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Camacho RC, Polidori D, Chen T, Chen B, Hsu HH, Gao B, Marella M, Lubomirski M, Beavers T, Cabrera J, Wong P, Nawrocki AR. Validation of a diet-induced Macaca fascicularis model of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis with dietary and pioglitazone interventions. Diabetes Obes Metab 2023; 25:1068-1079. [PMID: 36546607 DOI: 10.1111/dom.14955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
AIM To develop an obese, insulin-resistant cynomolgus monkey model of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) with fibrosis with a high fat/high cholesterol (HFHC) diet (with or without high fructose) and test its responsiveness to caloric restriction or pioglitazone. METHODS First, two groups of monkeys (n = 24/group) with histologically proven NASH and fibrosis were fed the HFHC diet for 17 weeks. The treatment group was subjected to a 40% caloric restriction (CR) and had their diet switched from the HFHC diet to a chow diet (DSCR). Paired liver biopsies were taken before and 17 weeks after DSCR. Subsets of monkeys (nine/group) had whole liver fat content assessed by MRI. Next, two groups of monkeys with histologically proven NASH and fibrosis were treated with vehicle (n = 9) or pioglitazone (n = 20) over 24 weeks. RESULTS The HFHC and DSCR groups lost 0.9% and 11.4% of body weight, respectively. After 17 weeks, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease activity score (NAS) improvement was observed in 66.7% of the DSCR group versus 12.5% of the HFHC group (P < .001). Hepatic fat was reduced to 5.2% in the DSCR group versus 23.0% in the HFHC group (P = .0001). After 24 weeks, NAS improvement was seen in 30% of the pioglitazone group versus 0% of the vehicle group (P = .08). CONCLUSIONS Both weight loss induced by DSCR and treatment with pioglitazone improve the histological features of NASH in a diet-induced cynomolgus monkey model. This model provides a translational preclinical model for testing novel NASH therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raul C Camacho
- Cardiovascular Metabolism, Spring House, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - David Polidori
- Cardiovascular Metabolism, Spring House, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Tao Chen
- Preclincial Sciences and Translational Safety, Shanghai, China
| | - Bin Chen
- Preclincial Sciences and Translational Safety, Shanghai, China
| | - Helen Han Hsu
- Preclincial Sciences and Translational Safety, Shanghai, China
| | - Bin Gao
- Translational Medicine and Early Development Statistics, Spring House, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Mariusz Lubomirski
- Translational Medicine and Early Development Statistics, Spring House, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Traymon Beavers
- Translational Medicine and Early Development Statistics, Spring House, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Javier Cabrera
- Translational Medicine and Early Development Statistics, Spring House, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Peggy Wong
- Quantitative Sciences, Janssen R&D, Raritan, New Jersey, USA
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Comparison between aerobic exercise training and enalapril treatment as tools to improve diet-induced metabolic-associated fatty liver disease: Effects on endoplasmic reticulum stress markers. Life Sci 2022; 311:121136. [PMID: 36349603 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.121136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress poses a new pathological mechanism for metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD). MAFLD treatment has encompassed renin-angiotensin system (RAS) blockers and aerobic exercise training, but their association with hepatic ER stress is not well known. Therefore, we aimed to compare the effects of hepatic RAS modulation by enalapril and/or aerobic exercise training over ER stress in MAFLD caused by a diet-induced obesity model. MAIN METHODS C57BL/6 mice were fed a standard-chow (CON, n = 10) or a high-fat (HF, n = 40) diet for 8 weeks. HF group was then randomly divided into: HF (n = 10), HF + Enalapril (EN, n = 10), HF + Aerobic exercise training (AET, n = 10), and HF + Enalapril+Aerobic exercise training (EN + AET, n = 10) for 8 more weeks. Body mass (BM) and glucose profile were evaluated. In the liver, ACE and ACE2 activity, morphology, lipid profile, and protein expression of ER stress and metabolic markers were assessed. KEY FINDINGS Both enalapril and aerobic exercise training provided comparable efficacy in improving diet-induced MAFLD through modulation of RAS and ER stress, but the latter was more efficient in improving ER stress, liver damage and metabolism. SIGNIFICANCE This is the first study to evaluate pharmacological (enalapril) and non-pharmacological (aerobic exercise training) RAS modulators associated with ER stress in a diet-induced MAFLD model.
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Molecular mechanisms of metabolic associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD): functional analysis of lipid metabolism pathways. Clin Sci (Lond) 2022; 136:1347-1366. [PMID: 36148775 PMCID: PMC9508552 DOI: 10.1042/cs20220572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) is a condition of fat accumulation in the liver in combination with metabolic dysfunction in the form of overweight or obesity and insulin resistance. It is also associated with an increased cardiovascular disease risk, including hypertension and atherosclerosis. Hepatic lipid metabolism is regulated by a combination of the uptake and export of fatty acids, de novo lipogenesis, and fat utilization by β-oxidation. When the balance between these pathways is altered, hepatic lipid accumulation commences, and long-term activation of inflammatory and fibrotic pathways can progress to worsen the liver disease. This review discusses the details of the molecular mechanisms regulating hepatic lipids and the emerging therapies targeting these pathways as potential future treatments for MAFLD.
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van der Graaff D, Chotkoe S, De Winter B, De Man J, Casteleyn C, Timmermans JP, Pintelon I, Vonghia L, Kwanten WJ, Francque S. Vasoconstrictor antagonism improves functional and structural vascular alterations and liver damage in rats with early NAFLD. JHEP Rep 2022; 4:100412. [PMID: 35036886 PMCID: PMC8749167 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhepr.2021.100412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Intrahepatic vascular resistance is increased in early non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), potentially leading to tissue hypoxia and triggering disease progression. Hepatic vascular hyperreactivity to vasoconstrictors has been identified as an underlying mechanism. This study investigates vasoconstrictive agonism and antagonism in 2 models of early NAFLD and in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). METHODS The effects of endothelin-1 (ET-1), angiotensin II (ATII) and thromboxane A2 (TxA2) agonism and antagonism were studied by in situ ex vivo liver perfusion and preventive/therapeutic treatment experiments in a methionine-choline-deficient diet model of steatosis. Furthermore, important results were validated in Zucker fatty rats after 4 or 8 weeks of high-fat high-fructose diet feeding. In vivo systemic and portal pressures, ex vivo transhepatic pressure gradients (THPG) and transaminase levels were measured. Liver tissue was harvested for structural and mRNA analysis. RESULTS The THPG and consequent portal pressure were significantly increased in both models of steatosis and in NASH. ET-1, ATII and TxA2 increased the THPG even further. Bosentan (ET-1 receptor antagonist), valsartan (ATII receptor blocker) and celecoxib (COX-2 inhibitor) attenuated or even normalised the increased THPG in steatosis. Simultaneously, bosentan and valsartan treatment improved transaminase levels. Moreover, bosentan was able to mitigate the degree of steatosis and restored the disrupted microvascular structure. Finally, beneficial vascular effects of bosentan endured in NASH. CONCLUSIONS Antagonism of vasoconstrictive mediators improves intrahepatic vascular function. Both ET-1 and ATII antagonists showed additional benefit and bosentan even mitigated steatosis and structural liver damage. In conclusion, vasoconstrictive antagonism is a potentially promising therapeutic option for the treatment of early NAFLD. LAY SUMMARY In non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), hepatic blood flow is impaired and the blood pressure in the liver blood vessels is increased as a result of an increased response of the liver vasculature to vasoconstrictors. Using drugs to block the constriction of the intrahepatic vasculature, the resistance of the liver blood vessels decreases and the increased portal pressure is reduced. Moreover, blocking the vasoconstrictive endothelin-1 pathway restored parenchymal architecture and reduced disease severity.
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Key Words
- ALT, alanine aminotransferase
- ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker
- AST, aspartate aminotransferase
- ATII, angiotensin II
- COX, cyclooxygenase
- ET, endothelin
- HFHFD, high-fat high-fructose diet
- IHVR, intrahepatic vascular resistance
- Jak2, Janus-kinase-2
- MCD, methionine-choline deficient diet
- Mx, methoxamine
- NAFLD, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
- NASH, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis
- NO, nitric oxide
- PP, portal pressure
- PR, pulse rate
- SEM, scanning electron microscopy
- TBW, total body weight
- TEM, transmission electron microscopy
- TXAS, thromboxane synthase
- TxA2, thromboxane A2
- ZFR, Zucker fatty rats
- angiotensin II
- endothelin-1
- non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
- portal hypertension
- thromboxane A2
- transhepatic pressure gradient
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise van der Graaff
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
- European Reference Network Rare Hepatic Diseases (ERN RARE-LIVER)
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics (LEMP), Division of Gastroenterology-Hepatology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Shivani Chotkoe
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
- European Reference Network Rare Hepatic Diseases (ERN RARE-LIVER)
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics (LEMP), Division of Gastroenterology-Hepatology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Benedicte De Winter
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
- European Reference Network Rare Hepatic Diseases (ERN RARE-LIVER)
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics (LEMP), Division of Gastroenterology-Hepatology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Joris De Man
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics (LEMP), Division of Gastroenterology-Hepatology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Christophe Casteleyn
- Department of Morphology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Applied Veterinary Morphology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jean-Pierre Timmermans
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Histology, Antwerp Centre for Advanced Microscopy (ACAM), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Isabel Pintelon
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Histology, Antwerp Centre for Advanced Microscopy (ACAM), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Luisa Vonghia
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
- European Reference Network Rare Hepatic Diseases (ERN RARE-LIVER)
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics (LEMP), Division of Gastroenterology-Hepatology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Wilhelmus J. Kwanten
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
- European Reference Network Rare Hepatic Diseases (ERN RARE-LIVER)
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics (LEMP), Division of Gastroenterology-Hepatology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Sven Francque
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
- European Reference Network Rare Hepatic Diseases (ERN RARE-LIVER)
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics (LEMP), Division of Gastroenterology-Hepatology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a challenging disease caused by multiple factors, which may partly explain why it still remains an orphan of adequate therapies. This review highlights the interaction between oxidative stress (OS) and disturbed lipid metabolism. Several reactive oxygen species generators, including those produced in the gastrointestinal tract, contribute to the lipotoxic hepatic (and extrahepatic) damage by fatty acids and a great variety of their biologically active metabolites in a “multiple parallel-hit model”. This leads to inflammation and fibrogenesis and contributes to NAFLD progression. The alterations of the oxidant/antioxidant balance affect also metabolism-related organelles, leading to lipid peroxidation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and endoplasmic reticulum stress. This OS-induced damage is at least partially counteracted by the physiological antioxidant response. Therefore, modulation of this defense system emerges as an interesting target to prevent NAFLD development and progression. For instance, probiotics, prebiotics, diet, and fecal microbiota transplantation represent new therapeutic approaches targeting the gut microbiota dysbiosis. The OS and its counter-regulation are under the influence of individual genetic and epigenetic factors as well. In the near future, precision medicine taking into consideration genetic or environmental epigenetic risk factors, coupled with new OS biomarkers, will likely assist in noninvasive diagnosis and monitoring of NAFLD progression and in further personalizing treatments.
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Farooq M, Hameed H, Dimanche-Boitrel MT, Piquet-Pellorce C, Samson M, Le Seyec J. Switching to Regular Diet Partially Resolves Liver Fibrosis Induced by High-Fat, High-Cholesterol Diet in Mice. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14020386. [PMID: 35057565 PMCID: PMC8778944 DOI: 10.3390/nu14020386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The globally prevalent disease, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), is characterized by a steatotic and inflammatory liver. In NASH patients, tissue repair mechanisms, activated by the presence of chronic liver damage, lead to the progressive onset of hepatic fibrosis. This scar symptom is a key prognostic risk factor for liver-related morbidity and mortality. Conflicting reports discuss the efficiency of dietary interventions on the reversibility of advanced fibrosis established during NASH. In the present study, the effect of dietary interventions was investigated in the outcome of the fibrosis settled in livers of C57BL/6J mice on a high-fat, high-cholesterol diet (HFHCD) for 5 or 12 consecutive weeks. Various clinico-pathological investigations, including a histological analysis of the liver, measurement of plasma transaminases, steatosis and fibrosis, were performed. To assess the effectiveness of the dietary intervention on established symptoms, diseased mice were returned to a standard diet (SD) for 4 or 12 weeks. This food management resulted in a drastic reduction in steatosis, liver injuries, inflammatory markers, hepatomegaly and oxidative stress and a gradual improvement in the fibrotic state of the liver tissue. In conclusion, our results demonstrated that dietary intervention can partially reverse liver fibrosis induced by HFHCD feeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Farooq
- Inserm, EHESP, IRSET (Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail)-UMR_S 1085, Univ Rennes, F-35000 Rennes, France; (M.F.); (H.H.); (M.-T.D.-B.); (C.P.-P.); (J.L.S.)
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Jhang 35200, Pakistan
| | - Huma Hameed
- Inserm, EHESP, IRSET (Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail)-UMR_S 1085, Univ Rennes, F-35000 Rennes, France; (M.F.); (H.H.); (M.-T.D.-B.); (C.P.-P.); (J.L.S.)
| | - Marie-Thérèse Dimanche-Boitrel
- Inserm, EHESP, IRSET (Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail)-UMR_S 1085, Univ Rennes, F-35000 Rennes, France; (M.F.); (H.H.); (M.-T.D.-B.); (C.P.-P.); (J.L.S.)
| | - Claire Piquet-Pellorce
- Inserm, EHESP, IRSET (Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail)-UMR_S 1085, Univ Rennes, F-35000 Rennes, France; (M.F.); (H.H.); (M.-T.D.-B.); (C.P.-P.); (J.L.S.)
| | - Michel Samson
- Inserm, EHESP, IRSET (Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail)-UMR_S 1085, Univ Rennes, F-35000 Rennes, France; (M.F.); (H.H.); (M.-T.D.-B.); (C.P.-P.); (J.L.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-2-23-23-69-11
| | - Jacques Le Seyec
- Inserm, EHESP, IRSET (Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail)-UMR_S 1085, Univ Rennes, F-35000 Rennes, France; (M.F.); (H.H.); (M.-T.D.-B.); (C.P.-P.); (J.L.S.)
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De Munck TJI, Xu P, Vanderfeesten BLJ, Elizalde M, Masclee AAM, Nevens F, Cassiman D, Schaap FG, Jonkers DMAE, Verbeek J. The Role of Brown Adipose Tissue in the Development and Treatment of Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis: An Exploratory Gene Expression Study in Mice. Horm Metab Res 2020; 52:869-876. [PMID: 33260239 DOI: 10.1055/a-1301-2378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) might be a beneficial mediator in the development and treatment of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). We aim to evaluate the gene expression of BAT activity-related genes during the development and the dietary and surgical treatment of NASH. BAT was collected from male C57BL/6J mice that received a high fat-high sucrose diet (HF-HSD) or a normal chow diet (NCD) for 4 and 20 weeks (n=8-9 per dietary group and timepoint) and from mice that underwent dietary intervention (return to NCD) (n=8), roux-en-y gastric bypass (RYGB) (n=6), or sham procedure (n=6) after 12 weeks HF-HSD. Expression of BAT genes involved in lipid metabolism (Cd36 and Cpt1b; p<0.05) and energy expenditure (Ucp1 and Ucp3; p<0.05) were significantly increased after 4 weeks HF-HSD compared with NCD, whereas in the occurrence of NASH after 20 weeks HF-HSD no difference was observed. We observed no differences in gene expression regarding lipid metabolism or energy expenditure at 8 weeks after dietary intervention (no NASH) compared with HF-HSD mice (NASH), nor in mice that underwent RYGB compared with SHAM. However, dietary intervention and RYGB both decreased the BAT gene expression of inflammatory cytokines (Il1b, Tnf-α and MCP-1; p<0.05). Gene expression of the batokine neuregulin 4 was significantly decreased after 20 weeks HF-HSD (p<0.05) compared with NCD, but was restored by dietary intervention and RYGB (p<0.05). In conclusion, BAT is hallmarked by dynamic alterations in the gene expression profile during the development of NASH and can be modulated by dietary intervention and bariatric surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toon J I De Munck
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Pan Xu
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Brechtje L J Vanderfeesten
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Montserrat Elizalde
- School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Ad A M Masclee
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Frederik Nevens
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospitals KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - David Cassiman
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospitals KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Frank G Schaap
- School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Daisy M A E Jonkers
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jef Verbeek
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospitals KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Baiges-Gaya G, Fernández-Arroyo S, Luciano-Mateo F, Cabré N, Rodríguez-Tomàs E, Hernández-Aguilera A, Castañé H, Romeu M, Nogués MR, Camps J, Joven J. Hepatic metabolic adaptation and adipose tissue expansion are altered in mice with steatohepatitis induced by high-fat high sucrose diet. J Nutr Biochem 2020; 89:108559. [PMID: 33264665 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2020.108559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity is a chronic progressive disease with several metabolic alterations. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is an important comorbidity of obesity that can progress to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), cirrhosis or hepatocarcinoma. This study aimed at clarifying the molecular mechanisms underlying the metabolic alterations in hepatic and adipose tissue during high-fat high-sucrose diet-induced NAFLD development in mice. METHODS Twenty-four male mice (C57BL/6J) were randomly allocated into 3 groups (n = 8 mice per group) to receive a chow diet, a high-fat diet (HFD), or a high-fat high-sucrose diet (HF-HSD) for 20 weeks. At sacrifice, liver and adipose tissue were obtained for histopathological, metabolomic, and protein expression analyses. RESULTS HF-HSD (but not HFD) was associated with NASH and increased oxidative stress. These animals presented an inhibition of hepatic autophagy and alterations in AMP-activated protein kinase/mammalian target of rapamycin activity. We also observed that the ability of metabolic adaptation was adversely affected by the increase of damaged mitochondria. NASH development was associated with changes in adipose tissue dynamics and increased amounts of saturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids in visceral adipose tissue. CONCLUSION HF-HSD led to a metabolic blockage and impaired hepatic mitochondria turnover. In addition, the continuous accumulation of fatty acids produced adipose tissue dysfunction and hepatic fat accumulation that favored the progression to NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerard Baiges-Gaya
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia, Facultat de Medicina, Reus, Spain; Unitat de Recerca Biomèdica, Hospital Universitari de Sant Joan, Institut d'investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, Reus, Spain
| | - Salvador Fernández-Arroyo
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia, Facultat de Medicina, Reus, Spain; Unitat de Recerca Biomèdica, Hospital Universitari de Sant Joan, Institut d'investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, Reus, Spain
| | - Fedra Luciano-Mateo
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia, Facultat de Medicina, Reus, Spain; Unitat de Recerca Biomèdica, Hospital Universitari de Sant Joan, Institut d'investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, Reus, Spain
| | - Noemí Cabré
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia, Facultat de Medicina, Reus, Spain; Unitat de Recerca Biomèdica, Hospital Universitari de Sant Joan, Institut d'investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, Reus, Spain
| | - Elisabet Rodríguez-Tomàs
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia, Facultat de Medicina, Reus, Spain; Unitat de Recerca Biomèdica, Hospital Universitari de Sant Joan, Institut d'investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, Reus, Spain
| | - Anna Hernández-Aguilera
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia, Facultat de Medicina, Reus, Spain; Unitat de Recerca Biomèdica, Hospital Universitari de Sant Joan, Institut d'investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, Reus, Spain
| | - Helena Castañé
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia, Facultat de Medicina, Reus, Spain; Unitat de Recerca Biomèdica, Hospital Universitari de Sant Joan, Institut d'investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, Reus, Spain
| | - Marta Romeu
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Departament de Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, Facultat de Medicina, Unitat de Farmacologia, Reus, Spain
| | - Maria-Rosa Nogués
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Departament de Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, Facultat de Medicina, Unitat de Farmacologia, Reus, Spain
| | - Jordi Camps
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia, Facultat de Medicina, Reus, Spain; Unitat de Recerca Biomèdica, Hospital Universitari de Sant Joan, Institut d'investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, Reus, Spain.
| | - Jorge Joven
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia, Facultat de Medicina, Reus, Spain; Unitat de Recerca Biomèdica, Hospital Universitari de Sant Joan, Institut d'investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, Reus, Spain; Campus of International Excellence Southern Catalonia, Tarragona, Spain.
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9
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Chen Z, Tian R, She Z, Cai J, Li H. Role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Free Radic Biol Med 2020; 152:116-141. [PMID: 32156524 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 589] [Impact Index Per Article: 147.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has emerged as the most common chronic liver disease worldwide and is strongly associated with the presence of oxidative stress. Disturbances in lipid metabolism lead to hepatic lipid accumulation, which affects different reactive oxygen species (ROS) generators, including mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, and NADPH oxidase. Mitochondrial function adapts to NAFLD mainly through the downregulation of the electron transport chain (ETC) and the preserved or enhanced capacity of mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation, which stimulates ROS overproduction within different ETC components upstream of cytochrome c oxidase. However, non-ETC sources of ROS, in particular, fatty acid β-oxidation, appear to produce more ROS in hepatic metabolic diseases. Endoplasmic reticulum stress and NADPH oxidase alterations are also associated with NAFLD, but the degree of their contribution to oxidative stress in NAFLD remains unclear. Increased ROS generation induces changes in insulin sensitivity and in the expression and activity of key enzymes involved in lipid metabolism. Moreover, the interaction between redox signaling and innate immune signaling forms a complex network that regulates inflammatory responses. Based on the mechanistic view described above, this review summarizes the mechanisms that may account for the excessive production of ROS, the potential mechanistic roles of ROS that drive NAFLD progression, and therapeutic interventions that are related to oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, PR China; Institute of Model Animals of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, PR China
| | - Ruifeng Tian
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, PR China; Institute of Model Animals of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, PR China
| | - Zhigang She
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, PR China; Institute of Model Animals of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, PR China; Basic Medical School, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, PR China; Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, PR China
| | - Jingjing Cai
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, PR China; Department of Cardiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, PR China; Institute of Model Animals of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, PR China
| | - Hongliang Li
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, PR China; Institute of Model Animals of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, PR China; Basic Medical School, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, PR China; Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, PR China.
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Muñoz N, Pedreañez A, Mosquera J. Angiotensin II Induces Increased Myocardial Expression of Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products, Monocyte/Macrophage Infiltration and Circulating Endothelin-1 in Rats With Experimental Diabetes. Can J Diabetes 2020; 44:651-656. [PMID: 32654973 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcjd.2020.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES It is known that the receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) activation is involved in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease in diabetes. Previous studies have shown the presence of angiotensin II (Ang II) in diabetes, suggesting a role for this hormone during the disease. However, the association between RAGE and Ang II during pathologic cardiac remodelling after streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes remains unclear. Because Ang II is capable of inducing pro-inflammatory events, blocking its production (enalapril), and its action on its receptor (losartan) could decrease inflammatory events in the myocardium in this experimental model of diabetes. Thus, the aim of this study was to assess the association between RAGE expression, inflammatory events and Ang II in the myocardium during STZ-induced diabetes. METHODS Diabetes was induced by intravenous injection of STZ in Sprague-Dawley rats. Myocardial expressions of RAGE, monocyte/macrophage (ED-1-positive cells) infiltration and the intercellular adhesion molecule-1 were determined by histochemical methods. Levels of circulating endothelin-1 (ET-1) were determined by enzyme-linked immunoassay. Effects of Ang II included blocking using losartan (15 mg/kg body weight per day by gastric gavage) or enalapril (18 mg/kg body weight per day by gastric gavage). RESULTS Increased expression of both RAGE and ED-1 was seen in the myocardium, but expression of myocardial vascular intercellular adhesion molecule-1 remained unchanged. Circulating levels of ET-1 in STZ rats were increased. Renin‒angiotensin system inhibition decreased expression of myocardial RAGE, ED-1 and ET-1. CONCLUSIONS The present findings suggest a role for Ang II in myocardial inflammation in STZ-induced diabetes mediated by RAGE and ET-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelson Muñoz
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Nacional de Chimborazo, Carrera de Medicina, Riobamba, Ecuador
| | - Adriana Pedreañez
- Cátedra de Inmunología, Escuela de Bioanálisis, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad del Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela
| | - Jesús Mosquera
- Instituto de Investigaciones Clínicas "Dr. Américo Negrette," Facultad de Medicina, Universidad del Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela.
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Tao XR, Rong JB, Lu HS, Daugherty A, Shi P, Ke CL, Zhang ZC, Xu YC, Wang JA. Angiotensinogen in hepatocytes contributes to Western diet-induced liver steatosis. J Lipid Res 2019; 60:1983-1995. [PMID: 31604805 PMCID: PMC6889717 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m093252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is considered as a liver manifestation of metabolic disorders. Previous studies indicate that the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) plays a complex role in NAFLD. As the only precursor of the RAS, decreased angiotensinogen (AGT) profoundly impacts RAS bioactivity. Here, we investigated the role of hepatocyte-derived AGT in liver steatosis. AGT floxed mice (hepAGT+/+) and hepatocyte-specific AGT-deficient mice (hepAGT−/−) were fed a Western diet and a normal laboratory diet for 12 weeks, respectively. Compared with hepAGT+/+ mice, Western diet-fed hepAGT−/− mice gained less body weight with improved insulin sensitivity. The attenuated severity of liver steatosis in hepAGT−/− mice was evidenced by histologic changes and reduced intrahepatic triglycerides. The abundance of SREBP1 and its downstream molecules, acetyl-CoA carboxylase and FASN, was suppressed in hepAGT−/− mice. Furthermore, serum derived from hepAGT+/+ mice stimulated hepatocyte SREBP1 expression, which could be diminished by protein kinase B (Akt)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibition in vitro. Administration of losartan did not affect diet-induced body weight gain, liver steatosis severity, and hepatic p-Akt, p-mTOR, and SREBP1 protein abundance in hepAGT+/+ mice. These data suggest that attenuation of Western diet-induced liver steatosis in hepAGT−/− mice is associated with the alternation of the Akt/mTOR/SREBP-1c pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Ran Tao
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jia-Bing Rong
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hong S Lu
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center and Departments of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences and Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Alan Daugherty
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center and Departments of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences and Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Peng Shi
- Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chang-Le Ke
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhao-Cai Zhang
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yin-Chuan Xu
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jian-An Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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Graus-Nunes F, Santos FDO, Marinho TDS, Miranda CS, Barbosa-da-Silva S, Souza-Mello V. Beneficial effects of losartan or telmisartan on the local hepatic renin-angiotensin system to counter obesity in an experimental model. World J Hepatol 2019; 11:359-369. [PMID: 31114640 PMCID: PMC6504859 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v11.i4.359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 02/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity has been associated with hepatic overexpression of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS).
AIM To evaluate the action of two angiotensin II (ANGII) receptor blockers (losartan or telmisartan) on the modulation of local hepatic RAS and the resulting metabolic effects in a diet-induced obesity murine model.
METHODS Twenty C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into two nutritional groups for 10 wk: control group (C, n = 5, 10% of energy as fat) or high-fat group (HF, n = 15, 50% of energy as fat). After treatment started, the HF group was randomly divided into three groups: untreated HF group (n = 5), HF treated with losartan (HFL, n = 5) and HF treated with telmisartan (HFT, n = 5). The treatments lasted for 5 wk, and the dose was 10 mg/kg body mass.
RESULTS HF diet induced body mass gain (+28%, P < 0.0001), insulin resistance (+69%, P = 0.0079), high hepatic triacylglycerol (+127%, P = 0.0004), and overexpression of intrahepatic angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) 1/ ANGII type 1 receptor (AT1r) (+569.02% and +141.40%, respectively, P < 0.0001). The HFL and HFT groups showed higher ACE2/rMAS gene expression compared to the HF group (ACE2: +465.57%, P = 0.0002 for HFL and +345.17%, P = 0.0049 for HFT; rMAS: +711.39%, P < 0.0001 for HFL and +539.75%, P < 0.0001 for HFT), followed by reduced insulin/glucose ratio (-30% for HFL and -33% for HFT, P = 0.0181), hepatic triacylglycerol levels (-28%, P = 0.0381 for HFL; and -45%, P = 0.0010 for HFT, and Plin2 expression.
CONCLUSION Modulation of the intrahepatic RAS, with favored involvement of the ACE2/rMAS axis over the ACE1/AT1r axis after losartan or telmisartan treatments, caused hepatic and metabolic beneficial effects as demonstrated by reduced hepatic triacylglycerol levels coupled with reduced PLIN 2 expression and improved glycemic control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francielle Graus-Nunes
- Laboratório de Morfometria, Metabolismo e Doenças Cardiovasculares, Departamento de Anatomia, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcântara Gomes, Rio de Janeiro 20551-030, Brazil
| | - Felipe de Oliveira Santos
- Laboratório de Morfometria, Metabolismo e Doenças Cardiovasculares, Departamento de Anatomia, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcântara Gomes, Rio de Janeiro 20551-030, Brazil
| | - Thatiany de Souza Marinho
- Laboratório de Morfometria, Metabolismo e Doenças Cardiovasculares, Departamento de Anatomia, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcântara Gomes, Rio de Janeiro 20551-030, Brazil
| | - Carolline Santos Miranda
- Laboratório de Morfometria, Metabolismo e Doenças Cardiovasculares, Departamento de Anatomia, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcântara Gomes, Rio de Janeiro 20551-030, Brazil
| | - Sandra Barbosa-da-Silva
- Laboratório de Morfometria, Metabolismo e Doenças Cardiovasculares, Departamento de Anatomia, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcântara Gomes, Rio de Janeiro 20551-030, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Souza-Mello
- Laboratório de Morfometria, Metabolismo e Doenças Cardiovasculares, Departamento de Anatomia, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcântara Gomes, Rio de Janeiro 20551-030, Brazil
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Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and hypertension are closely related but there has been little genetic evidence to link them. In this issue, Musso et al. provide evidence that a common variant in AGTR1 (A1166C) is associated with both incident hypertension and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, as well as nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, fibrosis, dyslipidemia, and insulin resistance. AGTR1 is strongly expressed in adipose, liver, and arteries. The mechanism of this gain-of-function variant is unclear but may include adipose or endothelial dysfunction and immune activation. Despite previous unsuccessful clinical trials of angiotensin receptor blockers in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, individuals with the rs5186A>C variant may have greater benefit from this therapy.
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Ore A, Akinloye OA. Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Biomarkers in Clinical and Experimental Models of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 55:medicina55020026. [PMID: 30682878 PMCID: PMC6410206 DOI: 10.3390/medicina55020026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a term that covers a range of hepatic disorders involving fat deposits in the liver. NAFLD begins with simple steatosis and progresses into non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) characterised by inflammation, fibrosis, apoptosis, oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation, mitochondrial dysfunction and release of adipokines and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Oxidative stress and antioxidants are known to play a vital role in the pathogenesis and severity of NAFLD/NASH. A number of oxidative stress and antioxidant markers are employed in the assessment of the pathological state and progression of the disease. In this article, we review several biomarkers of oxidative stress and antioxidants that have been measured at clinical and experimental levels. Also included is a comprehensive description of oxidative stress, sources and contribution to the pathogenesis of NAFLD/NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayokanmi Ore
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Biosciences, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria.
- Biochemistry Division, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Ajayi Crowther University, Oyo, Nigeria.
| | - Oluseyi Adeboye Akinloye
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Biosciences, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria.
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Juillerat-Jeanneret L, Aubert JD, Mikulic J, Golshayan D. Fibrogenic Disorders in Human Diseases: From Inflammation to Organ Dysfunction. J Med Chem 2018; 61:9811-9840. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b00294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lucienne Juillerat-Jeanneret
- Transplantation Center and Transplantation Immunopathology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV) and University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - John-David Aubert
- Pneumology Division and Transplantation Center, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), CH1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Josip Mikulic
- Transplantation Center and Transplantation Immunopathology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV) and University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Dela Golshayan
- Transplantation Center and Transplantation Immunopathology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV) and University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
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Tamura S, Koike Y, Takeda H, Koike T, Izumi Y, Nagasaka R, Tsunoda T, Tori M, Ogawa K, Bamba T, Shiomi M. Ameliorating effects of D-47, a newly developed compound, on lipid metabolism in an animal model of familial hypercholesterolemia (WHHLMI rabbits). Eur J Pharmacol 2018; 822:147-153. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2018.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Revised: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Ramalho FN, Sanches SC, Foss MC, Augusto MJ, Silva DM, Oliveira AM, Ramalho LN. Aliskiren effect on non-alcoholic steatohepatitis in metabolic syndrome. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2017; 9:82. [PMID: 29046730 PMCID: PMC5640954 DOI: 10.1186/s13098-017-0282-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is highly associated with metabolic syndrome, a major cause of morbidity in the globalized society. The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) influences hepatic fatty acid metabolism, inflammation and fibrosis. Thus, in the present study, we aimed to evaluate the effect of aliskiren, a direct renin inhibitor, on metabolic syndrome-related NASH. METHODS C57BL/6 male mice (n = 45) were divided into three groups: controls; animals inoculated with streptozotocin (STZ) (40 mg/kg/day) for 5 days and fed with high fat diet (HFD) for 8 weeks; and animals inoculated with STZ for 5 days, fed with HFD for 8 weeks and treated with aliskiren (100 mg/kg/day) for the final 2 weeks. Glycemic and insulin levels, hepatic lipid profile, histological parameters and inflammatory protein expression were analyzed. RESULTS Aliskiren normalized plasma glucose and insulin levels, reduced cholesterol, triglycerides and total fat accumulation in liver and diminished hepatic injury, steatosis and fibrosis. These results could be explained by the ability of aliskiren to block angiotensin-II, lowering oxidative stress and inflammation in liver. Also, it exhibited a beneficial effect in increasing insulin sensitivity. CONCLUSION These findings support the use of aliskiren in the treatment of metabolic syndrome underlying conditions. However, clinical studies are indispensable to test its effectiveness in the treatment of patients with metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. N. Ramalho
- Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, 14049-900 Ribeirão Preto, SP Brazil
| | - S. C. Sanches
- Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, 14049-900 Ribeirão Preto, SP Brazil
| | - M. C. Foss
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP Brazil
| | - M. J. Augusto
- Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, 14049-900 Ribeirão Preto, SP Brazil
| | - D. M. Silva
- Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, 14049-900 Ribeirão Preto, SP Brazil
| | - A. M. Oliveira
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP Brazil
| | - L. N. Ramalho
- Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, 14049-900 Ribeirão Preto, SP Brazil
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