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Ma X, Ju C, Liu X, Tian Y, Wu J, Li Y. Idiopathic pulmonary haemosiderosis misdiagnosed as haemolytic anaemia: a case report. J Int Med Res 2023; 51:3000605231210402. [PMID: 37903315 PMCID: PMC10617271 DOI: 10.1177/03000605231210402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary haemosiderosis is a rare disease primarily affecting children. The condition is characterized by widespread bleeding from alveolar capillaries, resulting in symptoms such as haemoptysis, shortness of breath and iron deficiency anaemia. However, it is not a specific disease and sometimes can manifest solely as anaemia, which may be easily overlooked and misdiagnosed. The purpose of this case report was to describe a 1-year-old boy who exhibited haemolytic anaemia as the only symptom of idiopathic pulmonary haemosiderosis, with the intention of offering clinical insights into the precise diagnosis and subsequent management of this rare and easily misdiagnosed disease. Clinicians should keep idiopathic pulmonary haemosiderosis in mind when evaluating children with haemolytic anaemia and promptly initiate testing and treatment to prevent misdiagnosis and improve outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueqin Ma
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China
| | - Changxi Ju
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China
| | - Xiaotong Liu
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China
| | - Ying Tian
- West China School of Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Jing Wu
- Department of Paediatric Intensive Care Medicine, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China
| | - Yuanxiao Li
- Department of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China
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Mopeli K, Mabaso T, Alli N, Dangor Z, Verwey C. Diffuse alveolar haemorrhage in children hospitalised in a tertiary‑level hospital: A retrospective descriptive study. Afr J Thorac Crit Care Med 2023; 29:10.7196/AJTCCM.2023.v29i2.282. [PMID: 37622106 PMCID: PMC10446159 DOI: 10.7196/ajtccm.2023.v29i2.282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Diffuse alveolar haemorrhage (DAH) is considered a rare condition in children. There is no consensus on the management of DAH syndromes in Africa or other low- and middle-income countries. In this brief report, the clinical characteristics, management and outcomes of children treated for DAH in the Chris Hani Baragwanath Academic Hospital paediatric pulmonology unit in Johannesburg, South Africa are described. Fifteen children were included in this case series, of whom 11 (73.3%) presented with severe microcytic anaemia. Of the 11 children who had bronchoalveolar lavage, 9 (81.8%; 60.0% of the total) had haemosiderin-laden macrophages on microscopy. Only 5 children had a lung biopsy, of whom 3 (60.0%) had capillaritis. All the children were started on oral prednisone at presentation, and 11 (73.3%) received additional complementary treatment. Nine children (60.0%) had normal haemoglobin levels 1 year after initiation of treatment. Our series supports previous reports that DAH is uncommon in children. A large proportion of our patients responded well to treatment despite some resource limitations. What the study adds The study provides additional data on children presenting with diffuse alveolar haemorrhage in a South African tertiary hospital. What are the implications of the findings There is a need for South African pulmonologists to come together and conduct a national audit of these patients in different hospitals to determine the incidence in our country, as well as to inform a management plan in the presence or absence of specialised tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Mopeli
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - T Mabaso
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - N Alli
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Haematology, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand,
Johannesburg, South Africa; National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Z Dangor
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - C Verwey
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Grech AK, Yu C. Lane-Hamilton syndrome. Respirol Case Rep 2023; 11:e01188. [PMID: 37416498 PMCID: PMC10319957 DOI: 10.1002/rcr2.1188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The co-existence of idiopathic hemosiderosis and celiac disease is Lane-Hamilton Syndrome. This is a rare condition with only a few dozen cases reported to date. Its clinical presentation typically involves hemoptysis that can be life-threatening in the acute phase. We report the uncommon case of the development of idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis almost a decade after the diagnosis of celiac disease. Delayed diagnosis led to recurrent episodes of large volume hemoptysis despite immunosuppressive therapy due to ongoing ingestion of gluten. High doses of glucocorticoids accompanied by a cell cycle inhibitor mycophenolate mofetil were required for treatment. A strict gluten free diet is vital to control the disease. We highlight the importance of identifying this syndrome and definitive treatment, including avoidance of dietary triggers in addition to conventional immunosuppressive therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey K. Grech
- Department of Respiratory MedicineAlfred HealthMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Christiaan Yu
- Department of Respiratory MedicineAlfred HealthMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
- Central Clinical SchoolMonash UniversityMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
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Ajmi H, Bouafsoun C, Arifa N, Chemli J, Abroug S. Idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis and stroke secondary to protein C deficiency in a child with Down syndrome: a case report. J Med Case Rep 2023; 17:105. [PMID: 36899396 PMCID: PMC10007734 DOI: 10.1186/s13256-023-03807-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with Down syndrome are at a higher risk of developing autoimmune disorders such as thyroiditis, diabetes, and celiac disease compared with the general population. Although some diseases are well known to be associated with Down syndrome, others such as idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis and ischemic stroke due to protein C deficiency remain rare. CASE PRESENTATION We report a case of a 2.5-year-old Tunisian girl with Down syndrome and hypothyroiditis admitted with dyspnea, anemia, and hemiplegia. Chest X-ray showed diffuse alveolar infiltrates. Laboratory tests showed severe anemia with hemoglobin of 4.2 g/dl without hemolysis. A diagnosis of idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis was confirmed by bronchoalveolar lavage showing numerous hemosiderin-laden macrophages, with a Golde score of 285 confirming the diagnosis of pulmonary hemosiderosis. Concerning hemiplegia, computed tomography showed multiple cerebral hypodensities suggestive of cerebral stroke. The etiology of these lesions was related to protein C deficiency. CONCLUSION Idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis remains a severe disease, which is rarely associated with Down syndrome. The management of this disease in Down syndrome patients is difficult, especially when associated with an ischemic stroke secondary to protein C deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houda Ajmi
- Pediatrics Department, Sahloul University Hospital, 4054, Sousse, Tunisia.
| | - Chahra Bouafsoun
- Pediatrics Department, Sahloul University Hospital, 4054, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Nadia Arifa
- Radiology Department, Sahloul University Hospital, 4054, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Jalel Chemli
- Pediatrics Department, Sahloul University Hospital, 4054, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Saoussen Abroug
- Pediatrics Department, Sahloul University Hospital, 4054, Sousse, Tunisia
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Saha BK, Aiman A, Chong WH, Saha S, Song J, Bonnier A. Updates in idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis in 2022: A state of the art review. Pediatr Pulmonol 2023; 58:382-391. [PMID: 36324124 DOI: 10.1002/ppul.26230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
This manuscript reports the recent advances in idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis (IPH), a rare cause of diffuse alveolar hemorrhage in children and adults. This narrative review of the literature summarizes different aspects of IPH, including proposed pathogenesis, patient demographics, clinical and radiological characteristics, treatment, and prognosis. Additionally, the association between Celiac Disease (CD) and IPH is carefully evaluated. IPH is a frequently misdiagnosed disease. The delay in the diagnosis of IPH is often significant but fortunately, appears to have decreased in recent years. IPH in adults and children have distinct demographic preferences. The autoantibodies are common in IPH but with a definite difference between the adult and pediatric populations. The definitive diagnosis of IPH requires lung biopsy and careful exclusion of all competing diagnoses, even with lung biopsy showing bland pulmonary hemorrhage. The presence of nonspecific inflammatory cells or lymphoid aggregates may suggest a secondary immunologic phenomenon and needs careful evaluation and follow-up. A substantial number of patients suffer from coexisting CD, also known as Lane-Hamilton syndrome (LHS), and all patients with IPH need to be evaluated for LHS by serology. Although strict gluten free diet can manage the majority of patients with LHS, other patients generally require immunosuppressive therapy. The corticosteroids are the backbone of IPH therapy. Recently utilized experimental treatment options include mesenchymal stem cell transplant, liposteroid and bronchial artery embolization. The immunosuppression should be adjusted to achieve optimal disease control. Patients may progress to end-stage lung disease despite all measures, and lung transplantation may be the only viable option.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biplab K Saha
- Department of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Alexis Aiman
- New York Institute of Technology College of Osteopathic Medicine at Arkansas State University, Arkansas, USA
| | - Woon Hean Chong
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Ng Teng Fong General Hospital, National University Health System, Singapore City, Singapore
| | - Santu Saha
- Department of Internal Medicine, Saha Clinic, Narail, Bangladesh
| | - Jini Song
- New York Institute of Technology College of Osteopathic Medicine at Arkansas State University, Arkansas, USA
| | - Alyssa Bonnier
- Department of Critical Care Nursing, Goldfarb School of Nursing, Barnes Jewish College, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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Aiman A, Saha S, Chong WH, Saha BK. A 49-year-old man with ischemic cardiomyopathy and persistent hemoptysis for eighteen months. Am J Med Sci 2022; 364:111-117. [PMID: 35276072 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjms.2021.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis (IPH) is a rare cause of recurrent episodes of diffuse alveolar hemorrhage (DAH). IPH commonly manifests with hemoptysis, radiologic chest infiltrates and anemia. The etiology of IPH is unknown, but an immunologic mechanism is widely speculated. The definitive diagnosis of IPH requires a thorough exclusion of other causes of DAH, such as infections, inflammation, malignancy, cardiac diseases, drug and toxin exposure, and medications. Due to the rarity of the disease, a diagnosis is often delayed by years. We present the case of a 49-year-old man with ischemic cardiomyopathy who presented with hemoptysis for eighteen months. Serologic workup was negative for vasculitides and autoimmune diseases. Bronchoscopy revealed DAH. A surgical lung biopsy showed 'bland pulmonary hemorrhage.' A right heart catheterization ruled out cardiac causes of DAH. The patient was diagnosed with IPH and started on systemic corticosteroids with rapid improvement of hemoptysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Aiman
- New York Institute of Technology College of Osteopathic Medicine at Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, AR, USA
| | - Santu Saha
- Division of Internal Medicine, Bangladesh Medical College, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Woon H Chong
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Albany Medical College and Center, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Biplab K Saha
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Ozarks Medical Center, West Plains, MO, USA.
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Saha BK, Bonnier A, Saha S, Saha BN, Shkolnik B. Adult patients with idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis: a comprehensive review of the literature. Clin Rheumatol 2022; 41:1627-1640. [PMID: 35179664 DOI: 10.1007/s10067-022-06104-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis (IPH) is a rare disease without a known incidence or prevalence in adults. Our knowledge of this entity is limited as there is no prospective or retrospective study with a reasonable number of patients. The objective is to describe the demographics, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of adult patients with IPH. The Medline and Embase databases were searched from inception to 2021 with appropriate search formulas to identify relevant articles following strict inclusion and exclusion criteria. Statistical analyses were performed for the entire cohort and prespecified subgroups. A total of 84 patients were identified. The majority of patients were males 54/84 (64.3%). The median age was 27 years. The manifesting symptoms were present in the following frequencies: anemia 76/83 (91.6%), dyspnea 71/83 (85.5%), hemoptysis 70/84 (83.3%), cough 22/84 (26.2%), and chest pain 9/84 (10.7%). The classic triad was present in 61/84 (79%) patients. The mean hemoglobin during the initial presentation was 8.4 gm/dL. A total of 16/57 (19.5%) tested positive for autoantibodies. The median delay in the diagnosis of IPH was 1.02 years. Immunosuppressive therapy was prescribed in 49/79 (62%) patients, and recurrence occurred in more than half of the patients 36/66 (54.5%). A total of 63/79 (79.7%) patients were alive during the final follow-up. IPH is more common in young adults with a male predominance. A high index of suspicion is necessary to attain an early diagnosis and possibly reduce the short-term mortality of nearly 20% and long-term complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biplab K Saha
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Ozarks Medical Center, 1100 Kentucky Avenue, West Plains, MO, 65775, USA.
| | - Alyssa Bonnier
- Department of Critical Care Nursing, Goldfarb School of Nursing, Barnes Jewish College, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Santu Saha
- Department of Medicine, Saha Clinic, Narail, Bangladesh
| | | | - Boris Shkolnik
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Albany Medical Center, Albany, NY, USA
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Saha BK, Saha S, Bonnier A, Saha BN. Association between idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis and celiac disease in pediatric patients: A scoping review of the literature over the past 50 years. Pediatr Pulmonol 2022; 57:1127-1144. [PMID: 35088581 DOI: 10.1002/ppul.25847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis (IPH) is a rare cause of diffuse alveolar hemorrhage, the mechanism of which is currently unknown. Nearly one-third of pediatric patients with IPH test positive for Celiac disease (CD) serology. Several hypothetical mechanisms have been proposed to unify the coexistence of these two entities, also referred to as Lane-Hamilton syndrome (LHS). METHOD This manuscript is a scoping review of the medical literature. Medline, Embase, and PubMed Central databases were searched between 1971 and 2021 with appropriate search words to identify all cases of pediatric LHS. RESULTS A total of 20 manuscripts with 23 pediatric patients with LHS were identified. The mean age was 11 years, and 13/23 (56.5%) of the children were boys. Hemoptysis was present in 57% of patients during diagnosis. Bronchoscopy with bronchoalveolar lavage demonstrating hemosiderin laden macrophages was the primary mode of diagnostic confirmation. Only three patients underwent lung biopsy. Any significant GI symptom was reported in a minority of patients (22%). Iron deficiency anemia on presentation was described in 83% of children. The majority of patients were malnourished. Serology for CD was positive in all patients, as was the histopathologic analysis of the small bowel biopsy. No patients had any other autoantibody positivity. The introduction of gluten free diet (GFD) was associated with a positive response in 20/23 patients. CONCLUSION All pediatric patients with IPH should undergo screening for CD. Low serum ferritin in patients with IPH could be suggestive of coexisting CD. Strict GFD should be tried as the initial therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biplab K Saha
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Ozarks Medical Center, West Plains, Missouri, USA
| | - Santu Saha
- Department of Internal Medicine, Bangladesh Medical College, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Alyssa Bonnier
- Department of Critical Care Nursing, Goldfarb School of Nursing, Barnes Jewish College, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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Saha BK, Bonnier A, Saha S, Saha BN, Milman NT. The Spectrum of Autoantibodies in Adult Patients With Idiopathic Pulmonary Hemosiderosis: A Brief Review of the Literature. Cureus 2022; 14:e24169. [PMID: 35586354 PMCID: PMC9108010 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.24169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
While autoimmune antibodies or autoantibodies have been reported sporadically in adult patients with idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis (IPH), their true prevalence is unknown. The question as to whether any difference exists between antibody-positive and negative patients has not been explored. The primary objective of this paper was to assess the spectrum of autoantibody testing and its positivity rate. The other objectives included a comparative analysis of demographics, symptom onset, clinical manifestations, and differences in clinical outcomes between antibody-positive (cohort A) and negative (cohort B) patients. To that end, we conducted a retrospective review of the relevant published literature. Multiple databases were searched to retrieve studies published between 1990 and 2022. A total of 35 studies, involving 38 patients, were identified. Five of these patients had a positive autoantibody. Patients in cohort A were older and more likely to be male. The frequencies of testing for these antibodies were as follows: antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA): 37/38 (97.4%), antinuclear antibody (ANA): 31/38 (81.6%), and anti-glomerular basement membrane antibody (anti-GBM): 30/38 (78.9%); 5/38 (13.2%) patients tested positive for an autoantibody, and two of these patients were positive for ANA, two for antithyroid antibody, and one patient tested positive for ANCA, rheumatoid factor (RF), and granulocyte monocyte-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) antibody. There was no difference between the cohorts regarding their clinical presentations, recurrence risks, and survival. The occurrence of autoantibodies is uncommon in adult IPH patients. This is in contrast with the pediatric IPH patient population, where the prevalence is much higher (26.4% vs. 13.2%), and the antibodies are more diverse. Unlike pediatric patients, adult patients with autoantibodies do not necessarily have worse outcomes.
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Saha BK, Chong WH, Saha S, Aiman A, Bonnier A. Proposed Pathogenesis of Diffuse Alveolar Hemorrhage in Idiopathic Pulmonary Hemosiderosis. Lung 2022; 200:205-215. [PMID: 35267072 DOI: 10.1007/s00408-022-00523-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis (IPH) is a rare disease that causes diffuse alveolar hemorrhage (DAH). The latest data suggests an immunologic origin of IPH, and a new name, immune mediated pulmonary hemosiderosis (ImPH), has been proposed. However, the exact immunologic mechanism has remained elusive for nearly eight decades despite extensive research, including detailed histopathologic analysis. Although several hypotheses have been proposed to describe the pathobiology of IPH, none of them explain the clinical and histopathologic findings conclusively. In this manuscript, we have presented a new hypothesis for the pathogenesis of DAH in IPH. We hypothesize that DAH in IPH is not immunocomplex mediated but due to histamine, eosinophilic cationic protein (ECP), and possibly vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). These bioactive proteins induce endothelial and alveolar epithelial damage, leading to the peri-capillary and intraalveolar escape of RBCs. The deformability of the RBC likely also plays a role. The supranormal secretion of histamine, ECP and VEGF occurs in genetically predisposed individuals with an aberrant immunologic response. The histamine is released from the basophils and possibly the mast cells in response to cytokines secreted by activated lymphocytes. The lymphocyte activation occurs after exposure to a known (gluten) or unknown antigen. The same lymphocyte-derived cytokines also induce eosinophilic degranulation of ECP and VEGF in the pulmonary circulation. We believe that our hypothesis unifies the observed clinical variabilities and histopathologic findings in IPH, and we hope that would promote future research in the field of IPH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biplab K Saha
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Ozarks Medical Center, 1100 Kentucky Avenue, West Plains, Missouri, MO, 65775, USA.
| | - Woon H Chong
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Albany Medical Center, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Santu Saha
- Department of Internal Medicine, Bangladesh Medical College, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Alexis Aiman
- New York Institute of Technology College of Osteopathic Medicine, Arkansas State University, Arkansas, USA
| | - Alyssa Bonnier
- Department of Critical Care Nursing, Goldfarb School of Nursing, Barnes Jewish College, St. Louis, MO, USA
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Saha BK, Chong WH, Milman NT. Differentiation of idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis from rheumatologic and autoimmune diseases causing diffuse alveolar hemorrhage: establishing a diagnostic approach. Clin Rheumatol 2022; 41:325-336. [PMID: 34491458 DOI: 10.1007/s10067-021-05895-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This narrative review provides an overview of diffuse alveolar hemorrhage (DAH) associated with rheumatologic and autoimmune diseases and their differentiation from idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis (IPH). Relevant immunologic diseases associated with DAH are discussed, and a diagnostic flowchart is proposed to establish a "definitive" diagnosis of IPH within the spectrum of DAH. IPH is a rare cause of recurrent DAH both in children and adults. In adults, a definitive diagnosis of IPH requires a lung biopsy and histopathologic examination demonstrating intraalveolar hemorrhage, hemosiderin-laden macrophages, and a variable degree of fibrosis in the absence of both capillaritis and cellular inflammation. The presence of small vessel vasculitis points towards immunologic, well-differentiated, or sometimes undifferentiated rheumatologic diseases. However, it is essential to recognize that many rheumatologic diseases may in the initial phase present with DAH without any evidence of capillaritis, thus mimicking IPH. Although not definitely established, it is likely that immunologic processes are involved in IPH, and we, therefore, suggest the consideration of a more suitable term for the disease, e.g., "Immune-mediated Pulmonary Hemosiderosis" to acknowledge the aberrancy in the immune parameters and a positive response to immunosuppressive therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biplab K Saha
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Ozarks Medical Center, West Plains, MO, USA.
| | - Woon H Chong
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Albany Medical Center, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Nils T Milman
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Næstved Hospital, University College Zealand, 4700, Næstved, Denmark
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Saha BK, Chong WH. Lung transplant to manage end-stage lung disease due to idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis: A review of the literature. Respir Investig 2022; 60:82-89. [PMID: 34312096 DOI: 10.1016/j.resinv.2021.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis (IPH) is a rare immunological disease with a genetic predisposition. It is characterized by recurrent episodes of diffuse alveolar hemorrhage (DAH). Timely use of immunosuppressive medications has significantly improved overall outcomes, including mortality. Still, uncontrolled and frequent episodes of DAH can eventually cause pulmonary fibrosis, leading to end-stage lung disease (ESLD). The objective of the present project was to scrutinize the literature and summarize the demographic, clinical, radiological, and histopathological features, as well as the overall outcomes, in this patient population following lung transplant. The Medline database was searched using the PubMed platform. Articles published in English between 1960 and 2020 were included in the search. Different search terms were used to identify all patients who underwent lung transplantation to manage ESLD due to IPH. Only four cases of lung transplantation have been reported in the literature in patients with IPH. All but one of these underwent deceased donor lung transplant; recurrence was reported in two of these patients and suspected in the third. One patient received living donor lung transplant and had no recurrence during a five-year follow-up. Patients with IPH should not be excluded from lung transplantation because the disease may not recur in all patients, and even when it does recur it can be promptly treated by increasing immunosuppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biplab K Saha
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Ozarks Medical Center, 1100 N Kentucky Avenue, West Plains, MO, 65775, USA.
| | - Woon H Chong
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Albany Medical College, 43 New Scotland Avenue, Albany, NY, 12208, USA
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Saha BK, Milman NT. Liposteroid Therapy for Idiopathic Pulmonary Hemosiderosis: A Scoping Review of the Literature. Prague Med Rep 2022; 123:65-81. [PMID: 35507939 DOI: 10.14712/23362936.2022.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis (IPH) is a rare cause of diffuse alveolar hemorrhage (DAH). Glucocorticosteroids (CS) represent the first line therapy for IPH. Although most patients respond to CS, steroid refractoriness is seen in an appreciable minority of patients. This paper reviews and evaluates the efficacy and safety profile of liposomal dexamethasone 21-palmitate (liposteroid) for the treatment of IPH. Medline, Embase and Web of Science biomedical databases were searched between 1980 and 2020 to identify papers describing patients with IPH, who were treated with liposteroid. A total of five articles were identified. Four in the form of case reports and one as a case series. A total of 12 pediatric patients (5 boys, 7 girls) were identified, with a median age of 2.3 years (range 0.5-8.6). Liposteroid therapy in intravenous doses ranging 0.06-0.1 mg/kg body weight appeared to be effective for both remission induction therapy, and maintenance therapy. There was no mortality among patients treated with liposteroid, either in the acute phase or during follow-up. The majority of patients for whom long-term follow-up data were available, were cured or in disease remission. No acute adverse events were reported, and long-term side effects were minimal and tolerable. Liposteroid represents a potential alternative or supplement to conventional CS therapy, as it appears to be more efficacious and associated with fewer side effects. Larger prospective, controlled trials are necessary to be able to define more precisely the therapeutic role of liposteroid in IPH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biplab K Saha
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Ozarks Medical Center, West Plains, USA.
| | - Nils T Milman
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Næstved Hospital, University College Zealand, Næstved, Denmark
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Iwasaki K, Matsuzawa Y, Wakabayashi H, Kumano K. Diffuse alveolar haemorrhage with suspected idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis and decrease in lung diffusing capacity and chronic respiratory failure. BMJ Case Rep 2021; 14:e242901. [PMID: 34215641 PMCID: PMC8256727 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2021-242901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis (IPH) is a rare disease of unknown aetiology that causes recurrent episodes of diffuse alveolar haemorrhage (DAH). A male patient in his 50s had repeatedly experienced hemoptysis for the past 6 years, along with a decrease in the pulmonary diffusing capacity and chronic respiratory failure. After a 6-year follow-up, the patient experienced sudden exacerbation of hemoptysis and respiratory failure, and he was hospitalised. A CT of the chest revealed diffuse pulmonary infiltrates, whereas the bronchoalveolar lavage revealed hemosiderin-laden macrophages. Thus, the patient was diagnosed with DAH. As all diseases that cause DAH other than IPH were negative, the patient was suspected of IPH. He was treated with a combination of glucocorticoids and azathioprine, and his hemoptysis and chronic respiratory failure improved; however, the decrease in the pulmonary diffusing capacity did not improve. Treating adult-onset IPH with glucocorticoids and azathioprine might not improve pulmonary diffusing capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kotaro Iwasaki
- Department of Internal Medicine, Toho University Medical Center Sakura Hospital, Sakura, Japan
| | - Yasuo Matsuzawa
- Department of Internal Medicine, Toho University Medical Center Sakura Hospital, Sakura, Japan
| | - Hiroki Wakabayashi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Toho University Medical Center Sakura Hospital, Sakura, Japan
| | - Kotaro Kumano
- Department of Internal Medicine, Toho University Medical Center Sakura Hospital, Sakura, Japan
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15
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Saha BK, Milman NT. Idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis: a review of the treatments used during the past 30 years and future directions. Clin Rheumatol 2021; 40:2547-2557. [PMID: 33184706 DOI: 10.1007/s10067-020-05507-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
This paper reviews the literature on the treatment modalities for idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis (IPH) used over the past 30 years, attempting to define treatment options that appear to be efficacious and safe, and in addition presents a treatment algorithm. IPH is an uncommon etiology of diffuse alveolar hemorrhage. IPH is a rare disease in adults and often associated with a significant temporal delay in diagnosis. Patients present with hemoptysis, radiographic chest abnormalities, and iron deficiency anemia. Although several pathogenetic hypotheses have been proposed, IPH appears to be an immunologic disease, possibly with a genetic component. Corticosteroid therapy represents the first line of treatment, including liposome-incorporated dexamethasone palmitate (liposteroid). Additional immunomodulatory/immunosuppressive medications have been used with varying success, especially in the setting of steroid-refractory disease. Cyclophosphamide, azathioprine, hydroxychloroquine, mycophenolate mofetil, and mesenchymal cell transplantation have been attempted to improve outcome and reduce side effects. Controlled studies are needed to assess the optimal combination of medications, which are effective to control the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biplab K Saha
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Ozarks Medical Center, 1100 Kentucky Avenue, West Plains, MO, 65775, USA.
| | - Nils T Milman
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Næstved Hospital, University College Zealand, DK-4700, Næstved, Denmark
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16
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Saha BK. Is It Time to Call Idiopathic Pulmonary Hemosiderosis by the Correct Name: Immune-Mediated Pulmonary Hemosiderosis? Am J Med Sci 2021; 361:809-811. [PMID: 33487400 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjms.2021.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Biplab K Saha
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Ozarks Medical Center, West Plains, MO, United States.
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17
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Hizal M, Eryilmaz Polat S, Ramasli Gursoy T, Ozsezen B, Ademhan Tural D, Karakaya J, Emiralioglu N, Pekcan S, Tana Aslan A, Yalcin E, Dogru D, Ozcelik U, Kiper N. Risk factors for recurrent pulmonary exacerbation in idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis. Pediatr Pulmonol 2021; 56:1060-1068. [PMID: 33247613 DOI: 10.1002/ppul.25189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the risk factors of recurrent pulmonary exacerbation and poor prognosis in children with idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis (IPH). METHODS In this multicenter study, 54 patients with a diagnosis of IPH were included. Medical records were retrospectively reviewed from three tertiary care hospitals between 1979 and 2019. Also, current information and the long-term progress of patients was determined by contacting the families by telephone. RESULTS A total of 54 children were included. The median age of onset of symptoms was 4.5 years (3 months to 15.8 years). The median time from onset to diagnosis was 0.9 years (0.25 months to 12 years). The mean number of recurrent episodes per child in the recurrence-positive group was 3.55 (1-15). Univariate analysis demonstrated that patients presenting with hypoxia or requiring transfusion at the time of presentation had significantly more recurrence episodes (p = .002). Multivariate analysis showed that the presence of hypoxia at the time of initial presentation was a significant independent predictor of recurrent episodes (p = .027). The median follow-up was 3.3 years (0.75 months to 27 years). There was a significant relationship between the presence of hypoxia, transfusion history, antinuclear antibody positivity, and elevated transaminases at the time of initial evaluation and treatment response. CONCLUSIONS The present study provides substantial information regarding factors that may affect recurrent exacerbations and prognosis in children with IPH. Demonstrating hypoxia as an independent risk factor in recurrence episodes could guide physicians in the planning of treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Hizal
- Pediatric Pulmonology, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | | | | | - Beste Ozsezen
- Pediatric Pulmonology, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | | | - Jale Karakaya
- Department of Biostatistic, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Nagehan Emiralioglu
- Pediatric Pulmonology, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Sevgi Pekcan
- Pediatric Pulmonology, Meram Medicine Faculty, Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Ayse Tana Aslan
- Pediatric Pulmonology, Gazi University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ebru Yalcin
- Pediatric Pulmonology, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Deniz Dogru
- Pediatric Pulmonology, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ugur Ozcelik
- Pediatric Pulmonology, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Nural Kiper
- Pediatric Pulmonology, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
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18
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Yang CT, Chiang BL, Wang LC. Aggressive corticosteroid treatment in childhood idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis with better outcome. J Formos Med Assoc 2021; 120:838-846. [PMID: 32505591 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfma.2020.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE Idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis (IPH) is a rare but fatal disease characterized by a triad of anemia, hemoptysis, and increased pulmonary infiltration. This study is aimed to review the clinical manifestations, diagnostic tools, medication and outcome of childhood IPH in Taiwan. METHODS We retrospectively enrolled the patients less than 18 years old in National Taiwan University Hospital in the past 30 years. The clinical data were collected and analyzed. RESULTS All of the twelve children diagnosed with IPH had anemia and increased pulmonary infiltration, eight had hemoptysis, and ten were confirmed with detection of hemosiderin-laden macrophages. The mean age at diagnosis were 4.9 (interquartile range 2.5-6.3) years old. Patients with high dose corticosteroid (CS, ≥ 1 mg/kg/day prednisolone equivalent) treatment had lower odds ratio for ICU admission and significant higher Hb recovery rate than those with mild disease activity not receiving high dose CS treatment (p = 0.011). The only factor that is significantly associated with persistent anemia is the usage of high dose CS (p < 0.001) after adjusting for hemoptysis, fulfilling triad, serum ferritin level, and ICU admission by multiple regression. The only factor that is significantly associated with ICU admission is the presence of microorganism yielded in sputum (p < 0.001) after adjusting for fever, serum ferritin level, usage of invasive MV, and high dose CS treatment days. CONCLUSION The aggressive high dose CS therapy might prevent ICU admission and improve anemia. Aggressive high dose CS treatment is suggested in IPH patients regardless of the disease activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Tsung Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Pediatrics, Camillian Saint Mary's Hospital Luodong, Yilan, Taiwan
| | - Bor-Luen Chiang
- Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Children's Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Li-Chieh Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Children's Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
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19
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Saha BK. Idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis: A state of the art review. Respir Med 2021; 176:106234. [PMID: 33246295 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2020.106234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis (IPH) is an uncommon cause of diffuse alveolar hemorrhage (DAH). Patients with IPH usually present with hemoptysis, and the diagnosis is often delayed by years. Patients often present with intermittent episodes of hemoptysis interspersed between periods of relative normalcy. However, massive hemorrhage resulting in acute respiratory failure and non-remitting hemoptysis have also been described. The classic triad includes hemoptysis, radiologic lung infiltrate, and iron deficiency anemia. Several hypotheses regarding the pathogenesis of IPH have been proposed. These risk factors include an autoimmune, allergic or genetic predisposition, and possible environmental exposure. Since IPH appears to be responsive to corticosteroids, the autoimmune hypothesis is considered to play a crucial role. A diagnosis of IPH requires exclusion of other etiologies of DAH, including infection, medications, toxic inhalation, vasculitis, and anti-glomerular basement membrane disease, among others. Histologically, IPH is characterized by the presence of hemosiderin-laden macrophages in the alveolar space without any evidence of vasculitis or immunocomplex deposition. Corticosteroid therapy represents the primary modality of treatment. Other immunosuppressive medications have also been used with varying success, especially in the setting of steroid-refractory disease. The prognosis of IPH in adults is somewhat better compared to the pediatric population. The severity of the initial presentation does not predict future outcomes. Which risk factors and patient characteristics are associated with a poor outcome are also unknown. More research is necessary to elucidate the pathophysiology and appropriate treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biplab K Saha
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Ozarks Medical Center, West Plains, MO, USA.
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20
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Ross B, Halloran K, Adam B, Laing B, Hirji A. Disease recurrence after lung transplantation for idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis. Respir Med Case Rep 2020; 30:101128. [PMID: 32577369 PMCID: PMC7305376 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmcr.2020.101128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis is characterized by the triad of hemoptysis, iron deficiency anemia and pulmonary infiltrates. Though idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis has classically been described as a childhood disease, survival into adulthood is possible. Treatment options for advanced and/or refractory disease is limited, and in our unique case of idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis with precapillary pulmonary hypertension, lung transplantation has had a favorable short-term outcome. We also demonstrate that disease recurrence of idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis following lung transplantation is possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan Ross
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.,Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Kieran Halloran
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Benjamin Adam
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Bryce Laing
- Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Alim Hirji
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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21
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Buckley M, Van Mater H. Idiopathic Pulmonary Hemosiderosis as a Mimic of Pulmonary Vasculitis: A Case Report and Review of the Literature. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2020; 20:13. [PMID: 32248398 DOI: 10.1007/s11882-020-00907-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis (IPH) is one of the rarest and least understood causes of pulmonary hemorrhage in children. Illustrated by a complex case presentation, we discuss the clinical manifestations, diagnosis, pathology, proposed etiologies, and treatment of this rare disease. We also compare IPH with anti-glomerular basement membrane antibody syndrome (anti-GBM disease), another rare causes of pediatric pulmonary hemorrhage. RECENT FINDINGS Recent retrospective studies regarding IPH along with advanced immunotherapy have led to an improved understanding of how to best treat this condition, potential associations, and improved prognosis. Pathogenesis remains unknown, but several reports have suggested involvement of the alveolar capillary basement membrane. IPH is a poorly understood disease of unknown etiology that is a diagnosis of exclusion. Our patient was diagnosed with IPH after an exhaustive workup, including lung biopsy, into other immune-mediated causes of disease. While the pathogenesis of this rare disease remains elusive, our patient's immunofluorescent staining along the alveolar basement membrane without evidence of circulating antibody to type IV collagen raises the question of an immune-mediated pathogenesis of the disease with involvement of the alveolar basement membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Buckley
- Duke Pediatric Rheumatology, Box 3212 2301 Erwin Rd., Durham, NC, 27705, USA.
| | - Heather Van Mater
- Duke Pediatric Rheumatology, Box 3212 2301 Erwin Rd., Durham, NC, 27705, USA
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22
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[Diffuse alveolar hemorrhage in children]. ZHONGGUO DANG DAI ER KE ZA ZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY PEDIATRICS 2019; 21. [PMID: 31506159 PMCID: PMC7390247 DOI: 10.7499/j.issn.1008-8830.2019.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Diffuse alveolar hemorrhage (DAH) is a clinical syndrome with major clinical manifestations of hemoptysis, anemia, and diffuse infiltration in the lung. DAH has a high mortality rate in the acute stage and is a life-threatening emergency in clinical practice. Compared with adult DHA, childhood DHA tends to have a specific spectrum of underlying diseases. It has long been believed that idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis (IPH) is the main cause of childhood DAH; however, with the increase in reports of childhood DAH cases, the etiology spectrum of childhood DAH is expanding. The treatment and prognosis of DAH with different etiologies are different. This review article gives a general outline of childhood DAH, with focuses on DAH caused by IPH, systemic lupus erythematosus, anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-related vasculitis, COPA syndrome, or IgA vasculitis.
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23
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Zhang Y, Luo F, Wang N, Song Y, Tao Y. Clinical characteristics and prognosis of idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis in pediatric patients. J Int Med Res 2019; 47:293-302. [PMID: 30278795 PMCID: PMC6384493 DOI: 10.1177/0300060518800652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to analyze the clinical characteristics and prognosis of pediatric idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis (IPH). METHODS Pediatric IPH cases that were diagnosed at West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University between 1996 and 2017 were reviewed. Follow-up data from 34 patients were collected. RESULTS A total of 107 patients were included (42 boys and 65 girls). The median age was 6 years at diagnosis. The main manifestations of the patients were as follows: anemia (n = 100, 93.45%), cough (n = 68, 63.55%), hemoptysis (n = 61, 57%), fever (n = 23, 21.5%), and dyspnea (n = 23, 21.5%). There were relatively few pulmonary signs. The positive rates of hemosiderin-laden macrophages in sputum, gastric lavage fluid, and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid were 91.66%, 98.21%, and 100%, respectively. Seventy-nine patients were misdiagnosed. A total of 105 patients were initially treated with glucocorticoids, among whom 102 survived and three died. Among the followed up patients, two died and 32 survived, among whom 10 presented with recurrent episodes. CONCLUSIONS The classic triad of pediatric IPH is not always present. The rates of misdiagnosis and recurrence of IPH are high. Early recognition and adequate immunosuppressive therapy are imperative for improving prognosis of IPH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajun Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Sichuan Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, China
| | - Fenglan Luo
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Nini Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yue Song
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yuhong Tao
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Sichuan Province, China
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24
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de Silva C, Mukherjee A, Jat KR, Lodha R, Kabra SK. Pulmonary Hemorrhage in Children: Etiology, Clinical Profile and Outcome. Indian J Pediatr 2019; 86:7-11. [PMID: 29948735 DOI: 10.1007/s12098-018-2725-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe etiology, clinical profile, treatment and outcome of children with pulmonary hemorrhage. METHODS A chart review of children with pulmonary hemorrhage attending Pediatric Pulmonology services of a tertiary care hospital in North-India was done. RESULTS Data of 44 children (mean age 59.2 ± 32.1 mo; 28 boys) were included for the study. Possible idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis 16 (36.4%), post infectious complications 11 (25%), immune mediated disorders 8 (18.2%), cardiac and vascular disorders 7 (15.9%), and airway pathologies 2 (4.5%) were the etiologies of pulmonary hemorrhage. Treatment options like medications, bronchial artery embolization and surgical resections were offered according to the etiology. Children with idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis and those with immune mediated diseases were treated with systemic steroids and steroid sparing agents; the latter group took longer time to respond and had more relapses. CONCLUSIONS Identification of main etiological categories of pulmonary hemorrhage in children could be useful to plan investigations and management of wide range of causes in more practical way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Channa de Silva
- Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Aparna Mukherjee
- Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Kana Ram Jat
- Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Rakesh Lodha
- Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Sushil Kumar Kabra
- Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India.
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25
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Noronha N, Ramalho P, Barreira R, Roda J, Silva TR, Félix M. Severe iron-deficiency anemia as initial manifestation of pulmonary hemosiderosis in a child. EINSTEIN-SAO PAULO 2018; 16:eRC4505. [PMID: 30517370 PMCID: PMC6276813 DOI: 10.31744/einstein_journal/2018rc4505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis is a potentially fatal disease that results from episodes of alveolar hemorrhage of unknown origin. The clinical spectrum is varied, and anemia may constitute the only manifestation of illness, preceding other signs and symptoms by several months. We present the case of a 4 year-old child presenting with fever, vomiting and prostration, associated with pallor. He had microcytic and hypochromic anemia refractory to iron therapy. Gastrointestinal bleeding was ruled out after negative extensive etiological investigation. Subsequently, pulmonary infiltrates suggestive of alveolar hemorrhage were observed in the chest radiography. The cytological exam of the bronchoalveolar lavage showed hemosiderin-laden macrophages. After the etiological study, the diagnosis of idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis was made by exclusion. He was initiated on corticosteroid therapy, later associated to an immunosuppressive agent, with subsequent correction of anemia and of the radiological pattern. The patient is currently asymptomatic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natália Noronha
- Serviço de Cardiologia Pediátrica, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Serviço de Pediatria Médica, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Pedro Ramalho
- Serviço de Pediatria Médica, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Serviço de Pneumologia, Hospital Geral, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Rogério Barreira
- Serviço de Anatomia Patológica, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Juliana Roda
- Serviço de Pediatria Médica, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Teresa Reis Silva
- Serviço de Pediatria Médica, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Miguel Félix
- Serviço de Pediatria Médica, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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26
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Alimi A, Taytard J, Abou Taam R, Houdouin V, Forgeron A, Lubrano Lavadera M, Cros P, Gibertini I, Derelle J, Deschildre A, Thumerelle C, Epaud R, Reix P, Fayon M, Roullaud S, Troussier F, Renoux MC, de Blic J, Leyronnas S, Thouvenin G, Perisson C, Ravel A, Clement A, Corvol H, Nathan N. Pulmonary hemosiderosis in children with Down syndrome: a national experience. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2018; 13:60. [PMID: 29678139 PMCID: PMC5910623 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-018-0806-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pulmonary hemosiderosis is a rare and complex disease in children. A previous study from the French RespiRare® network led to two important findings: 20% of the children presented with both pulmonary hemosiderosis and Down syndrome (DS), and at least one tested autoantibody was found positive in 50%. This study investigates the relationships between pulmonary hemosiderosis and DS. METHODS Patients younger than 20 years old and followed for pulmonary hemosiderosis were retrieved from the RespiRare® database. Clinical, biological, functional, and radiological findings were collected, and DS and non-DS patients' data were compared. RESULTS A total of 34 patients (22 girls and 12 boys) were included, among whom nine (26%) presented with DS. The mean age at diagnosis was 4.1 ± 3.27 years old for non-DS and 2.9 ± 3.45 years old for DS patients. DS patients tended to present a more severe form of the disease with an earlier onset, more dyspnoea at diagnosis, more frequent secondary pulmonary hypertension, and an increased risk of fatal evolution. CONCLUSIONS DS patients have a higher risk of developing pulmonary hemosiderosis, and the disease seems to be more severe in this population. This could be due to the combination of an abnormal lung capillary bed with fragile vessels, a higher susceptibility to autoimmune lesions, and a higher risk of evolution toward pulmonary hypertension. A better screening for pulmonary hemosiderosis and a better prevention of hypoxia in DS paediatric patients may prevent a severe evolution of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurelia Alimi
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Pediatric Pulmonology department and Reference centre for rare lung diseases, RespiRare, Trousseau Hospital, 75012 Paris, France
| | - Jessica Taytard
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Pediatric Pulmonology department and Reference centre for rare lung diseases, RespiRare, Trousseau Hospital, 75012 Paris, France
| | - Rola Abou Taam
- APHP, Pediatric Pulmonology department, RespiRare, Necker Enfants Malades Hospital , 75015 Paris, France
| | - Véronique Houdouin
- APHP, Pediatric Pulmonology department, RespiRare, Faculty Paris Diderot VII, Inserm U1149, Robert Debré Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Aude Forgeron
- Pediatric department, Hospital Center, Inserm U646, 72037 Le Mans, France
| | | | - Pierrick Cros
- Pediatric Pulmonology department, University Hospital, Inserm 1078, Brest, France
| | | | | | - Antoine Deschildre
- Pediatric Pulmonology department, University Hospital, UMR CNRS 8204 - Inserm U1019, Lille, France
| | - Caroline Thumerelle
- Pediatric Pulmonology department, University Hospital, UMR CNRS 8204 - Inserm U1019, Lille, France
| | - Ralph Epaud
- Pediatric Pulmonology department, RespiRare, Créteil University Hospital, Inserm U955, Créteil, France
| | - Philippe Reix
- Pediatric Pulmonology department, University Hospital, UMR CNRS 5558, Lyon, France
| | - Michael Fayon
- Pediatric Pulmonology department, University Hospital, U1219, Bordeaux, France
| | | | - Françoise Troussier
- Pediatric Pulmonology department, University Hospital, Inserm U892, Angers, France
| | - Marie-Catherine Renoux
- Pediatric Pulmonology department, University Hospital, Inserm U1046, Montpellier, France
| | - Jacques de Blic
- APHP, Pediatric Pulmonology department, RespiRare, Necker Enfants Malades Hospital , 75015 Paris, France
| | - Sophie Leyronnas
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Pediatric Pulmonology department and Reference centre for rare lung diseases, RespiRare, Trousseau Hospital, 75012 Paris, France
| | - Guillaume Thouvenin
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Pediatric Pulmonology department and Reference centre for rare lung diseases, RespiRare, Trousseau Hospital, 75012 Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm UMR-S938, Paris, France
| | - Caroline Perisson
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Pediatric Pulmonology department and Reference centre for rare lung diseases, RespiRare, Trousseau Hospital, 75012 Paris, France
| | | | - Annick Clement
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Pediatric Pulmonology department and Reference centre for rare lung diseases, RespiRare, Trousseau Hospital, 75012 Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm UMR-S933, Paris, France
| | - Harriet Corvol
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Pediatric Pulmonology department and Reference centre for rare lung diseases, RespiRare, Trousseau Hospital, 75012 Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm UMR-S938, Paris, France
| | - Nadia Nathan
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Pediatric Pulmonology department and Reference centre for rare lung diseases, RespiRare, Trousseau Hospital, 75012 Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm UMR-S933, Paris, France
| | - for the French RespiRare® group
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Pediatric Pulmonology department and Reference centre for rare lung diseases, RespiRare, Trousseau Hospital, 75012 Paris, France
- APHP, Pediatric Pulmonology department, RespiRare, Necker Enfants Malades Hospital , 75015 Paris, France
- APHP, Pediatric Pulmonology department, RespiRare, Faculty Paris Diderot VII, Inserm U1149, Robert Debré Hospital, Paris, France
- Pediatric department, Hospital Center, Inserm U646, 72037 Le Mans, France
- Pediatric Pulmonology department, University Hospital, Rouen, France
- Pediatric Pulmonology department, University Hospital, Inserm 1078, Brest, France
- Pediatric department, University Hospital, Tours, France
- Pediatric department, University Hospital, Nancy, France
- Pediatric Pulmonology department, University Hospital, UMR CNRS 8204 - Inserm U1019, Lille, France
- Pediatric Pulmonology department, RespiRare, Créteil University Hospital, Inserm U955, Créteil, France
- Pediatric Pulmonology department, University Hospital, UMR CNRS 5558, Lyon, France
- Pediatric Pulmonology department, University Hospital, U1219, Bordeaux, France
- Pediatric department, Hospital Centre, Angouleme, France
- Pediatric Pulmonology department, University Hospital, Inserm U892, Angers, France
- Pediatric Pulmonology department, University Hospital, Inserm U1046, Montpellier, France
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm UMR-S938, Paris, France
- Institut Jérôme Lejeune, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm UMR-S933, Paris, France
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27
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Silva P, Ferreira PG. Idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis: Hemorrhagic flare after 6 years of remission. REVISTA PORTUGUESA DE PNEUMOLOGIA 2017; 23:368-369. [PMID: 28844597 DOI: 10.1016/j.rppnen.2017.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Revised: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- P Silva
- Respiratory Department, Centro Hospitalar do Baixo Vouga (CHBV), Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - P G Ferreira
- Respiratory Department, Centro Hospitalar do Baixo Vouga (CHBV), Aveiro, Portugal
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28
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Xu LH, Ou RQ, Wu BJ, Wang HY, Fang JP, Tan WP. Corticosteroid in Combination with Leflunomide and Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Treatment of Pediatric Idiopathic Pulmonary Hemosiderosis. J Trop Pediatr 2017; 63:389-394. [PMID: 28158572 DOI: 10.1093/tropej/fmx002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Background This study evaluated the efficiency of corticosteroid, leflunomide and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in the treatment of pediatric idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis (IPH). Methods Ten patients were included in the study. The diagnosis of IPH was based on clinical symptoms, laboratory examinations and pulmonary hemosiderosis. Induction therapy consisted of methylprednisolone pulse therapy, followed by prednisone plus leflunomide. Maintenance therapy consisted of low-dose prednisone, leflunomide and administration of MSCs. Results All the patients achieved complete response after treatment with corticosteroid, leflunomide and MSCs. The median follow-up was 23 months (range: 4-34 months). Moreover, administration of MSCs induced an increase in the percentage of CD4+ CD25+ regulatory T cells but a decrease in the percentage of Th17 cells. Conclusion Treatment with corticosteroid, leflunomide and MSCs for pediatric IPH was safe and effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu-Hong Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Department of Pediatrics, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Rong-Qiong Ou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Department of Pediatrics, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Bao-Jing Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Department of Pediatrics, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Hai-Yan Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Department of Pediatrics, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Jian-Pei Fang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Department of Pediatrics, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Wei-Ping Tan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Department of Pediatrics, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
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29
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Doğruel D, Erbay A, Yazici N, Arslan A, Hasbay Biçen B. A Case of Idiopathic Pulmonary Hemosiderosis Presenting With Signs and Symptoms Mimicking Hemolytic Anemia. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2017; 39:e15-e17. [PMID: 27918350 DOI: 10.1097/mph.0000000000000722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis is primarily a disorder of childhood, which is characterized by hemoptysis, iron deficiency anemia, and diffuse parenchymal infiltrates on chest x-ray secondary to recurrent attacks of alveolar hemorrhage. It can be diagnosed by showing hemosiderin laden macrophages in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid after other specific causes of diffuse alveolar hemorrhage are definitely excluded. A 5-year-old male patient was admitted to our clinic with sudden-onset pallor during iron therapy given for anemia. While he was being investigated for clinical and laboratory signs mimicking hemolytic anemia, he developed cough and dyspnea. He had infiltrates on chest x-ray and scattered patchy infiltrates in both lungs on high-resolution computed tomography. Hemosiderin laden macrophages were identified in fasting gastric juice and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. The patient was diagnosed with idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis and started corticosteroid therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilek Doğruel
- Departments of *Pediatric Allergy and Immunology †Pediatric Hematology and Oncology ‡Pediatric Cardiology §Pathology, Adana Teaching and Medical Research Center, Baskent University Faculty of Medicine, Adana, Turkey
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30
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Castellazzi L, Patria MF, Frati G, Esposito AA, Esposito S. Idiopathic pulmonary haemosiderosis in paediatric patients: how to make an early diagnosis. Ital J Pediatr 2016; 42:86. [PMID: 27644948 PMCID: PMC5029079 DOI: 10.1186/s13052-016-0296-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Idiopathic pulmonary haemosiderosis (IPH) is a rare but potentially lethal condition in paediatric patients. This condition is considered an immune-mediated disorder, but its pathogenesis is still unknown. Idiopathic pulmonary haemosiderosis is characterized by the classical triad of haemoptysis, iron-deficiency anaemia, and diffuse parenchymal consolidation on chest radiology. Unfortunately, this triad of signs is not frequent in children at the onset of this disease, resulting in a delay in diagnosis and a negative outcome. CASE PRESENTATION This case report describes a 4-year-old girl who was admitted for an acute episode of lower respiratory tract infection associated with severe dyspnoea, polypnoea, and severe anaemia (haemoglobin levels, 5.9 g/dL). She had a history of previous similar episodes, with anaemia treated unsuccessfully with iron supplementation and managed through repeated blood transfusions in the acute phase. She did not experience haemoptysis. A computed tomography (CT) scan of the thorax showed ground-glass opacity suggestive of pulmonary haemorrhage. After other causes of intra-alveolar haemorrhage were excluded, IPH was confirmed by the presence of siderophages in bronchoalveolar lavage. Immunosuppressive corticosteroid treatment was immediately started with a good clinical response. CONCLUSION This case highlights the fact that IPH should be suspected in children with recurrent lower respiratory tract infections who have a history of iron-deficiency anaemia who shows no signs of improvement with iron supplementation and may require repeated blood transfusions. The absence of haemoptysis does not exclude the diagnosis of IPH in children. An early and prompt diagnosis is recommended in order to start adequate immunosuppressive treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Castellazzi
- Pediatric Highly Intensive Care Unit, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via Commenda 9, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Francesca Patria
- Pediatric Highly Intensive Care Unit, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via Commenda 9, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Gemma Frati
- Pediatric Highly Intensive Care Unit, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via Commenda 9, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | | | - Susanna Esposito
- Pediatric Highly Intensive Care Unit, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via Commenda 9, 20122 Milan, Italy
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