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Victorio CBL, Ganasarajah A, Novera W, Ong J, Msallam R, Chacko AM. Translocator protein (TSPO) is a biomarker of Zika virus (ZIKV) infection-associated neuroinflammation. Emerg Microbes Infect 2024; 13:2348528. [PMID: 38662785 PMCID: PMC11132733 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2024.2348528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Zika is a systemic inflammatory disease caused by infection with Zika virus (ZIKV). ZIKV infection in adults is associated with encephalitis marked by elevated expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, as well as increased brain infiltration of immune cells. In this study, we demonstrate that ZIKV encephalitis in a mouse infection model exhibits increased brain TSPO expression. TSPO expression on brain-resident and infiltrating immune cells in ZIKV infection correlates with disease and inflammation status in the brain. Brain TSPO expression can also be sensitively detected ex vivo and in vitro using radioactive small molecule probes that specifically bind to TSPO, such as [3H]PK11195. TSPO expression on brain-resident and infiltrating immune cells is a biomarker of ZIKV neuroinflammation, which can also be a general biomarker of acute viral neuroinflammatory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Bianca Luena Victorio
- Laboratory for Translational and Molecular Imaging (LTMI), Cancer and Stem Cell Biology Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Arun Ganasarajah
- Laboratory for Translational and Molecular Imaging (LTMI), Cancer and Stem Cell Biology Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wisna Novera
- Laboratory for Translational and Molecular Imaging (LTMI), Cancer and Stem Cell Biology Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Joanne Ong
- Laboratory for Translational and Molecular Imaging (LTMI), Cancer and Stem Cell Biology Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Rasha Msallam
- Laboratory for Translational and Molecular Imaging (LTMI), Cancer and Stem Cell Biology Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ann-Marie Chacko
- Laboratory for Translational and Molecular Imaging (LTMI), Cancer and Stem Cell Biology Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
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2
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Duarte-Neto AN, Teixeira TA, Caldini EG, Kanamura CT, Gomes-Gouvêa MS, Dos Santos ABG, Monteiro RAA, Pinho JRR, Mauad T, da Silva LFF, Saldiva PHN, Dolhnikoff M, Leite KRM, Hallak J. Testicular pathology in fatal COVID-19: A descriptive autopsy study. Andrology 2021; 10:13-23. [PMID: 34196475 PMCID: PMC8444746 DOI: 10.1111/andr.13073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multi-organ damage is a common feature of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, going beyond the initially observed severe pneumonia. Evidence that the testis is also compromised is growing. OBJECTIVE To describe the pathological findings in testes from fatal cases of COVID-19, including the detection of viral particles and antigens, and inflammatory cell subsets. MATERIALS AND METHODS Postmortem testicular samples were obtained by percutaneous puncture from 11 deceased men and examined by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for RNA detection and by light and electron microscopy (EM) for SARS-CoV-2. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) for the SARS-CoV-2 N-protein and lymphocytic and histiocytic markers was also performed. RESULTS Eight patients had mild interstitial orchitis, composed mainly of CD68+ and TCD8+ cells. Fibrin thrombi were detected in five cases. All cases presented congestion, interstitial edema, thickening of the tubular basal membrane, decreased Leydig and Sertoli cells with reduced spermatogenesis, and strong expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM) in vessels. IHC detected SARS-Cov-2 antigen in Leydig cells, Sertoli cells, spermatogonia, and fibroblasts in all cases. EM detected viral particles in the cytoplasm of fibroblasts, endothelium, Sertoli and Leydig cells, spermatids, and epithelial cells of the rete testis in four cases, while RT-PCR detected SARS-CoV-2 RNA in three cases. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION The COVID-19-associated testicular lesion revealed a combination of orchitis, vascular changes, basal membrane thickening, Leydig and Sertoli cell scarcity, and reduced spermatogenesis associated with SARS-CoV-2 local infection that may impair hormonal function and fertility in men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amaro N Duarte-Neto
- Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Instituto Adolfo Lutz, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Thiago A Teixeira
- Departamento de Cirurgia, Disciplina de Urologia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Elia G Caldini
- Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Michele S Gomes-Gouvêa
- Departamento de Gastroenterologia (LIM-07), Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Angela B G Dos Santos
- Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Renata A A Monteiro
- Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - João R R Pinho
- Departamento de Gastroenterologia (LIM-07), Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Thais Mauad
- Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luiz F F da Silva
- Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Serviço de Verificação de Óbitos da Capital, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paulo H N Saldiva
- Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marisa Dolhnikoff
- Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Katia R M Leite
- Departamento de Cirurgia, Disciplina de Urologia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jorge Hallak
- Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Departamento de Cirurgia, Disciplina de Urologia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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3
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Mayton EH, Hernandez HM, Vitek CJ, Christofferson RC. A Method for Repeated, Longitudinal Sampling of Individual Aedes aegypti for Transmission Potential of Arboviruses. INSECTS 2021; 12:292. [PMID: 33801709 PMCID: PMC8065608 DOI: 10.3390/insects12040292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Mosquito-borne viruses are the cause of significant morbidity and mortality worldwide, especially in low- and middle-income countries. Assessing risk for viral transmission often involves characterization of the vector competence of vector-virus pairings. The most common determination of vector competence uses discreet, terminal time points, which cannot be used to investigate variation in transmission aspects, such as biting behavior, over time. Here, we present a novel method to longitudinally measure individual biting behavior and Zika virus (ZIKV) transmission. Individual mosquitoes were exposed to ZIKV, and from 9 to 24 days post-exposure, individuals were each offered a 180 μL bloodmeal every other day. Biting behavior was observed and characterized as either active probing, feeding, or no bite. The bloodmeal was then collected, spun down, serum collected, and tested for ZIKV RNA via qRT-PCR to determine individuals' vector competence over time. This included whether transmission to the bloodmeal was successful and the titer of expectorated virus. Additionally, serum was inoculated onto Vero cells in order to determine infectiousness of positive recovered sera. Results demonstrate heterogeneity in not only biting patterns but expectorated viral titers among individual mosquitoes over time. These findings demonstrate that the act of transmission is a complex process governed by mosquito behavior and mosquito-virus interaction, and herein we offer a method to investigate this phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Handly Mayton
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA;
| | - Heather M. Hernandez
- Center for Vector-Borne Diseases, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX 78539, USA; (H.M.H.); (C.J.V.)
| | - Christopher J. Vitek
- Center for Vector-Borne Diseases, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX 78539, USA; (H.M.H.); (C.J.V.)
| | - Rebecca C. Christofferson
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA;
- Center for Computation and Technology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
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4
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Dutuze MF, Mayton EH, Macaluso JD, Christofferson RC. Comparative characterization of the reassortant Orthobunyavirus Ngari with putative parental viruses, Bunyamwera and Batai: in vitro characterization and ex vivo stability. J Gen Virol 2021; 102:001523. [PMID: 33258753 PMCID: PMC8116939 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bunyamwera (BUNV), Batai (BATV) and Ngari (NRIV) are mosquito-borne viruses that are members of the genus Orthobunyavirus in the order Bunyavirales. These three viruses are enveloped with single-stranded, negative-sense RNA genomes consiting of three segments, denoted as Small (S), Medium (M) and Large (L). Ngari is thought to be the natural reassortant progeny of Bunyamwera and Batai viruses. The relationship between these 'parental' viruses and the 'progeny' poses an interesting question, especially given that there is overlap in their respective transmission ecologies, but differences in their infection host ranges and pathogenesis. We compared the in vivo kinetics of these three viruses in a common laboratory system and found no significant difference in growth kinetics. There was, however, a tendency of BATV to have smaller plaques than either BUNV or NRIV. Furthermore, we determined that all three viruses are stable in extracellular conditions and retain infectivity for a week in non-cellular media, which has public health and biosafety implications. The study of this understudied group of viruses addresses a need for basic characterization of viruses that have not yet reached epidemic transmission intensity, but that have the potential due to their infectivity to both human and animal hosts. These results lay the groundwork for future studies of these neglected viruses of potential public and One Health importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Fausta Dutuze
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
- Rwanda Institute of Conservation and Agriculture, Gashora, Bugesera, Rwanda
| | - E. Handly Mayton
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Joshua D. Macaluso
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Rebecca C. Christofferson
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
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5
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Teixeira TA, Oliveira YC, Bernardes FS, Kallas EG, Duarte-Neto AN, Esteves SC, Drevet JR, Hallak J. Viral infections and implications for male reproductive health. Asian J Androl 2021; 23:335-347. [PMID: 33473014 PMCID: PMC8269834 DOI: 10.4103/aja.aja_82_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral infections have haunted humankind since times immemorial. Overpopulation, globalization, and extensive deforestation have created an ideal environment for a viral spread with unknown and multiple shedding routes. Many viruses can infect the male reproductive tract, with potential adverse consequences to male reproductive health, including infertility and cancer. Moreover, some genital tract viral infections can be sexually transmitted, potentially impacting the resulting offspring's health. We have summarized the evidence concerning the presence and adverse effects of the relevant viruses on the reproductive tract (mumps virus, human immunodeficiency virus, herpes virus, human papillomavirus, hepatitis B and C viruses, Ebola virus, Zika virus, influenza virus, and coronaviruses), their routes of infection, target organs and cells, prevalence and pattern of virus shedding in semen, as well as diagnosis/testing and treatment strategies. The pathophysiological understanding in the male genital tract is essential to assess its clinical impact on male reproductive health and guide future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago A Teixeira
- Androscience, Science and Innovation Center in Andrology and High-Complex Clinical and Research Andrology Laboratory, São Paulo 04534-011, SP, Brazil.,Division of Urology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05403-000, SP, Brazil.,Men's Health Study Group, Institute for Advanced Studies, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-060, SP, Brazil.,Division of Urology, School of Medicine, Federal University of Amapa, Macapa 68903-419, AP, Brazil
| | - Yasmin C Oliveira
- Androscience, Science and Innovation Center in Andrology and High-Complex Clinical and Research Andrology Laboratory, São Paulo 04534-011, SP, Brazil.,Division of Urology, School of Medicine, Federal University of Amapa, Macapa 68903-419, AP, Brazil
| | - Felipe S Bernardes
- Androscience, Science and Innovation Center in Andrology and High-Complex Clinical and Research Andrology Laboratory, São Paulo 04534-011, SP, Brazil.,Division of Urology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05403-000, SP, Brazil.,Men's Health Study Group, Institute for Advanced Studies, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-060, SP, Brazil
| | - Esper G Kallas
- Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05403-000, SP, Brazil
| | - Amaro N Duarte-Neto
- BIAS - Brazilian Image Autopsy Study Group, Department of Pathology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05403-000, SP, Brazil
| | - Sandro C Esteves
- ANDROFERT, Andrology and Human Reproduction Clinic, Campinas 13075-460, SP, Brazil.,Department of Surgery (Division of Urology), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas 13083-968, SP, Brazil.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus 8000, Denmark
| | - Joël R Drevet
- GReD Institute, CNRS-INSERM-Université Clermont Auvergne, Faculty of Medicine, Clermont-Ferrand 63000, France
| | - Jorge Hallak
- Androscience, Science and Innovation Center in Andrology and High-Complex Clinical and Research Andrology Laboratory, São Paulo 04534-011, SP, Brazil.,Division of Urology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05403-000, SP, Brazil.,Men's Health Study Group, Institute for Advanced Studies, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-060, SP, Brazil.,Reproductive Toxicology Unit, Department of Pathology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05403-000, SP, Brazil
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6
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Scroggs SLP, Andrade CC, Chinnasamy R, Azar SR, Schirtzinger EE, Garcia EI, Arterburn JB, Hanley KA, Rossi SL. Old Drugs with New Tricks: Efficacy of Fluoroquinolones to Suppress Replication of Flaviviruses. Viruses 2020; 12:v12091022. [PMID: 32933138 PMCID: PMC7551155 DOI: 10.3390/v12091022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Repurposing FDA-approved compounds could provide the fastest route to alleviate the burden of disease caused by flaviviruses. In this study, three fluoroquinolones, enoxacin, difloxacin and ciprofloxacin, curtailed replication of flaviviruses Zika (ZIKV), dengue (DENV), Langat (LGTV) and Modoc (MODV) in HEK-293 cells at low micromolar concentrations. Time-of-addition assays suggested that enoxacin suppressed ZIKV replication at an intermediate step in the virus life cycle, whereas ciprofloxacin and difloxacin had a wider window of efficacy. A129 mice infected with 1 × 105 plaque-forming units (pfu) ZIKV FSS13025 (n = 20) or phosphate buffered saline (PBS) (n = 11) on day 0 and treated with enoxacin at 10 mg/kg or 15 mg/kg or diluent orally twice daily on days 1–5 did not differ in weight change or virus titer in serum or brain. However, mice treated with enoxacin showed a significant, five-fold decrease in ZIKV titer in testes relative to controls. Mice infected with 1 × 102 pfu ZIKV (n = 13) or PBS (n = 13) on day 0 and treated with 15 mg/kg oral enoxacin or diluent twice daily pre-treatment and days 1–5 post-treatment also did not differ in weight and viral load in the serum, brain, and liver, but mice treated with enoxacin showed a significant, 2.5-fold decrease in ZIKV titer in testes relative to controls. ZIKV can be sexually transmitted, so reduction of titer in the testes by enoxacin should be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacey L. P. Scroggs
- Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003, USA; (C.C.A.); (E.E.S.); (E.I.G.); (K.A.H.)
- Biology of Vector-Borne Viruses Section, Laboratory of Virology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Christy C. Andrade
- Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003, USA; (C.C.A.); (E.E.S.); (E.I.G.); (K.A.H.)
- Department of Biology, Gonzaga University, Spokane, WA 99258, USA
| | - Ramesh Chinnasamy
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003, USA; (R.C.); (J.B.A.)
| | - Sasha R. Azar
- Institute for Translational Sciences, The University of University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA;
| | - Erin E. Schirtzinger
- Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003, USA; (C.C.A.); (E.E.S.); (E.I.G.); (K.A.H.)
- Arthropod-borne Animal Diseases Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Erin I. Garcia
- Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003, USA; (C.C.A.); (E.E.S.); (E.I.G.); (K.A.H.)
- Science News, Washington, DC 20036, USA
| | - Jeffrey B. Arterburn
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003, USA; (R.C.); (J.B.A.)
| | - Kathryn A. Hanley
- Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003, USA; (C.C.A.); (E.E.S.); (E.I.G.); (K.A.H.)
| | - Shannan L. Rossi
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA;
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7
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Mayton EH, Tramonte AR, Wearing HJ, Christofferson RC. Age-structured vectorial capacity reveals timing, not magnitude of within-mosquito dynamics is critical for arbovirus fitness assessment. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:310. [PMID: 32539759 PMCID: PMC7296759 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04181-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Transmission dynamics of arboviruses like Zika virus are often evaluated by vector competence (the proportion of infectious vectors given exposure) and the extrinsic incubation period (EIP, the time it takes for a vector to become infectious), but vector age is another critical driver of transmission dynamics. Vectorial capacity (VC) is a measure of transmission potential of a vector-pathogen system, but how these three components, EIP, vector competence and vector age, affect VC in concert still needs study. Methods The interaction of vector competence, EIP, and mosquito age at the time of infection acquisition (Ageacquisition) was experimentally measured in an Aedes aegypti-ZIKV model system, as well as the age-dependence of probability of survival and the willingness to bite. An age-structured vectorial capacity framework (VCage) was then developed using both EIPMin and EIPMax, defined as the time to first observed minimum proportion of transmitting mosquitoes and the time to observed maximum proportion of transmitting mosquitoes. Results The within-mosquito dynamics of vector competence/EIP were not significant among treatments where mosquitoes were exposed at different ages. However, VCage revealed: (i) age-dependence in vector-virus interactions is important for transmission success; (ii) lower vector competence but at shorter EIPs was sufficient for transmission perpetuation; and (iii) R0 may be overestimated by using non-age-structured VC. Conclusions The results indicate that ultimately the temporal component of the virus-vector dynamics is most critical, especially when exposure occurred at advanced mosquito age. While our study is limited to a single virus-vector system, and a multitude of other factors affect both vector competence and mosquito mortality, our methods can be extrapolated to these other scenarios. Results indicate that how ‘highly’ or ‘negligibly’ competent vectors are categorized may need adjustment.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- E Handly Mayton
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - A Ryan Tramonte
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Helen J Wearing
- Departments of Biology and Mathematics & Statistics, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Rebecca C Christofferson
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA. .,Center for Computation and Technology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA.
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8
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Sethi M, Das T, Tomar N, John JK, Dubal ZB, Rajak KK, Singh R, Saikumar G. Japanese encephalitis virus-induced neuropathology in mouse model infected through the conjunctival route. Indian J Med Res 2020; 150:498-503. [PMID: 31939394 PMCID: PMC6977363 DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_2078_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background & objectives: Mouse is a preferred animal model for studying pathogenesis of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) infections, and different routes of inoculation have been tried. Some neurotropic viruses can reach the brain following infection through ocular route. This study was undertaken to establish JEV-induced clinical disease in mouse model through conjunctival route and document the neuropathological effects. Methods: Ten two-week old Swiss albino mice were inoculated with 5 μl Vero cell cultured virus containing 104.7 TCID50 JEV through conjunctival route. Clinical signs of mice were observed twice daily. After necropsy examination, different organs including eyes and olfactory bulbs were collected for histopathological examination, quantification of viral copy number and antigen by real-time TaqMan assay and immunohistochemistry, respectively. Results: Infected mice showed characteristic clinical signs of JE by 4 days post-infection (dpi). Histopathological lesions in brain included perivascular cuffing by mononuclear cells, focal gliosis, necrosis of neurons and neuronophagia and astrocytosis in the cerebrum, cerebellum and the brainstem. JEV viral load was highest in the brain followed by intestine, heart, liver, spleen, lung and kidney. JEV antigen was detected in the bipolar and ganglion cells of the retina and in the mitral cells and periglomerular cells of olfactory bulb and other parts of the brain. Interpretation & conclusions: JEV infection in mice through conjunctival route produced characteristic clinical signs of the disease and neuropathological lesions. Demonstration of JEV antigen in association with neuropathological lesions in the central nervous system and neuronal cells of the eye showed that conjunctival route could be an effective alternate route for virus invasion into the brain. These findings have biosafety implications for researchers, veterinary practitioners and pig farmers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menaka Sethi
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Tareni Das
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Neelam Tomar
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Jeny K John
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Zunjar B Dubal
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Kaushal K Rajak
- Division of Biological Products, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rajendra Singh
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - G Saikumar
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
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9
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Taguwa S, Yeh MT, Rainbolt TK, Nayak A, Shao H, Gestwicki JE, Andino R, Frydman J. Zika Virus Dependence on Host Hsp70 Provides a Protective Strategy against Infection and Disease. Cell Rep 2020; 26:906-920.e3. [PMID: 30673613 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.12.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 10/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The spread of mosquito-borne Zika virus (ZIKV), which causes neurological disorders and microcephaly, highlights the need for countermeasures against sudden viral epidemics. Here, we tested the concept that drugs targeting host proteostasis provide effective antivirals. We show that different cytosolic Hsp70 isoforms are recruited to ZIKV-induced compartments and are required for virus replication at pre- and post-entry steps. Drugs targeting Hsp70 significantly reduce replication of different ZIKV strains in human and mosquito cells, including human neural stem cells and a placental trophoblast cell line, at doses without appreciable toxicity to the host cell. By targeting several ZIKV functions, including entry, establishment of active replication complexes, and capsid assembly, Hsp70 inhibitors are refractory to the emergence of drug-resistant virus. Importantly, these drugs protected mouse models from ZIKV infection, reducing viremia, mortality, and disease symptoms. Hsp70 inhibitors are thus attractive candidates for ZIKV therapeutics with the added benefit of a broad spectrum of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhei Taguwa
- Department of Biology and Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Ming-Te Yeh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - T Kelly Rainbolt
- Department of Biology and Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Arabinda Nayak
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Hao Shao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Jason E Gestwicki
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Raul Andino
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Judith Frydman
- Department of Biology and Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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10
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Le Tortorec A, Matusali G, Mahé D, Aubry F, Mazaud-Guittot S, Houzet L, Dejucq-Rainsford N. From Ancient to Emerging Infections: The Odyssey of Viruses in the Male Genital Tract. Physiol Rev 2020; 100:1349-1414. [PMID: 32031468 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00021.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The male genital tract (MGT) is the target of a number of viral infections that can have deleterious consequences at the individual, offspring, and population levels. These consequences include infertility, cancers of male organs, transmission to the embryo/fetal development abnormalities, and sexual dissemination of major viral pathogens such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis B virus. Lately, two emerging viruses, Zika and Ebola, have additionally revealed that the human MGT can constitute a reservoir for viruses cleared from peripheral circulation by the immune system, leading to their sexual transmission by cured men. This represents a concern for future epidemics and further underlines the need for a better understanding of the interplay between viruses and the MGT. We review here how viruses, from ancient viruses that integrated the germline during evolution through old viruses (e.g., papillomaviruses originating from Neanderthals) and more modern sexually transmitted infections (e.g., simian zoonotic HIV) to emerging viruses (e.g., Ebola and Zika) take advantage of genital tract colonization for horizontal dissemination, viral persistence, vertical transmission, and endogenization. The MGT immune responses to viruses and the impact of these infections are discussed. We summarize the latest data regarding the sources of viruses in semen and the complex role of this body fluid in sexual transmission. Finally, we introduce key animal findings that are relevant for our understanding of viral infection and persistence in the human MGT and suggest future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Le Tortorec
- University of Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail)-UMR_S1085, Rennes, France
| | - Giulia Matusali
- University of Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail)-UMR_S1085, Rennes, France
| | - Dominique Mahé
- University of Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail)-UMR_S1085, Rennes, France
| | - Florence Aubry
- University of Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail)-UMR_S1085, Rennes, France
| | - Séverine Mazaud-Guittot
- University of Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail)-UMR_S1085, Rennes, France
| | - Laurent Houzet
- University of Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail)-UMR_S1085, Rennes, France
| | - Nathalie Dejucq-Rainsford
- University of Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail)-UMR_S1085, Rennes, France
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11
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Cardona-Ospina JA, Henao-SanMartin V, Acevedo-Mendoza WF, Nasner-Posso KM, Martínez-Pulgarín DF, Restrepo-López A, Valencia-Gallego V, Collins MH, Rodriguez-Morales AJ. Fatal Zika virus infection in the Americas: A systematic review. Int J Infect Dis 2019; 88:49-59. [PMID: 31499212 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2019.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/31/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION While death due to Zika virus (ZIKV) infection has been described, reports of fatal cases have been infrequent and no systematic reviews on the subject have been published. METHODS A systematic review of the literature in four databases was performed to assess fatal outcomes of postnatal ZIKV infection and the available evidence that links ZIKV infection to death. RESULTS Three hundred and eleven articles were retrieved; 20 of them were epidemiological reports from surveillance agencies and ministries of health. After screening by abstract and title, 59 articles were selected for full-text assessment. Of these, 35 were excluded (with reasons) and 24 were finally included for qualitative analysis. A total of 51 reported deaths associated with ZIKV infection in nine countries were identified. The majority of cases (56.9%) were not related to Guillain-Barré syndrome. Cases from three countries accounted for 67.6% of the deaths. ZIKV infection was laboratory-confirmed in the majority of cases (64.7%). DISCUSSION ZIKV was not considered to be a dangerous, and much less a lethal pathogen, until very recently. However, an increasing number of fatalities have been published in the literature since the first death was reported in 2016. Additional research is needed to elucidate factors that may mediate the pathogenesis of severe, atypical, and fatal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime A Cardona-Ospina
- Public Health and Infection Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira, Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia; Colombian Collaborative Network on Zika and other Arboviruses (RECOLZIKA), Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia; Grupo de Investigación Infección e Inmunidad, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira, Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia; Grupo de Investigación Biomedicina, Faculty of Medicine, Fundación Universitaria Autónoma de las Américas, Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia; Semillero de Investigación en Infecciones Emergentes y Medicina Tropical, Faculty of Medicine, Fundación Universitaria Autónoma de las Américas, Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia; Emerging Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Group, Instituto para la Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas - Sci-Help, Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia
| | - Valentina Henao-SanMartin
- Public Health and Infection Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira, Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia
| | - Wilmer F Acevedo-Mendoza
- Public Health and Infection Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira, Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia
| | - Katherinn Melissa Nasner-Posso
- Public Health and Infection Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira, Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia
| | - Dayron F Martínez-Pulgarín
- Public Health and Infection Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira, Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia
| | - Abril Restrepo-López
- Public Health and Infection Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira, Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia
| | - Valentina Valencia-Gallego
- Grupo de Investigación Biomedicina, Faculty of Medicine, Fundación Universitaria Autónoma de las Américas, Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia; Semillero de Investigación en Infecciones Emergentes y Medicina Tropical, Faculty of Medicine, Fundación Universitaria Autónoma de las Américas, Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia
| | - Matthew H Collins
- Hope Clinic of the Emory Vaccine Center, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, Decatur, GA 30030, USA.
| | - Alfonso J Rodriguez-Morales
- Public Health and Infection Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira, Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia; Colombian Collaborative Network on Zika and other Arboviruses (RECOLZIKA), Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia; Grupo de Investigación Biomedicina, Faculty of Medicine, Fundación Universitaria Autónoma de las Américas, Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia; Emerging Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Group, Instituto para la Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas - Sci-Help, Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia.
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12
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Zika Virus Associated Pathology and Antigen Presence in the Testicle in the Absence of Sexual Transmission During Subacute to Chronic Infection in a Mouse Model. Sci Rep 2019; 9:8325. [PMID: 31171800 PMCID: PMC6554467 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-44582-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is an arboviral infection that has been shown to be sexually transmitted. The study outlined herein aims to determine if accessory sex glands and epididymal epithelial cells are sources of viral persistence in subacute and chronic ZIKV infection, and if infection of these organs is important in sexual transmission during long-term (chronic) infection. Male interferon type I receptor knockout (Ifnar-/-) mice were challenged with ZIKV and reproductive tissues were harvested 14 and 35 days post infection (DPI) for inoculation studies and 14, 35 and 70 DPI for histopathology. Artificial insemination fluid derived from epididymal flush and seminal plasma from the prostate and seminal vesicle was obtained from ZIKV inoculated and sham-infected males. Naïve interferon type I and II receptor knockout (AG129) female mice were pre-treated with progesterone and inoculated intravaginally with artificial insemination fluid from ZIKV-infected males. ZIKV RNA was detected in the artificial insemination fluid generated from epididymal flush or seminal plasma from ZIKV infected males at 14 and 35 DPI. ZIKV antigens were only detected in seminiferous tubules at 14 DPI. Epididymal epithelial cells did not show ZIKV antigen immunoreactivity at 14, 35 or 70 DPI. Severe fibrosing orchitis (end stage orchitis) was observed at 35 and 70 DPI. Mild inflammation and peri-tubular fibrosis were observed in the epididymis following clearance of virus. Viral RNA was not detected by PCR in whole blood samples of females from any intravaginal experimental group and only detected in 20% of subcutaneously inoculated animals (derived from 1 experimentally infected male) at 35 DPI. While ZIKV RNA and antigens can be detected in the male reproductive tract at 14 DPI and RNA can also be detected at 35 DPI, intravaginal inoculation of artificial insemination fluid from these time-points failed to result in viremia in naïve females inoculated intravaginally. These studies support the hypothesis that epididymal epithelial cells are critical to sexual transmission in immunocompromised mice. Additionally, acute but not chronic male reproductive tract infection with ZIKV results in infectious virus capable of being sexually transmitted in mice.
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13
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Jacobs S, Delang L, Verbeken E, Neyts J, Kaptein SJF. A Viral Polymerase Inhibitor Reduces Zika Virus Replication in the Reproductive Organs of Male Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20092122. [PMID: 31032814 PMCID: PMC6539190 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20092122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In humans, Zika virus and viral RNA have been detected in semen up to 2.2 months and 6 months post infection (pi), respectively. Although the contribution of sexual transmission to the spread of ZIKV is too low to sustain an outbreak, it can increase the risk of infection and the epidemic size as well as prolong the duration of an outbreak. In this study, we explored the potential of antivirals to serve as an effective strategy to prevent sexual transmission. Male AG129 mice infected with a ZIKV isolate from Suriname were treated with the nucleoside analog, 7-deaza-2′-C-methyladenosine (7DMA), that was previously shown to be efficacious in reducing ZIKV viremia and delaying ZIKV-induced disease in mice. Following treatment, viral RNA and infectious virus titers were consistently reduced in the male reproductive organs compared to vehicle-treated mice. This reduction of ZIKV loads in the testis was confirmed by the detection of lower levels of ZIKV antigens. Our data illustrate the value of this mouse model to validate the efficacy of new potential ZIKV drugs at the level of the male reproductive system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofie Jacobs
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Leen Delang
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | | | - Johan Neyts
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Suzanne J F Kaptein
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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14
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Tramonte AR, Christofferson RC. Investigating the probability of establishment of Zika virus and detection through mosquito surveillance under different temperature conditions. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0214306. [PMID: 30921386 PMCID: PMC6438564 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0214306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Because of the increasing threat that Zika virus (ZIKV) poses to more sub-tropical area due to increased global travel, there is a need for better understanding of the effect(s) of temperature on the establishment potential of ZIKV within these subtropical, temperate, and/or seasonal Ae. aegypti populations. The first step to determining risk establishment of ZIKV in these regions is to assess ZIKV's ability to infect mosquitoes at less tropical temperatures, and thus be detected through common surveillance programs. To that end, the effect of two rearing temperatures (RT) and extrinsic incubation temperatures (EIT) on infection and dissemination rates was evaluated, as well as the interactions of such. Total, there were four combinations (RT24-EIT24, RT24-EIT28, RT28-EIT24, RT28-EIT28). Further, a stochastic SEIR framework was adapted to determine whether observed data could lead to differential success of establishment of ZIKV in naive mosquito populations. There was no consistent pattern in significant differences found across treatments for either infection or dissemination rates (p>0.05), where only a significant difference was found in infection rates between RT24-EIT24 (44%) and RT28-EIT24 (82.6%). Across all temperature conditions, the model predicted between a 76.4% and 95.4% chance of successful establishment of ZIKV in naive mosquito populations under model assumptions. We further show that excluding the maximum observed infection and dissemination rates likely overestimates the probability of local establishment of ZIKV. These results indicate that 1) there is no straightforward relationship between RT, EIT, and infection/dissemination rates, 2) in more temperate climates, ZIKV may still have the ability to establish in populations of Aedes aegypti, 3) despite an overall lack of significant differences in infection/dissemination rates, temperature may still alter the kinetics of ZIKV within the mosquito enough to affect the likelihood of infection establishment and detection within the context of mosquito surveillance programs, and 4) both the temporal and magnitude qualities of vector competence are necessary for parameterization of within-mosquito virus kinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Ryan Tramonte
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Rebecca C. Christofferson
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
- Center for Computation and Technology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
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15
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Kurscheidt FA, Mesquita CSS, Damke GMZF, Damke E, Carvalho ARBDA, Suehiro TT, Teixeira JJV, da Silva VRS, Souza RP, Consolaro MEL. Persistence and clinical relevance of Zika virus in the male genital tract. Nat Rev Urol 2019; 16:211-230. [DOI: 10.1038/s41585-019-0149-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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16
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Alves MP, Vielle NJ, Thiel V, Pfaender S. Research Models and Tools for the Identification of Antivirals and Therapeutics against Zika Virus Infection. Viruses 2018; 10:v10110593. [PMID: 30380760 PMCID: PMC6265910 DOI: 10.3390/v10110593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus recently re-emerged and caused global outbreaks mainly in Central Africa, Southeast Asia, the Pacific Islands and in Central and South America. Even though there is a declining trend, the virus continues to spread throughout different geographical regions of the world. Since its re-emergence in 2015, massive advances have been made regarding our understanding of clinical manifestations, epidemiology, genetic diversity, genomic structure and potential therapeutic intervention strategies. Nevertheless, treatment remains a challenge as there is no licensed effective therapy available. This review focuses on the recent advances regarding research models, as well as available experimental tools that can be used for the identification and characterization of potential antiviral targets and therapeutic intervention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco P Alves
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Nathalie J Vielle
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Volker Thiel
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Stephanie Pfaender
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.
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17
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Stassen L, Armitage CW, van der Heide DJ, Beagley KW, Frentiu FD. Zika Virus in the Male Reproductive Tract. Viruses 2018; 10:v10040198. [PMID: 29659541 PMCID: PMC5923492 DOI: 10.3390/v10040198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) are resurging across the globe. Zika virus (ZIKV) has caused significant concern in recent years because it can lead to congenital malformations in babies and Guillain-Barré syndrome in adults. Unlike other arboviruses, ZIKV can be sexually transmitted and may persist in the male reproductive tract. There is limited information regarding the impact of ZIKV on male reproductive health and fertility. Understanding the mechanisms that underlie persistent ZIKV infections in men is critical to developing effective vaccines and therapies. Mouse and macaque models have begun to unravel the pathogenesis of ZIKV infection in the male reproductive tract, with the testes and prostate gland implicated as potential reservoirs for persistent ZIKV infection. Here, we summarize current knowledge regarding the pathogenesis of ZIKV in the male reproductive tract, the development of animal models to study ZIKV infection at this site, and prospects for vaccines and therapeutics against persistent ZIKV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liesel Stassen
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, and School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane 4006, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Charles W Armitage
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, and School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane 4006, Queensland, Australia.
| | - David J van der Heide
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, and School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane 4006, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Kenneth W Beagley
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, and School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane 4006, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Francesca D Frentiu
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, and School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane 4006, Queensland, Australia.
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18
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Clancy CS, Van Wettere AJ, Siddharthan V, Morrey JD, Julander JG. Comparative Histopathologic Lesions of the Male Reproductive Tract during Acute Infection of Zika Virus in AG129 and Ifnar -/- Mice. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2018; 188:904-915. [PMID: 29378173 PMCID: PMC5955007 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2017.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
An understanding of the pathogenesis of infection with the Zika virus in the male reproductive tract is vital for the development of vaccines and antivirals that will limit or prevent sexual transmission. Two common immunocompromised mouse strains used in transmission studies-male with genes encoding interferon types I and II receptor gene knockout (IFNAR/IFNGR; AG129) and with interferon type 1 receptor knockout (Ifnar-/-) were infected with a Puerto Rican Zika virus isolate (PRVABC59), and pathology was assessed 5 to 11 days after infection. Virus was detected by immunohistochemistry and quantitative RT-PCR in the testicle and epididymis of AG129 and Ifnar-/- mice, and by immunohistochemistry in the prostate and seminal vesicle of infected AG129 mice. Severe disease manifestations initiating as epididymitis and progressing to orchitis were observed in both models, with more severe inflammation noted in the AG129 mouse strain. Significant inflammation was not observed in any evaluated accessory sex gland at any point during infection. Time-course analysis of infection revealed an increase in the severity of disease within the epididymis of both strains, indicating a potential route of sexual transmission. Male mice with Ifnar-/- may better recapitulate Zika virus in humans and provide insight into the mechanism of sexual transmission, due to milder histopathologic lesions, the presence of histologically normal sperm in epididymal tubules, and an ability to survive the acute phase of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad S Clancy
- Utah Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, Utah; Institute for Antiviral Research, Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, Utah.
| | - Arnaud J Van Wettere
- Utah Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, Utah
| | - Venkatraman Siddharthan
- Institute for Antiviral Research, Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, Utah
| | - John D Morrey
- Institute for Antiviral Research, Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, Utah
| | - Justin G Julander
- Institute for Antiviral Research, Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, Utah
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Piret J, Carbonneau J, Rhéaume C, Baz M, Boivin G. Predominant role of IPS-1 over TRIF adaptor proteins in early innate immune response against Zika virus in mice. J Gen Virol 2018; 99:209-218. [PMID: 29297844 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors and RNA helicases are involved in the control of RNA virus infection through production of type I interferons (IFNs). To delineate the relative contributions of these signalling pathways in the innate immune response and the control of Zika virus (ZIKV) pathogenesis, the impact of a deficiency in TRIF and/or IPS-1 adaptor proteins was investigated in mice. Mice were infected intravenously with ZIKV and monitored for clinical signs for 14 days. Groups of mice were sacrificed on days 1, 3 and 7 post-infection (p.i.) and viral RNA was measured by digital droplet PCR in serum, spleen, brain and eyes. Some mice were sacrificed at 12 h p.i. for determination of the levels of IFN-α/-β (ELISA), cytokines/chemokines (Luminex) and total/phosphorylated IRF3 and IRF7 (Western blotting). All groups of mice infected with ZIKV exhibited no clinical signs of infection. However, IPS-1-/- and TRIF-/-xIPS-1-/- mice developed higher viraemia than WT and TRIF-/- groups on days 1, 3 and 7. TRIF-/-xIPS-1-/- mice presented higher viral RNA levels in spleen, brain and eyes over time than TRIF-/-, IPS-1-/- and WT groups. At 12 h, IFN-α/-β and cytokine/chemokine levels in spleen were significantly decreased in IPS-1-/- and TRIF-/-xIPS-1-/- compared to WT and TRIF-/-. On day 1 p.i., IFN-β levels were significantly reduced in spleen of TRIF-/-xIPS-1-/- mice compared to all other groups. These data suggest that IPS-1 plays a more important role than TRIF in the early type I IFN response and that both IPS-1 and TRIF are involved at later stages of ZIKV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jocelyne Piret
- Research center in infectious diseases, CHU of Quebec and Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Julie Carbonneau
- Research center in infectious diseases, CHU of Quebec and Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Chantal Rhéaume
- Research center in infectious diseases, CHU of Quebec and Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Mariana Baz
- Research center in infectious diseases, CHU of Quebec and Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Guy Boivin
- Research center in infectious diseases, CHU of Quebec and Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada
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20
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Bollweg BC, Silva-Flannery L, Spivey P, Hale GL. Optimization of commercially available Zika virus antibodies for use in a laboratory-developed immunohistochemical assay. JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY CLINICAL RESEARCH 2017; 4:19-25. [PMID: 29416874 PMCID: PMC5783976 DOI: 10.1002/cjp2.84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Revised: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) infection during pregnancy can cause adverse fetal outcomes and severe irreversible congenital birth defects including microcephaly. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) is a valuable diagnostic tool for detecting ZIKV antigens in tissues from cases of fetal loss in women infected with ZIKV, and for providing insights into disease pathogenesis. As a result, there is increasing demand for commercially available ZIKV antibodies for use in IHC assays. ZIKV antibodies were selected and obtained from commercial sources to include both mouse and rabbit hosts, and a variety of antigenic targets. Pretreatment conditions and antibody concentrations resulting in optimal immunohistochemical staining were determined using ZIKV cell control and polymerase chain reaction (PCR)‐confirmed ZIKV case control material (fetal brain tissue). Cross‐reactivity of the antibodies against other flaviviruses (dengue virus serogroups 1–4, yellow fever virus, Japanese encephalitis virus, West Nile virus) and chikungunya virus was also evaluated. Immunostaining using the commercially available antibodies was compared to a previously validated ZIKV IHC assay used for primary diagnosis. Four antibodies demonstrated optimal staining similar to the previously validated ZIKV IHC assay. Two of the four antibodies cross‐reacted with dengue virus, while the other two antibodies showed no cross‐reactivity with dengue, other flaviviruses, or chikungunya virus. Differences in the cross‐reactivity profiles could not be entirely explained by the antigenic target. Commercially available ZIKV antibodies can be optimized for use in IHC testing to aid in ZIKV diagnostic testing and an evaluation of tissue tropism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigid C Bollweg
- Infectious Diseases Pathology BranchCenters for Disease Control and PreventionAtlantaGAUSA
| | - Luciana Silva-Flannery
- Infectious Diseases Pathology BranchCenters for Disease Control and PreventionAtlantaGAUSA
| | - Pamela Spivey
- Infectious Diseases Pathology BranchCenters for Disease Control and PreventionAtlantaGAUSA
| | - Gillian L Hale
- Infectious Diseases Pathology BranchCenters for Disease Control and PreventionAtlantaGAUSA
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21
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Newman C, Friedrich TC, O'Connor DH. Macaque monkeys in Zika virus research: 1947-present. Curr Opin Virol 2017; 25:34-40. [PMID: 28750247 PMCID: PMC5610623 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2017.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Revised: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Zika virus was first isolated in 1947 from an exotic rhesus macaque. Nearly 70 years later, the emergence of Zika virus in the Americas and its newly described association with birth defects has motivated the development of captive macaque monkey models of human Zika virus infection. This review describes similarities between macaque and human Zika virus pathogenesis and discusses specific advantages and disadvantages of using macaques instead of other laboratory animal models. In particular, macaques provide an outstanding model for understanding in utero Zika virus infections that are essential for evaluating preclinical interventions for use in pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Newman
- University of Wisconsin-Madison Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, 3170 Medical Foundation Centennial Building (MFCB), 1685 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705, United States
| | - Thomas C Friedrich
- University of Wisconsin-Madison Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, 2015 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706, United States; Wisconsin National Primate Research Center (WNPRC), 1220 Capitol Court, Madison, WI 53715, United States
| | - David H O'Connor
- University of Wisconsin-Madison Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, 3170 Medical Foundation Centennial Building (MFCB), 1685 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705, United States; Wisconsin National Primate Research Center (WNPRC), 1220 Capitol Court, Madison, WI 53715, United States.
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