. The identification and eradication of cancer cells, along with the modulation of adaptive immune responses, are essential roles of these cells. Consequently, targeting innate immune cells to activate anti-tumor immune responses presents significant potential for enhancing immunotherapeutic strategies in cSCC.

Population analysis and immunologic landscape of melanoma in people living with HIV

People living with HIV (PLWH) diagnosed with melanoma have consistently exhibited worse clinical outcomes than HIV-negative individuals (PLw/oH) with the same cancer, even in the era of antiretroviral therapy (ART). To investigate the underlying factors contributing to these disparities, we analyzed electronic health records from 922 PLWH and 334,972 PLw/oH with melanoma. PLWH were diagnosed with melanoma at a younger age and had a higher representation of Hispanic and Black individuals. Notably, PLWH had a markedly increased risk of brain metastases. Additionally, despite similar treatment durations, PLWH experienced significant delays in initiating immune checkpoint therapy (ICI) and exhibited worse survival outcomes at both five- and ten-years post-treatment with ICI. To explore potential biological determinants of these disparities, we conducted spatial immune transcriptomics on melanoma tumors (n=11). This analysis revealed a more immunosuppressive tumor landscape in PLWH, characterized by upregulated immune checkpoints (e.g., PD1, LAG3, CTLA4) and diminished antigen presentation (e.g., HLA-DRB, B2M ), with distinct spatial distributions in the tumors versus the tumor microenvironments. Downstream validation via multiplex immunofluorescence (n=15 PLWH, n=14 PLw/oH) confirmed an exhausted CD8 + T cell compartment, marked by enrichment of PD1 int LAG3 - and PD1 int LAG3 + subpopulations, along with a significant accumulation of immunosuppressive myeloid-derived suppressor cells (CD11b + HLA-DR - CD33 + ) in PLWH. These distinct immune profiles suggest chronic HIV infection fosters a permissive tumor microenvironment that might undermine effective immune responses and contribute to poor clinical outcomes for PLWH with melanoma. Targeting the actionable immune pathways identified in this study could inform tailored therapeutic strategies to mitigate these disparities.

Therapeutic potential of natural arginase modulators: mechanisms, challenges, and future directions

Arginase (Arg) plays a pivotal role in numerous pathological processes, with its dysregulated expression being intricately associated with tumor progression and immune evasion. This review comprehensively examines the diversity, mechanisms, and clinical potential of natural Arg modulators, encompassing polyphenols, flavonoids, and terpenoids. These bioactive compounds exert their modulatory effects on Arg activity through multiple mechanisms, including direct enzyme interaction, regulation of signaling pathways, and modulation of cellular metabolism. The therapeutic potential of these metabolites spans across various medical domains, notably in cardiovascular diseases, oncology, neurological disorders, and inflammatory conditions. Specifically, polyphenol metabolites such as resveratrol and curcumin have demonstrated significant benefits in cardiovascular health and neuroprotection, while flavonoids including rutin and quercetin have shown promising effects on intracellular inflammatory factors and tumor cell proliferation. Similarly, terpenoids like perillyl alcohol and triptolide have been found to influence cell polarization processes. However, despite their substantial therapeutic potential demonstrated in experimental studies, the development of natural Arg modulators faces several significant challenges. These include complexities in drug design attributed to the intricate structure and multiple isoforms of Arg, difficulties in elucidating precise mechanisms due to Arg's multifaceted roles in various metabolic pathways, and limitations in current drug delivery systems. To overcome these challenges, future research should focus on continuous optimization of experimental design paradigms, enhancement of experimental models and data quality, thorough evaluation of therapeutic efficacy, and strategic integration of natural Arg modulators with precision medicine approaches.

The pathogenesis and therapeutic implications of metabolic reprogramming in renal cell carcinoma

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC), a therapeutically recalcitrant genitourinary malignancy, exemplifies the profound interplay between oncogenic signaling and metabolic adaptation. Emerging evidence positions metabolic reprogramming as a central axis of RCC pathogenesis, characterized by dynamic shifts in nutrient utilization that transcend canonical Warburg physiology to encompass lipid anabolism, glutamine auxotrophy, and microenvironment-driven metabolic plasticity. This orchestrated rewiring of cellular energetics sustains tumor proliferation under hypoxia while fostering immunosuppression through metabolite-mediated T cell exhaustion and myeloid-derived suppressor cell activation. Crucially, RCC exhibits metabolic heterogeneity across histological subtypes and intratumoral regions-a feature increasingly recognized as a determinant of therapeutic resistance. Our review systematically deciphers the molecular architecture of RCC metabolism, elucidating how VHL/HIF axis mutations, mTOR pathway dysregulation, and epigenetic modifiers converge to reshape glucose flux, lipid droplet biogenesis, and amino acid catabolism. We present novel insights into spatial metabolic zonation within RCC tumors, where pseudohypoxic niches engage in lactate shuttling and cholesterol efflux to adjacent vasculature, creating pro-angiogenic and immunosuppressive microdomains. Therapeutically, we evaluate first-in-class inhibitors targeting rate-limiting enzymes in de novo lipogenesis and glutamine metabolism, while proposing biomarker-driven strategies to overcome compensatory pathway activation. We highlight the synergy between glutaminase inhibitors and PD-1 blockade in reinvigorating CD8+ T cell function, and the role of lipid-loaded cancer-associated fibroblasts in shielding tumors from ferroptosis. Finally, we outline a translational roadmap integrating multi-omics profiling, functional metabolomics, and spatial biology to match metabolic vulnerabilities with precision therapies.

Nanomaterials-driven in situ vaccination: a novel frontier in tumor immunotherapy

In situ vaccination (ISV) has emerged as a promising strategy in cancer immunotherapy, offering a targeted approach that uses the tumor microenvironment (TME) to stimulate an immune response directly at the tumor site. This method minimizes systemic exposure while maintaining therapeutic efficacy and enhancing safety. Recent advances in nanotechnology have enabled new approaches to ISV by utilizing nanomaterials with unique properties, including enhanced permeability, retention, and controlled drug release. ISV employing nanomaterials can induce immunogenic cell death and reverse the immunosuppressive and hypoxic TME, thereby converting a "cold" tumor into a "hot" tumor and facilitating a more robust immune response. This review examines the mechanisms through which nanomaterials-based ISV enhances anti-tumor immunity, summarizes clinical applications of these strategies, and evaluates its capacity to serve as a neoadjuvant therapy for eliminating micrometastases in early-stage cancer patients. Challenges associated with the clinical translation of nanomaterials-based ISV, including nanomaterial metabolism, optimization of treatment protocols, and integration with other therapies such as radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and photothermal therapy, are also discussed. Advances in nanotechnology and immunotherapy continue to expand the possible applications of ISV, potentially leading to improved outcomes across a broad range of cancer types.

Inhibiting glycolysis facilitated checkpoint blockade therapy for triple-negative breast cancer

Cancer cells are characterized by their altered energy metabolism. A hallmark of cancer metabolism is aerobic glycolysis, also called the Warburg effect. Hexokinase 2 (HK2), a crucial glycolytic enzyme converting glucose to glucose-6-phosphate, has been identified as a central player in the Warburg effect. Deletion of HK2 decreases cancer cell proliferation in animal models without explicit side effects, suggesting that targeting HK2 is a promising strategy for cancer therapy. In this study, we discovered a correlation between HK2 and the tumor immune response in triple-negative breast cancer. Inhibition of HK2 led to a reduction in G-CSF expression in 4T1 cells and a decrease in the development of myeloid-derived suppressor cells which, in turn, enhanced T cell immunity and prolonged the survival of 4T1 tumor-bearing mice. Furthermore, the HK2 inhibitor 3-BrPA improved the therapeutic efficacy of anti-PD-L1 therapy in 4T1 tumor-bearing mouse models. This study highlights the potential of glycolysis-targeting interventions as a novel treatment strategy, which can be combined with immunotherapy for the treatment of triple-negative breast cancer.

Targeting TIME in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: Mechanisms of drug resistance and treatment strategies

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the predominant form of primary liver cancer. While early-stage HCC can be effectively managed with surgical resection and other interventions, treatment options for advanced HCC are limited. Current systemic treatments for advanced HCC include VEGF-targeted tyrosine kinase inhibitors (Sorafenib, Lenvatinib), and the combination therapy of anti PD-1/PD-L1 and anti VEGF (Atezolizumab plus Bevacizumab, Camrelizumab plus Rivoceranib). However, the lack of response to these drugs and the emergence of acquired drug resistance significantly impairs their efficacy. Numerous studies have demonstrated that the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) plays a crucial role in modulating the response to these therapies. Various immune cells and their secreted factors within the TIME play a pivotal role in the emergence of secondary drug resistance in HCC. This article reviews the mechanism of TIME promoting drug resistance, discusses the influence of current systemic HCC treatment drugs on TIME, and evaluates how these TIME changes affect the efficacy of treatment. A deeper understanding of the interaction between TIME and systemic treatment drugs may be beneficial to enhance the treatment effect, mitigate drug resistance of advanced HCC, and ultimately improve the prognosis of patients.

The potential role of PD-1/PD-L1 small molecule inhibitors in colorectal cancer with different mechanisms of action

Colorectal cancer (CRC) remains one of the leading causes of cancer-related death worldwide, with increasing incidence in younger ages highlighting the need for new or alternative therapy, of which is immune checkpoint inhibitors. Antibody-based immune checkpoint inhibitors targeting the interaction between programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) and programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) have revolutionized cancer treatment, including CRC. However, the low response rate in CRC highlights the need for additional research and innovative therapies. Small molecule inhibitors have risen as another strategy worth exploring, considering their potential to target a wide array of PD-1/PD-L1-related pathways. This review focuses on the potential of small molecule inhibitors targeting the PD-1/PD-L1 axis in CRC. Exploring various classes of small molecule inhibitors, including those that directly block the PD-1/PD-L1 interaction and others that target upstream regulators or downstream signaling pathways involved in PD-1/PD-L1-mediated immune suppression. Additionally, modulation of post-transcriptional and post-translational processes, thereby influencing the expression, stability, or localization of PD-1/PD-L1 proteins to enhance antitumor immunity, provides a multifaceted treatment approach. By disrupting these pathways, these inhibitors can restore immune system activity against tumor cells, offering new hope for overcoming resistance and improving outcomes in CRC patients who do not respond to conventional immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). Integrating these small molecules into CRC treatment strategies could represent a promising advancement in the battle against the challenging disease.

Nivolumab resistance in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma patients and future perspectives

Head and neck cancer (HNC) cases are increasing globally, with resistance to immunotherapies such as nivolumab posing a significant challenge. This systematic review examines the mechanisms of nivolumab resistance in HNC, with a focus on intrinsic tumor factors, the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME), and immune checkpoint dysregulation. Intrinsic mechanisms, such as mutations that impair antigen presentation and MYC amplification, reshape the TME to promote immune evasion. The tumor microenvironment, enriched with immunosuppressive cells such as tumor-associated macrophages and myeloid-derived suppressor cells, further compromises nivolumab's effectiveness. Moreover, cancer cells exploit immune checkpoints, including programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1), T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-3, and LAG-3, to evade immune surveillance. Identifying predictive biomarkers, such as MYC amplification and PD-L1 expression, is essential for developing personalized treatments. This review underscores the complex nature of nivolumab resistance and the urgent need for comprehensive therapeutic strategies to improve outcomes in HNC patients.

Role of metabolic transformation in cancer immunotherapy resistance: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic implications

BACKGROUND

Immunotherapy in the treatment of cancer, with immune inhibitors helps in many cancer types. Many patients still encounter resistance to these treatments, though. This resistance is mediated by metabolic changes in the tumour microenvironment and cancer cells. The development of novel treatments to overcome resistance and boost immunotherapy's effectiveness depends on these metabolic changes.

OBJECTIVE

This review concentrates on the molecular mechanisms through which metabolic transformation contributes to cancer immunotherapy resistance. Additionally, research therapeutic approaches that target metabolic pathways to enhance immunotherapy for resistance.

METHODS

We used databases available on PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science to perform a thorough review of peer-reviewed literature. focusing on the tumor microenvironment, immunotherapy resistance mechanisms, and cancer metabolism. The study of metabolic pathways covers oxidative phosphorylation, glycolysis, lipid metabolism, and amino acid metabolism.

RESULTS

An immunosuppressive tumour microenvironment is produced by metabolic changes in cancer cells, such as dysregulated lipid metabolism, enhanced glutaminolysis, and increased glycolysis (Warburg effect). Myeloid-derived suppressor cells and regulatory T cells are promoted, immune responses are suppressed, and T cell activity is impaired when lactate and other metabolites build up. changes in the metabolism of amino acids in the pathways for arginine and tryptophan, which are nutrients crucial for immune function. By enhancing their function in the tumour microenvironment, these metabolic alterations aid in resistance to immune checkpoint inhibitors.

CONCLUSION

Metabolic change plays a key role in cancer immunotherapy resistance. Gaining knowledge of metabolic processes can help develop efficient treatments that improve immunotherapy's effectiveness. In order to determine the best targets for therapeutic intervention, future studies should concentrate on patient-specific metabolic profiling.

Myeloid-derived suppressor cells alleviate adverse ventricular remodeling after acute myocardial infarction

The fundamental pathophysiological mechanism in the progression of chronic heart failure following acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is ventricular remodeling, in which innate and adaptive immunity both play critical roles. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) have been demonstrated to function in a range of pathological conditions, such as infections, inflammation, autoimmune diseases, and tumors. However, it is unclear how MDSCs contribute to cardiac remodeling following AMI. This study aimed to identify the function and underlying mechanism of MDSCs in controlling cardiac remodeling following AMI. Following AMI in mice, MDSCs frequencies changed dynamically, considerably increased on day 7 in blood, spleens, lymph nodes and hearts, and decreased afterwards. Consistently, mice with AMI displayed enhanced cardiac function on day 14 post-AMI, reduced infract size and higher survival rates on day 28 post-AMI following the adoptive transfer of MDSCs. Furthermore, MDSCs inhibited the inflammatory response by decreasing pro-inflammatory cytokine (TNF-α, IL-17, Cxcl-1, and Cxcl-2) expression, up-regulating anti-inflammatory cytokine (TGF-β1, IL-10, IL-4, and IL-13) expression, reducing CD3+ T cell infiltration in the infarcted heart and enhancing M2 macrophage polarization. Mechanistically, MDSCs improved the release of anti-inflammatory factors (TGF-β1 and IL-10) and decreased the injury of LPS-induced cardiomyocytes in vitro in a manner dependent on cell-cell contact. Importantly, blockade of IL-10 partially abolished the cardioprotective role of MDSCs. This study found that MDSCs contributed to the restoration of cardiac function and alleviation of adverse cardiac remodeling after AMI possibly by inhibiting inflammation.

Autograft composition and outcome-towards an optimal graft?

The amount of CD34+ cells has been for decades the most important marker of autologous graft quality, but other graft cells, including various lymphocyte subsets, have gained some interest. This review attempts to summarize what is known about autograft cellular composition regarding post-transplant outcomes. The amount of CD34+ cells in the graft is associated with tempo of platelet recovery. It also has been associated with improved progression-free (PFS) and overall survival (OS) in many studies in patients with non-Hodgkin lymphoma and in some studies in patients with multiple myeloma. A greater number of lymphocytes in the graft has been linked with earlier lymphocyte recovery, which on the other hand has been associated with better post-transplant outcomes. In prospective studies, a greater number of T lymphocytes has been found to correlate with better PFS and OS in patients with non-Hodgkin lymphoma and multiple myeloma. Some studies also indicate that the number of natural killer cells in grafts is prognostically important. At present, it is challenging to define a so-called optimal graft in the autologous setting. In addition to adequate CD34+ cell counts, more lymphocytes also should be collected to achieve immune autografts, which may translate to improved patient outcomes. More data are needed regarding the functional status of various lymphocyte subset for post-transplant outcomes.

NIR-II photo-accelerated polymer nanoparticles boost tumor immunotherapy via PD-L1 silencing and immunogenic cell death

Immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapy is a widely favored anti-tumor treatment, but it shows limited response to non-immunogenic "cold" tumors and suffers from drug resistance. Photodynamic therapy (PDT), as a powerful localized treatment approach, can convert a "cold tumor" into a "hot tumor" by inducing immunogenic cell death (ICD) in tumor cells, thereby enhancing tumor immunogenicity and promoting tumor immunotherapy. However, the effectiveness of PDT is largely hindered by the limited penetration depth into tumor tissues. To address these issues, we proposed an all-in-one drug system with NIR-II photo-accelerated PDT effects, efficient immune checkpoint gene silencing, and a facile manufacturing process. The so-called all-in-one drug system comprises a multi-modal designed polymer PPNP and siRNA. PPNP is an amphipathic polymer that includes the near infrared-II (NIR-II) photosensitizer Aza-boron-dipyrromethene (Aza-BODIPY), a glutathione (GSH)-cleavable linker, and a cationic monomer derived from cholesterol. PPNP can self-assemble and efficiently load siRNA. Under laser irradiation, PPNP triggers a potent ICD cascade, causing the on-demand release of siPD-L1, reshaping the tumor's immunosuppressive microenvironment, effectively inhibiting the growth of various tumors, and stimulating the immune memory. This study represents a generalized platform for PDT and gene silencing, designed to modulate immune-related signaling pathways for improved anticancer therapy.

Extracellular Vesicle-Based Antitumor Nanomedicines

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have emerged as promising bioactive carriers for delivering therapeutic agents, including nucleic acids, proteins, and small-molecule drugs, owing to their excellent physicochemical stability and biocompatibility. However, comprehensive reviews on the various types of EV-based nanomedicines for cancer therapy remain scarce. This review explores the potential of EVs as antitumor nanomedicines. Methods for EV extraction, drug loading, and engineering modifications are systematically examined, and the strengths and limitations of these technical approaches are critically assessed. Additionally, key strategies for developing EV-based antitumor therapies are highlighted. Finally, the opportunities and challenges associated with advancing EVs toward clinical translation are discussed. With the integration of multiple disciplines, robust EV-based therapeutic platforms are expected to be manufactured to provide more personalized and effective solutions for oncology patients.

Targeting CD84 protein on myeloid-derived suppressor cells as a novel immunotherapy in solid tumors

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE

Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are a crucial and diverse group of cells found in the tumor microenvironment (TME) that facilitate progression, invasion, and metastasis within solid tumors. CD84, a homophilic adhesion molecule expressed on MDSCs, plays a critical role in their accumulation and function within the TME. This study aims to investigate the protein-protein interactions of CD84 using molecular dynamics simulations and to explore potential therapeutic strategies targeting these interactions.

METHODS

Through computational techniques, we generated highly potent mutated CD84 mini-proteins and peptides as antagonists with significantly higher affinity for CD84 to mimic the key features of the IgV-like domain of the protein. Additionally, we engineered an antibody capable of blocking CD84. Binding affinities were assessed using dissociation constant (Kd) calculations.

RESULTS

Data analysis shows that the Kd values for the designed peptides ranged from 10 to 100 times stronger than those of the natural CD84 interactions, indicating efficient inhibition of CD84 interactions. Additionally, mutagenesis of the Ig-like V domain of CD84 resulted in variants with improved binding stability, with a Gibbs free energy change (ΔΔG) indicating enhanced interaction potential.

CONCLUSIONS

This study provides insights into CD84 interactions and their implications for immunotherapy targeting MDSCs in solid tumors. However, experimental validation is necessary to confirm the findings of this study and evaluate peptide selectivity as potential molecular therapeutics.

Nano particle loaded EZH2 inhibitors: Increased efficiency and reduced toxicity for malignant solid tumors

Background and Objectives

Aberrant upregulation or mutations of EZH2 frequently occur in human cancers. However, the clinical benefits of EZH2 inhibitors (EZH2i) remain unsatisfactory for majority of solid tumors. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop new strategies to expand the therapeutic benefits of EZH2i. Nanocarriers have gained increased attention due to their advantages of prolonged blood circulation, enhanced cellular uptake, and active targeting capabilities. This study aims to address the challenges of EZH2i GSK126's limited efficacy and severe adverse effects against solid tumors.

Methods

A nano delivery system was developed by encapsulating GSK126 within albumin nanoparticles (GSK126 NPs).

Results

The prepared GSK126 NPs exhibited a small spherical core with an average diameter of 30.09 nm ± 1.55 nm, high drug loading capacity (16.59% ± 2.86%) and good entrapment efficiency (99.53% ± 0.208%). GSK126 NPs decreased tumor weight and volume in the B16F10 xenograft mice, while such effects were not observed in the free GSK126 group. Subsequently, histological analysis demonstrated that GSK126 NPs significantly alleviated lipid-associated liver toxicity. Additionally, GSK126 NPs can partially counteract the effects of GSK126 on MDSCs, particularly by decreasing the infiltration of M-MDSCs into tumors.

Conclusions

Albumin-based EZH2i NPs have potent anti-cancer efficacy with tolerable adverse effects, providing promising opportunity for future clinical translation in treating solid tumors.

Current Research in Drug-Free Cancer Therapies

Cancer treatment has historically depended on conventional methods like chemotherapy, radiation, and surgery; however, these strategies frequently present considerable limitations, including toxicity, resistance, and negative impacts on healthy tissues. In addressing these challenges, drug-free cancer therapies have developed as viable alternatives, utilizing advanced physical and biological methods to specifically target tumor cells while reducing damage to normal tissues. This review examines several drug-free cancer treatment strategies, such as high-intensity focused energy beams, nanosecond pulsed electric fields, and photothermal therapy as well as the use of inorganic nanoparticles to promote selective apoptosis. We also investigate the significance of targeting the tumor microenvironment, precision medicine, and immunotherapy in the progression of personalized cancer therapies. Although these approaches demonstrate significant promise, challenges including scalability, safety, and regulatory obstacles must be resolved for clinical application. This paper presents an overview of current research in drug-free cancer therapies, emphasizing recent advancements, underlying scientific principles, and the steps required for clinical implementation.

Inflammation and cancer: molecular mechanisms and clinical consequences

Inflammation, a hallmark of cancer, has been associated with tumor progression, transition into malignant phenotype and efficacy of anticancer treatments in cancer. It affects all stages of cancer, from the initiation of carcinogenesis to metastasis. Chronic inflammation induces immunosup-pression, providing an environment conducive to carcinogenesis, whereas acute inflammation induces an antitumor immune response, leading to tumor suppression. Solid tumors have an inflammatory tumor microenvironment (TME) containing cancer cells, immune cells, stromal cells, and soluble molecules, which plays a key role in tumor progression and therapy response. Both cancer cells and stromal cells in the TME are highly plastic and constantly change their phenotypic and functional properties. Cancer-associated inflammation, the majority of which consists of innate immune cells, plays an important role in cancer cell plasticity, cancer progression and the development of anticancer drug resistance. Today, with the combined used of advanced technologies, such as single-cell RNA sequencing and spatial molecular imaging analysis, the pathways linking chronic inflammation to cancer have been largely elucidated. In this review article, we highlighted the molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in cancer-associated inflammation and its effects on cancer progression and treatment response. We also comprehensively review the mechanisms linking chronic inflammation to cancer in the setting of GI cancers.

Novel anti-CD73-IL-2v bispecific fusion protein augments antitumor immunity by alleviating immunosuppressive adenosine pathways in CD8+ T cells

BACKGROUND

Adenosine accumulated in the tumor microenvironment functions as an immune-modulating factor, exerting immunosuppressive actions via adenosine A2A/A2B receptor (A2AR/A2BR) in various immune cell types. CD73, a key enzymatic regulator responsible for adenosine production, is frequently overexpressed in diverse cancers, and its overexpression is associated with reduced responsiveness to conventional anti-cancer drug treatments such as chemotherapy, radiation therapy, targeted therapy, or immunotherapy. Despite numerous therapeutic applications of IL-2 in cancer immunotherapy, the relationship between the CD73-adenosine axis and IL-2-based immunotherapy remains largely unexplored.

METHODS

To evaluate the effect of CD73 blockade on IL-2 signaling of CD8+ T cells, we screened novel CD73 antibodies using human single-chain variable fragment phage library and immunized Alpaca phage library. To optimize targeting to CD73-expressing cells and reinvigorate the antitumor effect of IL-2 in adenosine-rich microenvironment, we engineered a novel bifunctional GI-αCD73/IL-2v fusion protein. Functionality of GI-αCD73/IL-2v fusion protein was assessed in the in vitro cell-based assays and the in vivo tumor-bearing mouse model or cynomolgus monkey.

RESULTS

IL-2-induced increase in proliferation of CD8+ T cells was not observed under adenosine-rich microenvironment. We demonstrated that the functional impairment of IL-2 signaling in CD8+ T cells in these conditions can be reversed by our anti-CD73 antibody (GI-αCD73). Furthermore, GI-αCD73/IL-2v fusion protein significantly restored the impaired proliferation of CD8+ T cells and consequently enhanced tumor cell killing under adenosine-mediated immunosuppression, surpassing the combined treatment of GI-αCD73 and Fc-IL-2v. These synergistic effects were attributed to the enhanced delivery of the IL-2v component of GI-αCD73/IL-2v to IL-2Rβγ on CD73-expressing CD8+ T cells through a cis-binding mechanism. GI-αCD73/IL-2v elicited a potent antitumor effect in both the human CD73 knock-in (hCD73 KI) mouse model and the humanized mouse model. In non-human primates, GI-αCD73/IL-2v exhibited excellent tolerability while inducing robust and durable expansions of cytotoxic lymphocytes.

CONCLUSIONS

GI-αCD73/IL-2v bispecific protein is a novel and potent immunocytokine with significant antitumor immunity through cis-binding on CD8+ T cells.

Propionyl-CoA carboxylase subunit B regulates anti-tumor T cells in a pancreatic cancer mouse model

Most human pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) are not infiltrated with cytotoxic T cells and are highly resistant to immunotherapy. Over 90% of PDAC have oncogenic KRAS mutations, and phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3Ks) are direct effectors of KRAS. Our previous study demonstrated that ablation of Pik3ca in KPC (KrasG12D; Trp53R172H; Pdx1-Cre) pancreatic cancer cells induced host T cells to infiltrate and completely eliminate the tumors in a syngeneic orthotopic implantation mouse model. Now, we show that implantation of Pik3ca-/- KPC (named αKO) cancer cells induces clonal enrichment of cytotoxic T cells infiltrating the pancreatic tumors. To identify potential molecules that can regulate the activity of these anti-tumor T cells, we conducted an in vivo genome-wide gene-deletion screen using αKO cells implanted in the mouse pancreas. The result shows that deletion of propionyl-CoA carboxylase subunit B gene (Pccb) in αKO cells (named p-αKO) leads to immune evasion, tumor progression, and death of host mice. Surprisingly, p-αKO tumors are still infiltrated with clonally enriched CD8+ T cells but they are inactive against tumor cells. However, blockade of PD-L1/PD1 interaction reactivated these clonally enriched T cells infiltrating p-αKO tumors, leading to slower tumor progression and improve survival of host mice. These results indicate that Pccb can modulate the activity of cytotoxic T cells infiltrating some pancreatic cancers and this understanding may lead to improvement in immunotherapy for this difficult-to-treat cancer.

A review of common immunotherapy and nano immunotherapy for acute myeloid leukemia

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a highly aggressive hematological malignancy. Traditional chemotherapy methods not only bring serious side effects, but also lead to high recurrence rate and drug resistance in some patients. However, as an emerging therapeutic strategy, immunotherapy has shown great potential in the field of AML treatment in recent years. At present, common immunotherapy methods for AML include monoclonal antibodies, CAR-T cell therapy, and immune checkpoint inhibitors. With the deepening of research and technological progress, especially the application of nanotechnology in medicine, new immunotherapy is expected to become one of the important means for the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia in the future.

Myeloid-derived suppressor cells in metabolic and cardiovascular disorders

Dysregulation of immune homeostasis can precipitate chronic inflammation, thus significantly contributing to the onset and progression of metabolic and cardiovascular diseases. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) constitute a heterogeneous population of immature myeloid cells that are mobilized in response to biological stressors such as tissue damage and inflammation. Although MDSCs have been extensively characterized in the contexts of cancer and infectious diseases, emerging evidence highlights their pivotal roles in the pathophysiology of metabolic and cardiovascular disorders. We discuss growing evidence for the involvement of MDSCs in the progression of metabolic and cardiovascular diseases, with the aim of deepening our understanding of MDSCs in cardiometabolic physiology and identifying the necessary steps for the development of innovative MDSC-targeted therapeutic strategies.

Ce6-GFFY is a novel photosensitizer for colorectal cancer therapy

Photodynamic therapy is an "old" strategy for cancer therapy featuring clinical safety and rapid working, but suitable photosensitizers for colorectal cancer therapy remain lacking. This study synthesized a novel photosensitizer termed Ce6-GFFY based on a self-assembling peptide GFFY and a photo-responsive molecule chlorin e6 (Ce6). Ce6-GFFY forms macroparticles with a diameter of ∼160 nm and possesses a half-life of 10 h, as well as an ideal tumor-targeting ability in mouse models. Ce6-GFFY effectively penetrates cells and generates numerous reactive oxygen species upon 660 nm laser irradiation. The reactive oxygen species promotes the accumulation of cytotoxic T cells and decrease of myeloid-derived suppressor cells in the tumor microenvironment through immunogenic cell death, thus prohibiting the growth of both primary and metastatic tumors after once treatment. This study not only provides a strategy for photosensitizer development but also confirms a promising application of Ce6-GFFY for colorectal cancer therapy.

Integrative Bioinformatics Analysis and Experimental Study of NLRP12 Reveal Its Prognostic Value and Potential Functions in Ovarian Cancer

NLRP12 plays a significant role in cellular functional behavior and immune homeostasis, influencing inflammation, tumorigenesis, and prognosis. This study aimed to explore its specific effects on the tumor microenvironment (TME) and its contribution to heterogeneity in ovarian cancer (OV) through bioinformatics analysis and experimental verification. Utilizing various bioinformatics databases and clinical specimens, we investigated NLRP12 expression and its relationship with OV prognosis and immune infiltration. In vitro assays were conducted to assess the impact of NLRP12 on the proliferation and invasion of OV cells. Our findings indicate that NLRP12 is upregulated in OV, with high expression correlating with a negative prognosis. Furthermore, NLRP12 expression demonstrated a positive correlation with the infiltration of various immune cells and the expression of immune checkpoint molecules in OV. Analysis of The Cancer Immunome Atlas (TCIA) database revealed that OV patients with lower NLRP12 expression may exhibit an enhanced response to immunotherapy, particularly CTLA4 blockers, a finding validated in animal experiments. Additionally, the study emphasized the role of NLRP12 in influencing the prognosis of OV patients by promoting epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in ovarian cancer cells. Finally, we identified a potential therapeutic compound, Schisandrin B (Schi B), which decreases NLRP12 expression in ovarian cancer cells by binding to the transcription factor SPI1 associated with NLRP12. Our findings suggest that NLRP12 serves as a crucial immune-related biomarker predicting poor outcomes in OV, and targeting NLRP12 may represent a promising therapeutic approach for OV patients in the future.

m6A RNA methylation: a pivotal regulator of tumor immunity and a promising target for cancer immunotherapy

M6A modification is one of the most common regulatory mechanisms of gene expression in eukaryotic cells, influencing processes such as RNA splicing, degradation, stability, and protein translation. Studies have shown that m6A methylation is closely associated with tumorigenesis and progression, and it plays a key regulatory role in tumor immune responses. m6A modification participates in regulating the differentiation and maturation of immune cells, as well as related anti-tumor immune responses. In the tumor microenvironment, m6A modification can also affect immune cell recruitment, activation, and polarization, thereby promoting or inhibiting tumor cell proliferation and metastasis, and reshaping the tumor immune microenvironment. In recent years, immunotherapies for tumors, such as immune checkpoint inhibitors and adoptive cell immunotherapy, have been increasingly applied in clinical settings, achieving favorable outcomes. Targeting m6A modifications to modulate the immune system, such as using small-molecule inhibitors to target dysregulated m6A regulatory factors or inducing immune cell reprogramming, can enhance anti-tumor immune responses and strengthen immune cell recognition and cytotoxicity against tumor cells. m6A modification represents a new direction in tumor immunotherapy with promising clinical potential. This review discusses the regulatory role of m6A methylation on immune cells and tumor immune responses and explores new strategies for immunotherapy.

Promotion Mechanisms of Stromal Cell-Mediated Lung Cancer Development Within Tumor Microenvironment

Lung cancer, with its high incidence and mortality rates, has garnered significant attention in the medical community. The tumor microenvironment (TME), composed of tumor cells, stromal cells, extracellular matrix, surrounding blood vessels, and other signaling molecules, plays a pivotal role in the development of lung cancer. Stromal cells within the TME hold potential as therapeutic targets for lung cancer treatment. However, the precise and comprehensive mechanisms by which stromal cells contribute to lung cancer progression have not been fully elucidated. This review aims to explore the mechanisms through which stromal cells in the tumor microenvironment promote lung cancer development, with a particular focus on how immune cells, tumor-associated fibroblasts, and endothelial cells contribute to immune suppression, inflammation, and angiogenesis. The goal is to provide new insights and potential strategies for the diagnosis and treatment of lung cancer.

Euphorbia helioscopia L. inhibits lung tumorigenesis through alleviating exhausted T cell induced by chronic inflammation

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Euphorbia helioscopia L. (ZQ) is a very effective traditional Chinese medicine for treating pneumonia and lung cancer. However, the effects and mechanisms by which ZQ prevents lung tumorigenesis in the presence of chronic inflammation remain unexplored.

AIM

To examine the effects and mechanisms of ZQ in alleviating chronic inflammation-induced T cell exhaustion and inhibiting lung tumorigenesis.

METHODS

A mice model of lung tumorigenesis under chronic inflammation conditions was established by repeated administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and exposure to the tobacco carcinogen nitrosamine 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK). Mice were treated with ZQ (0.9, 1.8, and 3.6 g/kg/day) for 25 weeks. Lung pathology and tumor incidence were assessed, and inflammatory cytokine levels in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and serum were measured. Additionally, the proportions of CD3+ T, CD4+ T, and CD8+ T cells and their inhibitory receptors expression were evaluated. In vitro, T cell exhaustion models were induced using inflammatory-conditioned media, followed by treatment with ZQ (0.5, 2, 8 μg/mL). T cell exhaustion markers and characteristics were analyzed, and molecular mechanisms were explored using RNA sequencing and Immunoblotting analysis.

RESULTS

In vivo, ZQ significantly reduced inflammatory infiltration and lung damage, tumor incidence, number, size, and lung and spleen indices in mice. It also markedly lowered the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and immunosuppressive cytokines in BALF and serum. Additionally, ZQ improved the proportions of CD3+ T, CD4+ T, and CD8+ T cells and significantly decreased the expression of inhibitory receptors on CD4+ T and CD8+ T cells in the lung tissues and spleen. In vitro, ZQ effectively alleviated T cell exhaustion induced by the inflammatory environment, marked by reduced expression of inhibitory receptors, increased cytokine secretion, improved proliferation, and enhanced tumoricidal activity. RNA sequencing revealed that ZQ significantly downregulated the JAK-STAT signaling and upregulated stemness-associated pathways. Immunoblotting results indicated that treatment with ZQ markedly reduced the phosphorylation of Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) and increased the expression of T cell factor -1/7 (TCF1/7).

CONCLUSION

ZQ inhibits lung tumorigenesis in LPS/NNK-treated mice through alleviating exhausted T cells induced by chronic inflammation, which is attributed to the suppression of STAT3 activation and the maintenance of stemness characteristics in T cells. These findings provide experimental evidence for the potential use of ZQ in preventing and treating lung tumourigenesis in patients with chronic inflammation and the clinical management of lung cancer patients with concomitant chronic inflammation.

Metabolic crossroads: unravelling immune cell dynamics in gastrointestinal cancer drug resistance

Metabolic reprogramming within the tumor microenvironment (TME) plays a critical role in driving drug resistance in gastrointestinal cancers (GI), particularly through the pathways of fatty acid oxidation and glycolysis. Cancer cells often rewire their metabolism to sustain growth and reshape the TME, creating conditions such as nutrient depletion, hypoxia, and acidity that impair antitumor immune responses. Immune cells within the TME also undergo metabolic alterations, frequently adopting immunosuppressive phenotypes that promote tumor progression and reduce the efficacy of therapies. The competition for essential nutrients, particularly glucose, between cancer and immune cells compromises the antitumor functions of effector immune cells, such as T cells. Additionally, metabolic by-products like lactate and kynurenine further suppress immune activity and promote immunosuppressive populations, including regulatory T cells and M2 macrophages. Targeting metabolic pathways such as fatty acid oxidation and glycolysis presents new opportunities to overcome drug resistance and improve therapeutic outcomes in GI cancers. Modulating these key pathways has the potential to reinvigorate exhausted immune cells, shift immunosuppressive cells toward antitumor phenotypes, and enhance the effectiveness of immunotherapies and other treatments. Future strategies will require continued research into TME metabolism, the development of novel metabolic inhibitors, and clinical trials evaluating combination therapies. Identifying and validating metabolic biomarkers will also be crucial for patient stratification and treatment monitoring. Insights into metabolic reprogramming in GI cancers may have broader implications across multiple cancer types, offering new avenues for improving cancer treatment.

Effects of metabolism upon immunity: Targeting myeloid-derived suppressor cells for the treatment of breast cancer is a promising area of study

Breast cancer (BC) ranks among the most prevalent malignancies affecting women, with advanced-stage patients facing an increased mortality risk. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) contribute significantly to poor prognostic outcomes. Research has concentrated predominantly on the immunological mechanisms underlying MDSC functions, but a comprehensive investigation into the metabolic interactions between BC cells and MDSCs is lacking. In a hypoxic tumor microenvironment (TME), BC cells can enhance aerobic-glycolysis rates, upregulate expression of key lipid metabolism enzymes such as cluster of differentiation (CD) 36 and 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX), accelerate glutamine (Gln) uptake, and elevate extracellular adenosine (eADO) levels, thereby fostering MDSC proliferation and amplifying immune suppression. Concurrently, alterations in the metabolic state of MDSCs also influence BC progression. To ensure adequate proliferative resources, MDSCs upregulate the pentose phosphate pathway and expedite glycolysis for energy supply while increasing the expression of fatty acid transport proteins (FATPs) such as CD36 and fatty acid transporter 2 (FATP2) to maintain intracellular lipid availability, thereby enhancing their adaptability within the TME. Furthermore, MDSCs undermine T-cell anti-tumor efficacy by depleting essential amino acids (AAs), such as arginine (Arg), tryptophan (Trp), and cysteine (Cys), required for T-cell function. This review elucidates how pharmacological agents such as metformin, liver X receptor (LXR) agonists, and 6-diazo-5-oxo-L-norleucine (DON) can augment anti-cancer treatment efficacy by targeting metabolic pathways in MDSCs. We systematically delineate the mechanisms governing interactions between BC cells and MDSCs from a metabolic standpoint while summarizing therapeutic strategies to modulate metabolism within MDSCs. Our review provides a framework for optimizing MDSC applications in BC immunotherapy.