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Liu N, Odinot E, David H, Vita N, Otalvaro FM, Parsiegla G, Denis Y, Faulds C, Fierobe HP, Perret S. Intracellular removal of acetyl, feruloyl and p-coumaroyl decorations on arabinoxylo-oligosaccharides imported from lignocellulosic biomass degradation by Ruminiclostridium cellulolyticum. Microb Cell Fact 2024; 23:151. [PMID: 38789996 PMCID: PMC11127375 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-024-02423-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Xylans are polysaccharides that are naturally abundant in agricultural by-products, such as cereal brans and straws. Microbial degradation of arabinoxylan is facilitated by extracellular esterases that remove acetyl, feruloyl, and p-coumaroyl decorations. The bacterium Ruminiclostridium cellulolyticum possesses the Xua (xylan utilization associated) system, which is responsible for importing and intracellularly degrading arabinoxylodextrins. This system includes an arabinoxylodextrins importer, four intracellular glycosyl hydrolases, and two intracellular esterases, XuaH and XuaJ which are encoded at the end of the gene cluster. RESULTS Genetic studies demonstrate that the genes xuaH and xuaJ are part of the xua operon, which covers xuaABCDD'EFGHIJ. This operon forms a functional unit regulated by the two-component system XuaSR. The esterases encoded at the end of the cluster have been further characterized: XuaJ is an acetyl esterase active on model substrates, while XuaH is a xylan feruloyl- and p-coumaryl-esterase. This latter is active on oligosaccharides derived from wheat bran and wheat straw. Modelling studies indicate that XuaH has the potential to interact with arabinoxylobiose acylated with mono- or diferulate. The intracellular esterases XuaH and XuaJ are believed to allow the cell to fully utilize the complex acylated arabinoxylo-dextrins imported into the cytoplasm during growth on wheat bran or straw. CONCLUSIONS This study reports for the first time that a cytosolic feruloyl esterase is part of an intracellular arabinoxylo-dextrin import and degradation system, completing its cytosolic enzymatic arsenal. This system represents a new pathway for processing highly-decorated arabinoxylo-dextrins, which could provide a competitive advantage to the cell and may have interesting biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nian Liu
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, LCB-UMR7283, Marseille, France
| | - Elise Odinot
- OléoInnov, 19 rue du Musée, Marseille, 13001, France
| | - Hélène David
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, LCB-UMR7283, Marseille, France
| | - Nicolas Vita
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, LCB-UMR7283, Marseille, France
| | - Felipe Mejia Otalvaro
- Technical University of Denmark, The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Konges Lyngby, 2800, Denmark
| | - Goetz Parsiegla
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, BIP-UMR7281, Marseille, France
| | - Yann Denis
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, IMM, Marseille, France
| | - Craig Faulds
- Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques, INRAE, Aix Marseille University, Marseille, UMR1163, 13009, France
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Delmer D, Dixon RA, Keegstra K, Mohnen D. The plant cell wall-dynamic, strong, and adaptable-is a natural shapeshifter. THE PLANT CELL 2024; 36:1257-1311. [PMID: 38301734 PMCID: PMC11062476 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koad325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Mythology is replete with good and evil shapeshifters, who, by definition, display great adaptability and assume many different forms-with several even turning themselves into trees. Cell walls certainly fit this definition as they can undergo subtle or dramatic changes in structure, assume many shapes, and perform many functions. In this review, we cover the evolution of knowledge of the structures, biosynthesis, and functions of the 5 major cell wall polymer types that range from deceptively simple to fiendishly complex. Along the way, we recognize some of the colorful historical figures who shaped cell wall research over the past 100 years. The shapeshifter analogy emerges more clearly as we examine the evolving proposals for how cell walls are constructed to allow growth while remaining strong, the complex signaling involved in maintaining cell wall integrity and defense against disease, and the ways cell walls adapt as they progress from birth, through growth to maturation, and in the end, often function long after cell death. We predict the next century of progress will include deciphering cell type-specific wall polymers; regulation at all levels of polymer production, crosslinks, and architecture; and how walls respond to developmental and environmental signals to drive plant success in diverse environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Delmer
- Section of Plant Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Richard A Dixon
- BioDiscovery Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA
| | - Kenneth Keegstra
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48823, USA
| | - Debra Mohnen
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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Javaid T, Bhattarai M, Venkataraghavan A, Held M, Faik A. Specific protein interactions between rice members of the GT43 and GT47 families form various central cores of putative xylan synthase complexes. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 118:856-878. [PMID: 38261531 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
Members of the glycosyltransferase (GT)43 and GT47 families have been associated with heteroxylan synthesis in both dicots and monocots and are thought to assemble into central cores of putative xylan synthase complexes (XSCs). Currently, it is unknown whether protein-protein interactions within these central cores are specific, how many such complexes exist, and whether these complexes are functionally redundant. Here, we used gene association network and co-expression approaches in rice to identify four OsGT43s and four OsGT47s that assemble into different GT43/GT47 complexes. Using two independent methods, we showed that (i) these GTs assemble into at least six unique complexes through specific protein-protein interactions and (ii) the proteins interact directly in vitro. Confocal microscopy showed that, when alone, all OsGT43s were retained in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), while all OsGT47s were localized in the Golgi. co-expression of OsGT43s and OsGT47s displayed complexes that form in the ER but accumulate in Golgi. ER-to-Golgi trafficking appears to require interactions between OsGT43s and OsGT47s. Comparison of the central cores of the three putative rice OsXSCs to wheat, asparagus, and Arabidopsis XSCs, showed great variation in GT43/GT47 combinations, which makes the identification of orthologous central cores between grasses and dicots challenging. However, the emerging picture is that all central cores from these species seem to have at least one member of the IRX10/IRX10-L clade in the GT47 family in common, suggesting greater functional importance for this family in xylan synthesis. Our findings provide a new framework for future investigation of heteroxylan biosynthesis and function in monocots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tasleem Javaid
- Department of Environmental and Plant Biology, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, 45701, USA
| | - Matrika Bhattarai
- Department of Environmental and Plant Biology, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, 45701, USA
| | | | - Michael Held
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, 45701, USA
| | - Ahmed Faik
- Department of Environmental and Plant Biology, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, 45701, USA
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Salzano F, Aulitto M, Fiorentino G, Cannella D, Peeters E, Limauro D. A novel endo-1,4-β-xylanase from Alicyclobacillus mali FL18: Biochemical characterization and its synergistic action with β-xylosidase in hemicellulose deconstruction. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 264:130550. [PMID: 38432267 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
A novel endo-1,4-β-xylanase-encoding gene was identified in Alicyclobacillus mali FL18 and the recombinant protein, named AmXyn, was purified and biochemically characterized. The monomeric enzyme worked optimally at pH 6.6 and 80 °C on beechwood xylan with a specific activity of 440.00 ± 0.02 U/mg and a good catalytic efficiency (kcat/KM = 91.89 s-1mLmg-1). In addition, the enzyme did not display any activity on cellulose, suggesting a possible application in paper biobleaching processes. To develop an enzymatic mixture for xylan degradation, the association between AmXyn and the previously characterized β-xylosidase AmβXyl, deriving from the same microorganism, was assessed. The two enzymes had similar temperature and pH optima and showed the highest degree of synergy when AmXyn and AmβXyl were added sequentially to beechwood xylan, making this mixture cost-competitive and suitable for industrial use. Therefore, this enzymatic cocktail was also employed for the hydrolysis of wheat bran residue. TLC and HPAEC-PAD analyses revealed a high conversion rate to xylose (91.56 %), placing AmXyn and AmβXyl among the most promising biocatalysts for the saccharification of agricultural waste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flora Salzano
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Via Cinthia, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Martina Aulitto
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Via Cinthia, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Gabriella Fiorentino
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Via Cinthia, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - David Cannella
- PhotoBiocatalysis Unit, Biomass Transformation lab - BTL, and Crop production and Biostimulation Lab - CPBL, Universitè libre de Brussels, ULB, Belgium
| | - Eveline Peeters
- Department of Bioengineering Sciences Faculty of Sciences and Bioengineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Danila Limauro
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Via Cinthia, 80126 Naples, Italy.
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5
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Zhang L, Zhou Y, Zhang B. Xylan-directed cell wall assembly in grasses. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 194:2197-2207. [PMID: 38095432 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Xylan is the most abundant hemicellulosic polysaccharide in the cell walls of grasses and is pivotal for the assembly of distinct cell wall structures that govern various cellular functions. Xylan also plays a crucial role in regulating biomass recalcitrance, ultimately affecting the utilization potential of lignocellulosic materials. Over the past decades, our understanding of the xylan biosynthetic machinery and cell wall organization has substantially improved due to the innovative application of multiple state-of-the-art techniques. Notably, novel xylan-based nanostructures have been revealed in the cell walls of xylem vessels, promoting a more extensive exploration of the role of xylan in the formation of cell wall structures. This Update summarizes recent achievements in understanding xylan biosynthesis, modification, modeling, and compartmentalization in grasses, providing a brief overview of cell wall assembly regarding xylan. We also discuss the potential for tailoring xylan to facilitate the breeding of elite energy and feed crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanjun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yihua Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Baocai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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6
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Zhu Y, Li L. Wood of trees: Cellular structure, molecular formation, and genetic engineering. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 66:443-467. [PMID: 38032010 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Wood is an invaluable asset to human society due to its renewable nature, making it suitable for both sustainable energy production and material manufacturing. Additionally, wood derived from forest trees plays a crucial role in sequestering a significant portion of the carbon dioxide fixed during photosynthesis by terrestrial plants. Nevertheless, with the expansion of the global population and ongoing industrialization, forest coverage has been substantially decreased, resulting in significant challenges for wood production and supply. Wood production practices have changed away from natural forests toward plantation forests. Thus, understanding the underlying genetic mechanisms of wood formation is the foundation for developing high-quality, fast-growing plantation trees. Breeding ideal forest trees for wood production using genetic technologies has attracted the interest of many. Tremendous studies have been carried out in recent years on the molecular, genetic, and cell-biological mechanisms of wood formation, and considerable progress and findings have been achieved. These studies and findings indicate enormous possibilities and prospects for tree improvement. This review will outline and assess the cellular and molecular mechanisms of wood formation, as well as studies on genetically improving forest trees, and address future development prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems and College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Laigeng Li
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
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7
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Gallinari RH, Lyczakowski JJ, Llerena JPP, Mayer JLS, Rabelo SC, Menossi Teixeira M, Dupree P, Araujo P. Silencing ScGUX2 reduces xylan glucuronidation and improves biomass saccharification in sugarcane. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2024; 22:587-601. [PMID: 38146142 PMCID: PMC10893953 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.14207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
There is an increasing need for renewable energy sources to replace part of our fossil fuel-based economy and reduce greenhouse gas emission. Sugarcane bagasse is a prominent feedstock to produce cellulosic bioethanol, but strategies are still needed to improve the cost-effective exploitation of this potential energy source. In model plants, it has been shown that GUX genes are involved in cell wall hemicellulose decoration, adding glucuronic acid substitutions on the xylan backbone. Mutation of GUX genes increases enzyme access to cell wall polysaccharides, reducing biomass recalcitrance in Arabidopsis thaliana. Here, we characterized the sugarcane GUX genes and silenced GUX2 in commercial hybrid sugarcane. The transgenic lines had no penalty in development under greenhouse conditions. The sugarcane GUX1 and GUX2 enzymes generated different patterns of xylan glucuronidation, suggesting they may differently influence the molecular interaction of xylan with cellulose and lignin. Studies using biomass without chemical or steam pretreatment showed that the cell wall polysaccharides, particularly xylan, were less recalcitrant in sugarcane with GUX2 silenced than in WT plants. Our findings suggest that manipulation of GUX in sugarcane can reduce the costs of second-generation ethanol production and enhance the contribution of biofuels to lowering the emission of greenhouse gases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Henrique Gallinari
- Department of Genetic, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of BiologyUniversity of Campinas—UNICAMPSão PauloBrazil
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Jan J. Lyczakowski
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and BiotechnologyJagiellonian UniversityKrakowPoland
| | - Juan Pablo Portilla Llerena
- Department of Genetic, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of BiologyUniversity of Campinas—UNICAMPSão PauloBrazil
- Department of Plant Biology, Institute of BiologyUniversity of Campinas—UNICAMPSão PauloBrazil
| | | | - Sarita Cândida Rabelo
- Department of Bioprocess and Biotechnology, School of AgricultureSão Paulo State University—UNESPBotucatuBrazil
| | - Marcelo Menossi Teixeira
- Department of Genetic, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of BiologyUniversity of Campinas—UNICAMPSão PauloBrazil
| | - Paul Dupree
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Pedro Araujo
- Department of Genetic, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of BiologyUniversity of Campinas—UNICAMPSão PauloBrazil
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8
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Addison B, Bu L, Bharadwaj V, Crowley MF, Harman-Ware AE, Crowley MF, Bomble YJ, Ciesielski PN. Atomistic, macromolecular model of the Populus secondary cell wall informed by solid-state NMR. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadi7965. [PMID: 38170770 PMCID: PMC10776008 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adi7965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Plant secondary cell walls (SCWs) are composed of a heterogeneous interplay of three major biopolymers: cellulose, hemicelluloses, and lignin. Details regarding specific intermolecular interactions and higher-order architecture of the SCW superstructure remain ambiguous. Here, we use solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (ssNMR) measurements to infer refined details about the structural configuration, intermolecular interactions, and relative proximity of all three major biopolymers within air-dried Populus wood. To enhance the utility of these findings and enable evaluation of hypotheses in a physics-based environment in silico, the NMR observables are articulated into an atomistic, macromolecular model for biopolymer assemblies within the plant SCW. Through molecular dynamics simulation, we quantitatively evaluate several variations of atomistic models to determine structural details that are corroborated by ssNMR measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bennett Addison
- Renewable Resources and Enabling Sciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, USA
| | - Lintao Bu
- Renewable Resources and Enabling Sciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, USA
| | - Vivek Bharadwaj
- Renewable Resources and Enabling Sciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, USA
| | - Meagan F. Crowley
- Renewable Resources and Enabling Sciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, USA
- Chemistry Department, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO, USA
| | - Anne E. Harman-Ware
- Renewable Resources and Enabling Sciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, USA
| | - Michael F. Crowley
- Renewable Resources and Enabling Sciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, USA
| | - Yannick J. Bomble
- Biosciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, USA
| | - Peter N. Ciesielski
- Renewable Resources and Enabling Sciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, USA
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Li W, Lin YCJ, Chen YL, Zhou C, Li S, De Ridder N, Oliveira DM, Zhang L, Zhang B, Wang JP, Xu C, Fu X, Luo K, Wu AM, Demura T, Lu MZ, Zhou Y, Li L, Umezawa T, Boerjan W, Chiang VL. Woody plant cell walls: Fundamentals and utilization. MOLECULAR PLANT 2024; 17:112-140. [PMID: 38102833 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2023.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Cell walls in plants, particularly forest trees, are the major carbon sink of the terrestrial ecosystem. Chemical and biosynthetic features of plant cell walls were revealed early on, focusing mostly on herbaceous model species. Recent developments in genomics, transcriptomics, epigenomics, transgenesis, and associated analytical techniques are enabling novel insights into formation of woody cell walls. Here, we review multilevel regulation of cell wall biosynthesis in forest tree species. We highlight current approaches to engineering cell walls as potential feedstock for materials and energy and survey reported field tests of such engineered transgenic trees. We outline opportunities and challenges in future research to better understand cell type biogenesis for more efficient wood cell wall modification and utilization for biomaterials or for enhanced carbon capture and storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | | | - Ying-Lan Chen
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, China
| | - Chenguang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Shuang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Nette De Ridder
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Dyoni M Oliveira
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lanjun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Baocai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jack P Wang
- Forest Biotechnology Group, Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Changzheng Xu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation, Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Xiaokang Fu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation, Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Keming Luo
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation, Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Ai-Min Wu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architectures, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Taku Demura
- Center for Digital Green-innovation, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Meng-Zhu Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, College of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Yihua Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Laigeng Li
- CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 300 Fenglin Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Toshiaki Umezawa
- Laboratory of Metabolic Science of Forest Plants and Microorganisms, Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Wout Boerjan
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Vincent L Chiang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; Forest Biotechnology Group, Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
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Buell CR, Dardick C, Parrott W, Schmitz RJ, Shih PM, Tsai CJ, Urbanowicz B. Engineering custom morpho- and chemotypes of Populus for sustainable production of biofuels, bioproducts, and biomaterials. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1288826. [PMID: 37965014 PMCID: PMC10642751 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1288826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
Humans have been modifying plant traits for thousands of years, first through selection (i.e., domestication) then modern breeding, and in the last 30 years, through biotechnology. These modifications have resulted in increased yield, more efficient agronomic practices, and enhanced quality traits. Precision knowledge of gene regulation and function through high-resolution single-cell omics technologies, coupled with the ability to engineer plant genomes at the DNA sequence, chromatin accessibility, and gene expression levels, can enable engineering of complex and complementary traits at the biosystem level. Populus spp., the primary genetic model system for woody perennials, are among the fastest growing trees in temperate zones and are important for both carbon sequestration and global carbon cycling. Ample genomic and transcriptomic resources for poplar are available including emerging single-cell omics datasets. To expand use of poplar outside of valorization of woody biomass, chassis with novel morphotypes in which stem branching and tree height are modified can be fabricated thereby leading to trees with altered leaf to wood ratios. These morphotypes can then be engineered into customized chemotypes that produce high value biofuels, bioproducts, and biomaterials not only in specific organs but also in a cell-type-specific manner. For example, the recent discovery of triterpene production in poplar leaf trichomes can be exploited using cell-type specific regulatory sequences to synthesize high value terpenes such as the jet fuel precursor bisabolene specifically in the trichomes. By spatially and temporally controlling expression, not only can pools of abundant precursors be exploited but engineered molecules can be sequestered in discrete cell structures in the leaf. The structural diversity of the hemicellulose xylan is a barrier to fully utilizing lignocellulose in biomaterial production and by leveraging cell-type-specific omics data, cell wall composition can be modified in a tailored and targeted specific manner to generate poplar wood with novel chemical features that are amenable for processing or advanced manufacturing. Precision engineering poplar as a multi-purpose sustainable feedstock highlights how genome engineering can be used to re-imagine a crop species.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Robin Buell
- Center for Applied Genetic Technologies, Institute of Plant Breeding, Genetics, and Genomics, Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Christopher Dardick
- Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Kearneysville, WV, United States
| | - Wayne Parrott
- Center for Applied Genetic Technologies, Institute of Plant Breeding, Genetics, and Genomics, Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Robert J. Schmitz
- Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Patrick M. Shih
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Chung-Jui Tsai
- Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
- Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Breeanna Urbanowicz
- Center for Complex Carbohydrate Research, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
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Petermann M, Dianteill L, Zeidi A, Vaha Ouloassekpa R, Budisavljevic P, Le Men C, Montanier C, Roblin P, Cabane B, Schweins R, Dumon C, Bouchoux A. Arabinoxylan in Water through SANS: Single-Chain Conformation, Chain Overlap, and Clustering. Biomacromolecules 2023; 24:3619-3628. [PMID: 37526635 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.3c00374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Using small-angle neutron scattering (SANS), we examine the structure and conformational behavior of wheat arabinoxylan (AX) prepared at various concentrations in a sodium phosphate aqueous buffer. As for another major hemicellulose, xyloglucan, we observe a small number of large clusters surrounded by AX chains that behave exactly as a polymer in good solvent with a Flory exponent ν = 0.588. The fit of the data at high q-values to a standard worm-like chain model gives the persistence length lp = 45 Å and cross section of the chains 2Rc = 11-12 Å. In addition, using a dedicated modeling approach, we extract from the SANS data at the intermediate q-range the correlation length ξ of the solutions in the semidilute regime. The decay of ξ with concentration follows a scaling law that further confirms the self-avoiding statistical behavior of the AX chains. This first comprehensive study about the properties of water-soluble AX at different length scales may help in the development of products and processes involving AX as a substitute for fossil carbon molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maike Petermann
- TBI, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRAE, INSA, 31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Lucie Dianteill
- TBI, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRAE, INSA, 31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Amal Zeidi
- TBI, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRAE, INSA, 31077 Toulouse, France
| | | | | | - Claude Le Men
- TBI, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRAE, INSA, 31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Cédric Montanier
- TBI, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRAE, INSA, 31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Pierre Roblin
- Laboratoire de Génie Chimique, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INPT, UPS, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | | | - Ralf Schweins
- Institut Laue-Langevin, DS/LSS, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, CS-20156, 38042 Grenoble, France
| | - Claire Dumon
- TBI, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRAE, INSA, 31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Antoine Bouchoux
- TBI, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRAE, INSA, 31077 Toulouse, France
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12
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Derba-Maceluch M, Sivan P, Donev EN, Gandla ML, Yassin Z, Vaasan R, Heinonen E, Andersson S, Amini F, Scheepers G, Johansson U, Vilaplana FJ, Albrectsen BR, Hertzberg M, Jönsson LJ, Mellerowicz EJ. Impact of xylan on field productivity and wood saccharification properties in aspen. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1218302. [PMID: 37528966 PMCID: PMC10389764 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1218302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
Xylan that comprises roughly 25% of hardwood biomass is undesirable in biorefinery applications involving saccharification and fermentation. Efforts to reduce xylan levels have therefore been made in many species, usually resulting in improved saccharification. However, such modified plants have not yet been tested under field conditions. Here we evaluate the field performance of transgenic hybrid aspen lines with reduced xylan levels and assess their usefulness as short-rotation feedstocks for biorefineries. Three types of transgenic lines were tested in four-year field tests with RNAi constructs targeting either Populus GT43 clades B and C (GT43BC) corresponding to Arabidopsis clades IRX9 and IRX14, respectively, involved in xylan backbone biosynthesis, GATL1.1 corresponding to AtGALT1 involved in xylan reducing end sequence biosynthesis, or ASPR1 encoding an atypical aspartate protease. Their productivity, wood quality traits, and saccharification efficiency were analyzed. The only lines differing significantly from the wild type with respect to growth and biotic stress resistance were the ASPR1 lines, whose stems were roughly 10% shorter and narrower and leaves showed increased arthropod damage. GT43BC lines exhibited no growth advantage in the field despite their superior growth in greenhouse experiments. Wood from the ASPR1 and GT43BC lines had slightly reduced density due to thinner cell walls and, in the case of ASPR1, larger cell diameters. The xylan was less extractable by alkali but more hydrolysable by acid, had increased glucuronosylation, and its content was reduced in all three types of transgenic lines. The hemicellulose size distribution in the GALT1.1 and ASPR1 lines was skewed towards higher molecular mass compared to the wild type. These results provide experimental evidence that GATL1.1 functions in xylan biosynthesis and suggest that ASPR1 may regulate this process. In saccharification without pretreatment, lines of all three constructs provided 8-11% higher average glucose yields than wild-type plants. In saccharification with acid pretreatment, the GT43BC construct provided a 10% yield increase on average. The best transgenic lines of each construct are thus predicted to modestly outperform the wild type in terms of glucose yields per hectare. The field evaluation of transgenic xylan-reduced aspen represents an important step towards more productive feedstocks for biorefineries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Derba-Maceluch
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Pramod Sivan
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Centre, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Evgeniy N. Donev
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | | | - Zakiya Yassin
- Enhet Produktionssystem och Material, RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Växjö, Sweden
| | - Rakhesh Vaasan
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Centre, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Emilia Heinonen
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Centre, Stockholm, Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Centre (WWSC), KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sanna Andersson
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Fariba Amini
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, Umea, Sweden
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science, Arak University, Arak, Iran
| | - Gerhard Scheepers
- Enhet Produktionssystem och Material, RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Växjö, Sweden
| | - Ulf Johansson
- Tönnersjöheden Experimental Forest, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Simlångsdalen, Sweden
| | - Francisco J. Vilaplana
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Centre, Stockholm, Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Centre (WWSC), KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | | | - Ewa J. Mellerowicz
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
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13
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Xie B, Chen Y, Zhang Y, An X, Li X, Yang A, Kang G, Zhou J, Cheng C. Comparative physiological, metabolomic, and transcriptomic analyses reveal mechanisms of apple dwarfing rootstock root morphogenesis under nitrogen and/or phosphorus deficient conditions. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1120777. [PMID: 37404544 PMCID: PMC10315683 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1120777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) are essential phytomacronutrients, and deficiencies in these two elements limit growth and yield in apple (Malus domestica Borkh.). The rootstock plays a key role in the nutrient uptake and environmental adaptation of apple. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of N and/or P deficiency on hydroponically-grown dwarfing rootstock 'M9-T337' seedlings, particularly the roots, by performing an integrated physiological, transcriptomics-, and metabolomics-based analyses. Compared to N and P sufficiency, N and/or P deficiency inhibited aboveground growth, increased the partitioning of total N and total P in roots, enhanced the total number of tips, length, volume, and surface area of roots, and improved the root-to-shoot ratio. P and/or N deficiency inhibited NO3 - influx into roots, and H+ pumps played a important role in the response to P and/or N deficiency. Conjoint analysis of differentially expressed genes and differentially accumulated metabolites in roots revealed that N and/or P deficiency altered the biosynthesis of cell wall components such as cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, and pectin. The expression of MdEXPA4 and MdEXLB1, two cell wall expansin genes, were shown to be induced by N and/or P deficiency. Overexpression of MdEXPA4 enhanced root development and improved tolerance to N and/or P deficiency in transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana plants. In addition, overexpression of MdEXLB1 in transgenic Solanum lycopersicum seedlings increased the root surface area and promoted acquisition of N and P, thereby facilitating plant growth and adaptation to N and/or P deficiency. Collectively, these results provided a reference for improving root architecture in dwarfing rootstock and furthering our understanding of integration between N and P signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Xie
- Key Laboratory of Mineral Nutrition and Efficient Fertilization for Deciduous Fruits, Liaoning Province/Key Laboratory of Fruit Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Research Institute of Pomology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xingcheng, Liaoning, China
| | - Yanhui Chen
- Key Laboratory of Mineral Nutrition and Efficient Fertilization for Deciduous Fruits, Liaoning Province/Key Laboratory of Fruit Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Research Institute of Pomology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xingcheng, Liaoning, China
| | - Yanzhen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Mineral Nutrition and Efficient Fertilization for Deciduous Fruits, Liaoning Province/Key Laboratory of Fruit Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Research Institute of Pomology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xingcheng, Liaoning, China
| | - Xiuhong An
- Research Center for Agricultural Engineering Technology of Mountain District of Hebei/Mountainous Areas Research Institute, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Xin Li
- Key Laboratory of Mineral Nutrition and Efficient Fertilization for Deciduous Fruits, Liaoning Province/Key Laboratory of Fruit Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Research Institute of Pomology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xingcheng, Liaoning, China
| | - An Yang
- Key Laboratory of Mineral Nutrition and Efficient Fertilization for Deciduous Fruits, Liaoning Province/Key Laboratory of Fruit Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Research Institute of Pomology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xingcheng, Liaoning, China
| | - Guodong Kang
- Key Laboratory of Mineral Nutrition and Efficient Fertilization for Deciduous Fruits, Liaoning Province/Key Laboratory of Fruit Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Research Institute of Pomology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xingcheng, Liaoning, China
| | - Jiangtao Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Mineral Nutrition and Efficient Fertilization for Deciduous Fruits, Liaoning Province/Key Laboratory of Fruit Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Research Institute of Pomology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xingcheng, Liaoning, China
| | - Cungang Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Mineral Nutrition and Efficient Fertilization for Deciduous Fruits, Liaoning Province/Key Laboratory of Fruit Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Research Institute of Pomology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xingcheng, Liaoning, China
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14
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Wang R, Zhang Y, Liu L, Yang J, Yuan H. Discovery of a bifunctional xylanolytic enzyme with arabinoxylan arabinofuranohydrolase-d3 and endo-xylanase activities and its application in the hydrolysis of cereal arabinoxylans. Microb Biotechnol 2023. [PMID: 37096984 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.14267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Xylanolytic enzymes, with both endo-xylanase and arabinoxylan arabinofuranohydrolase (AXH) activities, are attractive for the economically feasible conversion of recalcitrant arabinoxylan. However, their characterization and utilization of these enzymes in biotechnological applications have been limited. Here, we characterize a novel bifunctional enzyme, rAbf43A, cloned from a bacterial consortium that exhibits AXH and endo-xylanase activities. Hydrolytic pattern analyses revealed that the AXH activity belongs to AXHd3 because it attacked only the C(O)-3-linked arabinofuranosyl residues of double-substituted xylopyranosyl units of arabinoxylan and arabinoxylan-derived oligosaccharides, which are usually resistant to hydrolysis. The enzyme rAbf43A also liberated a series of xylo-oligosaccharides (XOSs) from beechwood xylan, xylohexaose and xylopentaose, indicating that rAbf43A exhibited endo-xylanase activity. Homology modelling based on AlphaFold2 and site-directed mutagenesis identified three non-catalytic residues (H161, A270 and L505) located in the substrate-binding pocket essential for its dual-functionality, while the mutation of A117 located in the -1 subsite to the proline residue only affected its endo-xylanase activity. Additionally, rAbf43A showed significant synergistic action with the bifunctional xylanase/feruloyl esterase rXyn10A/Fae1A from the same bacterial consortium on insoluble wheat arabinoxylan and de-starched wheat bran degradation. When rXyn10A/Fae1A was added to the rAbf43A pre-hydrolyzed reactions, the amount of released reducing sugars, xylose and ferulic acid increased by 9.43% and 25.16%, 189.37% and 93.54%, 31.39% and 32.30%, respectively, in comparison with the sum of hydrolysis products released by each enzyme alone. The unique characteristics of rAbf43A position it as a promising candidate not only for designing high-performance enzyme cocktails but also for investigating the structure-function relationship of GH43 multifunctional enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruonan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- College of Life Science, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Liang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jinshui Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Hongli Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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15
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Gao Y, Lipton AS, Munson CR, Ma Y, Johnson KL, Murray DT, Scheller HV, Mortimer JC. Elongated galactan side chains mediate cellulose-pectin interactions in engineered Arabidopsis secondary cell walls. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023. [PMID: 37029760 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The plant secondary cell wall is a thickened matrix of polysaccharides and lignin deposited at the cessation of growth in some cells. It forms the majority of carbon in lignocellulosic biomass, and it is an abundant and renewable source for forage, fiber, materials, fuels, and bioproducts. The complex structure and arrangement of the cell wall polymers mean that the carbon is difficult to access in an economical and sustainable way. One solution is to alter the cell wall polymer structure so that it is more suited to downstream processing. However, it remains difficult to predict what the effects of this engineering will be on the assembly, architecture, and properties of the cell wall. Here, we make use of Arabidopsis plants expressing a suite of genes to increase pectic galactan chain length in the secondary cell wall. Using multi-dimensional solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance, we show that increasing galactan chain length enhances pectin-cellulose spatial contacts and increases cellulose crystallinity. We also found that the increased galactan content leads to fewer spatial contacts of cellulose with xyloglucan and the backbone of pectin. Hence, we propose that the elongated galactan side chains compete with xyloglucan and the pectic backbone for cellulose interactions. Due to the galactan topology, this may result in comparatively weak interactions and disrupt the cell wall architecture. Therefore, introduction of this strategy into trees or other bioenergy crops would benefit from cell-specific expression strategies to avoid negative effects on plant growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Gao
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, California, 94608, USA
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California, 94720, USA
| | - Andrew S Lipton
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, 99354, USA
| | - Coyla R Munson
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Davis, Davis, California, 95616, USA
| | - Yingxuan Ma
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
- Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences, La Trobe Institute for Agriculture and Food, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, 3086, Australia
| | - Kim L Johnson
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
- Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences, La Trobe Institute for Agriculture and Food, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, 3086, Australia
| | - Dylan T Murray
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Davis, Davis, California, 95616, USA
| | - Henrik V Scheller
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, California, 94608, USA
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California, 94720, USA
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, 94720, USA
| | - Jenny C Mortimer
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, California, 94608, USA
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California, 94720, USA
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Research Institute, Waite Research Precinct, University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, South Australia, 5064, Australia
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16
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Li H, Wang Y, Zhao P, Guo L, Huang L, Li X, Gao W. Naturally and chemically acetylated polysaccharides: Structural characteristics, synthesis, activities, and applications in the delivery system: A review. Carbohydr Polym 2023; 313:120746. [PMID: 37182931 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.120746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
Acetylated polysaccharides refer to polysaccharides containing acetyl groups on sugar units. In the past, the acetylation modification of wall polysaccharides has been a hot research topic for scientists. However, in recent years, many studies have reported that acetylation-modified plant, animal, and microbial polysaccharide show great potential in delivery systems. From the latest perspective, this review systematically presents the different sources of naturally acetylated polysaccharides, the regularity of their modification, the chemical preparation of acetylation modifications, the biological activities and functions of acetylated polysaccharides, and the application in the delivery system. In nature, acetylated polysaccharides are extensively distributed in plants, microorganism, and animals. The level of acetylation modification, the distribution of chains, and the locations of acetylation modification sites differ between species. An increasing number of acetylated polysaccharides were prepared in the aqueous medium, which is safe, environment friendly, and low-cost. In addition to being necessary for plant growth and development, acetylated polysaccharides have immunomodulatory, antioxidant, and anticancer properties. The above-mentioned multiple sources, multifunctional and multi-active acetylated polysaccharides, make them an increasingly important part of delivery systems. We conclude by discussing the future directions for research and development and the potential uses for acetylated polysaccharides.
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17
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Curry TM, Peña MJ, Urbanowicz BR. An update on xylan structure, biosynthesis, and potential commercial applications. Cell Surf 2023; 9:100101. [PMID: 36748082 PMCID: PMC9898438 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcsw.2023.100101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
•Xylan is an abundant carbohydrate component of plant cell walls that is vital for proper cell wall structure and vascular tissue development.•Xylan structure is known to vary between different tissues and species.•The role of xylan in the plant cell wall is to interact with cellulose, lignin, and hemicelluloses.•Xylan synthesis is directed by several types of Golgi-localized enzymes.•Xylan is being explored as an eco-friendly resource for diverse commercial applications.
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Key Words
- AGX, arabinoglucuronoxylan
- Araf, L-α-arabinofuranose, TBL, Trichome Birefringence Like
- GAX, glucuronoarabinoxylan
- GX, glucuronoxylan
- GXMT/GXM, glucuronoxylan methyltransferase
- GlcpA, glucuronic acid
- Glycosyltransferase
- Hemicellulose
- IRX10, Irregular Xylem 10
- IRX14, Irregular Xylem 14
- IRX9, Irregular Xylem 9
- MeGlcpA, 4-O-methylglucuronic acid
- NMR, Nuclear magnetic resonance
- Plant cell wall
- UDP-sugar, uridine diphosphate-linked sugar
- XOATs, xylan O-acetyltransferases
- XSC, xylan synthase complex
- Xylan
- Xylan biosynthesis
- glucuronoarabinoxylan (GAX)
- glucuronoxylan (GX)
- or arabinoglucuronoxylan (AGX)
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M. Curry
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Maria J. Peña
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Breeanna R. Urbanowicz
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA,Corresponding author at: Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
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18
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Anders N, Wilson LFL, Sorieul M, Nikolovski N, Dupree P. β-1,4-Xylan backbone synthesis in higher plants: How complex can it be? FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 13:1076298. [PMID: 36714768 PMCID: PMC9874913 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1076298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Xylan is a hemicellulose present in the cell walls of all land plants. Glycosyltransferases of the GT43 (IRX9/IRX9L and IRX14/IRX14L) and GT47 (IRX10/IRX10L) families are involved in the biosynthesis of its β-1,4-linked xylose backbone, which can be further modified by acetylation and sugar side chains. However, it remains unclear how the different enzymes work together to synthesize the xylan backbone. A xylan synthesis complex (XSC) has been described in the monocots wheat and asparagus, and co-expression of asparagus AoIRX9, AoIRX10 and AoIRX14A is required to form a catalytically active complex for secondary cell wall xylan biosynthesis. Here, we argue that an equivalent XSC exists for the synthesis of the primary cell wall of the eudicot Arabidopsis thaliana, consisting of IRX9L, IRX10L and IRX14. This would suggest the existence of distinct XSCs for primary and secondary cell wall xylan synthesis, reminiscent of the distinct cellulose synthesis complexes (CSCs) of the primary and secondary cell wall. In contrast to the CSC, in which each CESA protein has catalytic activity, the XSC seems to contain proteins with non-catalytic function with each component bearing potentially unique but crucial roles. Moreover, the core XSC formed by a combination of IRX9/IRX9L, IRX10/IRX10L and IRX14/IRX14L might not be stable in its composition during transit from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus. Instead, potential dynamic changes of the XSC might be a means of regulating xylan biosynthesis to facilitate coordinated deposition of tailored polysaccharides in the plant cell wall.
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Liu N, Gagnot S, Denis Y, Byrne D, Faulds C, Fierobe HP, Perret S. Selfish uptake versus extracellular arabinoxylan degradation in the primary degrader Ruminiclostridium cellulolyticum, a new string to its bow. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS AND BIOPRODUCTS 2022; 15:127. [PMID: 36403068 PMCID: PMC9675976 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-022-02225-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Primary degraders of polysaccharides play a key role in anaerobic biotopes, where plant cell wall accumulates, providing extracellular enzymes to release fermentable carbohydrates to fuel themselves and other non-degrader species. Ruminiclostridium cellulolyticum is a model primary degrader growing amongst others on arabinoxylan. It produces large multi-enzymatic complexes called cellulosomes, which efficiently deconstruct arabinoxylan into fermentable monosaccharides. RESULTS Complete extracellular arabinoxylan degradation was long thought to be required to fuel the bacterium during this plant cell wall deconstruction stage. We discovered and characterized a second system of "arabinoxylan" degradation in R. cellulolyticum, which challenged this paradigm. This "selfish" system is composed of an ABC transporter dedicated to the import of large and possibly acetylated arabinoxylodextrins, and a set of four glycoside hydrolases and two esterases. These enzymes show complementary action modes on arabinoxylo-dextrins. Two α-L-arabinofuranosidases target the diverse arabinosyl side chains, and two exo-xylanases target the xylo-oligosaccharides backbone either at the reducing or the non-reducing end. Together, with the help of two different esterases removing acetyl decorations, they achieve the depolymerization of arabinoxylo-dextrins in arabinose, xylose and xylobiose. The in vivo study showed that this new system is strongly beneficial for the fitness of the bacterium when grown on arabinoxylan, leading to the conclusion that a part of arabinoxylan degradation is achieved in the cytosol, even if monosaccharides are efficiently provided by the cellulosomes in the extracellular space. These results shed new light on the strategies used by anaerobic primary degrader bacteria to metabolize highly decorated arabinoxylan in competitive environments. CONCLUSION The primary degrader model Ruminiclostridium cellulolyticum has developed a "selfish" strategy consisting of importing into the bacterium, large arabinoxylan-dextrin fractions released from a partial extracellular deconstruction of arabinoxylan, thus complementing its efficient extracellular arabinoxylan degradation system. Genetic studies suggest that this system is important to support fitness and survival in a competitive biotope. These results provide a better understanding of arabinoxylan catabolism in the primary degrader, with biotechnological application for synthetic microbial community engineering for the production of commodity chemicals from lignocellulosic biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nian Liu
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, LCB, Marseille, France, 31 chemin Joseph Aiguier F-13402, Marseille Cedex 20, Marseille, France
| | - Séverine Gagnot
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, LCB, Marseille, France, 31 chemin Joseph Aiguier F-13402, Marseille Cedex 20, Marseille, France
| | - Yann Denis
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IMM, Marseille, France
| | | | - Craig Faulds
- INRAE, Aix Marseille Univ, INRAE, BBF, Marseille, France, 13009, Marseille, France
| | - Henri-Pierre Fierobe
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, LCB, Marseille, France, 31 chemin Joseph Aiguier F-13402, Marseille Cedex 20, Marseille, France
| | - Stéphanie Perret
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, LCB, Marseille, France, 31 chemin Joseph Aiguier F-13402, Marseille Cedex 20, Marseille, France.
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20
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Esposito S, Taranto F, Vitale P, Ficco DBM, Colecchia SA, Stevanato P, De Vita P. Unlocking the molecular basis of wheat straw composition and morphological traits through multi-locus GWAS. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 22:519. [PMID: 36344939 PMCID: PMC9641881 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-022-03900-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rapid reductions in emissions from fossil fuel burning are needed to curb global climate change. Biofuel production from crop residues can contribute to reducing the energy crisis and environmental deterioration. Wheat is a renewable source for biofuels owing to the low cost and high availability of its residues. Thus, identifying candidate genes controlling these traits is pivotal for efficient biofuel production. Here, six multi-locus genome-wide association (ML-GWAS) models were applied using 185 tetraploid wheat accessions to detect quantitative trait nucleotides (QTNs) for fifteen traits associated with biomass composition. RESULTS Among the 470 QTNs, only 72 identified by at least two models were considered as reliable. Among these latter, 16 also showed a significant effect on the corresponding trait (p.value < 0.05). Candidate genes survey carried out within 4 Mb flanking the QTNs, revealed putative biological functions associated with lipid transfer and metabolism, cell wall modifications, cell cycle, and photosynthesis. Four genes encoded as Cellulose Synthase (CeSa), Anaphase promoting complex (APC/C), Glucoronoxylan 4-O Methyltransferase (GXM) and HYPONASTIC LEAVES1 (HYL1) might be responsible for an increase in cellulose, and natural and acid detergent fiber (NDF and ADF) content in tetraploid wheat. In addition, the SNP marker RFL_Contig3228_2154 associated with the variation in stem solidness (Q.Scsb-3B) was validated through two molecular methods (High resolution melting; HRM and RNase H2-dependent PCR; rhAMP). CONCLUSIONS The study provides new insights into the genetic basis of biomass composition traits on tetraploid wheat. The application of six ML-GWAS models on a panel of diverse wheat genotypes represents an efficient approach to dissect complex traits with low heritability such as wheat straw composition. The discovery of genes/genomic regions associated with biomass production and straw quality parameters is expected to accelerate the development of high-yielding wheat varieties useful for biofuel production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Esposito
- Research Centre for Cereal and Industrial Crops (CREA-CI), CREA - Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, 71122 Foggia, Italy
| | - Francesca Taranto
- Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, (CNR-IBBR), 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Paolo Vitale
- Research Centre for Cereal and Industrial Crops (CREA-CI), CREA - Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, 71122 Foggia, Italy
- Department of the Sciences of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy
| | - Donatella Bianca Maria Ficco
- Research Centre for Cereal and Industrial Crops (CREA-CI), CREA - Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, 71122 Foggia, Italy
| | - Salvatore Antonio Colecchia
- Research Centre for Cereal and Industrial Crops (CREA-CI), CREA - Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, 71122 Foggia, Italy
| | - Piergiorgio Stevanato
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment, University of Padova, 35020 Padova, Legnaro Italy
| | - Pasquale De Vita
- Research Centre for Cereal and Industrial Crops (CREA-CI), CREA - Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, 71122 Foggia, Italy
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21
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Metabolic Modeling and Bidirectional Culturing of Two Gut Microbes Reveal Cross-Feeding Interactions and Protective Effects on Intestinal Cells. mSystems 2022; 7:e0064622. [PMID: 36005398 PMCID: PMC9600892 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00646-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota is constituted by thousands of microbial interactions, some of which correspond to the exchange of metabolic by-products or cross-feeding. Inulin and xylan are two major dietary polysaccharides that are fermented by members of the human gut microbiota, resulting in different metabolic profiles. Here, we integrated community modeling and bidirectional culturing assays to study the metabolic interactions between two gut microbes, Phocaeicola dorei and Lachnoclostridium symbiosum, growing in inulin or xylan, and how they provide a protective effect in cultured cells. P. dorei (previously belonging to the Bacteroides genus) was able to consume inulin and xylan, while L. symposium only used certain inulin fractions to produce butyrate as a major end product. Constrained-based flux simulations of refined genome-scale metabolic models of both microbes predicted high lactate and succinate cross-feeding fluxes between P. dorei and L. symbiosum when growing in each fiber. Bidirectional culture assays in both substrates revealed that L. symbiosum growth increased in the presence of P. dorei. Carbohydrate consumption analyses showed a faster carbohydrate consumption in cocultures compared to monocultures. Lactate and succinate concentrations in bidirectional cocultures were lower than in monocultures, pointing to cross-feeding as initially suggested by the model. Butyrate concentrations were similar across all conditions. Finally, supernatants from both bacteria cultured in xylan in bioreactors significantly reduced tumor necrosis factor-α-induced inflammation in HT-29 cells and exerted a protective effect against the TcdB toxin in Caco-2 epithelial cells. Surprisingly, this effect was not observed in inulin cocultures. Overall, these results highlight the predictive value of metabolic models integrated with microbial culture assays for probing microbial interactions in the gut microbiota. They also provide an example of how metabolic exchange could lead to potential beneficial effects in the host. IMPORTANCE Microbial interactions represent the inner connections in the gut microbiome. By integrating mathematical modeling tools and microbial bidirectional culturing, we determined how two gut commensals engage in the exchange of cross-feeding metabolites, lactate and succinate, for increased growth in two fibers. These interactions underpinned butyrate production in cocultures, resulting in a significant reduction in cellular inflammation and protection against microbial toxins when applied to cellular models.
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22
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Xylan-cellulose thin film platform for assessing xylanase activity. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 294:119737. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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23
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Garrido MM, Piccinni FE, Landoni M, Peña MJ, Topalian J, Couto A, Wirth SA, Urbanowicz BR, Campos E. Insights into the xylan degradation system of Cellulomonas sp. B6: biochemical characterization of rCsXyn10A and rCsAbf62A. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 106:5035-5049. [PMID: 35799069 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-12061-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Valorization of the hemicellulose fraction of plant biomass is crucial for the sustainability of lignocellulosic biorefineries. The Cellulomonas genus comprises Gram-positive Actinobacteria that degrade cellulose and other polysaccharides by secreting a complex array of enzymes. In this work, we studied the specificity and synergy of two enzymes, CsXyn10A and CsAbf62A, which were identified as highly abundant in the extracellular proteome of Cellulomonas sp. B6 when grown on wheat bran. To explore their potential for bioprocessing, the recombinant enzymes were expressed and their activities were thoroughly characterized. rCsXyn10A is a GH10 endo-xylanase (EC 3.2.1.8), active across a broad pH range (5 to 9), at temperatures up to 55 °C. rCsAbf62A is an α-L-arabinofuranosidase (ABF) (EC 3.2.1.55) that specifically removes α-1,2 and α-1,3-L-arabinosyl substituents from arabino-xylo-oligosaccharides (AXOS), xylan, and arabinan backbones, but it cannot act on double-substituted residues. It also has activity on pNPA. No differences were observed regarding activity when CsAbf62A was expressed with its appended CBM13 module or only the catalytic domain. The amount of xylobiose released from either wheat arabinoxylan or arabino-xylo-oligosaccharides increased significantly when rCsXyn10A was supplemented with rCsAbf62A, indicating that the removal of arabinosyl residues by rCsAbf62A improved rCsXyn10A accessibility to β-1,4-xylose linkages, but no synergism was observed in the deconstruction of wheat bran. These results contribute to designing tailor-made, substrate-specific, enzymatic cocktails for xylan valorization. KEY POINTS: • rCsAbf62A removes α-1,2 and α-1,3-L-arabinosyl substituents from arabino-xylo-oligosaccharides, xylan, and arabinan backbones. • The appended CBM13 of rCsAbf62A did not affect the specific activity of the enzyme. • Supplementation of rCsXyn10A with rCsAbf62A improves the degradation of AXOS and xylan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercedes María Garrido
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular (IABIMO), CICVyA, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA)- CONICET, Los Reseros y Nicolás Repetto S/N (1686), Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Laboratorio de Agrobiotecnología, DFBMC- FCEN and Instituto de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental y Aplicada (IBBEA) CONICET- Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Pab. II, Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EG, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Florencia Elizabeth Piccinni
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular (IABIMO), CICVyA, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA)- CONICET, Los Reseros y Nicolás Repetto S/N (1686), Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Laboratorio de Agrobiotecnología, DFBMC- FCEN and Instituto de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental y Aplicada (IBBEA) CONICET- Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Pab. II, Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EG, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Malena Landoni
- Centro de Investigación en Hidratos de Carbono (CIHIDECAR)- CONICET, Departamento de Química Orgánica, FCEN- Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Pab. II, Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EG, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Jesús Peña
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Juliana Topalian
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular (IABIMO), CICVyA, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA)- CONICET, Los Reseros y Nicolás Repetto S/N (1686), Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alicia Couto
- Centro de Investigación en Hidratos de Carbono (CIHIDECAR)- CONICET, Departamento de Química Orgánica, FCEN- Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Pab. II, Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EG, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sonia Alejandra Wirth
- Laboratorio de Agrobiotecnología, DFBMC- FCEN and Instituto de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental y Aplicada (IBBEA) CONICET- Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Pab. II, Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EG, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Breeanna Rae Urbanowicz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Eleonora Campos
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular (IABIMO), CICVyA, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA)- CONICET, Los Reseros y Nicolás Repetto S/N (1686), Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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24
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Wang S, Gao W, Wang Y, Song T, Qi H, Xiang Z. Emulsifying properties of naturally acetylated xylans and their application in lutein delivery emulsion. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 296:119927. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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25
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Spatial correlation of water distribution and fine structure of arabinoxylans in the developing wheat grain. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 294:119738. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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26
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Glekas PD, Kalantzi S, Dalios A, Hatzinikolaou DG, Mamma D. Biochemical and Thermodynamic Studies on a Novel Thermotolerant GH10 Xylanase from Bacillus safensis. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12060790. [PMID: 35740915 PMCID: PMC9221164 DOI: 10.3390/biom12060790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Xylanases have a broad range of applications in agro-industrial processes. In this study, we report on the discovery and characterization of a new thermotolerant GH10 xylanase from Bacillus safensis, designated as BsXyn10. The xylanase gene (bsxyn10) was cloned from Bacillus safensis and expressed in Escherichia coli. The reduced molecular mass of BsXyn10 was 48 kDa upon SDS-PAGE. Bsxyn10 was optimally active at pH 7.0 and 60 °C, stable over a broad range of pH (5.0–8.0), and also revealed tolerance toward different modulators (metal cations, EDTA). The enzyme was active toward various xylans with no activity on the glucose-based polysaccharides. KM, vmax, and kcat for oat spelt xylan hydrolysis were found to be 1.96 g·L−1, 58.6 μmole·min−1·(mg protein)−1, and 49 s−1, respectively. Thermodynamic parameters for oat spelt xylan hydrolysis at 60 °C were ΔS* = −61.9 J·mol−1·K−1, ΔH* = 37.0 kJ·mol−1 and ΔG* = 57.6 kJ·mol−1. BsXyn10 retained high levels of activity at temperatures up to 60 °C. The thermodynamic parameters (ΔH*D, ΔG*D, ΔS*D) for the thermal deactivation of BsXyn10 at a temperature range of 40–80 °C were: 192.5 ≤ ΔH*D ≤ 192.8 kJ·mol−1, 262.1 ≤ ΔS*D ≤ 265.8 J·mol−1·K−1, and 99.9 ≤ ΔG*D ≤ 109.6 kJ·mol−1. The BsXyn10-treated oat spelt xylan manifested the catalytic release of xylooligosaccharides of 2–6 DP, suggesting that BsXyn10 represents a promising candidate biocatalyst appropriate for several biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panayiotis D. Glekas
- Enzyme and Microbial Biotechnology Unit, Department of Biology, Zografou Campus, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15784 Athens, Greece;
| | - Styliani Kalantzi
- Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Chemical Engineering, Zografou Campus, National Technical University of Athens, 9 Iroon Polytechniou Str, 15700 Athens, Greece; (S.K.); (A.D.)
| | - Anargiros Dalios
- Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Chemical Engineering, Zografou Campus, National Technical University of Athens, 9 Iroon Polytechniou Str, 15700 Athens, Greece; (S.K.); (A.D.)
| | - Dimitris G. Hatzinikolaou
- Enzyme and Microbial Biotechnology Unit, Department of Biology, Zografou Campus, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15784 Athens, Greece;
- Correspondence: (D.G.H.); (D.M.)
| | - Diomi Mamma
- Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Chemical Engineering, Zografou Campus, National Technical University of Athens, 9 Iroon Polytechniou Str, 15700 Athens, Greece; (S.K.); (A.D.)
- Correspondence: (D.G.H.); (D.M.)
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27
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Smith P, Curry TM, Yang JY, Barnes WJ, Ziegler SJ, Mittal A, Moremen KW, York WS, Bomble YJ, Peña MJ, Urbanowicz BR. Enzymatic Synthesis of Xylan Microparticles with Tunable Morphologies. ACS MATERIALS AU 2022; 2:440-452. [PMID: 35856073 PMCID: PMC9284610 DOI: 10.1021/acsmaterialsau.2c00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Xylans are a diverse family of hemicellulosic polysaccharides found in abundance within the cell walls of nearly all flowering plants. Unfortunately, naturally occurring xylans are highly heterogeneous, limiting studies of their synthesis and structure-function relationships. Here, we demonstrate that xylan synthase 1 from the charophyte alga Klebsormidium flaccidum is a powerful biocatalytic tool for the bottom-up synthesis of pure β-1,4 xylan polymers that self-assemble into microparticles in vitro. Using uridine diphosphate-xylose (UDP-xylose) and defined saccharide primers as substrates, we demonstrate that the shape, composition, and properties of the self-assembling xylan microparticles could be readily controlled via the fine structure of the xylan oligosaccharide primer used to initiate polymer elongation. Furthermore, we highlight two approaches for bottom-up and surface functionalization of xylan microparticles with chemical probes and explore the susceptibility of xylan microparticles to enzymatic hydrolysis. Together, these results provide a useful platform for structural and functional studies of xylans to investigate cell wall biosynthesis and polymer-polymer interactions and suggest possible routes to new biobased materials with favorable properties for biomedical and renewable applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter
J. Smith
- Complex
Carbohydrate Research Center, University
of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United
States,Bioscience
Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 16253 Denver West Parkway, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Thomas M. Curry
- Complex
Carbohydrate Research Center, University
of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United
States,Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University
of Georgia, 315 Riverbend
Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Jeong-Yeh Yang
- Complex
Carbohydrate Research Center, University
of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United
States,Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University
of Georgia, 315 Riverbend
Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - William J. Barnes
- Complex
Carbohydrate Research Center, University
of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United
States
| | - Samantha J. Ziegler
- Bioscience
Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 16253 Denver West Parkway, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Ashutosh Mittal
- Bioscience
Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 16253 Denver West Parkway, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Kelley W. Moremen
- Complex
Carbohydrate Research Center, University
of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United
States,Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University
of Georgia, 315 Riverbend
Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - William S. York
- Complex
Carbohydrate Research Center, University
of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United
States
| | - Yannick J. Bomble
- Bioscience
Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 16253 Denver West Parkway, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Maria J. Peña
- Complex
Carbohydrate Research Center, University
of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United
States
| | - Breeanna R. Urbanowicz
- Complex
Carbohydrate Research Center, University
of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United
States,Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University
of Georgia, 315 Riverbend
Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States,. Tel: +1 706-542-4419. Fax: +1 706-542-4412
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28
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Pancaldi F, Vlegels D, Rijken H, van Loo EN, Trindade LM. Detection and Analysis of Syntenic Quantitative Trait Loci Controlling Cell Wall Quality in Angiosperms. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:855093. [PMID: 35310628 PMCID: PMC8928447 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.855093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Translational genomics can enable a quicker improvement of orphan crops toward novel agricultural applications, including the advancement of orphan biomass species for cultivation on marginal lands. In this sense, cell wall quality is a preeminent breeding target. However, tools to efficiently project genetic data on target traits across large sets of species are currently missing. This study aimed at closing this gap by developing a strategy to project a set of cell wall QTLs across a large group of plants by using genome synteny. This strategy is suited for large-scale analyses and detected 362 syntenic cell wall QTLs (SQTLs) across 74 angiosperms, including several (orphan) biomass species. SQTLs analyses revealed that they span large portions of the initial cell wall QTLs and are extensively conserved across diverse species. Moreover, numerous QTLs cell wall genes were conserved through SQTLs, including genes displaying allelic variation associated with cell wall composition. Functional analyses showed that highly conserved genes of SQTLs include important cell wall transcription factors and genes involved in the remodeling of cell wall polymers. For some of these gene families, SQTLs indicated the presence of differentially conserved genomic contexts for different gene members, highlighting their utility as a tool to pinpoint gene targets that maximize the likelihood of functional gene conservation. Overall, the results of this study can facilitate "universal" approaches for breeding (orphan) biomass crops, while the strategy for QTLs translation can be applied to other sets of traits and species, helping to unlock the potential of orphan species.
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29
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Wang H, Yang H, Wen Z, Gao C, Gao Y, Tian Y, Xu Z, Liu X, Persson S, Zhang B, Zhou Y. Xylan-based nanocompartments orchestrate plant vessel wall patterning. NATURE PLANTS 2022; 8:295-306. [PMID: 35318447 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-022-01113-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Nanoclustering of biomacromolecules allows cells to efficiently orchestrate biological processes. The plant cell wall is a highly organized polysaccharide network but is heterogeneous in chemistry and structure. However, polysaccharide-based nanocompartments remain ill-defined. Here, we identify a xylan-rich nanodomain at pit borders of xylem vessels. We show that these nanocompartments maintain distinct wall patterns by anchoring cellulosic nanofibrils at the pit borders, critically supporting vessel robustness, water transport and leaf transpiration. The nanocompartments are produced by the activity of IRREGULAR XYLEM (IRX)10 and its homologues, which we show are de novo xylan synthases. Our study hence outlines a mechanism of how xylans are synthesized, how they assemble into nanocompartments and how the nanocompartments sustain cell wall pit patterning to support efficient water transport throughout the plant body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hanlei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhao Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chengxu Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yihong Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yanbao Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zuopeng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Plant Functional Genomics, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xiangling Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Staffan Persson
- Department for Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
- Copenhagen Plant Science Center, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Baocai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Yihua Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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30
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A Fungal Versatile GH10 Endoxylanase and Its Glycosynthase Variant: Synthesis of Xylooligosaccharides and Glycosides of Bioactive Phenolic Compounds. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031383. [PMID: 35163307 PMCID: PMC8836076 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The study of endoxylanases as catalysts to valorize hemicellulosic residues and to obtain glycosides with improved properties is a topic of great industrial interest. In this work, a GH10 β-1,4-endoxylanase (XynSOS), from the ascomycetous fungus Talaromyces amestolkiae, has been heterologously produced in Pichia pastoris, purified, and characterized. rXynSOS is a highly glycosylated monomeric enzyme of 53 kDa that contains a functional CBM1 domain and shows its optimal activity on azurine cross-linked (AZCL)-beechwood xylan at 70 °C and pH 5. Substrate specificity and kinetic studies confirmed its versatility and high affinity for beechwood xylan and wheat arabinoxylan. Moreover, rXynSOS was capable of transglycosylating phenolic compounds, although with low efficiencies. For expanding its synthetic capacity, a glycosynthase variant of rXynSOS was developed by directed mutagenesis, replacing its nucleophile catalytic residue E236 by a glycine (rXynSOS-E236G). This novel glycosynthase was able to synthesize β-1,4-xylooligosaccharides (XOS) of different lengths (four, six, eight, and ten xylose units), which are known to be emerging prebiotics. rXynSOS-E236G was also much more active than the native enzyme in the glycosylation of a broad range of phenolic compounds with antioxidant properties. The interesting capabilities of rXynSOS and its glycosynthase variant make them promising tools for biotechnological applications.
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Li X, Dilokpimol A, Kabel MA, de Vries RP. Fungal xylanolytic enzymes: Diversity and applications. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 344:126290. [PMID: 34748977 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.126290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
As important polysaccharide degraders in nature, fungi can diversify their extensive set of carbohydrate-active enzymes to survive in ecological habitats of various composition. Among these enzymes, xylanolytic ones can efficiently and sustainably degrade xylans into (fermentable) monosaccharides to produce valuable chemicals or fuels from, for example relevant for upgrading agro-food industrial side streams. Moreover, xylanolytic enzymes are being used in various industrial applications beyond biomass saccharification, e.g. food, animal feed, biofuel, pulp and paper. As a reference for researchers working in related areas, this review summarized the current knowledge on substrate specificity of xylanolytic enzymes from different families of the Carbohydrate-Active enZyme database. Additionally, the diversity of enzyme sets in fungi were discussed by comparing the number of genes encoding xylanolytic enzymes in selected fungal genomes. Finally, to support bio-economy, the current applications of fungal xylanolytic enzymes in industry were reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Li
- Fungal Physiology, Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute & Fungal Molecular Physiology, Utrecht University, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Adiphol Dilokpimol
- Fungal Physiology, Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute & Fungal Molecular Physiology, Utrecht University, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Mirjam A Kabel
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ronald P de Vries
- Fungal Physiology, Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute & Fungal Molecular Physiology, Utrecht University, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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"Neptune Balls" Polysaccharides: Disentangling the Wiry Seagrass Detritus. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13244285. [PMID: 34960836 PMCID: PMC8703491 DOI: 10.3390/polym13244285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Each year, high amounts of dead seagrass material are washed ashore at beaches world-wide. In the Mediterranean region, the seagrass Posidonia oceanica is responsible for huge agglomerates of ball-like seagrass litter. As these are often removed due to touristic reasons, a reuse method would be a step towards a more ecologically oriented society. In this study, the main polysaccharide components were analyzed, in order to propose possible usage options. To do this, different aqueous fractions were extracted, analyzed by classical carbohydrate analysis methods (GC-FID/MS, colorimetric assay and elemental analysis), and purified by ion-exchange chromatography, as well as selective precipitation with a detecting agent for highly glycosylated glycoproteins. The obtained purified fractions were analyzed in detail and a linkage-type analysis of the most promising extract was conducted via permethylation. Only low amounts of glycoproteins, as well as medium amounts of the characteristic apiogalacturonan were likely to be present, while xylan seemed to be the most abundant polysaccharide in most fractions. A partial structural proposal showed general accordance with land plant xylans, presenting reuse options in the field of biofuel and bioplastic generation.
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Wang S, Xiang Z. Highly Stable Pickering Emulsions with Xylan Hydrate Nanocrystals. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:2558. [PMID: 34684997 PMCID: PMC8537821 DOI: 10.3390/nano11102558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Xylan is a highly abundant plant-based biopolymer. Original xylans in plants are in an amorphous state, but deacetylated and low-branched xylan can form a crystalline structure with water molecules. The utilizations of xylan have been limited to bulk applications either with inconsistency and uncertainty or with extensive chemical derivatization due to the insufficient studies on its crystallization. The applications of xylan could be greatly broadened in advanced green materials if xylan crystals are effectively utilized. In this paper, we show a completely green production of nano-sized xylan crystals and propose their application in forming Pickering emulsions. The branches of xylan were regulated during the separation step to controllably induce the formation of xylan hydrate crystals. Xylan hydrate nanocrystals (XNCs) with a uniform size were successfully produced solely by a mild ultrasonic treatment. XNCs can be adsorbed onto oil-water interfaces at a high density to form highly stable Pickering emulsions. The emulsifying properties of XNCs were comparable to some synthetic emulsifiers and better than some other common biopolymer nanocrystals, demonstrating that XNCs have great potential in industrial emulsification.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zhouyang Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China;
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Verma D. Extremophilic Prokaryotic Endoxylanases: Diversity, Applicability, and Molecular Insights. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:728475. [PMID: 34566933 PMCID: PMC8458939 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.728475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Extremophilic endoxylanases grabbed attention in recent years due to their applicability under harsh conditions of several industrial processes. Thermophilic, alkaliphilic, and acidophilic endoxylanases found their employability in bio-bleaching of paper pulp, bioconversion of lignocellulosic biomass into xylooligosaccharides, bioethanol production, and improving the nutritious value of bread and other bakery products. Xylanases obtained from extremophilic bacteria and archaea are considered better than fungal sources for several reasons. For example, enzymatic activity under broad pH and temperature range, low molecular weight, cellulase-free activity, and longer stability under extreme conditions of prokaryotic derived xylanases make them a good choice. In addition, a short life span, easy cultivation/harvesting methods, higher yield, and rapid DNA manipulations of bacterial and archaeal cells further reduces the overall cost of the product. This review focuses on the diversity of prokaryotic endoxylanases, their characteristics, and their functional attributes. Besides, the molecular mechanisms of their extreme behavior have also been presented here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Digvijay Verma
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, India
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Schultz JA, Coleman HD. Pectin and Xylan Biosynthesis in Poplar: Implications and Opportunities for Biofuels Production. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:712083. [PMID: 34490013 PMCID: PMC8418221 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.712083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A potential method by which society's reliance on fossil fuels can be lessened is via the large-scale utilization of biofuels derived from the secondary cell walls of woody plants; however, there remain a number of technical challenges to the large-scale production of biofuels. Many of these challenges emerge from the underlying complexity of the secondary cell wall. The challenges associated with lignin have been well explored elsewhere, but the dicot cell wall components of hemicellulose and pectin also present a number of difficulties. Here, we provide an overview of the research wherein pectin and xylan biosynthesis has been altered, along with investigations on the function of irregular xylem 8 (IRX8) and glycosyltransferase 8D (GT8D), genes putatively involved in xylan and pectin synthesis. Additionally, we provide an analysis of the evidence in support of two hypotheses regarding GT8D and conclude that while there is evidence to lend credence to these hypotheses, there are still questions that require further research and examination.
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Zhang F, Zheng J, Li Z, Cai Z, Wang F, Yang D. Purification, Characterization, and Self-Assembly of the Polysaccharide from Allium schoenoprasum. Foods 2021; 10:foods10061352. [PMID: 34208119 PMCID: PMC8230776 DOI: 10.3390/foods10061352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The major polysaccharide component from the stalk of Allium schoenoprasum (AssP) was extracted and purified. Gel filtration chromatography purified AssP exhibited a molecular weight of around 1.7 kDa, which was verified by MALDI-ToF-MS. The monosaccharide analysis revealed its composition as rhamnose: arabinose: galactose: glucose: mannose: fructose with a molar ratio of 0.03:2.46:3.71:3.35:1.00:9.93, respectively. The Congo-red assay indicated that there was no tertiary structure of this polysaccharide, however, it self-assembled into a homogenous nanoparticle with a diameter of ~600 nm as revealed by the dynamic light scattering measurement. The solution behavior of this polysaccharide was simulated. The association of this polysaccharide was both time dependent and concentration dependent. AssP forms spherical particles spontaneously as time passes by, and when the AssP concentration increased, the spherical particles increased their sizes and eventually merged into cylindrical micelles. The diversity of AssP hydrodynamic behavior endowed potential versatility in its future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengrui Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Functional Food from Plant Resources, College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, 17 East Tsinghua Rd., Beijing 100083, China; (F.Z.); (J.Z.); (Z.L.); (Z.C.); (F.W.)
| | - Jun Zheng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Functional Food from Plant Resources, College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, 17 East Tsinghua Rd., Beijing 100083, China; (F.Z.); (J.Z.); (Z.L.); (Z.C.); (F.W.)
| | - Zeyu Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Functional Food from Plant Resources, College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, 17 East Tsinghua Rd., Beijing 100083, China; (F.Z.); (J.Z.); (Z.L.); (Z.C.); (F.W.)
| | - Zixuan Cai
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Functional Food from Plant Resources, College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, 17 East Tsinghua Rd., Beijing 100083, China; (F.Z.); (J.Z.); (Z.L.); (Z.C.); (F.W.)
- Xinghua Industrial Research Centre for Food Science and Human Health, China Agricultural University, Xinghua 225700, China
| | - Fengqiao Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Functional Food from Plant Resources, College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, 17 East Tsinghua Rd., Beijing 100083, China; (F.Z.); (J.Z.); (Z.L.); (Z.C.); (F.W.)
| | - Dong Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Functional Food from Plant Resources, College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, 17 East Tsinghua Rd., Beijing 100083, China; (F.Z.); (J.Z.); (Z.L.); (Z.C.); (F.W.)
- Xinghua Industrial Research Centre for Food Science and Human Health, China Agricultural University, Xinghua 225700, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-010-6273-7129
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Zhang S, Zhao S, Shang W, Yan Z, Wu X, Li Y, Chen G, Liu X, Wang L. Synergistic mechanism of GH11 xylanases with different action modes from Aspergillus niger An76. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2021; 14:118. [PMID: 33971954 PMCID: PMC8112042 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-021-01967-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Xylan is the most abundant hemicellulose polysaccharide in nature, which can be converted into high value-added products. However, its recalcitrance to breakdown requires the synergistic action of multiple enzymes. Aspergillus niger, possessing numerous xylan degrading isozyme-encoding genes, are highly effective xylan degraders in xylan-rich habitats. Therefore, it is necessary to explore gene transcription, the mode of action and cooperation mechanism of different xylanase isozymes to further understand the efficient xylan-degradation by A. niger. RESULTS Aspergillus niger An76 encoded a comprehensive set of xylan-degrading enzymes, including five endo-xylanases (one GH10 and four GH11). Quantitative transcriptional analysis showed that three xylanase genes (xynA, xynB and xynC) were up-regulated by xylan substrates, and the order and amount of enzyme secretion differed. Specifically, GH11 xylanases XynA and XynB were initially secreted successively, followed by GH10 xylanase XynC. Biochemical analyses displayed that three GH11 xylanases (XynA, XynB and XynD) showed differences in catalytic performance and product profiles, possibly because of intricate hydrogen bonding between substrates and functional residues in the active site architectures impacted their binding capacity. Among these, XynB had the best performance in the degradation of xylan and XynE had no catalytic activity. Furthermore, XynA and XynB showed synergistic effects during xylan degradation. CONCLUSIONS The sequential secretion and different action modes of GH11 xylanases were essential for the efficient xylan degradation by A. niger An76. The elucidation of the degradation mechanisms of these xylanase isozymes further improved our understanding of GH-encoding genes amplification in filamentous fungi and may guide the design of the optimal enzyme cocktails in industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Institute of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237 Shandong China
| | - Sha Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Institute of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237 Shandong China
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237 Shandong China
| | - Weihao Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Institute of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237 Shandong China
| | - Zijuan Yan
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237 Shandong China
| | - Xiuyun Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Institute of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237 Shandong China
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, 250353 Shandong China
| | - Yingjie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Institute of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237 Shandong China
| | - Guanjun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Institute of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237 Shandong China
| | - Xinli Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, 250353 Shandong China
| | - Lushan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Institute of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237 Shandong China
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Briganti L, Capetti C, Pellegrini VO, Ghio S, Campos E, Nascimento AS, Polikarpov I. Structural and molecular dynamics investigations of ligand stabilization via secondary binding site interactions in Paenibacillus xylanivorans GH11 xylanase. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2021; 19:1557-1566. [PMID: 33815691 PMCID: PMC7994722 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2021.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2021] [Revised: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycoside hydrolases (GHs) are essential for plant biomass deconstruction. GH11 family consist of endo-β-1,4-xylanases which hydrolyze xylan, the second most abundant cell wall biopolymer after cellulose, into small bioavailable oligomers. Structural requirements for enzymatic mechanism of xylan hydrolysis is well described for GH11 members. However, over the last years, it has been discovered that some enzymes from GH11 family have a secondary binding sites (SBS), which modulate the enzymes activities, but mechanistic details of the molecular communication between the active site and SBS of the enzymes remain a conundrum. In the present work we structurally characterized GH11 xylanase from Paenibacillus xylanivorans A57 (PxXyn11B), a microorganism of agricultural importance, using protein crystallography and molecular dynamics simulations. The PxXyn11B structure was solved to 2.5 Å resolution and different substrates (xylo-oligosaccharides from X3 to X6), were modelled in its active and SBS sites. Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulations revealed an important role of SBS in the activity and conformational mobility of PxXyn11B, demonstrating that binding of the reaction products to the SBS of the enzyme stabilizes the N-terminal region and, consequently, the active site. Furthermore, MD simulations showed that the longer the ligand, the better is the stabilization within active site, and the positive subsites contribute less to the stabilization of the substrates than the negative ones. These findings provide rationale for the observed enzyme kinetics, shedding light on the conformational modulation of the GH11 enzymes via their SBS mediated by the positive molecular feedback loop which involve the products of the enzymatic reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Briganti
- Instituto de Física de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Trabalhador São-carlense 400, 13566-590 São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Caio Capetti
- Instituto de Física de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Trabalhador São-carlense 400, 13566-590 São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Vanessa O.A. Pellegrini
- Instituto de Física de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Trabalhador São-carlense 400, 13566-590 São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Silvina Ghio
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular (IABIMO), CONICET-INTA, Los Reseros y Nicolas Repetto (s/n), Hurlingham (1686), Prov. Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Eleonora Campos
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular (IABIMO), CONICET-INTA, Los Reseros y Nicolas Repetto (s/n), Hurlingham (1686), Prov. Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alessandro S. Nascimento
- Instituto de Física de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Trabalhador São-carlense 400, 13566-590 São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Igor Polikarpov
- Instituto de Física de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Trabalhador São-carlense 400, 13566-590 São Carlos, SP, Brazil
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Tingley JP, Low KE, Xing X, Abbott DW. Combined whole cell wall analysis and streamlined in silico carbohydrate-active enzyme discovery to improve biocatalytic conversion of agricultural crop residues. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2021; 14:16. [PMID: 33422151 PMCID: PMC7797155 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-020-01869-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The production of biofuels as an efficient source of renewable energy has received considerable attention due to increasing energy demands and regulatory incentives to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Second-generation biofuel feedstocks, including agricultural crop residues generated on-farm during annual harvests, are abundant, inexpensive, and sustainable. Unlike first-generation feedstocks, which are enriched in easily fermentable carbohydrates, crop residue cell walls are highly resistant to saccharification, fermentation, and valorization. Crop residues contain recalcitrant polysaccharides, including cellulose, hemicelluloses, pectins, and lignin and lignin-carbohydrate complexes. In addition, their cell walls can vary in linkage structure and monosaccharide composition between plant sources. Characterization of total cell wall structure, including high-resolution analyses of saccharide composition, linkage, and complex structures using chromatography-based methods, nuclear magnetic resonance, -omics, and antibody glycome profiling, provides critical insight into the fine chemistry of feedstock cell walls. Furthermore, improving both the catalytic potential of microbial communities that populate biodigester reactors and the efficiency of pre-treatments used in bioethanol production may improve bioconversion rates and yields. Toward this end, knowledge and characterization of carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes) involved in dynamic biomass deconstruction is pivotal. Here we overview the use of common "-omics"-based methods for the study of lignocellulose-metabolizing communities and microorganisms, as well as methods for annotation and discovery of CAZymes, and accurate prediction of CAZyme function. Emerging approaches for analysis of large datasets, including metagenome-assembled genomes, are also discussed. Using complementary glycomic and meta-omic methods to characterize agricultural residues and the microbial communities that digest them provides promising streams of research to maximize value and energy extraction from crop waste streams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey P Tingley
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 5403-1st Avenue South, Lethbridge, AB, T1J 4B1, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, T1K 6T5, Canada
| | - Kristin E Low
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 5403-1st Avenue South, Lethbridge, AB, T1J 4B1, Canada
| | - Xiaohui Xing
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 5403-1st Avenue South, Lethbridge, AB, T1J 4B1, Canada
| | - D Wade Abbott
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 5403-1st Avenue South, Lethbridge, AB, T1J 4B1, Canada.
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, T1K 6T5, Canada.
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Zhao W, Kirui A, Deligey F, Mentink-Vigier F, Zhou Y, Zhang B, Wang T. Solid-state NMR of unlabeled plant cell walls: high-resolution structural analysis without isotopic enrichment. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2021; 14:14. [PMID: 33413580 PMCID: PMC7792314 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-020-01858-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multidimensional solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (ssNMR) spectroscopy has emerged as an indispensable technique for resolving polymer structure and intermolecular packing in primary and secondary plant cell walls. Isotope (13C) enrichment provides feasible sensitivity for measuring 2D/3D correlation spectra, but this time-consuming procedure and its associated expenses have restricted the application of ssNMR in lignocellulose analysis. RESULTS Here, we present a method that relies on the sensitivity-enhancing technique Dynamic Nuclear Polarization (DNP) to eliminate the need for 13C-labeling. With a 26-fold sensitivity enhancement, a series of 2D 13C-13C correlation spectra were successfully collected using the unlabeled stems of wild-type Oryza sativa (rice). The atomic resolution allows us to observe a large number of intramolecular cross peaks for fully revealing the polymorphic structure of cellulose and xylan. NMR relaxation and dipolar order parameters further suggest a sophisticated change of molecular motions in a ctl1 ctl2 double mutant: both cellulose and xylan have become more dynamic on the nanosecond and microsecond timescale, but the motional amplitudes are uniformly small for both polysaccharides. CONCLUSIONS By skipping isotopic labeling, the DNP strategy demonstrated here is universally extendable to all lignocellulose materials. This time-efficient method has landed the technical foundation for understanding polysaccharide structure and cell wall assembly in a large variety of plant tissues and species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wancheng Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
| | - Alex Kirui
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
| | - Fabien Deligey
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
| | | | - Yihua Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Baocai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Tuo Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA.
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Crowe JD, Hao P, Pattathil S, Pan H, Ding SY, Hodge DB, Jensen JK. Xylan Is Critical for Proper Bundling and Alignment of Cellulose Microfibrils in Plant Secondary Cell Walls. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:737690. [PMID: 34630488 PMCID: PMC8495263 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.737690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Plant biomass represents an abundant and increasingly important natural resource and it mainly consists of a number of cell types that have undergone extensive secondary cell wall (SCW) formation. These cell types are abundant in the stems of Arabidopsis, a well-studied model system for hardwood, the wood of eudicot plants. The main constituents of hardwood include cellulose, lignin, and xylan, the latter in the form of glucuronoxylan (GX). The binding of GX to cellulose in the eudicot SCW represents one of the best-understood molecular interactions within plant cell walls. The evenly spaced acetylation and 4-O-methyl glucuronic acid (MeGlcA) substitutions of the xylan polymer backbone facilitates binding in a linear two-fold screw conformation to the hydrophilic side of cellulose and signifies a high level of molecular specificity. However, the wider implications of GX-cellulose interactions for cellulose network formation and SCW architecture have remained less explored. In this study, we seek to expand our knowledge on this by characterizing the cellulose microfibril organization in three well-characterized GX mutants. The selected mutants display a range of GX deficiency from mild to severe, with findings indicating even the weakest mutant having significant perturbations of the cellulose network, as visualized by both scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). We show by image analysis that microfibril width is increased by as much as three times in the severe mutants compared to the wild type and that the degree of directional dispersion of the fibrils is approximately doubled in all the three mutants. Further, we find that these changes correlate with both altered nanomechanical properties of the SCW, as observed by AFM, and with increases in enzymatic hydrolysis. Results from this study indicate the critical role that normal GX composition has on cellulose bundle formation and cellulose organization as a whole within the SCWs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob D. Crowe
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Pengchao Hao
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Sivakumar Pattathil
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Henry Pan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Shi-You Ding
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
- Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - David B. Hodge
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, United States
| | - Jacob Krüger Jensen
- Section for Plant Glycobiology, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- *Correspondence: Jacob Krüger Jensen
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Zhang B, Gao Y, Zhang L, Zhou Y. The plant cell wall: Biosynthesis, construction, and functions. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 63:251-272. [PMID: 33325153 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The plant cell wall is composed of multiple biopolymers, representing one of the most complex structural networks in nature. Hundreds of genes are involved in building such a natural masterpiece. However, the plant cell wall is the least understood cellular structure in plants. Due to great progress in plant functional genomics, many achievements have been made in uncovering cell wall biosynthesis, assembly, and architecture, as well as cell wall regulation and signaling. Such information has significantly advanced our understanding of the roles of the cell wall in many biological and physiological processes and has enhanced our utilization of cell wall materials. The use of cutting-edge technologies such as single-molecule imaging, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and atomic force microscopy has provided much insight into the plant cell wall as an intricate nanoscale network, opening up unprecedented possibilities for cell wall research. In this review, we summarize the major advances made in understanding the cell wall in this era of functional genomics, including the latest findings on the biosynthesis, construction, and functions of the cell wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baocai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Yihong Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Lanjun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Yihua Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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Beckers SJ, Wetherbee L, Fischer J, Wurm FR. Fungicide-loaded and biodegradable xylan-based nanocarriers. Biopolymers 2020; 111:e23413. [PMID: 33306838 PMCID: PMC7816251 DOI: 10.1002/bip.23413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The delivery of agrochemicals is typically achieved by the spraying of fossil-based polymer dispersions, which might accumulate in the soil and increase microplastic pollution. A potentially sustainable alternative is the use of biodegradable nano- or micro-formulations based on biopolymers, which can be degraded selectively by fungal enzymes to release encapsulated agrochemicals. To date, no hemicellulose nanocarriers for drug delivery in plants have been reported. Xylan is a renewable and abundant feedstock occurring naturally in high amounts in hemicellulose - a major component of the plant cell wall. Herein, xylan from corncobs was used to produce the first fungicide-loaded xylan-based nanocarriers by interfacial polyaddition in an inverse miniemulsion using toluene diisocyanate (TDI) as a crosslinking agent. The nanocarriers were redispersed in water and the aqueous dispersions were proven to be active in vitro against several pathogenic fungi, which are responsible for fungal plant diseases in horticulture or agriculture. Besides, empty xylan-based nanocarriers stimulated the growth of fungal mycelium, which indicated the degradation of xylan in the presence of the fungi, and underlined the degradation as a trigger to release a loaded agrochemical. This first example of crosslinked xylan-based nanocarriers expands the library of biodegradable and biobased nanocarriers for agrochemical release and might play a crucial role for future formulations in plant protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian J. Beckers
- Physical Chemistry of PolymersMax‐Planck‐Institut für PolymerforschungMainzGermany
| | - Luc Wetherbee
- Physical Chemistry of PolymersMax‐Planck‐Institut für PolymerforschungMainzGermany
| | - Jochen Fischer
- IBWF gGmbHInstitute for Biotechnology and Drug ResearchKaiserslauternGermany
| | - Frederik R. Wurm
- Sustainable Polymer Chemistry Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Faculty of Science and TechnologyUniversiteit TwenteEnschedeThe Netherlands
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A grass-specific cellulose-xylan interaction dominates in sorghum secondary cell walls. Nat Commun 2020; 11:6081. [PMID: 33247125 PMCID: PMC7695714 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19837-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) is a promising source of lignocellulosic biomass for the production of renewable fuels and chemicals, as well as for forage. Understanding secondary cell wall architecture is key to understanding recalcitrance i.e. identifying features which prevent the efficient conversion of complex biomass to simple carbon units. Here, we use multi-dimensional magic angle spinning solid-state NMR to characterize the sorghum secondary cell wall. We show that xylan is mainly in a three-fold screw conformation due to dense arabinosyl substitutions, with close proximity to cellulose. We also show that sorghum secondary cell walls present a high ratio of amorphous to crystalline cellulose as compared to dicots. We propose a model of sorghum cell wall architecture which is dominated by interactions between three-fold screw xylan and amorphous cellulose. This work will aid the design of low-recalcitrance biomass crops, a requirement for a sustainable bioeconomy. Sorghum is a source of lignocellulosic biomass for the production of renewable fuels. Here the authors characterise the sorghum secondary cell wall using multi-dimensional magic angle spinning solid-state NMR and present a model dominated by interactions between three-fold screw xylan and amorphous cellulose.
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Sepulchro AGV, Pellegrini VO, Briganti L, de Araujo EA, de Araujo SS, Polikarpov I. Transformation of xylan into value-added biocommodities using Thermobacillus composti GH10 xylanase. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 247:116714. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.116714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Qaseem MF, Wu AM. Balanced Xylan Acetylation is the Key Regulator of Plant Growth and Development, and Cell Wall Structure and for Industrial Utilization. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21217875. [PMID: 33114198 PMCID: PMC7660596 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21217875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Xylan is the most abundant hemicellulose, constitutes about 25–35% of the dry biomass of woody and lignified tissues, and occurs up to 50% in some cereal grains. The accurate degree and position of xylan acetylation is necessary for xylan function and for plant growth and development. The post synthetic acetylation of cell wall xylan, mainly regulated by Reduced Wall Acetylation (RWA), Trichome Birefringence-Like (TBL), and Altered Xyloglucan 9 (AXY9) genes, is essential for effective bonding of xylan with cellulose. Recent studies have proven that not only xylan acetylation but also its deacetylation is vital for various plant functions. Thus, the present review focuses on the latest advances in understanding xylan acetylation and deacetylation and explores their effects on plant growth and development. Baseline knowledge about precise regulation of xylan acetylation and deacetylation is pivotal to developing plant biomass better suited for second-generation liquid biofuel production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirza Faisal Qaseem
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China;
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architectures, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Ai-Min Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China;
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architectures, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Correspondence:
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Nguyen DT, Gomez LD, Harper A, Halpin C, Waugh R, Simister R, Whitehead C, Oakey H, Nguyen HT, Nguyen TV, Duong TX, McQueen-Mason SJ. Association mapping identifies quantitative trait loci (QTL) for digestibility in rice straw. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2020; 13:165. [PMID: 33062051 PMCID: PMC7545568 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-020-01807-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The conversion of lignocellulosic biomass from agricultural waste into biofuels and chemicals is considered a promising way to provide sustainable low carbon products without compromising food security. However, the use of lignocellulosic biomass for biofuel and chemical production is limited by the cost-effectiveness of the production process due to its recalcitrance to enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentable sugar release (i.e., saccharification). Rice straw is a particularly attractive feedstock because millions of tons are currently burned in the field each year for disposal. The aim of this study was to explore the underlying natural genetic variation that impacts the recalcitrance of rice (Oryza sativa) straw to enzymatic saccharification. Ultimately, we wanted to investigate whether we could identify genetic markers that could be used in rice breeding to improve commercial cultivars for this trait. Here, we describe the development and characterization of a Vietnamese rice genome-wide association panel, high-throughput analysis of rice straw saccharification and lignin content, and the results from preliminary genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of the combined data sets. We identify both QTL and plausible candidate genes that may have an impact on the saccharification of rice straw. RESULTS We assembled a diversity panel comprising 151 rice genotypes (Indica and Japonica types) from commercial, historical elite cultivars, and traditional landraces grown in Vietnam. The diversity panel was genotyped using genotype by sequencing (GBS) methods yielding a total of 328,915 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). We collected phenotypic data from stems of these 151 genotypes for biomass saccharification and lignin content. Using GWAS on the indica genotypes over 2 years we identified ten significant QTL for saccharification (digestibility) and seven significant QTL for lignin. One QTL on chromosome 11 occurred in both GWAS for digestibility and for lignin. Seven QTL for digestibility, on CH2, CH6, CH7, CH8, and CH11, were observed in both years of the study. The QTL regions for saccharification include three potential candidate genes that have been previously reported to influence digestibility: OsAT10; OsIRX9; and OsMYB58/63-L. CONCLUSIONS Despite the difficulties associated with multi-phasic analysis of complex traits in novel germplasm, a moderate resolution GWAS successfully identified genetic associations encompassing both known and/or novel genes involved in determining the saccharification potential and lignin content of rice straw. Plausible candidates within QTL regions, in particular those with roles in cell wall biosynthesis, were identified but will require validation to confirm their value for application in rice breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duong T. Nguyen
- Plant Biotechnology Division,, Field Crops Research Institute (FCRI), Hai Duong, Vietnam
- School of Agriculture and Environment, University of Western Australia (UWA), Crawley, WA Australia
| | - Leonardo D. Gomez
- Centre for Novel Agricultural Products (CNAP), University of York (UoY), Wentworth Way, York, UK
| | - Andrea Harper
- Centre for Novel Agricultural Products (CNAP), University of York (UoY), Wentworth Way, York, UK
| | - Claire Halpin
- Division of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee (UoD), Dundee, UK
| | - Robbie Waugh
- Division of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee (UoD), Dundee, UK
- Cell, and Molecular Genetics, The James Hutton Institute (JHI), Invergowrie Dundee, UK
- School of Agriculture Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Adelaide, SA Australia
| | - Rachael Simister
- Centre for Novel Agricultural Products (CNAP), University of York (UoY), Wentworth Way, York, UK
| | - Caragh Whitehead
- Centre for Novel Agricultural Products (CNAP), University of York (UoY), Wentworth Way, York, UK
| | - Helena Oakey
- Division of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee (UoD), Dundee, UK
- School of Agriculture Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Adelaide, SA Australia
| | - Huong T. Nguyen
- Plant Biotechnology Division,, Field Crops Research Institute (FCRI), Hai Duong, Vietnam
| | - Tuat V. Nguyen
- Vietnam Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Tu X. Duong
- Plant Biotechnology Division,, Field Crops Research Institute (FCRI), Hai Duong, Vietnam
| | - Simon J. McQueen-Mason
- Centre for Novel Agricultural Products (CNAP), University of York (UoY), Wentworth Way, York, UK
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Differential antioxidant activity of glucuronoxylooligosaccharides (UXOS) and arabinoxylooligosaccharides (AXOS) produced by two novel xylanases. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 155:1075-1083. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.11.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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50
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Lunin VV, Wang HT, Bharadwaj VS, Alahuhta M, Peña MJ, Yang JY, Archer-Hartmann SA, Azadi P, Himmel ME, Moremen KW, York WS, Bomble YJ, Urbanowicz BR. Molecular Mechanism of Polysaccharide Acetylation by the Arabidopsis Xylan O-acetyltransferase XOAT1. THE PLANT CELL 2020; 32:2367-2382. [PMID: 32354790 PMCID: PMC7346548 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.20.00028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Xylans are a major component of plant cell walls. O-Acetyl moieties are the dominant backbone substituents of glucuronoxylan in dicots and play a major role in the polymer-polymer interactions that are crucial for wall architecture and normal plant development. Here, we describe the biochemical, structural, and mechanistic characterization of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) xylan O-acetyltransferase 1 (XOAT1), a member of the plant-specific Trichome Birefringence Like (TBL) family. Detailed characterization of XOAT1-catalyzed reactions by real-time NMR confirms that it exclusively catalyzes the 2-O-acetylation of xylan, followed by nonenzymatic acetyl migration to the O-3 position, resulting in products that are monoacetylated at both O-2 and O-3 positions. In addition, we report the crystal structure of the catalytic domain of XOAT1, which adopts a unique conformation that bears some similarities to the α/β/α topology of members of the GDSL-like lipase/acylhydrolase family. Finally, we use a combination of biochemical analyses, mutagenesis, and molecular simulations to show that XOAT1 catalyzes xylan acetylation through formation of an acyl-enzyme intermediate, Ac-Ser-216, by a double displacement bi-bi mechanism involving a Ser-His-Asp catalytic triad and unconventionally uses an Arg residue in the formation of an oxyanion hole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir V Lunin
- Bioscience Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401
| | - Hsin-Tzu Wang
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - Vivek S Bharadwaj
- Bioscience Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401
| | - Markus Alahuhta
- Bioscience Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401
| | - Maria J Peña
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - Jeong-Yeh Yang
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | | | - Parastoo Azadi
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - Michael E Himmel
- Bioscience Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401
| | - Kelley W Moremen
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - William S York
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - Yannick J Bomble
- Bioscience Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401
| | - Breeanna R Urbanowicz
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
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