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Ji X, Zhao Y, Lui MY, Mika LT, Chen X. Catalytic conversion of chitin-based biomass to nitrogen-containing chemicals. iScience 2024; 27:109857. [PMID: 38784004 PMCID: PMC11112376 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The exploration of renewable alternatives to fossil fuels for chemical production is indispensable to achieve the ultimate goals of sustainable development. Chitin biomass is an abundant platform feedstock that naturally bears both nitrogen and carbon atoms to produce nitrogen-containing chemicals (including organonitrogen ones and inorganic ammonia). The expansion of biobased chemicals toward nitrogen-containing ones can elevate the economic competitiveness and benefit the biorefinery scheme. This review aims to provide an up-to-date summary on the overall advances of the chitin biorefinery for nitrogen-containing chemical production, with an emphasis on the design of the catalytic systems. Catalyst design, solvent selection, parametric effect, and reaction mechanisms have been scrutinized for different transformation strategies. Future prospectives on chitin biorefinery have also been outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinlei Ji
- China-UK Low Carbon College, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 3 Yinlian Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Yufeng Zhao
- China-UK Low Carbon College, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 3 Yinlian Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Matthew Y. Lui
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - László T. Mika
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Process Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Xi Chen
- China-UK Low Carbon College, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 3 Yinlian Road, Shanghai, China
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2
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Unuofin JO, Odeniyi OA, Majengbasan OS, Igwaran A, Moloantoa KM, Khetsha ZP, Iwarere SA, Daramola MO. Chitinases: expanding the boundaries of knowledge beyond routinized chitin degradation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024:10.1007/s11356-024-33728-6. [PMID: 38789707 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-33728-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Chitinases, enzymes that degrade chitin, have long been studied for their role in various biological processes. They play crucial roles in the moulting process of invertebrates, the digestion of chitinous food, and defense against chitin-bearing pathogens. Additionally, chitinases are involved in physiological functions in crustaceans, such as chitinous food digestion, moulting, and stress response. Moreover, chitinases are universally distributed in organisms from viruses to mammals and have diverse functions including tissue degradation and remodeling, nutrition uptake, pathogen invasion, and immune response regulation. The discovery of these diverse functions expands our understanding of the biological significance and potential applications of chitinases. However, recent research has shown that chitinases possess several other functions beyond just chitin degradation. Their potential as biopesticides, therapeutic agents, and tools for bioremediation underscores their significance in addressing global challenges. More importantly, we noted that they may be applied as bioweapons if ethical regulations regarding production, engineering and application are overlooked.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Onolame Unuofin
- Sustainable Energy and Environment Research Group (SEERG), Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Built Environment and Information Technology, University of Pretoria, Private bag X20 Hatfield, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa.
| | | | | | - Aboi Igwaran
- The Life Science Center Biology, School of Sciences and Technology, Örebro University, 701 82, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Karabelo MacMillan Moloantoa
- Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science, University of Kwazulu Natal, Private Bag X540001, Durban, 4000, South Africa
| | - Zenzile Peter Khetsha
- Department of Agriculture, Central University of Technology, Free State, Private Bag X20539, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa
| | - Samuel Ayodele Iwarere
- Sustainable Energy and Environment Research Group (SEERG), Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Built Environment and Information Technology, University of Pretoria, Private bag X20 Hatfield, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa
| | - Michael Olawale Daramola
- Sustainable Energy and Environment Research Group (SEERG), Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Built Environment and Information Technology, University of Pretoria, Private bag X20 Hatfield, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa
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Chen J, Yang D, Zhang Y, Yang L, Wang Q, Jiang M, Pan L. A novel bi-functional cold-adaptive chitinase from Chitinilyticum aquatile CSC-1 for efficient synthesis of N-acetyl-D-glucosaminidase. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 259:129063. [PMID: 38159710 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.129063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
In order to better utilize chitinolytic enzymes to produce high-value N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (GlcNAc) from chitinous waste, there is an urgent need to explore bi-functional chitinases with exceptional properties of temperature, pH and metal tolerance. In this study, we cloned and characterized a novel bi-functional cold-adaptive chitinase called CaChi18A from a newly isolated strain, Chitinilyticum aquatile CSC-1, in Bama longevity village of Guangxi Province, China. The activity of CaChi18A at 50 °C was 4.07 U/mg. However, it exhibited significant catalytic activity even at 5 °C. Its truncated variant CaChi18A_ΔChBDs, containing only catalytic domain, demonstrated significant activity levels, exceeding 40 %, over a temperature range of 5-60 °C and a pH range of 3 to 10. It was noteworthy that it displayed tolerance towards most metal ions at a final concentration of 0.1 mM, including Fe3+ and Cu2+ ions, retaining 122.52 ± 0.17 % and 116.42 ± 1.52 % activity, respectively. Additionally, it exhibited favorable tolerance towards organic solvents with the exception of formic acid. Interestedly, CaChi18A and CaChi18A_ΔChBDs had a low Km value towards colloidal chitin (CC), 0.94 mg mL-1 and 2.13 mg mL-1, respectively. Both enzymes exhibited chitobiosidase and N-acetyl-D-glucosaminidase activities, producing GlcNAc as the primary product when hydrolyzing CC. The high activities across a broader temperature and pH range, strong environmental adaptability, and hydrolytic properties of CaChi18A_ΔChBDs suggested that it could be a promising candidate for GlcNAc production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianrong Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Non-food Biomass Energy Technology, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Marine Natural Products and Combinatorial Biosynthesis Chemistry, Institute of Biology, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning 530007, China; College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China
| | - Dengfeng Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Non-food Biomass Energy Technology, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Marine Natural Products and Combinatorial Biosynthesis Chemistry, Institute of Biology, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning 530007, China
| | - Yunkai Zhang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China
| | - Liyan Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Non-food Biomass Energy Technology, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Marine Natural Products and Combinatorial Biosynthesis Chemistry, Institute of Biology, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning 530007, China
| | - Qingyan Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Non-food Biomass Energy Technology, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Marine Natural Products and Combinatorial Biosynthesis Chemistry, Institute of Biology, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning 530007, China
| | - Mingguo Jiang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for Polysaccharide Materials and Modifications, School of Marine Sciences and Biotechnology, Guangxi Minzu University, Nanning 530008, China
| | - Lixia Pan
- National Key Laboratory of Non-food Biomass Energy Technology, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Marine Natural Products and Combinatorial Biosynthesis Chemistry, Institute of Biology, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning 530007, China; College of Food and Quality Engineering, Nanning University, Nanning 530200, China.
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4
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Das S, Chowdhury C, Kumar SP, Roy D, Gosavi SW, Sen R. Microbial production of N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (GlcNAc) for versatile applications: Biotechnological strategies for green process development. Carbohydr Res 2024; 536:109039. [PMID: 38277719 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2024.109039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
N-acetyl-d-glucosamine (GlcNAc) is a commercially important amino sugar for its wide range of applications in pharmaceutical, food, cosmetics and biofuel industries. In nature, GlcNAc is polymerised into chitin biopolymer, which is one of the major constituents of fungal cell wall and outer shells of crustaceans. Sea food processing industries generate a large volume of chitin as biopolymeric waste. Because of its high abundance, chitinaceous shellfish wastes have been exploited as one of the major precursor substrates of GlcNAc production, both in chemical and enzymatic means. Nevertheless, the current process of GlcNAc extraction from shellfish wastes generates poor turnover and attracts environmental hazards. Moreover, GlcNAc isolated from shellfish could not be prescribed to certain groups of people because of the allergic nature of shell components. Therefore, an alternative route of GlcNAc production is advocated. With the advancement of metabolic construction and synthetic biology, microbial synthesis of GlcNAc is gaining much attention nowadays. Several new and cutting-edge technologies like substrate co-utilization strategy, promoter engineering, and CRISPR interference system were proposed in this fascinating area. The study would put forward the potential application of microbial engineering in the production of important pharmaceuticals. Very recently, autotrophic fermentation of GlcNAc synthesis has been proposed. The metabolic engineering approaches would offer great promise to mitigate the issues of low yield and high production cost, which are major challenges in microbial bio-processes industries. Further process optimization, optimising metabolic flux, and efficient recovery of GlcNAc from culture broth, should be investigated in order to achieve a high product titer. The current study presents a comprehensive review on microbe-based eco-friendly green methods that would pave the way towards the development of future research directions in this field for the designing of a cost-effective fermentation process on an industrial setup.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sancharini Das
- Department of Environmental Science, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, MH, 411007, India; Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, WB, 721302, India.
| | - Chiranjit Chowdhury
- Biochemical Sciences Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, MH, 411008, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, UP, 201002, India
| | - S Pavan Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, TN, 600 036, India
| | - Debasis Roy
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, WB, 721302, India
| | - Suresh W Gosavi
- Department of Environmental Science, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, MH, 411007, India
| | - Ramkrishna Sen
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, WB, 721302, India
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Peng Y, Xu P, Tao F. Production of N-acetylglucosamine with Vibrio alginolyticus FA2, an emerging platform for economical unsterile open fermentation. Synth Syst Biotechnol 2023; 8:546-554. [PMID: 37637200 PMCID: PMC10457514 DOI: 10.1016/j.synbio.2023.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Members of the Vibrionaceae family are predominantly fast-growing and halophilic microorganisms that have captured the attention of researchers owing to their potential applications in rapid biotechnology. Among them, Vibrio alginolyticus FA2 is a particularly noteworthy halophilic bacterium that exhibits superior growth capability. It has the potential to serve as a biotechnological platform for sustainable and eco-friendly open fermentation with seawater. To evaluate this hypothesis, we integrated the N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) pathway into V. alginolyticus FA2. Seven nag genes were knocked out to obstruct the utilization of GlcNAc, and then 16 exogenous gna1s co-expressing with EcglmS were introduced to strengthen the flux of GlcNAc pathway, respectively. To further enhance GlcNAc production, we fine-tuned promoter strength of the two genes and inactivated two genes alsS and alsD to prevent the production of acetoin. Furthermore, unsterile open fermentation was carried out using simulated seawater and a chemically defined medium, resulting in the production of 9.2 g/L GlcNAc in 14 h. This is the first report for de-novo synthesizing GlcNAc with a Vibrio strain, facilitated by an unsterile open fermentation process employing seawater as a substitute for fresh water. This development establishes a basis for production of diverse valuable chemicals using Vibrio strains and provides insights into biomanufacture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, and School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, and School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, and School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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Yang S, Wu C, Yan Q, Li X, Jiang Z. Nondigestible Functional Oligosaccharides: Enzymatic Production and Food Applications for Intestinal Health. Annu Rev Food Sci Technol 2023; 14:297-322. [PMID: 36972156 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-food-052720-114503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Nondigestible functional oligosaccharides are of particular interest in recent years because of their unique prebiotic activities, technological characteristics, and physiological effects. Among different types of strategies for the production of nondigestible functional oligosaccharides, enzymatic methods are preferred owing to the predictability and controllability of the structure and composition of the reaction products. Nondigestible functional oligosaccharides have been proved to show excellent prebiotic effects as well as other benefits to intestinal health. They have exhibited great application potential as functional food ingredients for various food products with improved quality and physicochemical characteristics. This article reviews the research progress on the enzymatic production of several typical nondigestible functional oligosaccharides in the food industry, including galacto-oligosaccharides, xylo-oligosaccharides, manno-oligosaccharides, chito-oligosaccharides, and human milk oligosaccharides. Moreover, their physicochemical properties and prebiotic activities are discussed as well as their contributions to intestinal health and applications in foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoqing Yang
- Key Laboratory of Food Bioengineering, China National Light Industry, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China;
| | - Chenxuan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Food Bioengineering, China National Light Industry, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China;
| | - Qiaojuan Yan
- College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiuting Li
- School of Food and Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhengqiang Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Food Bioengineering, China National Light Industry, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China;
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7
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Renaud S, Dussutour A, Daboussi F, Pompon D. Characterization of chitinases from the GH18 gene family in the myxomycete Physarum polycephalum. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2023; 1867:130343. [PMID: 36933625 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2023.130343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Physarum polycephalum is an unusual macroscopic myxomycete expressing a large range of glycosyl hydrolases. Among them, enzymes from the GH18 family can hydrolyze chitin, an important structural component of the cell walls in fungi and in the exoskeleton of insects and crustaceans. METHODS Low stringency sequence signature search in transcriptomes was used to identify GH18 sequences related to chitinases. Identified sequences were expressed in E. coli and corresponding structures modelled. Synthetic substrates and in some cases colloidal chitin were used to characterize activities. RESULTS Catalytically functional hits were sorted and their predicted structures compared. All share the TIM barrel structure of the GH18 chitinase catalytic domain, optionally fused to binding motifs, such as CBM50, CBM18, and CBM14, involved in sugar recognition. Assessment of the enzymatic activities following deletion of the C-terminal CBM14 domain of the most active clone evidenced a significant contribution of this extension to the chitinase activity. A classification based on module organization, functional and structural criteria of characterized enzymes was proposed. CONCLUSIONS Physarum polycephalum sequences encompassing a chitinase like GH18 signature share a modular structure involving a structurally conserved catalytic TIM barrels decorated or not by a chitin insertion domain and optionally surrounded by additional sugar binding domains. One of them plays a clear role in enhancing activities toward natural chitin. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Myxomycete enzymes are currently poorly characterized and constitute a potential source for new catalysts. Among them glycosyl hydrolases have a strong potential for valorization of industrial waste as well as in therapeutic field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Audrey Dussutour
- Centre de Recherche en Cognition Animale, UMR 5169 CNRS, Université Toulouse III, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Denis Pompon
- Toulouse Biotechnology Institute, UMR CNRS / INRAE / INSA, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France.
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8
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Cheng M, Shao Z, Wang X, Lu C, Li S, Duan D. Novel Chitin Deacetylase from Thalassiosira weissflogii Highlights the Potential for Chitin Derivative Production. Metabolites 2023; 13:metabo13030429. [PMID: 36984869 PMCID: PMC10057020 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13030429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
β-Chitin is an important carbon fixation product of diatoms, and is the most abundant nitrogen-containing polysaccharide in the ocean. It has potential for widespread application, but the characterization of chitin-related enzymes from β-chitin producers has rarely been reported. In this study, a chitin deacetylase (TwCDA) was retrieved from the Marine Microbial Eukaryote Transcriptome Sequencing Project (MMETSP) database and was heterologously expressed in vitro for functional analysis. The results showed that both the full-length sequence (TwCDA) and the N-terminal truncated sequence (TwCDA-S) had chitin deacetylase and chitinolytic activities after expression in Escherichia coli. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) indicated that TwCDA and TwCDA-S could catalyze the deacetylation of oligosaccharide (GlcNAc)5. TwCDA had higher deacetylase activity, and also catalyzed the deacetylation of the β-chitin polymer. A dinitrosalicylic acid (DNS) assay showed that TwCDA-S had high chitinolytic activity for (GlcNAc)5, and the optimal reaction temperature was 35 °C. Liquid chromatography combined with time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-coTOF-MS) detected the formation of a N-acetylglucosamine monomer (C8H15NO6) in the reaction mixture. Altogether, we isolated a chitin deacetylase from a marine diatom, which can catalyze the deacetylation and degradation of chitin and chitin oligosaccharides. The relevant results lay a foundation for the internal regulation mechanism of chitin metabolism in diatoms and provide a candidate enzyme for the green industrial preparation of chitosan and chitin oligosaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengzhen Cheng
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhanru Shao
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Xin Wang
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chang Lu
- Department of Biological Engineering, College of Life Science, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
| | - Shuang Li
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Delin Duan
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
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9
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Tournier V, Duquesne S, Guillamot F, Cramail H, Taton D, Marty A, André I. Enzymes' Power for Plastics Degradation. Chem Rev 2023; 123:5612-5701. [PMID: 36916764 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
Plastics are everywhere in our modern way of living, and their production keeps increasing every year, causing major environmental concerns. Nowadays, the end-of-life management involves accumulation in landfills, incineration, and recycling to a lower extent. This ecological threat to the environment is inspiring alternative bio-based solutions for plastic waste treatment and recycling toward a circular economy. Over the past decade, considerable efforts have been made to degrade commodity plastics using biocatalytic approaches. Here, we provide a comprehensive review on the recent advances in enzyme-based biocatalysis and in the design of related biocatalytic processes to recycle or upcycle commodity plastics, including polyesters, polyamides, polyurethanes, and polyolefins. We also discuss scope and limitations, challenges, and opportunities of this field of research. An important message from this review is that polymer-assimilating enzymes are very likely part of the solution to reaching a circular plastic economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Tournier
- Carbios, Parc Cataroux-Bâtiment B80, 8 rue de la Grolière, 63100 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Sophie Duquesne
- Toulouse Biotechnology Institute, TBI, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRAE, INSA, Toulouse, France, 135, avenue de Rangueil, F-31077 Toulouse Cedex 04, France
| | - Frédérique Guillamot
- Carbios, Parc Cataroux-Bâtiment B80, 8 rue de la Grolière, 63100 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Henri Cramail
- Université Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, LCPO, 16 Avenue Pey-Berland, 33600 Pessac, France
| | - Daniel Taton
- Université Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, LCPO, 16 Avenue Pey-Berland, 33600 Pessac, France
| | - Alain Marty
- Carbios, Parc Cataroux-Bâtiment B80, 8 rue de la Grolière, 63100 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Isabelle André
- Toulouse Biotechnology Institute, TBI, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRAE, INSA, Toulouse, France, 135, avenue de Rangueil, F-31077 Toulouse Cedex 04, France
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10
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Thakur D, Chauhan A, Jhilta P, Kaushal R, Dipta B. Microbial chitinases and their relevance in various industries. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2023; 68:29-53. [PMID: 35972681 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-022-00999-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Chitin, the second most abundant biopolymer on earth after cellulose, is composed of β-1,4-N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) units. It is widely distributed in nature, especially as a structural polysaccharide in the cell walls of fungi, the exoskeletons of crustaceans, insects, and nematodes. However, the principal commercial source of chitin is the shells of marine or freshwater invertebrates. Microbial chitinases are largely responsible for chitin breakdown in nature, and they play an important role in the ecosystem's carbon and nitrogen balance. Several microbial chitinases have been characterized and are gaining prominence for their applications in various sectors. The current review focuses on chitinases of microbial origin, their diversity, and their characteristics. The applications of chitinases in several industries such as agriculture, food, the environment, and pharmaceutical sectors are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepali Thakur
- Dr Yashwant Singh Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan, 173230, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Anjali Chauhan
- Dr Yashwant Singh Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan, 173230, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Prakriti Jhilta
- Dr Yashwant Singh Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan, 173230, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Rajesh Kaushal
- Dr Yashwant Singh Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan, 173230, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Bhawna Dipta
- ICAR-Central Potato Research Institute, Shimla, 171001, Himachal Pradesh, India.
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11
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Dang YR, Zhang XY, Liu SS, Li PY, Ren XB, Qin QL. Genomic analysis of Marinimicrobium sp. C6131 reveals its genetic potential involved in chitin metabolism. Mar Genomics 2023; 67:101007. [PMID: 36682850 DOI: 10.1016/j.margen.2022.101007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Marinimicrobium sp. C6131, which had the ability to degrade chitin, was isolated from deep-sea sediment of the southwest Indian Ocean. Here, the genome of strain C6131 was sequenced and the chitin metabolic pathways were constructed. The genome contained a circular chromosome of 4,207,651 bp with a G + C content of 58.50%. A total of 3471 protein-coding sequences were predicted. Gene annotation and metabolic pathway reconstruction showed that strain C6131 possessed genes and two metabolic pathways involved in chitin catabolism: the hydrolytic chitin utilization pathway initiated by chitinases and the oxidative chitin utilization pathway initiated by lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases. Chitin is the most abundant polysaccharide in the ocean. Degradation and recycling of chitin driven by marine bacteria are crucial for biogeochemical cycles of carbon and nitrogen in the ocean. The genomic information of strain C6131 revealed its genetic potential involved in chitin metabolism. The strain C6131 could grow with colloidal chitin as the sole carbon source, indicating that these genes would have functions in chitin degradation and utilization. The genomic sequence of Marinimicrobium sp. C6131 could provide fundamental information for future studies on chitin degradation, and help to improve our understanding of the chitin degradation process in deep-sea environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Ru Dang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Xiao-Yu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Sha-Sha Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Ping-Yi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Xue-Bing Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China.
| | - Qi-Long Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China.
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12
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Gao K, Qin Y, Liu S, Wang L, Xing R, Yu H, Chen X, Li P. A review of the preparation, derivatization and functions of glucosamine and N-acetyl-glucosamine from chitin. CARBOHYDRATE POLYMER TECHNOLOGIES AND APPLICATIONS 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carpta.2023.100296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
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13
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Synergic chitin degradation by Streptomyces sp. SCUT-3 chitinases and their applications in chitinous waste recycling and pathogenic fungi biocontrol. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 225:987-996. [PMID: 36403764 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.11.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The genus Streptomyces comprises the most important chitin decomposers in soil and revealing their chitinolytic machinery is beneficial for the conversion of chitinous wastes. Streptomyces sp. SCUT-3, a chitin-hydrolyzing and a robust feather-degrading bacterium, was isolated previously. The potential chitin-degrading enzymes produced by SCUT-3 were analyzed in the present study. Among these enzymes, three chitinases were successfully expressed in Pichia pastoris at comparatively high yields of 4.8 U/mL (SsExoChi18A), 11.2 U/mL (SsExoChi18B), and 17.8 U/mL (SsEndoChi19). Conserved motifs and constructive 3D structures of these three exo- and endochitinases were also analyzed. These chitinases hydrolyzed colloidal chitin to chitin oligomers. SsExoChi18A showed apparent synergic effects with SsEndoChi19 in colloidal chitin and shrimp shell hydrolysis, with an improvement of 29.3 % and 124.9 %, respectively. Compared with SsExoChi18B and SsEndoChi19, SsExoChi18A exhibited the strongest antifungal effects against four plant pathogens by inhibiting mycelial growth and spore germination. This study provided good candidates for chitinous waste-processing enzymes and antifungal biocontrol agents. These synergic chitin-degrading enzymes of SCUT-3 are good targets for its further genetical modification to construct super chitinous waste-degrading bacteria with strong abilities to hydrolyze both protein and chitin, thereby providing a direction for the future path of the chitinous waste recycling industry.
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14
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Liu Q, Wei G, Yang P, Wang C, Chen K, Ouyang P, Zhang A. One-pot biosynthesis of N-acetylneuraminic acid from chitin via combination of chitin-degrading enzymes, N-acetylglucosamine-2-epimerase, and N-neuraminic acid aldolase. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1156924. [PMID: 37025634 PMCID: PMC10072123 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1156924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac) possesses the ability to promote mental health and enhance immunity and is widely used in both medicine and food fields as a supplement. Enzymatic production of Neu5Ac using N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (GlcNAc) as substrate was significant. However, the high-cost GlcNAc limited its development. In this study, an in vitro multi-enzyme catalysis was built to produce Neu5Ac using affordable chitin as substrate. Firstly, exochitinase SmChiA from Serratia proteamaculans and N-acetylglucosaminosidase CmNAGase from Chitinolyticbacter meiyuanensis SYBC-H1 were screened and combined to produce GlcNAc, effectively. Then, the chitinase was cascaded with N-acetylglucosamine-2-epimerase (AGE) and N-neuraminic acid aldolase (NanA) to produce Neu5Ac; the optimal conditions of the multi-enzyme catalysis system were 37°C and pH 8.5, the ratio of AGE to NanA (1:4) and addition of pyruvate (70 mM), respectively. Finally, 9.2 g/L Neu5Ac could be obtained from 20 g/L chitin within 24 h along with two supplementations with pyruvate. This work will lay a good foundation for the production of Neu5Ac from cheap chitin resources.
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15
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Bacterial chitinases: genetics, engineering and applications. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 38:252. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-022-03444-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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16
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He B, Yang L, Yang D, Jiang M, Ling C, Chen H, Ji F, Pan L. Biochemical purification and characterization of a truncated acidic, thermostable chitinase from marine fungus for N-acetylglucosamine production. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:1013313. [PMID: 36267443 PMCID: PMC9578694 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.1013313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) is widely used in nutritional supplement and is generally produced from chitin using chitinases. While most GlcNAc is produced from colloidal chitin, it is essential that chitinases be acidic enzymes. Herein, we characterized an acidic, highly salinity tolerance and thermostable chitinase AfChiJ, identified from the marine fungus Aspergillus fumigatus df673. Using AlphaFold2 structural prediction, a truncated Δ30AfChiJ was heterologously expressed in E. coli and successfully purified. It was also found that it is active in colloidal chitin, with an optimal temperature of 45°C, an optimal pH of 4.0, and an optimal salt concentration of 3% NaCl. Below 45°C, it was sound over a wide pH range of 2.0–6.0 and maintained high activity (≥97.96%) in 1–7% NaCl. A notable increase in chitinase activity was observed of Δ30AfChiJ by the addition of Mg2+, Ba2+, urea, and chloroform. AfChiJ first decomposed colloidal chitin to generate mainly N-acetyl chitobioase, which was successively converted to its monomer GlcNAc. This indicated that AfChiJ is a bifunctional enzyme, composed of chitobiosidase and β-N-acetylglucosaminidase. Our result suggested that AfChiJ likely has the potential to convert chitin-containing biomass into high-value added GlcNAc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin He
- School of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
- State Key Laboratory of Non-Food Biomass and Enzyme Technology, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Marine Natural Products and Combinatorial Biosynthesis Chemistry, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Liyan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Non-Food Biomass and Enzyme Technology, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Marine Natural Products and Combinatorial Biosynthesis Chemistry, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Dengfeng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Non-Food Biomass and Enzyme Technology, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Marine Natural Products and Combinatorial Biosynthesis Chemistry, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Minguo Jiang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for Polysaccharide Materials and Modifications, School of Marine Sciences and Biotechnology, Guangxi University for Nationalities, Nanning, China
| | - Chengjin Ling
- Nanning Dabeinong Feed Technology Co., Ltd., Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Hailan Chen
- School of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
- *Correspondence: Hailan Chen, ; Feng Ji, ; Lixia Pan,
| | - Feng Ji
- Guangxi Huaren Medical Technolgoy Group, Nanning, Guangxi, China
- *Correspondence: Hailan Chen, ; Feng Ji, ; Lixia Pan,
| | - Lixia Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Non-Food Biomass and Enzyme Technology, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Marine Natural Products and Combinatorial Biosynthesis Chemistry, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning, Guangxi, China
- *Correspondence: Hailan Chen, ; Feng Ji, ; Lixia Pan,
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17
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Gao S, Zhang A, Ma D, Zhang K, Wang J, Wang X, Chen K. Enhancing pH stability of lysine decarboxylase via rational engineering and its application in cadaverine industrial production. Biochem Eng J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2022.108548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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18
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Characterization of chitinase from Exiguobacterium antarcticum and its bioconversion of crayfish shell into chitin oligosaccharides. Food Res Int 2022; 158:111517. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.111517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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19
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Mechano-Enzymatic Degradation of the Chitin from Crustacea Shells for Efficient Production of N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc). Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27154720. [PMID: 35897896 PMCID: PMC9331973 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27154720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitin, the second richest polymer in nature, is composed of the monomer N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc), which has numerous functions and is widely applied in the medical, food, and chemical industries. However, due to the highly crystalline configuration and low accessibility in water of the chitin resources, such as shrimp and crab shells, the chitin is difficult utilize, and the traditional chemical method causes serious environment pollution and a waste of resources. In the present study, three genes encoding chitinolytic enzymes, including the N-acetylglucosaminidase from Ostrinia furnacalis (OfHex1), endo-chitinase from Trichoderma viride (TvChi1), and multifunctional chitinase from Chitinolyticbacter meiyuanensis (CmChi1), were expressed in the Pichia pastoris system, and the positive transformants with multiple copies were isolated by the PTVA (post-transformational vector amplification) method, respectively. The three recombinants OfHex1, TvChi1, and CmChi1 were induced by methanol and purified by the chitin affinity adsorption method. The purified recombinants OfHex1 and TvChi1 were characterized, and they were further used together for degrading chitin from shrimp and crab shells to produce GlcNAc through liquid-assisted grinding (LAG) under a water-less condition. The substrate chitin concentration reached up to 300 g/L, and the highest yield of the product GlcNAc reached up to 61.3 g/L using the mechano-enzymatic method. A yield rate of up to 102.2 g GlcNAc per 1 g enzyme was obtained.
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20
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Whole-genome sequencing and functional analysis of a novel chitin-degrading strain Rhodococcus sp. 11-3. J Biosci Bioeng 2022; 134:167-173. [PMID: 35644796 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2022.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Chitin is the second most abundant polysaccharide in nature. Therefore, how to utilize the resource is an important issue. Rhodococcus sp. 11-3 is a strain with high chitin deacetylase (CDA) activity. In the present study, we used a combined Illumina and PacBio sequencing strategy to assemble the whole genome sequence of this strain. The genome of Rhodococcus sp. 11-3 was 5,627,661 bp in size and contained 5983 coding genes, of which 5983, 4040, 4648, 4914, 4174, 2350, and 173 genes were annotated in the Non-Redundant Protein Database (NR), Swiss-Prot, Pfam, Clusters of Orthologous Groups of proteins (COG), Gene Ontology (GO), Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) and Carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes) databases, respectively. The genome was annotated to a chitin deacetylase gene (RhoCDA) and a chitinase gene (RhoChi). They were not very similar to the previously reported chitin deacetylase and chitinase. This made it possible to investigate the genes associated with chitin degradation and would provide an important reference for subsequent gene cloning, functional research, development and application. Therefore, the Rhodococcus sp. 11-3 strain has great potential in the development of chitin resources.
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21
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Chen Y, Zhou N, Chen X, Wei G, Zhang A, Chen K, Ouyang P. Characterization of a New Multifunctional GH20 β- N-Acetylglucosaminidase From Chitinibacter sp. GC72 and Its Application in Converting Chitin Into N-Acetyl Glucosamine. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:874908. [PMID: 35620090 PMCID: PMC9129912 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.874908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, a gene encoding β-N-acetylglucosaminidase, designated NAGaseA, was cloned from Chitinibacter sp. GC72 and subsequently functional expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3). NAGaseA contains a glycoside hydrolase family 20 catalytic domain that shows low identity with the corresponding domain of the well-characterized NAGases. The recombinant NAGaseA had a molecular mass of 92 kDa. Biochemical characterization of the purified NAGaseA revealed that the optimal reaction condition was at 40°C and pH 6.5, and exhibited great pH stability in the range of pH 6.5-9.5. The V ma x , K m, k cat, and k cat /K m of NAGaseA toward p-nitrophenyl-N-acetyl glucosaminide (pNP-GlcNAc) were 3333.33 μmol min-1 l-1, 39.99 μmol l-1, 4667.07 s-1, and 116.71 ml μmol-1 s-1, respectively. Analysis of the hydrolysis products of N-acetyl chitin oligosaccharides (N-Acetyl COSs) indicated that NAGaseA was capable of converting N-acetyl COSs ((GlcNAc)2-(GlcNAc)6) into GlcNAc with hydrolysis ability order: (GlcNAc)2 > (GlcNAc)3 > (GlcNAc)4 > (GlcNAc)5 > (GlcNAc)6. Moreover, NAGaseA could generate (GlcNAc)3-(GlcNAc)6 from (GlcNAc)2-(GlcNAc)5, respectively. These results showed that NAGaseA is a multifunctional NAGase with transglycosylation activity. In addition, significantly synergistic action was observed between NAGaseA and other sources of chitinases during hydrolysis of colloid chitin. Finally, 0.759, 0.481, and 0.986 g/l of GlcNAc with a purity of 96% were obtained using three different chitinase combinations, which were 1.61-, 2.36-, and 2.69-fold that of the GlcNAc production using the single chitinase. This observation indicated that NAGaseA could be a potential candidate enzyme in commercial GlcNAc production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ning Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xueman Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Guoguang Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Alei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, China
| | - Kequan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Pingkai Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
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22
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Akram F, Jabbar Z, Aqeel A, Haq IU, Tariq S, Malik K. A Contemporary Appraisal on Impending Industrial and Agricultural Applications of Thermophilic-Recombinant Chitinolytic Enzymes from Microbial Sources. Mol Biotechnol 2022; 64:1055-1075. [PMID: 35397055 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-022-00486-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The ability of chitinases to degrade the second most abundant polymer, chitin, into potentially useful chitooligomers and chitin derivatives has not only rendered them fit for chitinous waste management but has also made them important from industrial point of view. At the same time, they have also been recognized to have an imperative role as promising biocontrol agents for controlling plant diseases. As thermostability is an important property for an industrially important enzyme, various bacterial and fungal sources are being exploited to obtain such stable enzymes. These stable enzymes can also play a role in agriculture by maintaining their stability under adverse environmental conditions for longer time duration when used as biocontrol agent. Biotechnology has also played its role in the development of recombinant chitinases with enhanced activity, thermostability, fungicidal and insecticidal activity via recombinant DNA techniques. Furthermore, a relatively new approach of generating pathogen-resistant transgenic plants has opened new ways for sustainable agriculture by minimizing the yield loss of valuable crops and plants. This review focuses on the potential applications of thermostable and recombinant microbial chitinases in industry and agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Akram
- Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Government College University, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan.
| | - Zuriat Jabbar
- Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Government College University, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Amna Aqeel
- Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Government College University, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Ikram Ul Haq
- Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Government College University, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan.,Pakistan Academy of Sciences, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Shahbaz Tariq
- Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Government College University, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Kausar Malik
- Centre for Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
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23
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Wang Y, Chen X, Chen Q, Zhou N, Wang X, Zhang A, Chen K, Ouyang P. Construction of cell factory capable of efficiently converting L-tryptophan into 5-hydroxytryptamine. Microb Cell Fact 2022; 21:47. [PMID: 35331215 PMCID: PMC8944007 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-022-01745-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND L-Tryptophan (L-Trp) derivatives such as 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), N-Acetyl-5-hydroxytryptamine and melatonin are important molecules with pharmaceutical interest. Among, 5-HT is an inhibitory neurotransmitter with proven benefits for treating the symptoms of depression. At present, 5-HT depends on plant extraction and chemical synthesis, which limits its mass production and causes environmental problems. Therefore, it is necessary to develop an efficient, green and sustainable biosynthesis method to produce 5-HT. RESULTS Here we propose a one-pot production of 5-HT from L-Trp via two enzyme cascades for the first time. First, a chassis cell that can convert L-Trp into 5-HTP was constructed by heterologous expression of tryptophan hydroxylase from Schistosoma mansoni (SmTPH) and an artificial endogenous tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) module. Then, dopa decarboxylase from Harminia axyridis (HaDDC), which can specifically catalyse 5-HTP to 5-HT, was used for 5-HT production. The cell factory, E. coli BL21(DE3)△tnaA/BH4/HaDDC-SmTPH, which contains SmTPH and HaDDC, was constructed for 5-HT synthesis. The highest concentration of 5-HT reached 414.5 ± 1.6 mg/L (with conversion rate of 25.9 mol%) at the optimal conditions (substrate concentration,2 g/L; induced temperature, 25℃; IPTG concentration, 0.5 mM; catalysis temperature, 30℃; catalysis time, 72 h). CONCLUSIONS This protocol provided an efficient one-pot method for converting. L-Trp into 5-HT production, which opens up possibilities for the practical biosynthesis of natural 5-HT at an industrial scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China.,College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Xueman Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China.,College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Qiaoyu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China.,College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Ning Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China.,College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Xin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China.,College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Alei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China.,College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Kequan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China. .,College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China.
| | - Pingkai Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China.,College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
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24
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Wang C, Chen X, Zhou N, Chen Y, Zhang A, Chen K, Ouyang P. Property and Function of a Novel Chitinase Containing Dual Catalytic Domains Capable of Converting Chitin Into N-Acetyl-D-Glucosamine. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:790301. [PMID: 35283860 PMCID: PMC8908422 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.790301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel multifunctional chitinase (CmChi3)-encoding gene was cloned from Chitinolyticbacter meiyuanensis and actively expressed in Escherichia coli. Sequence analysis showed that CmChi3 contains two glycoside hydrolase family 18 (GH18) catalytic domains and exhibited low identity with well-characterized chitinases. The optimum pH and temperature of purified recombinant CmChi3 were 6.0 and 50°C, respectively. CmChi3 exhibited strict substrate specificity of 4.1 U/mg toward colloidal chitin (CC) and hydrolyzed it to yield N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (GlcNAc) as the sole end product. An analysis of the hydrolysis products toward N-acetyl chitooligosaccharides (N-acetyl COSs) and CC substrates revealed that CmChi3 exhibits endochitinase, N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase (NAGase), and transglycosylase (TGase) activities. Further studies revealed that the N-terminal catalytic domain of CmChi3 exhibited endo-acting and NAGase activities, while the C-terminal catalytic domain showed exo-acting and TGase activities. The hydrolytic properties and favorable environmental adaptations indicate that CmChi3 holds potential for commercial GlcNAc production from chitin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengyong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xueman Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ning Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Alei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, China
| | - Kequan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Pingkai Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
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25
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Xue R, Chen Y, Rong H, Wei R, Cui Z, Zhou J, Dong W, Jiang M. Fusion of Chitin-Binding Domain From Chitinolyticbacter meiyuanensis SYBC-H1 to the Leaf-Branch Compost Cutinase for Enhanced PET Hydrolysis. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:762854. [PMID: 34976965 PMCID: PMC8715031 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.762854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is a mass-produced petroleum-based non-biodegradable plastic that contributes to the global plastic pollution. Recently, biocatalytic degradation has emerged as a viable recycling approach for PET waste, especially with thermophilic polyester hydrolases such as a cutinase (LCC) isolated from a leaf-branch compost metagenome and its variants. To improve the enzymatic PET hydrolysis performance, we fused a chitin-binding domain (ChBD) from Chitinolyticbacter meiyuanensis SYBC-H1 to the C-terminus of the previously reported LCCICCG variant, demonstrating higher adsorption to PET substrates and, as a result, improved degradation performance by up to 19.6% compared to with its precursor enzyme without the binding module. For compare hydrolysis with different binding module, the catalytic activity of LCCICCG-ChBD, LCCICCG-CBM, LCCICCG-PBM and LCCICCG-HFB4 were further investigated with PET substrates of various crystallinity and it showed measurable activity on high crystalline PET with 40% crystallinity. These results indicated that fusing a polymer-binding module to LCCICCG is a promising method stimulating the enzymatic hydrolysis of PET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yinping Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Huan Rong
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ren Wei
- Junior Research Group Plastic Biodegradation, Department of Biotechnology and Enzyme Catalysis, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Zhongli Cui
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, College of Life Science, Nanjing Agriculture University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jie Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Weiliang Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Min Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
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Heterologous Expression of a Thermostable Chitinase from Myxococcus xanthus and Its Application for High Yield Production of Glucosamine from Shrimp Shell. Foods 2021; 10:foods10112808. [PMID: 34829089 PMCID: PMC8619855 DOI: 10.3390/foods10112808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucosamine (GlcN) is a widely used food supplement. Hence, enormous attention has been concerned with enzymatic production of GlcN owing to its advantage over a chemical approach. In this study, a previously unstudied chitinase gene (MxChi) in the genome of Myxococcus xanthus was cloned, expressed in recombinant soluble form and purified to homogeneity. TLC-, UPLC-, and microplate-reader- based activity tests confirmed MxChi hydrolyzes colloidal chitin to chitobiose as sole product. The optimal catalytic pH and temperature of MxChi was identified as 7.0 and 55 °C, respectively. MxChi exhibited 80% activity after 72 h incubation at 37 °C. The site-directed mutagenesis revealed that the amino acids D323A, D325A, and E327A of MxChi were in the DXDXE catalytic motif of GH18. When coupled with β-N-acetylhexosaminidase (SnHex) and deacetylase (CmCBDA), the enzyme allowed one-pot extraction of GlcN from colloidal chitin and shrimp shell. The optimal condition was 37 °C, pH 8.0, and 1/3/16.5 (MxChi/SnHex/CmCBDA), conducted by orthogonal design for the enzymatic cascades. Under this condition, the yield of GlcN was 26.33 mg from 400 mg shrimp shell. Facile recombinant in E. coli, robust thermostability and pure product herein makes newly discovered chitinase a valuable candidate for the green recycling of chitin rich waste.
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Abady SM, M Ghanem K, Ghanem NB, Embaby AM. Molecular cloning, heterologous expression, and in silico sequence analysis of Enterobacter GH19 class I chitinase (chiRAM gene). Mol Biol Rep 2021; 49:951-969. [PMID: 34773550 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06914-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Using in silico sequence analyses, the present study aims to clone and express the gene-encoding sequence of a GH19 chitinase from Enterobacter sp. in Escherichia coli. METHODS AND RESULTS The putative open reading frame of a GH19 chitinase from Enterobacter sp. strain EGY1 was cloned and expressed into pGEM®-T and pET-28a (+) vectors, respectively using a degenerate primer. The isolated nucleotide sequence (1821 bp, GenBank accession no.: MK533791.2) was translated to a chiRAM protein (606 amino acids, UniProt accession no.: A0A4D6J2L9). The in silico protein sequence analysis of chiRAM revealed a class I GH19 chitinase: an N-terminus signal peptide (Met1-Ala23), a catalytic domain (Val83-Glu347 and the catalytic triad Glu149, Glu171, and Ser218), a proline-rich hinge region (Pro414 -Pro450), a polycystic kidney disease protein motif (Gly 465-Ser 533), a C-terminus chitin-binding domain (Ala553- Glu593), and conserved class I motifs (NYNY and AQETGG). A three-dimensional model was constructed by LOMETS MODELLER of PDB template: 2dkvA (class I chitinase of Oryza sativa L. japonica). Recombinant chiRAM was overexpressed as inclusion bodies (IBs) (~ 72 kDa; SDS-PAGE) in 1.0 mM IPTG induced E. coli BL21 (DE3) Rosetta strain at room temperature 18 h after induction. Optimized expression yielded active chiRAM with 1.974 ± 0.0002 U/mL, on shrimp colloidal chitin (SCC), in induced E. coli BL21 (DE3) Rosetta cells growing in SB medium. LC-MS/MS identified a band of 72 kDa in the soluble fraction with a 52.3% coverage sequence exclusive to the GH19 chitinase of Enterobacter cloacae (WP_063869339.1). CONCLUSIONS Although chiRAM of Enterobacter sp. was successfully cloned and expressed in E. coli with appreciable chitinase activity, future studies should focus on minimizing IBs to facilitate chiRAM purification and characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahinaz M Abady
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, 1 Baghdad Street-Moharam Bek, Alexandria, 21568, Egypt
| | - Khaled M Ghanem
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, 1 Baghdad Street-Moharam Bek, Alexandria, 21568, Egypt
| | - Nevine B Ghanem
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, 1 Baghdad Street-Moharam Bek, Alexandria, 21568, Egypt
| | - Amira M Embaby
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Graduate Studies and Research, Alexandria University, P.O.Box 832, 163 Horreya Avenue, Chatby, Alexandria, 21526, Egypt.
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28
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Chemo-enzymatic protocol converts chitin into a nitrogen-containing furan derivative, 3-acetamido-5-acetylfuran. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2021.112001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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29
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Doan CT, Tran TN, Wang SL. Production of Thermophilic Chitinase by Paenibacillus sp. TKU052 by Bioprocessing of Chitinous Fishery Wastes and Its Application in N-acetyl-D-glucosamine Production. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:3048. [PMID: 34577952 PMCID: PMC8471714 DOI: 10.3390/polym13183048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The bioprocessing of chitinous fishery wastes (CFWs) to chitinases through fermentation approaches has gained importance owing to its great benefits in reducing the enzyme production cost, and utilizing chitin waste. In this work, our study of the chitinase production of Paenibacillus sp. TKU052 in the presence of different kinds of CFWs revealed a preference for demineralized crab shells powder (deCSP); furthermore, a 72 kDa chitinase was isolated from the 0.5% deCSP-containing medium. The Paenibacillus sp. TKU052 chitinase displayed maximum activity at 70 °C and pH 4-5, while Zn2+, Fe3+, Triton X-100, Tween 40, and SDS exerted a negative effect on its activity, whereas Mn2+ and 2-mercaptoethanol were found to potentially enhance the activity. Among various kinds of polysaccharide, Paenibacillus sp. TKU052 chitinase exhibited the best catalytic activity on colloidal chitin (CC) with Km = 9.75 mg/mL and Vmax = 2.43 μmol/min. The assessment of the hydrolysis of CC and N-acetyl chitooligosaccharides revealed that Paenibacillus sp. TKU052 chitinase possesses multiple catalytic functions, including exochitinase, endochitinase, and N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase activities. Finally, the combination of Paenibacillus sp. TKU052 chitinase and Streptomyces speibonae TKU048 N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase could efficiently convert CC to N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (GlcNAc) with a production yield of 94.35-98.60% in 12-24 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien Thang Doan
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Technology, Tay Nguyen University, Buon Ma Thuot 630000, Vietnam; (C.T.D.); (T.N.T.)
- Department of Chemistry, Tamkang University, New Taipei City 25137, Taiwan
| | - Thi Ngoc Tran
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Technology, Tay Nguyen University, Buon Ma Thuot 630000, Vietnam; (C.T.D.); (T.N.T.)
- Doctoral Program in Applied Sciences, College of Science, Tamkang University, New Taipei City 25137, Taiwan
| | - San-Lang Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Tamkang University, New Taipei City 25137, Taiwan
- Life Science Development Center, Tamkang University, New Taipei City 25137, Taiwan
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Gomaa EZ. Microbial chitinases: properties, enhancement and potential applications. PROTOPLASMA 2021; 258:695-710. [PMID: 33483852 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-021-01612-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Chitinases are a category of hydrolytic enzymes that catalyze chitin and are formed by a wide variety of microorganisms. In nature, microbial chitinases are primarily responsible for chitin decomposition and play a vital role in the balance of carbon and nitrogen ratio in the ecosystem. The physicochemical attributes and the source of chitinase are the main bases that determine their functional characteristics and hydrolyzed products. Several chitinases have been reported and characterized, and they obtain a wider consideration for their utilization in a large number of uses such as in agriculture, food, environment, medicine and pharmaceutical companies. The antifungal and insecticidal impacts of several chitinases have been extensively studied, aiming to protect crops from phytopathogenic fungi and insects. Chitooligosaccharides synthesized by chitin degradation have been shown to improve human health through their antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antitumor properties. This review aims at investigating chitinase production, properties and their potential applications in various biotechnological fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman Zakaria Gomaa
- Department of Biological and Geological Sciences, Faculty of Education, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
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31
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Zhou N, Yang P, Chen J, Wei G, Wang C, Zhang A, Chen K, Ouyang P. Effect of organic solvents treatment on structure of chitin and its enzymatic hydrolysis. Polym Degrad Stab 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2021.109654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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32
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Zhang W, Ma J, Yan Q, Jiang Z, Yang S. Biochemical characterization of a novel acidic chitinase with antifungal activity from Paenibacillus xylanexedens Z2-4. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 182:1528-1536. [PMID: 34022308 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.05.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
A chitinase gene (PxChi52) from Paenibacillus xylanexedens Z2-4 was cloned and heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3). PxChi52 shared the highest identity of 91% with a glycoside hydrolase family 18 chitinase (ChiD) from Bacillus circulans. The recombinant enzyme (PxChi52) was purified and biochemically characterized. PxChi52 had a molecular mass of 52.8 kDa. It was most active at pH 4.5 and 65 °C, respectively, and stable in a wide pH range of 4.0-13.0 and up to 50 °C. The enzyme exhibited the highest specific activity of 16.0 U/mg towards colloidal chitin, followed by ethylene glycol chitin (5.4 U/mg) and ball milled chitin (0.4 U/mg). The Km and Vmax values of PxChi52 towards colloidal chitin were determined to be 3.06 mg/mL and 71.38 U/mg, respectively, PxChi52 hydrolyzed colloidal chitin and chitooligosaccharides with degree of polymerization 2-5 to release mainly N-acetyl chitobiose. In addition, PxChi52 displayed inhibition effects on the growth of some phytopathogenic fungi, including Alternaria alstroemeriae, Botrytis cinerea, Rhizoctonia solani, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and Valsa mali. The unique properties of PxChi52 may enable it potential application in agriculture field as a biocontrol agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjiao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Food Bioengineering (China National Light Industry), College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Junwen Ma
- College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Qiaojuan Yan
- College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Zhengqiang Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Food Bioengineering (China National Light Industry), College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Shaoqing Yang
- Key Laboratory of Food Bioengineering (China National Light Industry), College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China.
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Singh RV, Sambyal K, Negi A, Sonwani S, Mahajan R. Chitinases production: A robust enzyme and its industrial applications. BIOCATAL BIOTRANSFOR 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/10242422.2021.1883004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Krishika Sambyal
- University Institute of Biotechnology, Chandigarh University, Gharuan, India
| | - Anjali Negi
- University Institute of Biotechnology, Chandigarh University, Gharuan, India
| | - Shubham Sonwani
- Department of Biosciences, Christian Eminent College, Indore, India
| | - Ritika Mahajan
- Department of Microbiology, School of Sciences, JAIN (Deemed-to-be University), Bengaluru, India
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Secretory production in Escherichia coli of a GH46 chitosanase from Chromobacterium violaceum, suitable to generate antifungal chitooligosaccharides. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 165:1482-1495. [PMID: 33017605 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.09.221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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35
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Bioconversion of chitin waste using a cold-adapted chitinase to produce chitin oligosaccharides. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2020.109863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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36
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Zhang A, Mo X, Zhou N, Wang Y, Wei G, Hao Z, Chen K. Identification of Chitinolytic Enzymes in Chitinolyticbacter meiyuanensis and Mechanism of Efficiently Hydrolyzing Chitin to N-Acetyl Glucosamine. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:572053. [PMID: 33193169 PMCID: PMC7641034 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.572053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Chitinolyticbacter meiyuanensis SYBC-H1, a bacterium capable of hydrolyzing chitin and shrimp shell to N-acetyl glucosamine (GlcNAc) as the only product, was isolated previously. Here, the hydrolysis mechanism of this novel strain toward chitin was investigated. Sequencing and analysis of the complete genome of SYBC-H1 showed that it encodes 32 putatively chitinolytic enzymes including 30 chitinases affiliated with the glycoside hydrolase (GH) families 18 (26) and 19 (4), one GH family 20 β-N-acetylglucosaminidase (NAGase), and one Auxiliary Activities (AA) family 10 lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase (LPMO). However, only eight GH18 chitinases, one AA10 LPMO, and one GH20 NAGase were detected in the culture broth of the strain, according to peptide mass fingerprinting (PMF). Of these, genes encoding chitinolytic enzymes including five GH18 chitinases (Cm711, Cm3636, Cm3638, Cm3639, and Cm3769) and one GH20 NAGase (Cm3245) were successfully expressed in active form in Escherichia coli. The hydrolysis of chitinous substrates showed that Cm711, Cm3636, Cm3638, and Cm3769 were endo-chitinases and Cm3639 was exo-chitinase. Moreover, Cm3639 and Cm3769 can convert the GlcNAc dimer and colloidal chitin (CC) into GlcNAc, which showed that they also possess NAGase activity. In addition, NAGase Cm3245 possesses a very high exo-acting activity of hydrolyzing GlcNAc dimer. These results suggest that chitinases and NAGase from SYBC-H1 both play important roles in conversion of N-acetyl chitooligosaccharides to GlcNAc, resulting in the accumulation of the final product GlcNAc. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the complete genome sequence and chitinolytic enzyme genes discovery of this strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaofang Mo
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ning Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yingying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Guoguang Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhikui Hao
- Taizhou Vocational and Technical College, Taizhou, China
| | - Kequan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
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Zhang A, Mo X, Wei G, Zhou N, Yang S, Chen J, Wang Y, Chen K, Ouyang P. The Draft Genome Sequence and Analysis of an Efficiently Chitinolytic Bacterium Chitinibacter sp. Strain GC72. Curr Microbiol 2020; 77:3903-3908. [PMID: 32980915 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-020-02215-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A novel chitinolytic bacterium Chitinibacter sp. GC72, which produces an enzyme capable of efficiently converting chitin only into N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (GlcNAc), was successfully sequenced and analyzed. The assembled draft genome of strain GC72 is 3,455,373 bp, containing 3346 encoded protein sequences with G + C content of 53.90%. Among these annotated genes, 17 chitinolytic enzymes including 12 glycoside hydrolase family 18 chitinases, three family 19 chitinases, one family 20 β-hexosaminidase, and one auxiliary activity family 10 lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase, were found to be essential in the production of GlcNAc from chitin. The genomic information of strain GC72 provides a reference genome for Chitinibacter bacteria and abundant novel chitinolytic enzyme resources, and allows researchers to explore potential applications in GlcNAc enzymatic production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alei Zhang
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211800, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaofang Mo
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211800, People's Republic of China
| | - Guoguang Wei
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211800, People's Republic of China
| | - Ning Zhou
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211800, People's Republic of China
| | - Sai Yang
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211800, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Chen
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211800, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingying Wang
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211800, People's Republic of China
| | - Kequan Chen
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211800, People's Republic of China.
| | - Pingkai Ouyang
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211800, People's Republic of China
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38
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Biochemical and molecular characterization of an acido-thermostable endo-chitinase from Bacillus altitudinis KA15 for industrial degradation of chitinous waste. Carbohydr Res 2020; 495:108089. [PMID: 32807357 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2020.108089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
This paper reports the isolation and identification of an acido-thermostable chitinase (ChiA-Ba43) which was purified, from the culture liquid of Bacillus altitudinis strain KA15, and characterized. Purification of ChiA-Ba43 produced a 69.6-fold increase in the specific activity (120,000 U/mg) of the chitinase, with a yield of 51% using colloidal chitin as substrate. ChiA-Ba43 was found to be a monomeric protein with a molecular mass of 43,190.05 Da as determined by MALDI-TOF/MS. N-terminal sequence of the first 27 amino-acids (aa) of ChiA-Ba43 displayed homology to chitinases from other Bacillus species. Interestingly, ChiA-Ba43 exhibited optimum pH and temperature of 4-5.5 and 85 °C, respectively. Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) showed that the final hydrolyzed products of the enzyme from chitin-oligosaccharides and colloidal chitin are a mixture of (GlcNAc)2, (GlcNAc)3, (GlcNAc)4, and (GlcNAc)5, which indicates that ChiA-Ba43 possesses an endo-acting function. More interestingly, compared to ChiA-Mt45, ChiA-Hh59, Chitodextrinase®, N-acetyl-β-glucosaminidase®, and ChiA-65, ChiA-Ba43 demonstrated a high level of catalytic efficiency and outstanding tolerance towards various organic solvents. The chiA-Ba43 gene (1332 bp) encoding ChiA-Ba43 (409 aa) was cloned, sequenced, and expressed in Escherichia coli strain HB101. The biochemical properties of the recombinant chitinase (rChiA-Ba43) were equivalent to those of the natively expressed enzyme. These properties make ChiA-Ba43 an ideal candidate for industrial bioconversion of chitinous waste.
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Zhou J, Chen J, Zhuang N, Zhang A, Chen K, Xu N, Xin F, Zhang W, Dong W, Jiang M. Immobilization and Purification of Enzymes With the Novel Affinity Tag ChBD-AB From Chitinolyticbacter meiyuanensis SYBC-H1. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:579. [PMID: 32596227 PMCID: PMC7303509 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A new protein immobilization and purification system has been developed based on the improved plasmid vectors, designated pETChBD-X, which contained the gene coding for two novel chitin-binding domains ChBD-AB, factor Xa cleavage site and adapted for gene fusions. The ChBD-AD from Chitinolyticbacter meiyuanensis SYBC-H1 was used as a novel affinity tag to anchor fusion proteins to chitin granules. The granules carrying the ChBD-AD fusion proteins can be isolated by a simple centrifugation step and used directly for some applications. Moreover, when required, a practically pure preparation of the soluble recombination protein can be obtained after Factor Xa cleavage. The efficiency of this system has been demonstrated by reaching 95% of protein absorbed to chitin within 30 min and recycling over 75% of interest protein after Factor Xa cleavage to separate interest protein and fusion tag. Furthermore, 65% L-glutamate oxidase with this fusion tag could be purified and immobilized within only one step and to be reused in converting L-glutamate to α-ketoglutaric acid directly, the average conversion rate kept above 65% even within four batches of enzyme conversion reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jianhao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Nisha Zhuang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Alei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Kequan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ning Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fengxue Xin
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Weiliang Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Min Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
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40
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Zhang A, Mo X, Zhou N, Wang Y, Wei G, Chen J, Chen K, Ouyang P. A novel bacterial β- N-acetyl glucosaminidase from Chitinolyticbacter meiyuanensis possessing transglycosylation and reverse hydrolysis activities. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2020; 13:115. [PMID: 32612678 PMCID: PMC7324980 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-020-01754-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND N-Acetyl glucosamine (GlcNAc) and N-Acetyl chitooligosaccharides (N-Acetyl COSs) exhibit many biological activities, and have been widely used in the pharmaceutical, agriculture, food, and chemical industries. Particularly, higher N-Acetyl COSs with degree of polymerization from 4 to 7 ((GlcNAc)4-(GlcNAc)7) show good antitumor and antimicrobial activity, as well as possessing strong stimulating activity toward natural killer cells. Thus, it is of great significance to discover a β-N-acetyl glucosaminidase (NAGase) that can not only produce GlcNAc, but also synthesize N-Acetyl COSs. RESULTS The gene encoding the novel β-N-acetyl glucosaminidase, designated CmNAGase, was cloned from Chitinolyticbacter meiyuanensis SYBC-H1. The deduced amino acid sequence of CmNAGase contains a glycoside hydrolase family 20 catalytic module that shows low identity (12-35%) with the corresponding domain of most well-characterized NAGases. The CmNAGase gene was highly expressed with an active form in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) cells. The specific activity of purified CmNAGase toward p-nitrophenyl-N-acetyl glucosaminide (pNP-GlcNAc) was 4878.6 U/mg of protein. CmNAGase had a molecular mass of 92 kDa, and its optimum activity was at pH 5.4 and 40 °C. The V max, K m, K cat, and K cat/K m of CmNAGase for pNP-GlcNAc were 16,666.67 μmol min-1 mg-1, 0.50 μmol mL-1, 25,555.56 s-1, and 51,111.12 mL μmol-1 s-1, respectively. Analysis of the hydrolysis products of N-Acetyl COSs and colloidal chitin revealed that CmNAGase is a typical exo-acting NAGase. Particularly, CmNAGase can synthesize higher N-Acetyl COSs ((GlcNAc)3-(GlcNAc)7) from (GlcNAc)2-(GlcNAc)6, respectively, showed that it possesses transglycosylation activity. In addition, CmNAGase also has reverse hydrolysis activity toward GlcNAc, synthesizing various linked GlcNAc dimers. CONCLUSIONS The observations recorded in this study that CmNAGase is a novel NAGase with exo-acting, transglycosylation, and reverse hydrolysis activities, suggest a possible application in the production of GlcNAc or higher N-Acetyl COSs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211800 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaofang Mo
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211800 People’s Republic of China
| | - Ning Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211800 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yingying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211800 People’s Republic of China
| | - Guoguang Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211800 People’s Republic of China
| | - Jie Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211800 People’s Republic of China
| | - Kequan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211800 People’s Republic of China
| | - Pingkai Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211800 People’s Republic of China
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Kumar M, Rajput M, Soni T, Vivekanand V, Pareek N. Chemoenzymatic Production and Engineering of Chitooligosaccharides and N-acetyl Glucosamine for Refining Biological Activities. Front Chem 2020; 8:469. [PMID: 32671017 PMCID: PMC7329927 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.00469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chitooligosaccharides (COS) and N-acetyl glucosamine (GlcNAc) are currently of enormous relevance to pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, cosmetics, food, and agriculture industries due to their wide range of biological activities, which include antimicrobial, antitumor, antioxidant, anticoagulant, wound healing, immunoregulatory, and hypocholesterolemic effects. A range of methods have been developed for the synthesis of COS with a specific degree of polymerization along with high production titres. In this respect, chemical, enzymatic, and microbial means, along with modern genetic manipulation techniques, have been extensively explored; however no method has been able to competently produce defined COS and GlcNAc in a mono-system approach. Henceforth, the chitin research has turned toward increased exploration of chemoenzymatic processes for COS and GlcNAc generation. Recent developments in the area of green chemicals, mainly ionic liquids, proved vital for the specified COS and GlcNAc synthesis with better yield and purity. Moreover, engineering of COS and GlcNAc to generate novel derivatives viz. carboxylated, sulfated, phenolic acid conjugated, amino derived COS, etc., further improved their biological activities. Consequently, chemoenzymatic synthesis and engineering of COS and GlcNAc emerged as a useful approach to lead the biologically-active compound-based biomedical research to an advanced prospect in the forthcoming era.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish Kumar
- Microbial Catalysis and Process Engineering Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer, India
| | - Meenakshi Rajput
- Microbial Catalysis and Process Engineering Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer, India
| | - Twinkle Soni
- Microbial Catalysis and Process Engineering Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer, India
| | - Vivekanand Vivekanand
- Centre for Energy and Environment, Malaviya National Institute of Technology, Jaipur, India
| | - Nidhi Pareek
- Microbial Catalysis and Process Engineering Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer, India
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Liu C, Shen N, Wu J, Jiang M, Shi S, Wang J, Wei Y, Yang L. Cloning, expression and characterization of a chitinase from Paenibacillus chitinolyticus strain UMBR 0002. PeerJ 2020; 8:e8964. [PMID: 32411515 PMCID: PMC7207210 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.8964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chitinases are enzymes which degrade β-1,4-glycosidid linkages in chitin. The enzymatic degradation of shellfish waste (containing chitin) to chitooligosaccharides is used in industrial applications to generate high-value-added products from such waste. However, chitinases are currently produced with low efficiency and poor tolerance, limiting the industrial utility. Therefore, identifying chitinases with higher enzymatic activity and tolerance is of great importance. Methods Primers were designed using the genomic database of Paenibacillus chitinolyticus NBRC 15660. An exochitinase (CHI) was cloned into the recombinant plasmid pET-22b (+) to form pET-22b (+)-CHI, which was transformed into Escherichia coli TOP10 to construct a genomic library. Transformation was confirmed by colony-polymerase chain reaction and electrophoresis. The target sequence was verified by sequencing. Recombinant pET-22b (+)-CHI was transformed into E. coli Rosetta-gami B (DE3) for expression of chitinase. Recombinant protein was purified by Ni-NTA affinity chromatography and enzymatic analysis was carried out. Results The exochitinase CHI from P. chitinolyticus strain UMBR 0002 was successfully cloned and heterologously expressed in E. coli Rosetta-gami B (DE3). Purification yielded a 13.36-fold enrichment and recovery yield of 72.20%. The purified enzyme had a specific activity of 750.64 mU mg-1. The optimum pH and temperature for degradation of colloidal chitin were 5.0 and 45 °C, respectively. The enzyme showed high stability, retaining >70% activity at pH 4.0-10.0 and 25-45 °C (maximum of 90 min). The activity of CHI strongly increased with the addition of Ca2+, Mn2+, Tween 80 and urea. Conversely, Cu2+, Fe3+, acetic acid, isoamyl alcohol, sodium dodecyl sulfate and β-mercaptoethanol significantly inhibited enzyme activity. The oligosaccharides produced by CHI from colloidal chitin exhibited a degree of polymerization, forming N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) and (GlcNAc)2 as products. Conclusions This is the first report of the cloning, heterologous expression and purification of a chitinase from P. chitinolyticus strain UMBR 0002. The results highlight CHI as a good candidate enzyme for green degradation of chitinous waste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Liu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products, Guangxi Key Laboratory for Polysaccharide Materials and Modifications, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University for Nationalities, Nanning, China
| | - Naikun Shen
- School of Marine Sciences and Biotechnology, Guangxi University for Nationalities, Nanning, China
| | - Jiafa Wu
- School of Marine Sciences and Biotechnology, Guangxi University for Nationalities, Nanning, China
| | - Mingguo Jiang
- School of Marine Sciences and Biotechnology, Guangxi University for Nationalities, Nanning, China
| | - Songbiao Shi
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products, Guangxi Key Laboratory for Polysaccharide Materials and Modifications, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University for Nationalities, Nanning, China
| | - Jinzi Wang
- School of Marine Sciences and Biotechnology, Guangxi University for Nationalities, Nanning, China
| | - Yanye Wei
- School of Marine Sciences and Biotechnology, Guangxi University for Nationalities, Nanning, China
| | - Lifang Yang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products, Guangxi Key Laboratory for Polysaccharide Materials and Modifications, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University for Nationalities, Nanning, China
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Biochemical characterization of a bifunctional chitinase/lysozyme from Streptomyces sampsonii suitable for N-acetyl chitobiose production. Biotechnol Lett 2020; 42:1489-1499. [DOI: 10.1007/s10529-020-02834-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Zhou N, Zhang A, Wei G, Yang S, Xu S, Chen K, Ouyang P. Cadaverine Production From L-Lysine With Chitin-Binding Protein-Mediated Lysine Decarboxylase Immobilization. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:103. [PMID: 32195228 PMCID: PMC7062646 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysine decarboxylase (CadA) can directly convert L-lysine to cadaverine, which is an important platform chemical that can be used to produce polyamides. However, the non-recyclable and the poor pH tolerance of pure CadA hampered its practical application. Herein, a one-step purification and immobilization procedure of CadA was established to investigate the cadaverine production from L-lysine. Renewable biomass chitin was used as a carrier for lysine decarboxylase (CadA) immobilization via fusion of a chitin-binding domain (ChBD). Scanning electron microscopy, laser scanning confocal microscopy, fourier transform infrared spectra, elemental analysis, and thermal gravimetric analysis proved that the fusion protein ChBD-CadA can be adsorbed on chitin effectively. Furthermore, the fusion protein (ChBD-CadA) existed better pH stability compared to wild CadA, and kept over 73% of the highest activity at pH 8.0. Meanwhile, the ChBD-CadA showed high specificity toward chitin and reached 93% immobilization yield within 10 min under the optimum conditions. The immobilized ChBD-CadA (I-ChBD-CadA) could efficiently converted L-lysine at 200.0 g/L to cadaverine at 135.6 g/L in a batch conversion within 120 min, achieving a 97% molar yield of the substrate L-lysine. In addition, the I-ChBD-CadA was able to be reused under a high concentration of L-lysine and retained over 57% of its original activity after four cycles of use without acid addition to maintain pH. These results demonstrate that immobilization of CadA using chitin-binding domain has the potential in cadaverine production on an industrial scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Alei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Guoguang Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Sai Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Sheng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Kequan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Pingkai Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
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Xu T, Qi M, Liu H, Cao D, Xu C, Wang L, Qi B. Chitin degradation potential and whole-genome sequence of Streptomyces diastaticus strain CS1801. AMB Express 2020; 10:29. [PMID: 32036475 PMCID: PMC7007918 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-020-0963-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the chitin degradation potential and whole-genome sequence of Streptomyces diastaticus strain CS1801, which had been screened out in our previous work. The results of fermentation revealed that CS1801 can convert the chitin derived from crab shells, colloidal chitin and N-acetylglucosamine to chitooligosaccharide. Additional genome-wide analysis of CS1801 was also performed to explore the genomic basis for chitin degradation. The results showed that CS1801 possesses a chromosome with 5,611,479 bp (73% GC) and a plasmid with 1,388,284 bp (73% GC). The CS1801 genome consists of 7584 protein-coding genes, 90 tRNA and 21 rRNA operons. In addition, the results of genomic CAZyme analysis indicated that CS1801 comprises 103 glycoside hydrolase family genes, which could regulate the glycoside hydrolases that contribute to chitin degradation. The whole-genome information of CS1801 could highlight the mechanism underlying the chitin degradation activity of CS1801, strongly indicating that CS1801 is characterized by a substantial number of genes encoding chitinases and the complete metabolic pathway of chitin, conferring CS1801 with promising potential applicability in chitooligosaccharide production.
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46
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Martínez-Zavala SA, Barboza-Pérez UE, Hernández-Guzmán G, Bideshi DK, Barboza-Corona JE. Chitinases of Bacillus thuringiensis: Phylogeny, Modular Structure, and Applied Potentials. Front Microbiol 2020; 10:3032. [PMID: 31993038 PMCID: PMC6971178 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.03032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The most important bioinsecticide used worldwide is Bacillus thuringiensis and its hallmark is a rich variety of insecticidal Cry protein, many of which have been genetically engineered for expression in transgenic crops. Over the past 20 years, the discovery of other insecticidal proteins and metabolites synthesized by B. thuringiensis, including chitinases, antimicrobial peptides, vegetative insecticidal proteins (VIP), and siderophores, has expanded the applied value of this bacterium for use as an antibacterial, fungicidal, and nematicidal resource. These properties allow us to view B. thuringiensis not only as an entity for the production of a particular metabolite, but also as a multifaceted microbial factory. In particular, chitinases of B. thuringiensis are secreted enzymes that hydrolyze chitin, an abundant molecule in the biosphere, second only to cellulose. The observation that chitinases increase the insecticidal activity of Cry proteins has stimulated further study of these enzymes produced by B. thuringiensis. Here, we provide a review of a subset of our knowledge of B. thuringiensis chitinases as it relates to their phylogenetic relationships, regulation of expression, biotechnological potential for controlling entomopathogens, fungi, and nematodes, and their use in generating chitin-derived oligosaccharides (ChOGs) that possess antibacterial activities against a number of clinically significant bacterial pathogens. Recent advances in the structural organization of these enzymes are also discussed, as are our perspective for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheila A Martínez-Zavala
- Graduate Program in Biosciences, Life Science Division, University of Guanajuato Campus Irapuato-Salamanca, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Uriel E Barboza-Pérez
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Gustavo Hernández-Guzmán
- Graduate Program in Biosciences, Life Science Division, University of Guanajuato Campus Irapuato-Salamanca, Guanajuato, Mexico.,Department of Biological Sciences, California Baptist University, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Dennis K Bideshi
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States.,Food Department, Life Science Division, University of Guanajuato Campus Irapuato-Salamanca, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - José E Barboza-Corona
- Graduate Program in Biosciences, Life Science Division, University of Guanajuato Campus Irapuato-Salamanca, Guanajuato, Mexico.,Department of Biological Sciences, California Baptist University, Riverside, CA, United States
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An Exochitinase with N-Acetyl-β-Glucosaminidase-Like Activity from Shrimp Head Conversion by Streptomyces speibonae and Its Application in Hydrolyzing β-Chitin Powder to Produce N-Acetyl-d-Glucosamine. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11101600. [PMID: 31574975 PMCID: PMC6835419 DOI: 10.3390/polym11101600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine chitinous byproducts possess significant applications in many fields. In this research, different kinds of fishery chitin-containing byproducts from shrimp (shrimp head powder (SHP) and demineralized shrimp shell powder), crab (demineralized crab shell powder), as well as squid (squid pen powder) were used to provide both carbon and nitrogen (C/N) nutrients for the production of an exochitinase via Streptomyces speibonae TKU048, a chitinolytic bacterium isolated from Taiwanese soils. S. speibonae TKU048 expressed the highest exochitinase productivity (45.668 U/mL) on 1.5% SHP-containing medium at 37 °C for 2 days. Molecular weight determination analysis basing on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed the mass of TKU048 exochitinase was approximately 21 kDa. The characterized exochitinase expressed some interesting properties, for example acidic pH optima (pH 3 and pH 5-7) and a higher temperature optimum (60 °C). Furthermore, the main hydrolysis mechanism of TKU048 exochitinase was N-acetyl-β-glucosaminidase-like activity; its most suitable substrate was β-chitin powder. The hydrolysis experiment revealed that TKU048 exochitinase was efficient in the cleavage of β-chitin powder, thereby releasing N-acetyl-d-glucosamine (GlcNAc, monomer unit of chitin structure) as the major product with 0.335 mg/mL of GlcNAc concentration and a yield of 73.64% after 96 h of incubation time. Thus, TKU048 exochitinase may have potential in GlcNAc production due to its N-acetyl-β-glucosaminidase-like activity.
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Le B, Yang SH. Microbial chitinases: properties, current state and biotechnological applications. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 35:144. [PMID: 31493195 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-019-2721-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Chitinases are a group of hydrolytic enzymes that catalyze chitin, nd are synthesized by a wide variety of organisms. In nature, microbial chitinases are primarily responsible for chitin decomposition. Several chitinases have been reported and characterized, and they are garnering increasing attention for their uses in a wide range of applications. In the food industry, the direct fermentation of seafood, such as crab and shrimp shells, using chitinolytic microorganisms has contributed to increased nutritional benefits through the enhancement of chitin degradation into chitooligosaccharides. These compounds have been demonstrated to improve human health through their antitumor, antimicrobial, immunomodulatory, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties. Moreover, chitinase and chitinous materials are used in the food industry for other purposes, such as the production of single-cell proteins, chitooligosaccharides, N-acetyl D-glucosamines, biocontrol, functional foods, and various medicines. The functional properties and hydrolyzed products of chitinase, however, depend upon its source and physicochemical characteristics. The present review strives to clarify these perspectives and critically discusses the advances and limitations of microbial chitinase in the further production of functional foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bao Le
- Department of Biotechnology, Chonnam National University, Yeosu, Chonnam, 59626, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Hwan Yang
- Department of Biotechnology, Chonnam National University, Yeosu, Chonnam, 59626, Republic of Korea.
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The broad-specificity chitinases: their origin, characterization, and potential application. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 103:3289-3295. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-09718-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Lee HJ, Lee YS, Choi YL. Cloning, purification, and characterization of an organic solvent-tolerant chitinase, MtCh509, from Microbulbifer thermotolerans DAU221. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2018; 11:303. [PMID: 30455732 PMCID: PMC6222997 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-018-1299-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ability to use organic solvents in enzyme reactions offers a number of industrially useful advantages. However, most enzymes are almost completely inactive in the presence of organic solvents. Thus, organic solvent-tolerant enzymes have potential applications in industrial processes. RESULTS A chitinase gene from Microbulbifer thermotolerans DAU221 (mtch509) was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3). The molecular weight of the expressed MtCh509 protein was approximately 60 kDa, and it was purified by His-tag affinity chromatography. Enzymatic assays showed that the optimum temperature for MtCh509 chitinase activity was 55 °C, and the enzyme was stable for 2 h at up to 50 °C. The optimum pH for MtCh509 activity was in the sub-acidic range, at pH 4.6 and 5.0. The activity of MtCh509 was maintained in presence of 1 M salt, gradually decreasing at higher concentrations, with residual activity (20%) detected after incubation in 5 M salt. Some organic solvents (benzene, DMSO, hexane, isoamyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, and toluene; 10-20%, v/v) increased the reactivity of MtCh509 relative to the aqueous system. When using NAG3, as a substrate, MtCh509 produced NAG2 as the major product, as well as NAG4, demonstrating that MtCh509 has transglycosylation activity. The K m and V max values for MtCh509 using colloidal chitin as a substrate were 9.275 mg/mL and 20.4 U/mg, respectively. Thus, MtCh509 could be used in extreme industrial conditions. CONCLUSION The results of the hydrolysate analysis and the observed increase in enzyme activity in the presence of organic solvents show that MtCh509 has industrially attractive advantages. This is the first report on an organic solvent-tolerant and transglycosylating chitinase from Microbulbifer species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyo-Jung Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, Dong-A University, Busan, 49315 Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Suk Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, Dong-A University, Busan, 49315 Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Lark Choi
- Department of Biotechnology, Dong-A University, Busan, 49315 Republic of Korea
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