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Yu HJ, Jang E, Woo A, Han IW, Jeon HG, Linh VTN, Park SG, Jung HS, Lee MY. Cancer screening through surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy fingerprinting analysis of urinary metabolites using surface-carbonized silver nanowires on a filter membrane. Anal Chim Acta 2024; 1292:342233. [PMID: 38309850 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2024.342233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Label-free surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS)-based metabolic profiling has great potential for early cancer diagnosis, but further advancements in analytical methods and clinical evidence studies are required for clinical applications. To improve the cancer diagnostic accuracy of label-free SERS spectral analysis of complex biological fluids, it is necessary to obtain specifically enhanced SERS signals of cancer-related metabolites present at low concentrations. RESULTS This study presents a novel 3D SERS sensor, comprising a surface-carbonized silver nanowire (AgNW)-stacked filter membrane, alongside an optimized urine/methanol/chloroform extraction technique, which specifically changes the molecular adsorption and orientation of aromatic metabolites onto SERS substrates. By analyzing the pretreated urine samples on the surface-carbonized AgNW 3D SERS sensor, distinct and highly enhanced SERS peaks derived from semi-polar aromatic metabolites were observed for pancreatic cancer and prostate cancer samples compared with normal controls. Urine metabolite analysis using SERS fingerprinting successfully differentiated pancreatic cancer and prostate cancer groups from normal control group: normal control (n = 56), pancreatic cancer (n = 40), and prostate cancer (n = 39). SIGNIFICANCE AND NOVELTY We confirmed the clinical feasibility of performing fingerprint analysis of urinary metabolites based on the surface-carbonized AgNW 3D SERS sensor and methanol/chloroform extraction for noninvasive cancer screening. This technology holds potential for large-scale screening owing to its high accuracy, and cost effective, simple and rapid detection method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho-Jae Yu
- Medical Device Research Center, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, 06351, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunji Jang
- Nano-Bio Convergence Department, Korea Institute of Materials Science (KIMS), Changwon, Gyeongnam, 51508, Republic of Korea
| | - Ayoung Woo
- Medical Device Research Center, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, 06351, Republic of Korea
| | - In Woong Han
- Division of Hepato Biliary Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, 06351, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwang Gyun Jeon
- Department of Urology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, 06351, Republic of Korea
| | - Vo Thi Nhat Linh
- Nano-Bio Convergence Department, Korea Institute of Materials Science (KIMS), Changwon, Gyeongnam, 51508, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Gyu Park
- Nano-Bio Convergence Department, Korea Institute of Materials Science (KIMS), Changwon, Gyeongnam, 51508, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Sang Jung
- Nano-Bio Convergence Department, Korea Institute of Materials Science (KIMS), Changwon, Gyeongnam, 51508, Republic of Korea.
| | - Min-Young Lee
- Nano-Bio Convergence Department, Korea Institute of Materials Science (KIMS), Changwon, Gyeongnam, 51508, Republic of Korea.
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Gong S, Wang Q, Huang J, Huang R, Chen S, Cheng X, Liu L, Dai X, Zhong Y, Fan C, Liao Z. LC-MS/MS platform-based serum untargeted screening reveals the diagnostic biomarker panel and molecular mechanism of breast cancer. Methods 2024; 222:100-111. [PMID: 38228196 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2024.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/18/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breast cancer (BC), the most common form of malignant cancer affecting women worldwide, was characterized by heterogeneous metabolic disorder and lack of effective biomarkers for diagnosis. The purpose of this study is to search for reliable metabolite biomarkers of BC as well as triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) using serum metabolomics approach. METHODS In this study, an untargeted metabolomics technique based on ultra-high performance liquid chromatography combined with mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS) was utilized to investigate the differences in serum metabolic profile between the BC group (n = 53) and non-BC group (n = 57), as well as between TNBC patients (n = 23) and non-TNBC subjects (n = 30). The multivariate data analysis, determination of the fold change and the Mann-Whitney U test were used to screen out the differential metabolites. Additionally, machine learning methods including receiver operating curve analysis and logistic regression analysis were conducted to establish diagnostic biomarker panels. RESULTS There were 36 metabolites found to be significantly different between BC and non-BC groups, and 12 metabolites discovered to be significantly different between TNBC and non-TNBC patients. Results also showed that four metabolites, including N-acetyl-D-tryptophan, 2-arachidonoylglycerol, pipecolic acid and oxoglutaric acid, were considered as vital biomarkers for the diagnosis of BC and non-BC with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.995. Another two-metabolite panel of N-acetyl-D-tryptophan and 2-arachidonoylglycerol was discovered to discriminate TNBC from non-TNBC and produced an AUC of 0.965. CONCLUSION This study demonstrated that serum metabolomics can be used to identify BC specifically and identified promising serum metabolic markers for TNBC diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sisi Gong
- Clinical Lab and Medical Diagnostics Laboratory, Donghai Hospital District, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, PR China
| | - Qingshui Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, PR China
| | - Jiewei Huang
- The Graduate School of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, PR China
| | - Rongfu Huang
- Clinical Lab and Medical Diagnostics Laboratory, Donghai Hospital District, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, PR China
| | - Shanshan Chen
- Clinical Lab and Medical Diagnostics Laboratory, Donghai Hospital District, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, PR China
| | - Xiaojuan Cheng
- Clinical Lab and Medical Diagnostics Laboratory, Donghai Hospital District, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, PR China
| | - Lei Liu
- Clinical Lab and Medical Diagnostics Laboratory, Donghai Hospital District, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, PR China
| | - Xiaofang Dai
- Clinical Lab and Medical Diagnostics Laboratory, Donghai Hospital District, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, PR China
| | - Yameng Zhong
- Clinical Lab and Medical Diagnostics Laboratory, Donghai Hospital District, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, PR China
| | - Chunmei Fan
- Clinical Lab and Medical Diagnostics Laboratory, Donghai Hospital District, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, PR China.
| | - Zhijun Liao
- Clinical Lab and Medical Diagnostics Laboratory, Donghai Hospital District, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, PR China; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, PR China.
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Tyagi R, Yadav K, Srivastava N, Sagar R. Applications of Pyrrole and Pyridine-based Heterocycles in Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment. Curr Pharm Des 2024; 30:255-277. [PMID: 38711394 DOI: 10.2174/0113816128280082231205071504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The escalation of cancer worldwide is one of the major causes of economy burden and loss of human resources. According to the American Cancer Society, there will be 1,958,310 new cancer cases and 609,820 projected cancer deaths in 2023 in the United States. It is projected that by 2040, the burden of global cancer is expected to rise to 29.5 million per year, causing a death toll of 16.4 million. The hemostasis regulation by cellular protein synthesis and their targeted degradation is required for normal cell growth. The imbalance in hemostasis causes unbridled growth in cells and results in cancer. The DNA of cells needs to be targeted by chemotherapeutic agents for cancer treatment, but at the same time, their efficacy and toxicity also need to be considered for successful treatment. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study is to review the published work on pyrrole and pyridine, which have been prominent in the diagnosis and possess anticancer activity, to obtain some novel lead molecules of improved cancer therapeutic. METHODS A literature search was carried out using different search engines, like Sci-finder, Elsevier, ScienceDirect, RSC etc., for small molecules based on pyrrole and pyridine helpful in diagnosis and inducing apoptosis in cancer cells. The research findings on the application of these compounds from 2018-2023 were reviewed on a variety of cell lines, such as breast cancer, liver cancer, epithelial cancer, etc. Results: In this review, the published small molecules, pyrrole and pyridine and their derivatives, which have roles in the diagnosis and treatment of cancers, were discussed to provide some insight into the structural features responsible for diagnosis and treatment. The analogues with the chromeno-furo-pyridine skeleton showed the highest anticancer activity against breast cancer. The compound 5-amino-N-(1-(pyridin-4- yl)ethylidene)-1H-pyrazole-4-carbohydrazides was highly potent against HEPG2 cancer cell. Redaporfin is used for the treatment of cholangiocarcinoma, biliary tract cancer, cisplatin-resistant head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, and pigmentation melanoma, and it is in clinical trials for phase II. These structural features present a high potential for designing novel anticancer agents for diagnosis and drug development. CONCLUSION Therefore, the N- and C-substituted pyrrole and pyridine-based novel privileged small Nheterocyclic scaffolds are potential molecules used in the diagnosis and treatment of cancer. This review discusses the reports on the synthesis of such molecules during 2018-2023. The review mainly discusses various diagnostic techniques for cancer, which employ pyrrole and pyridine heterocyclic scaffolds. Furthermore, the anticancer activity of N- and C-substituted pyrrole and pyridine-based scaffolds has been described, which works against different cancer cell lines, such as MCF-7, A549, A2780, HepG2, MDA-MB-231, K562, HT- 29, Caco-2 cells, Hela, Huh-7, WSU-DLCL2, HCT-116, HBL-100, H23, HCC827, SKOV3, etc. This review will help the researchers to obtain a critical insight into the structural aspects of pyrrole and pyridine-based scaffolds useful in cancer diagnosis as well as treatment and design pathways to develop novel drugs in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajdeep Tyagi
- Glycochemistry Laboratory, School of Physical Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110007, India
| | - Kanchan Yadav
- Glycochemistry Laboratory, School of Physical Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110007, India
| | - Nitin Srivastava
- Department of Chemistry, Amity University Lucknow Campus, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226028, India
| | - Ram Sagar
- Glycochemistry Laboratory, School of Physical Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110007, India
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Dyachenko EI, Bel’skaya LV. The Role of Amino Acids in Non-Enzymatic Antioxidant Mechanisms in Cancer: A Review. Metabolites 2023; 14:28. [PMID: 38248831 PMCID: PMC10818545 DOI: 10.3390/metabo14010028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Currently, the antioxidant properties of amino acids and their role in the physicochemical processes accompanying oxidative stress in cancer remain unclear. Cancer cells are known to extensively uptake amino acids, which are used as an energy source, antioxidant precursors that reduce oxidative stress in cancer, and as regulators of inhibiting or inducing tumor cell-associated gene expression. This review examines nine amino acids (Cys, His, Phe, Met, Trp, Tyr, Pro, Arg, Lys), which play a key role in the non-enzymatic oxidative process in various cancers. Conventionally, these amino acids can be divided into two groups, in one of which the activity increases (Cys, Phe, Met, Pro, Arg, Lys) in cancer, and in the other, it decreases (His, Trp, Tyr). The review examines changes in the metabolism of nine amino acids in eleven types of oncology. We have identified the main nonspecific mechanisms of changes in the metabolic activity of amino acids, and described direct and indirect effects on the redox homeostasis of cells. In the future, this will help to understand better the nature of life of a cancer cell and identify therapeutic targets more effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lyudmila V. Bel’skaya
- Biochemistry Research Laboratory, Omsk State Pedagogical University, Omsk 644099, Russia;
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Metri NJ, Butt AS, Murali A, Steiner-Lim GZ, Lim CK. Normative Data on Serum and Plasma Tryptophan and Kynurenine Concentrations from 8089 Individuals Across 120 Studies: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Int J Tryptophan Res 2023; 16:11786469231211184. [PMID: 38034059 PMCID: PMC10687991 DOI: 10.1177/11786469231211184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In this systematic review and meta-analysis, a normative dataset is generated from the published literature on the kynurenine pathway in control participants extracted from case-control and methodological validation studies. Study characteristics were mapped, and studies were evaluated in terms of analytical rigour and methodological validation. Meta-analyses of variance between types of instruments, sample matrices and metabolites were conducted. Regression analyses were applied to determine the relationship between metabolite, sample matrix, biological sex, participant age and study age. The grand mean concentrations of tryptophan in the serum and plasma were 60.52 ± 15.38 μM and 51.45 ± 10.47 μM, respectively. The grand mean concentrations of kynurenine in the serum and plasma were 1.96 ± 0.51 μM and 1.82 ± 0.54 μM, respectively. Regional differences in metabolite concentrations were observed across America, Asia, Australia, Europe and the Middle East. Of the total variance within the data, mode of detection (MOD) accounted for up to 2.96%, sample matrix up to 3.23%, and their interaction explained up to 1.53%; the latter of which was determined to be negligible. This review was intended to inform future empirical research and method development studies and successfully synthesised pilot data. The pilot data reported in this study will inform future precision medicine initiatives aimed at targeting the kynurenine pathway by improving the availability and quality of normative data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najwa-Joelle Metri
- NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - Ali S Butt
- NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - Ava Murali
- Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Macquarie Park, NSW, Australia
| | - Genevieve Z Steiner-Lim
- NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
- Translational Health Research Institute (THRI), Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - Chai K Lim
- Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Macquarie Park, NSW, Australia
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Pacheco JHL, Elizondo G. Interplay between Estrogen, Kynurenine, and AHR Pathways: An immunosuppressive axis with therapeutic potential for breast cancer treatment. Biochem Pharmacol 2023; 217:115804. [PMID: 37716620 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/18/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer is one of the most common malignancies among women worldwide. Estrogen exposure via endogenous and exogenous sources during a lifetime, together with environmental exposure to estrogenic compounds, represent the most significant risk factor for breast cancer development. As breast tumors establish, multiple pathways are deregulated. Among them is the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) signaling pathway. AHR, a ligand-activated transcription factor associated with the metabolism of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and estrogens, is overexpressed in breast cancer. Furthermore, AHR and estrogen receptor (ER) cross-talk pathways have been observed. Additionally, the Tryptophan (Trp) catabolizing enzymes indolamine-2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) and tryptophan-2,3-dioxygenase (TDO) are overexpressed in breast cancer. IDO/TDO catalyzes the formation of Kynurenine (KYN) and other tryptophan-derived metabolites, which are ligands of AHR. Once KYN activates AHR, it stimulates the expression of the IDO enzyme, increases the level of KYN, and activates non-canonical pathways to control inflammation and immunosuppression in breast tumors. The interplay between E2, AHR, and IDO/TDO/KYN pathways and their impact on the immune system represents an immunosuppressive axis on breast cancer. The potential modulation of the immunosuppressive E2-AHR-IDO/TDO/KYN axis has aroused great expectations in oncotherapy. The present article will review the mechanisms implicated in generating the immunosuppressive axis E2-AHR-IDO/TDO/KYN in breast cancer and the current state of knowledge as a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Guillermo Elizondo
- Departamento de Biología Celular, CINVESTAV-IPN, Av. IPN 2508, C.P. 07360 Ciudad de México, México.
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Girithar HN, Staats Pires A, Ahn SB, Guillemin GJ, Gluch L, Heng B. Involvement of the kynurenine pathway in breast cancer: updates on clinical research and trials. Br J Cancer 2023; 129:185-203. [PMID: 37041200 PMCID: PMC10338682 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-023-02245-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BrCa) is the leading cause of cancer incidence and mortality in women worldwide. While BrCa treatment has been shown to be highly successful if detected at an early stage, there are few effective strategies to treat metastatic tumours. Hence, metastasis remains the main cause in most of BrCa deaths, highlighting the need for new approaches in this group of patients. Immunotherapy has been gaining attention as a new treatment for BrCa metastasis and the kynurenine pathway (KP) has been suggested as one of the potential targets. The KP is the major biochemical pathway in tryptophan (TRP) metabolism, catabolising TRP to nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+). The KP has been reported to be elevated under inflammatory conditions such as cancers and that its activity suppresses immune surveillance. Dysregulation of the KP has previously been reported implicated in BrCa. This review aims to discuss and provide an update on the current mechanisms involved in KP-mediated immune suppression and cancer growth. Furthermore, we also provide a summary on 58 studies about the involvement of the KP and BrCa and five clinical trials targeting KP enzymes and their outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hemaasri-Neya Girithar
- Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Ananda Staats Pires
- Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Seong Beom Ahn
- Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Gilles J Guillemin
- Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Laurence Gluch
- The Strathfield Breast Centre, Strathfield, NSW, Australia
| | - Benjamin Heng
- Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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Abdel-Aal FAM, Kamel RM, Abdeltawab AA, Mohamed FA, Mohamed AMI. Polypyrrole/carbon dot nanocomposite as an electrochemical biosensor for liquid biopsy analysis of tryptophan in the human serum of normal and breast cancer women. Anal Bioanal Chem 2023; 415:4985-5001. [PMID: 37401962 PMCID: PMC10386971 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-023-04784-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
Liquid biopsy analysis represents a suitable alternative analysis procedure in several cases where no tumor tissue is available or in poor patient conditions. Amino acids can play a crucial role in aiding cancer diagnosis. Monitoring of tryptophan (Trp) catabolism can aid in tracking cancer progression. Therefore, a novel nanocomposite was fabricated using overoxidized polypyrrole film doped with nano-carbon dots (nano-CDs) on the pencil graphite electrode (PGE) surface for sensitive evaluation of Trp in human serum. Using square wave voltammetry (SWV), the overoxidized polypyrrole/carbon dots/pencil graphite electrode (Ov-Ox PPy/CDs/PGE) achieved excellent electrochemical catalytic activity for evaluating Trp. The modified electrode, known as Ov-Ox PPy/CDs/PGE, demonstrated superior electrochemical catalytic activity compared to bare PGE, CDs/PGE, PPy/PGE, and PPy/CDs/PGE for evaluation of Trp. The method's excellent sensitivity was confirmed by the low limits of detection (LOD = 0.003 μmol L-1) and limit of quantitation (LOQ = 0.009 μmol L-1). The biosensor that was developed can measure tryptophan (Trp) levels in the serum of both healthy individuals and female breast cancer patients with high accuracy and sensitivity. The results indicate that there is a significant difference, as shown by the F-test, between healthy individuals and those with breast cancer. This suggests that Trp amino acid could be an essential biomarker for cancer diagnosis. Consequently, liquid biopsy analysis presents a valuable opportunity for early disease detection, particularly for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma A M Abdel-Aal
- Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut, 71526, Egypt.
| | - Rania M Kamel
- Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut, 71526, Egypt
| | - Asmaa A Abdeltawab
- Clinical Oncology and Nuclear Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Assuit University, Assiut, 71526, Egypt
| | - Fardous A Mohamed
- Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut, 71526, Egypt
| | - Abdel-Maaboud I Mohamed
- Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut, 71526, Egypt
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Plaza-Diaz J, Álvarez-Mercado AI. The Interplay between Microbiota and Chemotherapy-Derived Metabolites in Breast Cancer. Metabolites 2023; 13:703. [PMID: 37367861 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13060703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The most common cancer in women is breast cancer, which is also the second leading cause of death in this group. It is, however, important to note that some women will develop or will not develop breast cancer regardless of whether certain known risk factors are present. On the other hand, certain compounds are produced by bacteria in the gut, such as short-chain fatty acids, secondary bile acids, and other metabolites that may be linked to breast cancer development and mediate the chemotherapy response. Modeling the microbiota through dietary intervention and identifying metabolites directly associated with breast cancer and its complications may be useful to identify actionable targets and improve the effect of antiangiogenic therapies. Metabolomics is therefore a complementary approach to metagenomics for this purpose. As a result of the combination of both techniques, a better understanding of molecular biology and oncogenesis can be obtained. This article reviews recent literature about the influence of bacterial metabolites and chemotherapy metabolites in breast cancer patients, as well as the influence of diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio Plaza-Diaz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Granada, 18014 Granada, Spain
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1, Canada
| | - Ana Isabel Álvarez-Mercado
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Granada, 18014 Granada, Spain
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, Biomedical Research Center, University of Granada, 18016 Armilla, Spain
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Zheng Y, Wang Y, He H, Zou Z, Lu H, Li J, Cai J, Wang K. Transcriptome Data Reveal Geographic Heterogeneity in Gene Expression in Patients with Prostate Cancer. Rep Biochem Mol Biol 2023; 12:92-101. [PMID: 37724140 PMCID: PMC10505463 DOI: 10.52547/rbmb.12.1.92] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
Background The incidence of prostate cancer (PC) exhibits geographical heterogeneity. However, the metabolic mechanisms underlying this geographic heterogeneity remain unclear. This study aimed to reveal the metabolic mechanism of the geographic heterogeneity in the incidence of PC.This study aimed to investigate the anti-cancer effects of different gum extracts on metabolic changes and their impact on gene expression in HT-29 cell. Methods Transcriptomic data from public databases were obtained and analyzed to screen geographic-differentially expressed genes and metabolic pathways. Associations between these differentially expressed genes and the incidence of PC were determined to identify genes that were highly associated with PC incidence. A co-expression network analysis was performed to identify geographic-specific regulatory pathways. Results A total of 175 differentially expressed genes were identified in four countries and were associated with the regulation of DNA replication and the metabolism of pyrimidine, nucleotides, purines, and galactose.Additionally, the expression of the genes CLVS2, SCGB1A1, KCNK3, HHIPL2, MMP26, KCNJ15, and PNMT was highly correlated with the incidence of PC. Geographic-specific differentially expressed genes in low-incidence areas were highly correlated with KCNJ15, MMP26, KCNK3, and SCCB1A1, which play a major role in ion channel-related functions. Conclusions This study suggests that geographic heterogeneity in PC incidence is associated with the expression levels of genes associated with amino acid metabolism, lipid metabolism, and ion channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zheng
- Center for Medical Experiments (CME), University of Chinese Academy Sciences-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Yang Wang
- The Department of Urology of Shenzhen Qianhai Shekou Free Trade Zone Hospital, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Haitian He
- The Department of Urology of Shenzhen Qianhai Shekou Free Trade Zone Hospital, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Zhuping Zou
- The Operating Room of Shenzhen Qianhai Shekou Free Trade Zone Hospital, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Huiling Lu
- The Operating Room of Shenzhen Qianhai Shekou Free Trade Zone Hospital, Shenzhen, China.
| | | | - Jun Cai
- TB Healthcare Co., Ltd., Foshan, China.
| | - Kebing Wang
- The Department of Urology of Shenzhen Qianhai Shekou Free Trade Zone Hospital, Shenzhen, China.
- The Department of Urology of Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China.
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Abd El-Fattah EE. IDO/kynurenine pathway in cancer: possible therapeutic approaches. Lab Invest 2022; 20:347. [PMID: 35918736 PMCID: PMC9344609 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-022-03554-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is one of the leading causes of death in both men and women worldwide. One of the main changes associated with cancer progression, metastasis, recurrence, and chemoresistance is the change in the tumor immune microenvironment, especially immunosuppression. Cancer immunosuppression appears in multiple forms, such as inhibition of immuno-stimulant cells with downregulation of immuno-stimulant mediators or through stimulation of immuno-suppressive cells with upregulation of immunosuppressive mediators. One of the most immunosuppressive mediators that approved potency in lung cancer progression is indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) and its metabolite kynurenine (Kyn). The current review tries to elucidate the role of IDO/Kyn on cancer proliferation, apoptosis, angiogenesis, oxidative stress, and cancer stemness. Besides, our review investigates the new therapeutic modalities that target IDO/Kyn pathway and thus as drug candidates for targeting lung cancer and drugs that potentiate IDO/Kyn pathway and thus can be cancer-promoting agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eslam E Abd El-Fattah
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Delta University for Science and Technology, Gamasa, Egypt.
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Eroğlu İ, Eroğlu BÇ. Potential role of tryptophan catabolism in cancer-related cognitive impairment. Nutrition 2022; 103-104:111765. [PMID: 35908496 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2022.111765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Oncology may be the most rapidly expanding field in medicine, with several innovative diagnostic and therapeutic procedures appearing daily. Advances in oncology have improved the survival rate for patients with cancer and promoting quality of life is now one of the goals in the care of these patients. Patients face a variety of disease- and treatment-related side effects, including anorexia, nausea, vomiting, recurring infections, and sleep difficulties. Cancer-related cognitive impairment (CRCI) is an overlooked clinical condition found in oncologic practice, particularly in patients with breast cancer. Although several potential mechanisms for CRCI have been hypothesized, to our knowledge, the exact mechanism is still unknown. Alterations in the tryptophan kynurenine pathway have been shown to impair cognitive skills in several mental illnesses. However, its possible function in CRCI has yet to be investigated. The aim of this was to examine the possible interactions between tryptophan catabolism and CRCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- İmdat Eroğlu
- Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Burcu Çelik Eroğlu
- Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
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13
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Correlation between stage of prostate cancer and tyrosine and tryptophan in urine samples measured electrochemically. Anal Biochem 2022; 649:114698. [PMID: 35523287 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2022.114698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second most common cancer in men and one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths. Early detection is the key to successful treatment and provides the greatest chance to cure the patient. Currently, early detection involves screening for prostate-specific antigen levels in blood, which is not a tumor-specific biomarker. There is a critical need to develop clinically useful methods for screening for more reliable biomarkers. Here, we introduce an electrochemical biosensor that measures the concentrations of the amino acids tyrosine and tryptophan, and propose it as a possible diagnostic and prognostic tool for PCa. The limits of detection of tyrosine and tryptophan using the electrochemical sensors were 1.15 and 1.13 μmol/L in 1:10 urine: PBS, respectively. This study is the first to present electrochemical measurements of tyrosine and tryptophan directly in patient urine samples. We demonstrated an inverse correlation between the measured electrochemical signals and the severity of PCa. The most notable observation was a significant difference between controls and metastatic PCa patients (P ≤ 0.001). This observation was further validated using Liquid-Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. Our data provides the basis for further research with electrochemical measurements of tyrosine and tryptophan as potential biomarkers for PCa.
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14
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Díaz C, González-Olmedo C, Díaz-Beltrán L, Camacho J, Mena García P, Martín-Blázquez A, Fernández-Navarro M, Ortega-Granados AL, Gálvez-Montosa F, Marchal JA, Vicente F, Pérez Del Palacio J, Sánchez-Rovira P. Predicting dynamic response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in breast cancer: a novel metabolomics approach. Mol Oncol 2022; 16:2658-2671. [PMID: 35338693 PMCID: PMC9297806 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.13216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) outcomes vary according to breast cancer (BC) subtype. Since pathologic complete response is one of the most important target endpoints of NACT, further investigation of NACT outcomes in BC is crucial. Thus, identifying sensitive and specific predictors of treatment response for each phenotype would enable early detection of chemoresistance and residual disease, decreasing exposures to ineffective therapies and enhancing overall survival rates. We used liquid chromatography−high‐resolution mass spectrometry (LC‐HRMS)‐based untargeted metabolomics to detect molecular changes in plasma of three different BC subtypes following the same NACT regimen, with the aim of searching for potential predictors of response. The metabolomics data set was analyzed by combining univariate and multivariate statistical strategies. By using ANOVA–simultaneous component analysis (ASCA), we were able to determine the prognostic value of potential biomarker candidates of response to NACT in the triple‐negative (TN) subtype. Higher concentrations of docosahexaenoic acid and secondary bile acids were found at basal and presurgery samples, respectively, in the responders group. In addition, the glycohyocholic and glycodeoxycholic acids were able to classify TN patients according to response to treatment and overall survival with an area under the curve model > 0.77. In relation to luminal B (LB) and HER2+ subjects, it should be noted that significant differences were related to time and individual factors. Specifically, tryptophan was identified to be decreased over time in HER2+ patients, whereas LysoPE (22:6) appeared to be increased, but could not be associated with response to NACT. Therefore, the combination of untargeted‐based metabolomics along with longitudinal statistical approaches may represent a very useful tool for the improvement of treatment and in administering a more personalized BC follow‐up in the clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caridad Díaz
- Fundación MEDINA; Centro de Excelencia en Investigación de Medicamentos Innovadores en Andalucía, Granada, Andalucía, Spain
| | | | | | - José Camacho
- Department of Signal Theory, Networking and Communications, University of Granada, 18071, Granada, Spain
| | - Patricia Mena García
- Fundación MEDINA; Centro de Excelencia en Investigación de Medicamentos Innovadores en Andalucía, Granada, Andalucía, Spain
| | - Ariadna Martín-Blázquez
- Fundación MEDINA; Centro de Excelencia en Investigación de Medicamentos Innovadores en Andalucía, Granada, Andalucía, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Juan Antonio Marchal
- Biopathology and Regenerative Medicine Institute (IBIMER), Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Granada, Granada, E-18100, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, University of Granada, 18100, Granada, Spain.,Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, E-18012, Spain.,Excellence Research Unit "Modeling Nature" (MNat), University of Granada, Spain
| | - Francisca Vicente
- Fundación MEDINA; Centro de Excelencia en Investigación de Medicamentos Innovadores en Andalucía, Granada, Andalucía, Spain
| | - José Pérez Del Palacio
- Fundación MEDINA; Centro de Excelencia en Investigación de Medicamentos Innovadores en Andalucía, Granada, Andalucía, Spain
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15
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Yang Z, Cai X, Xu X, Xu Z, Ye S, Wang Y, Hong Y, Shen B, Liao Q, Xie Z, Wang X. Urinary metabolomics identified metabolic disturbance associated with polycystic ovary syndrome. Anal Biochem 2022; 647:114665. [PMID: 35339450 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2022.114665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine and metabolic disorder. Nevertheless, its accurate mechanisms remain unclear. Metabolomics is a powerful technique to identify small molecules that could be used to discover pathogenesis and therapeutical targets of disease. In the present study, a urinary untargeted metabolomics combined with targeted quantification analysis was performed to uncover metabolic disturbance associated with PCOS. A total of thirty-eight metabolites were obtained between PCOS patients and healthy controls, which were mainly involved in lipids (39.5%), organic acids and derivatives (23.7%), and organic oxygen compounds (18.4%). Based on enrichment analysis, fourteen metabolic pathways were found to be perturbed in PCOS, particularly glycerophospholipid metabolism and tryptophan metabolism. Targeted quantification profiling of tryptophan metabolism demonstrated that seven compounds (tryptophan, kynurenine, kynurenic acid, quinolinic acid, xanthurenic acid, 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid and 3-hydroxykynurenine) were up-regulated in PCOS. And these tryptophan-kynurenine metabolites showed significant correlations with PCOS clinical features, such as positively associated with testosterone, free androgen index, and the ratio of luteinizing hormone to follicle stimulating hormone. Thus, this study disclosed urinary metabolome changes associated with PCOS, and might provide new insights into PCOS pathogenesis elucidation and therapeutical target development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhandong Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Xuzi Cai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510000, China
| | - Xiaoxia Xu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Zengmei Xu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Simin Ye
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510000, China
| | - Yanjun Hong
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Baochun Shen
- School of Pharmacy, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Qiongfeng Liao
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Zhiyong Xie
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Xuefeng Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510000, China.
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Chen Y, Chen J, Guo D, Yang P, Chen S, Zhao C, Xu C, Zhang Q, Lin C, Zhong S, Zhang S. Tryptophan Metabolites as Biomarkers for Esophageal Cancer Susceptibility, Metastasis, and Prognosis. Front Oncol 2022; 12:800291. [PMID: 35296014 PMCID: PMC8918692 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.800291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Perturbation of tryptophan (TRP) metabolism contributes to the immune escape of cancer; however, the explored TRP metabolites are limited, and their efficacy in clarifying the susceptibility and progression of esophageal cancer (EC) remains ambiguous. Our study sought to evaluate the effects of the TRP metabolic profile on the clinical outcomes of EC using a Chinese population cohort; and to develop a risk prediction model targeting TRP metabolism. METHOD A total of 456 healthy individuals as control subjects and 393 patients with EC who were followed up for one year as case subjects were enrolled. Quantification of the plasma concentrations of TRP and its metabolites was performed using HPLC-MS/MS. The logistic regression model was applied to evaluate the effects of the clinical characteristics and plasma metabolites of the subjects on susceptibility and tumor metastasis events, whereas Cox regression analysis was performed to assess the overall survival (OS) of the patients. RESULTS Levels of creatinine and liver enzymes were substantially correlated with multiple metabolites/metabolite ratios in TRP metabolism, suggesting that hepatic and renal function would exert effects on TRP metabolism. Age- and sex-matched case-control subjects were selected using propensity score matching. Plasma exposure to 5-HT was found to be elevated 3.94-fold in case subjects (N = 166) compared to control subjects (N = 203), achieving an AUC of 0.811 for predicting susceptibility event. Subsequent correlation analysis indicated that a higher plasma exposure to 5-HIAA significantly increased the risk of lymph node metastasis (OR: 2.16, p = 0.0114). Furthermore, it was figured out that OS was significantly shorter for patients with elevated XA/KYN ratio (HR: 1.99, p = 0.0016), in which medium and high levels of XA/KYN versus low level had a significantly lower OS (HR: 0.48, p = 0.0080 and HR: 0.42, p = 0.0031, respectively). CONCLUSION This study provides a pivotal basis for targeting endogenous TRP metabolism as a potential therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Guangzhou Red Cross Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianliang Chen
- Clinical Laboratory, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Dainian Guo
- Department of Pharmacy, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Peixuan Yang
- Health Management Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Shuang Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China;Department of Pharmacy, Guangzhou Red Cross Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chengkuan Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology, Shantou Chaonan Minsheng Hospital, Shantou, China
| | - Chengcheng Xu
- Department of Pharmacy, Guangzhou Red Cross Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Pharmacology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Qiuzhen Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Guangzhou Red Cross Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Pharmacology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Chaoxian Lin
- Department of Pharmacology, Shantou Chaonan Minsheng Hospital, Shantou, China
| | - Shilong Zhong
- Department of Pharmacology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuyao Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Guangzhou Red Cross Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
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Leigh SJ, Lynch CMK, Bird BRH, Griffin BT, Cryan JF, Clarke G. Gut microbiota-drug interactions in cancer pharmacotherapies: implications for efficacy and adverse effects. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2022; 18:5-26. [PMID: 35176217 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2022.2043849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The gut microbiota is involved in host physiology and health. Reciprocal microbiota-drug interactions are increasingly recognized as underlying some individual differences in therapy response and adverse events. Cancer pharmacotherapies are characterized by a high degree of interpatient variability in efficacy and side effect profile and recently, the microbiota has emerged as a factor that may underlie these differences. AREAS COVERED The effects of cancer pharmacotherapy on microbiota composition and function are reviewed with consideration of the relationship between baseline microbiota composition, microbiota modification, antibiotics exposure and cancer therapy efficacy. We assess the evidence implicating the microbiota in cancer therapy-related adverse events including impaired gut function, cognition and pain perception. Finally, potential mechanisms underlying microbiota-cancer drug interactions are described, including direct microbial metabolism, and microbial modulation of liver metabolism and immune function. This review focused on preclinical and clinical studies conducted in the last 5 years. EXPERT OPINION Preclinical and clinical research supports a role for baseline microbiota in cancer therapy efficacy, with emerging evidence that the microbiota modification may assist in side effect management. Future efforts should focus on exploiting this knowledge towards the development of microbiota-targeted therapies. Finally, a focus on specific drug-microbiota-cancer interactions is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - John F Cryan
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Gerard Clarke
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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18
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Samanic CM, Yue Y, Cote DJ, Stampfer MJ, Wang M, McCann A, Midttun Ø, Ueland PM, Smith-Warner SA, Egan KM. A prospective study of pre-diagnostic circulating tryptophan and kynurenine, and the kynurenine/tryptophan ratio and risk of glioma. Cancer Epidemiol 2022; 76:102075. [PMID: 34871928 PMCID: PMC8855958 DOI: 10.1016/j.canep.2021.102075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Conversion of tryptophan to kynurenine may promote glioma growth and suppress antitumor immune response through activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor. Expression of the enzymes indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase and tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase-2 in the glioma microenvironment has been shown to mediate tryptophan catabolism, and the ratio between kynurenine and tryptophan is considered an indirect measure of this enzyme activity. METHODS We explored whether tryptophan, kynurenine, and the ratio of kynurenine to tryptophan (KTR) in pre-diagnostic blood samples was related to risk of glioma in a nested case-control study of 84 cases and 168 matched controls from two cohort studies - the Nurses' Health Study, and the Health Professionals Follow-Up Study. Tryptophan and kynurenine were measured by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Conditional logistic regression models were used to estimate risk ratios (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) for the associations between tertiles of these analytes and glioma risk. RESULTS We observed no significant associations for either analyte or the ratio for risk of glioma overall. The RR for the highest KTR tertile compared to the lowest for all gliomas was 0.74 (95% CI: 0.34-1.59). All results were essentially unchanged in lagged analyses excluding the first two or four years of follow up, though data were sparse. CONCLUSION Our findings do not provide support for an association between pre-diagnostic circulating KTR and risk of glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yiyang Yue
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - David J. Cote
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA,Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Meir J. Stampfer
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA,Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA,Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Molin Wang
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA,Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA,Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Adrian McCann
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, N-5021 Bergen, Norway,Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Øivind Midttun
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, N-5021 Bergen, Norway,Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Per Magne Ueland
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, N-5021 Bergen, Norway,Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Stephanie A. Smith-Warner
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA,Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Kathleen M. Egan
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL,To whom correspondence should be addressed: Kathleen M. Egan, ScD, Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Moffitt Cancer Center, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL 33612, USA,
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19
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Ko BS, Liang SM, Chang TC, Wu JY, Lee PH, Hsu YJ, Kuo CC, Liou JY, Wu KK. Association of Tumor Hydroxyindole O-Methyltransferase and Serum 5-Methoxytryptophan with Long-Term Survival of Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13215311. [PMID: 34771474 PMCID: PMC8582430 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13215311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary 5-methoxytryptophan (5-MTP) is a tryptophan (Trp) metabolite synthesized by hydroxyindole O-methyltransferase (HIOMT). Expression of HIOMT is decreased in various tumors. However, whether HIOMT expression and serum 5-MTP concentration associate with prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains unclear. The aim of this study was to analyze HCC tissue HIOMT mRNA and serum 5-MTP and determine their association with survival following therapeutic liver resection. We found a significant association of serum 5-MTP or tissue HIOMT and serum kynurenine (Kyn) with overall and relapse free (RF) survival of HCC. The combination of serum 5-MTP and Kyn is a potential prognostic biomarker of HCC. Abstract 5-methoxytryptophan (5-MTP) is a recently discovered tryptophan (Trp) metabolite with anti-inflammatory and tumor-suppressing actions. Its synthesis is catalyzed by hydroxyindole O-methyltransferase (HIOMT). HIOMT levels were reported to be decreased in some patients with colorectal, pancreatic and breast cancer. It is unclear whether tissue HIOMT levels is altered in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). It is also unclear whether serum 5-MTP concentration is influenced by HCC. In this study, 150 HCC and adjacent normal liver tissues and serum samples were obtained from the HCC biobank established by a prospective multicenter study. Serum samples from 47 healthy subjects were included as a reference. HIOMT mRNA was measured by real time PCR. Serum 5-MTP and selected Trp metabolites were analyzed by quantitative LC-MS. HCC tissue HIOMT mRNA levels adjusted for adjacent normal tissue HIOMT mRNA levels was associated with overall and relapse-free (RF) survival. Combined serum 5-MTP or tissue HIOMT mRNA and serum kynurenine (Kyn) analysis predicted prolonged overall and RF survival following liver resection. A high serum 5-MTP or tissue HIOMT mRNA and low serum Kyn is associated with long-term survival. In conclusion, tumor tissue HIOMT mRNA and serum 5-MTP are potential biomarkers of HCC, especially when analyzed in combination with serum Kyn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bor-Sheng Ko
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 100, Taiwan;
- Department of Hematological Oncology, National Taiwan University Cancer Center, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Man Liang
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan Town 350, Taiwan; (S.-M.L.); (T.-C.C.); (J.-Y.W.); (P.-H.L.); (C.-C.K.)
| | - Tzu-Ching Chang
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan Town 350, Taiwan; (S.-M.L.); (T.-C.C.); (J.-Y.W.); (P.-H.L.); (C.-C.K.)
| | - Jing-Yiing Wu
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan Town 350, Taiwan; (S.-M.L.); (T.-C.C.); (J.-Y.W.); (P.-H.L.); (C.-C.K.)
| | - Po-Hsun Lee
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan Town 350, Taiwan; (S.-M.L.); (T.-C.C.); (J.-Y.W.); (P.-H.L.); (C.-C.K.)
| | - Yu-Juei Hsu
- Division of Nephrology, National Defense Medical Center, Department of Medicine Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei 114, Taiwan;
| | - Cheng-Chin Kuo
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan Town 350, Taiwan; (S.-M.L.); (T.-C.C.); (J.-Y.W.); (P.-H.L.); (C.-C.K.)
| | - Jun-Yang Liou
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan Town 350, Taiwan; (S.-M.L.); (T.-C.C.); (J.-Y.W.); (P.-H.L.); (C.-C.K.)
- Correspondence: (J.-Y.L.); (K.K.W.)
| | - Kenneth K Wu
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan Town 350, Taiwan; (S.-M.L.); (T.-C.C.); (J.-Y.W.); (P.-H.L.); (C.-C.K.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
- Institute of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, National Tsing-Hua University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (J.-Y.L.); (K.K.W.)
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20
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Zińczuk J, Zaręba K, Kamińska J, Koper-Lenkiewicz OM, Dymicka-Piekarska V, Pryczynicz A, Guzińska-Ustymowicz K, Kędra B, Matowicka-Karna J, Żendzian-Piotrowska M, Zalewska A, Maciejczyk M. Association of Tumour Microenvironment with Protein Glycooxidation, DNA Damage, and Nitrosative Stress in Colorectal Cancer. Cancer Manag Res 2021; 13:6329-6348. [PMID: 34408493 PMCID: PMC8366958 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s314940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose In this study, we evaluated the total antioxidant capacity, nitrosative stress, and protein/DNA oxidation and glycoxidation products in patients with colorectal cancer regarding histopathological parameters associated with the tumour microenvironment, such as inflammatory infiltration and tumour budding and compare all determined parameters between tumours located in the right and left side of the colon and normal mucosa. Patients and Methods Ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), nitrosative stress (myeloperoxidase (MPO), nitrogen oxide (NO), peroxynitrite, and nitrotyrosine), protein oxidation products (protein carbonyls (PC), total thiols, and ischemia modified albumin (IMA)), protein glycooxidation products (tryptophan, kynurenine, N-formylkynurenine, dityrosine, Amadori product, advanced glycation end products (AGE)) and 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) were measured in homogenates from normal and cancerous tissue of 30 patients with colorectal cancer. Results Levels of FRAP (p=0.0009), IMA (p=0.0002), kynurenine (p<0.0001), N-formylkynurenine (p<0.0001), dityrosine (p<0.0001), Amadori products (p=0.0024), AGE (p<0.0001), MPO (p<0.0001), NO (p<0.0001) and nitrotyrosine (p=0.0011) were increased, whereas PC (p=0.0004), tryptophan (p<0.0001), 8-OHdG (p<0.0001) and peroxynitrite (p=0.0003) were decreased in the left-side tumour compared to the right-side tumour and normal mucosa. Conclusion Our results showed that colorectal cancer is related with disturbances in antioxidant defense and increased oxidative and nitrosative damages to proteins and DNA. These parameters may be useful for evaluation the progression and differentiation of the tumour location. We also demonstrated that redox indicators may depend on the histological type of the tumour and may influence tumour invasion depth, presence of lymph node and distant metastasis, vascular and neural invasion, inflammatory infiltration, and tumour budding, which are part of the tumour microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Zińczuk
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Bialystok, Białystok, 15-269, Poland
| | - Konrad Zaręba
- 2nd Clinical Department of General and Gastroenterological Surgery, Medical University of Bialystok, Białystok, 15-276, Poland
| | - Joanna Kamińska
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Bialystok, Białystok, 15-269, Poland
| | | | - Violetta Dymicka-Piekarska
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Bialystok, Białystok, 15-269, Poland
| | - Anna Pryczynicz
- Department of General Pathomorphology, Medical University of Bialystok, Białystok, 15-269, Poland
| | | | - Boguław Kędra
- 2nd Clinical Department of General and Gastroenterological Surgery, Medical University of Bialystok, Białystok, 15-276, Poland
| | - Joanna Matowicka-Karna
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Bialystok, Białystok, 15-269, Poland
| | | | - Anna Zalewska
- Independent Laboratory of Experimental Dentistry, Medical University of Bialystok, Białystok, 15-276, Poland
| | - Mateusz Maciejczyk
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Ergonomics, Medical University of Bialystok, Białystok, 15-222, Poland
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Guney Eskiler G, Bilir C. The efficacy of indoximod upon stimulation with pro-inflammatory cytokines in triple-negative breast cancer cells. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2021; 43:554-561. [PMID: 34314307 DOI: 10.1080/08923973.2021.1953064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) inhibition has received much attention in cancer immunotherapy due to its role in immune escape in cancer cells. Additionally, changes in the pro-inflammatory cytokine levels can affect tumor growth and metastasis as well as the effectiveness of immunotherapy. The purpose of this study was for the first time to determine the effects of indoximod as an IDO inhibitor on triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) and to assess the link between the efficacy of indoximod and IFN-γ or TNF-α stimulation. METHODS The cytotoxic and apoptotic effects of indoximod alone or IFN-γ or TNF-α induction to mimic an inflammatory environment were evaluated by WST-1, Annexin V, cell cycle analysis, and acridine orange (AO)/ethidium bromide (EtBr) staining. Furthermore, the expression levels of IDO1 and PD-L1 expression were analyzed by RT-PCR. RESULTS Our results demonstrated that indoximod significantly decreased the TNBC cell viability through apoptotic cell death (p < .05). The combination of indoximod and TNF-α was more effective than indoximod and IFN-γ stimulation or indoximod alone in TNBC cells. Additionally, PD-L1 expression level was significantly up-regulated after treatment with indoximod and TNF-α or IFN-γ combinations (p < .05). CONCLUSIONS Indoximod exhibited a therapeutic potential in TNBC cells and pro-inflammatory cytokines could affect the effectiveness of indoximod. However, further studies are required to identify the role of the IDO-associated signaling pathways, the molecular mechanisms of indoximod induced apoptotic cell death, and the relationship between IDO inhibition by IDO inhibitors and pro-inflammatory cytokine levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gamze Guney Eskiler
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Sakarya University, Sakarya, Turkey
| | - Cemil Bilir
- Department of Medical Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Istinye University VMMedical Park Pendik Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
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22
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Asghar K, Farooq A, Zulfiqar B, Loya A. Review of 10 years of research on breast cancer patients: Focus on indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase. World J Clin Oncol 2021; 12:429-436. [PMID: 34189067 PMCID: PMC8223715 DOI: 10.5306/wjco.v12.i6.429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic manipulation of the immune system in cancer has been an extensive area of research in the field of oncoimmunology. Immunosuppression regulates antitumour immune responses. An immunosuppressive enzyme, indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) mediates tumour immune escape in various malignancies including breast cancer. IDO upregulation in breast cancer cells may lead to the recruitment of regulatory T (T-regs) cells into the tumour microenvironment, thus inhibiting local immune responses and promoting metastasis. Immunosuppression induced by myeloid derived suppressor cells activated in an IDO-dependent manner may enhance the possibility of immune evasion in breast cancer. IDO overexpression has independent prognostic significance in a subtype of breast cancer of emerging interest, basal-like breast carcinoma. IDO inhibitors as adjuvant therapeutic agents may have clinical implications in breast cancer. This review proposes future prospects of IDO not only as a therapeutic target but also as a valuable prognostic marker for breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kashif Asghar
- Department of Basic Sciences Research, Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Centre, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Asim Farooq
- Department of Clinical Research, Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Centre, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Bilal Zulfiqar
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland 4111, Australia
| | - Asif Loya
- Department of Pathology, Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Centre, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
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23
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Mariadasse R, Rajmichael R, Dwivedy A, Amala M, Ahmad M, Mutharasappan N, Biswal BK, Jeyakanthan J. Characterization of putative transcriptional regulator (PH0140) and its distal homologue. Cell Signal 2021; 84:110031. [PMID: 33932498 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2021.110031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a phylogenetic tree was constructed using 1854 sequences of various Lrp/AnsC (FFRPs) and ArsR proteins from pathogenic and non-pathogenic organisms. Despite having sequence similarities, FFRPs and ArsR proteins functioning differently as a transcriptional regulator and de-repressor in the presence of exogenous amino acids and metal ions, respectively. To understand these functional differences, the structures of various FFRPs and ArsR proteins (134 sequences) were modeled. Several ArsR proteins exhibited high similarity to the FFRPs while in few proteins, unusual structural folds were observed. However, the Helix-turn-Helix (HTH) domains are common among them and the ligand-binding domains are structurally dissimilar suggest the differences in their binding preferences. Despite low sequence conservation, most of these proteins revealed negatively charged surfaces in the active site pockets. Representative structures (PH0140 and TtArsR protein) from FFRPs and ArsR protein families were considered and evaluated for their functional differences using molecular modeling studies. Our earlier study has explained the binding preference of exogenous Tryptophan and the related transcriptional regulatory mechanism of PH0140 protein. In this study, a Cu2+ ion-induced de-repression mechanism of the TtArsR-DNA complex was characterized through docking and molecular dynamics. Further, the proteins were purified and their efficiency for sensing Tryptophan and Cu2+ ions were analyzed using cyclic voltammetry. Overall, the study explores the structural evolution and functional difference of FFRPs and ArsR proteins that present the possibilities of PH0140 and TtArsR as potential bio-sensory molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Mariadasse
- Structural Biology and Bio-Computing Lab, Department of Bioinformatics, Science Block, Alagappa University, Karaikudi 630 004, India
| | - Raji Rajmichael
- Structural Biology and Bio-Computing Lab, Department of Bioinformatics, Science Block, Alagappa University, Karaikudi 630 004, India
| | | | - Mathimaran Amala
- Structural Biology and Bio-Computing Lab, Department of Bioinformatics, Science Block, Alagappa University, Karaikudi 630 004, India
| | | | - Nachiappan Mutharasappan
- Structural Biology and Bio-Computing Lab, Department of Bioinformatics, Science Block, Alagappa University, Karaikudi 630 004, India
| | | | - Jeyaraman Jeyakanthan
- Structural Biology and Bio-Computing Lab, Department of Bioinformatics, Science Block, Alagappa University, Karaikudi 630 004, India.
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24
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Approaching precision medicine by tailoring the microbiota. Mamm Genome 2021; 32:206-222. [PMID: 33646347 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-021-09859-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence has revealed the link between the microbiota and various human diseases. Advances in high-throughput sequencing technologies have identified some consistent disease-associated microbial features, leading to the emerging concept of microbiome-based therapeutics. However, it is also becoming clear that there are considerable variations in the microbiota among patients with the same disease. Variations in the microbial composition and function contribute to substantial differences in metabolic status of the host via production of a myriad of biochemically and functionally different microbial metabolites. Indeed, compelling evidence indicates that individuality of the microbiome may result in individualized responses to microbiome-based therapeutics and other interventions. Mechanistic understanding of the role of the microbiota in diseases and drug metabolism would help us to identify causal relationships and thus guide the development of microbiome-based precision or personalized medicine. In this review, we provide an overview of current efforts to use microbiome-based interventions for the treatment of diseases such as cancer, neurological disorders, and diabetes to approach precision medicine.
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25
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Plasma free amino acid profiling as metabolomic diagnostic and prognostic biomarker in paediatric cancer patients: a follow-up study. Amino Acids 2020; 53:133-138. [PMID: 33179163 PMCID: PMC7822799 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-020-02910-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Amino acids (AAs) play a crucial role in cancer cell metabolism. Levels of 22 plasma AAs at the time of diagnosis and after treatment were established among 39 pediatric cancer patients and 33 healthy children. Glutamic acid levels decreased and tryptophan levels increased during treatment. Cancer patients presented significantly lower levels of glutamine and leucine post-treatment while levels of 12 other AAs were higher comparing to controls. Results suggest that plasma free AA profile may serve as a prognostic biomarker.
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26
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Mitruka M, Gore CR, Kumar A, Sarode SC, Sharma NK. Undetectable Free Aromatic Amino Acids in Nails of Breast Carcinoma: Biomarker Discovery by a Novel Metabolite Purification VTGE System. Front Oncol 2020; 10:908. [PMID: 32695662 PMCID: PMC7338572 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.00908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Metabolic reprogramming in breast cancer is depicted as a crucial change in the tumor microenvironment. Besides the molecular understanding of metabolic heterogeneity, appreciable attention is drawn to characterizing metabolite profiles in tumor tissue and derived biological fluids and tissue materials. Several findings reported on the metabolic alterations of free aromatic amino acids (FAAAs) and other metabolites in biological fluids. Furthermore, there is a significant gap in the development of a suitable method for the purification and analysis of metabolite biomarkers in nails of cancer patients. Methods: To address the metabolite alterations, specifically FAAA levels in nails, fingernail clippings of breast cancer patients (N = 10) and healthy subjects (N-12) were used for extraction and purification of metabolites. Here, we reported a novel and specifically designed vertical tube gel electrophoresis (VTGE) system that helped in the purification of metabolites in the range of 100-1,000 Da from nail materials. Here, the VTGE system uses 15% polyacrylamide under non-denaturing and non-reducing conditions, which makes eluted metabolites directly compatible with LC-HRMS and other analytical techniques. Qualitative and quantitative determination of FAAAs in nail lysates was done in positive ESI mode of the Agilent LC-HRMS platform. Results: The analysis on collected data of nail metabolites clearly suggested that FAAAs including tryptophan, tyrosine, phenylalanine, and histidine were undetectable in nail lysates of breast cancer over healthy subjects. This is a first report that showed highly reduced levels of FAAAs in nails of breast cancer patients. Furthermore, the present observation is in consonance with previous findings that showed cancer cachexia and high amino acid catabolism in breast cancer patients that drive metabolite-led cancer growth and proliferation. Conclusion: This paper provides a proof of concept for a novel and specifically developed VTGE process that showed first evidence on the undetectable level of FAAAs in nails of breast cancer patients as metabolite biomarkers. Here, the authors propose the potential use of a VTGE-assisted process to achieve metabolomic discovery in nails of breast cancer and other tumor types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manmohan Mitruka
- Cancer and Translational Research Lab, Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology & Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, India
| | - Charusheela R. Gore
- Department of Pathology, Dr. D. Y. Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research Centre, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, India
| | - Ajay Kumar
- Cancer and Translational Research Lab, Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology & Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, India
| | - Sachin C. Sarode
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Dr. D. Y. Patil Dental College and Hospital, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, India
| | - Nilesh Kumar Sharma
- Cancer and Translational Research Lab, Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology & Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, India
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27
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Ghafouri-Fard S, Taherian-Esfahani Z, Dashti S, Kholghi Oskooei V, Taheri M, Samsami M. Gene expression of indoleamine and tryptophan dioxygenases and three long non-coding RNAs in breast cancer. Exp Mol Pathol 2020; 114:104415. [PMID: 32165090 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2020.104415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The kynurenine pathway (KP) has a principal role in the metabolism of tryptophan. This pathway is also involved in the pathogenesis of cancer. We evaluated expression of two rate limiting enzymes from this pathway (IDO1 and TDO2) as well as three long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) that have been predicted to alter expression of IDO1 (ITGB2-AS1, HCP5 and MIR155HG) in 82 breast cancer tissues and their adjacent non-cancerous tissues (ANCTs). While IDO1 expression levels were not significantly different between malignant tissues and ANCTs (expression ratio = 0.56, P = .21), TDO2 was significantly down-regulated in malignant tissues compared with ANCTs (Expression ratio = 0.001, P < .001). Among lncRNAs, expression of HCP5 was significantly lower in malignant tissues compared with ANCTs (Expression ratio = 0.17, P < .001). However, expression of ITGB2-AS1 was higher in malignant tissues compared with ANCTs (Expression ratio = 3.38, P = .01). Expressions of genes were not associated with any of clinical or demographic data of patients. However, there were trends towards association between IDO1 expression and tumor size as well as estrogen receptor (ER) status (P values 0.09 and 0.08 respectively). Significant pairwise correlations were found between expression levels of genes especially in ANCTs. Notably, TDO2 expression levels were correlated with expression of all other genes in ANCTs but none of them in tumor tissues. Based on the area under curve (AUC) values, HCP5 and TDO2 had "fair" diagnostic power (AUC values of 0.73 and 0.72). Notably, combination of HCP5, ITGB2-AS1 and TDO2 genes increased the diagnostic power to the level of "good". The current investigation underscores the role of KP in breast cancer and potentiates some genes within this pathway as diagnostic markers in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soudeh Ghafouri-Fard
- Department of Medical Genetics, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Taherian-Esfahani
- Department of Medical Genetics, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sepideh Dashti
- Department of Medical Genetics, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Vahid Kholghi Oskooei
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, School of Paramedical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh, Iran; Neuroscience Research Center, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh, Iran
| | - Mohammad Taheri
- Urogenital Stem Cell Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Majid Samsami
- Cancer Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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