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El Moustapha I, Ouldabdallahi Moukah M, Ould Ahmedou Salem MS, Brahim K, Briolant S, Basco L, Ould Mohamed Salem Boukhary A. Malaria prevalence in Mauritania: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Malar J 2023; 22:146. [PMID: 37131226 PMCID: PMC10152621 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-023-04569-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding malaria epidemiology is a critical step toward efficient malaria control and elimination. The objective of this meta-analysis was to derive robust estimates of malaria prevalence and Plasmodium species from studies conducted in Mauritania and published since 2000. METHODS The present review followed the PRISMA guidelines. Searches were conducted in various electronic databases such as PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus. To obtain pooled prevalence of malaria, meta-analysis was performed using the DerSimonian-Laird random-effects model. Methodological quality of eligible prevalence studies was assessed using Joanna Briggs Institute tool. Inconsistency and heterogeneity between studies were quantified by the I2 index and Cochran's Q test. Publication bias was assessed with funnel plots and Egger's regression tests. RESULTS A total of 16 studies with a good individual methodological quality were included and analysed in this study. The overall random effects pooled prevalence of malaria infection (symptomatic and asymptomatic) across all included studies was 14.9% (95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 6.64, 25.80, I2 = 99.8%, P < 0.0001) by microscopy, 25.6% (95% CI: 8.74, 47.62, I2 = 99.6%, P < 0.0001) by PCR and 24.3% (95% CI: 12.05 to 39.14, I2 = 99.7%, P < 0.0001) by rapid diagnostic test. Using microscopy, the prevalence of asymptomatic malaria was 1.0% (95% CI: 0.00, 3.48) against 21.46% (95% CI: 11.03, 34.21) in symptomatic malaria. The overall prevalence of Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax was 51.14% and 37.55%, respectively. Subgroup analysis showed significant variation (P = 0.039) in the prevalence of malaria between asymptomatic and symptomatic cases. CONCLUSION Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax are widespread in Mauritania. Results of this meta-analysis implies that distinct intervention measures including accurate parasite-based diagnosis and appropriate treatment of confirmed malaria cases are critical for a successful malaria control and elimination programme in Mauritania.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inejih El Moustapha
- Université de Nouakchott, UR-GEMI, nouveau campus universitaire, BP 5026, Nouakchott, Mauritania
| | | | | | - Khyarhoum Brahim
- Université de Nouakchott, UR-GEMI, nouveau campus universitaire, BP 5026, Nouakchott, Mauritania
| | - Sébastien Briolant
- Aix Marseille Université, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, Marseille, France
- IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
- Unité de Parasitologie Entomologie, Département de Microbiologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées (IRBA), Marseille, France
| | - Leonardo Basco
- IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
- Unité de Parasitologie Entomologie, Département de Microbiologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées (IRBA), Marseille, France
| | - Ali Ould Mohamed Salem Boukhary
- Université de Nouakchott, UR-GEMI, nouveau campus universitaire, BP 5026, Nouakchott, Mauritania.
- Aix Marseille Université, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, Marseille, France.
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El Moustapha I, Deida J, Dadina M, El Ghassem A, Begnoug M, Hamdinou M, Mint Lekweiry K, Ould Ahmedou Salem MS, Khalef Y, Semane A, Ould Brahim K, Briolant S, Bogreau H, Basco L, Ould Mohamed Salem Boukhary A. Changing epidemiology of Plasmodium vivax malaria in Nouakchott, Mauritania: a six-year (2015-2020) prospective study. Malar J 2023; 22:18. [PMID: 36650533 PMCID: PMC9843100 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-023-04451-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plasmodium vivax malaria is one of the major infectious diseases of public health concern in Nouakchott, the capital city of Mauritania and the biggest urban setting in the Sahara. The assessment of the current trends in malaria epidemiology is primordial in understanding the dynamics of its transmission and developing an effective control strategy. METHODS A 6 year (2015-2020) prospective study was carried out in Nouakchott. Febrile outpatients with a clinical suspicion of malaria presenting spontaneously at Teyarett Health Centre or the paediatric department of Mother and Children Hospital Centre were screened for malaria using a rapid diagnostic test, microscopic examination of Giemsa-stained blood films, and nested polymerase chain reaction. Data were analysed using Microsoft Excel and GraphPad Prism and InStat software. RESULTS Of 1760 febrile patients included in this study, 274 (15.5%) were malaria-positive by rapid diagnostic test, 256 (14.5%) were malaria-positive by microscopy, and 291 (16.5%) were malaria-positive by PCR. Plasmodium vivax accounted for 216 of 291 (74.2%) PCR-positive patients; 47 (16.1%) and 28 (9.6%) had P. falciparum monoinfection or P. vivax-P. falciparum mixed infection, respectively. During the study period, the annual prevalence of malaria declined from 29.2% in 2015 to 13.2% in 2019 and 2.1% in 2020 (P < 0.05). Malaria transmission was essentially seasonal, with a peak occurring soon after the rainy season (October-November), and P. vivax infections, but not P. falciparum infections, occurred at low levels during the rest of the year. The most affected subset of patient population was adult male white and black Moors. The decline in malaria prevalence was correlated with decreasing annual rainfall (r = 0.85; P = 0.03) and was also associated with better management of the potable water supply system. A large majority of included patients did not possess or did not use bed nets. CONCLUSIONS Control interventions based on prevention, diagnosis, and treatment should be reinforced in Nouakchott, and P. vivax-specific control measures, including chloroquine and 8-aminoquinolines (primaquine, tafenoquine) for treatment, should be considered to further improve the efficacy of interventions and aim for malaria elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inejih El Moustapha
- grid.442613.60000 0000 8717 1355Unité de Recherche Génomes et Milieux (GEMI), Université de Nouakchott, Nouveau Campus Universitaire, BP 5026, Nouakchott, Mauritania
| | - Jemila Deida
- grid.442613.60000 0000 8717 1355Unité de Recherche Génomes et Milieux (GEMI), Université de Nouakchott, Nouveau Campus Universitaire, BP 5026, Nouakchott, Mauritania
| | - Mariem Dadina
- grid.442613.60000 0000 8717 1355Unité de Recherche Génomes et Milieux (GEMI), Université de Nouakchott, Nouveau Campus Universitaire, BP 5026, Nouakchott, Mauritania
| | - Abdellahi El Ghassem
- grid.442613.60000 0000 8717 1355Unité de Recherche Génomes et Milieux (GEMI), Université de Nouakchott, Nouveau Campus Universitaire, BP 5026, Nouakchott, Mauritania
| | - Mariem Begnoug
- grid.442613.60000 0000 8717 1355Unité de Recherche Génomes et Milieux (GEMI), Université de Nouakchott, Nouveau Campus Universitaire, BP 5026, Nouakchott, Mauritania
| | - Mariem Hamdinou
- grid.442613.60000 0000 8717 1355Unité de Recherche Génomes et Milieux (GEMI), Université de Nouakchott, Nouveau Campus Universitaire, BP 5026, Nouakchott, Mauritania
| | - Khadijetou Mint Lekweiry
- grid.442613.60000 0000 8717 1355Unité de Recherche Génomes et Milieux (GEMI), Université de Nouakchott, Nouveau Campus Universitaire, BP 5026, Nouakchott, Mauritania ,Unité de Recherche Ressources Génétique et Environnement, Institut Supérieur d’Enseignement Technologique (ISET), Rosso, Mauritania
| | - Mohamed Salem Ould Ahmedou Salem
- grid.442613.60000 0000 8717 1355Unité de Recherche Génomes et Milieux (GEMI), Université de Nouakchott, Nouveau Campus Universitaire, BP 5026, Nouakchott, Mauritania
| | - Yacoub Khalef
- Department of Pediatrics, Mother and Children Hospital Centre, Centre Hospitalier Mère et Enfant (CHME), Nouakchott, Mauritania
| | - Amal Semane
- Teyarett Health Centre (Centre de Santé de Teyarett), Nouakchott, Mauritania
| | - Khyarhoum Ould Brahim
- grid.442613.60000 0000 8717 1355Unité de Recherche Génomes et Milieux (GEMI), Université de Nouakchott, Nouveau Campus Universitaire, BP 5026, Nouakchott, Mauritania
| | - Sébastien Briolant
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, Marseille, France ,grid.483853.10000 0004 0519 5986IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France ,grid.418221.cUnité de Parasitologie Entomologie, Département de Microbiologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées (IRBA), Marseille, France
| | - Hervé Bogreau
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, Marseille, France ,grid.483853.10000 0004 0519 5986IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France ,grid.418221.cUnité de Parasitologie Entomologie, Département de Microbiologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées (IRBA), Marseille, France
| | - Leonardo Basco
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, Marseille, France ,grid.483853.10000 0004 0519 5986IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Ali Ould Mohamed Salem Boukhary
- grid.442613.60000 0000 8717 1355Unité de Recherche Génomes et Milieux (GEMI), Université de Nouakchott, Nouveau Campus Universitaire, BP 5026, Nouakchott, Mauritania ,grid.483853.10000 0004 0519 5986IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
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Stoek F, Barry Y, Ba A, Schulz A, Rissmann M, Wylezich C, Sadeghi B, Beyit AD, Eisenbarth A, N’diaye FB, Haki ML, Doumbia BA, Gueya MB, Bah MY, Eiden M, Groschup MH. Mosquito survey in Mauritania: Detection of Rift Valley fever virus and dengue virus and the determination of feeding patterns. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010203. [PMID: 35427361 PMCID: PMC9113561 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In Mauritania, several mosquito-borne viruses have been reported that can cause devastating diseases in animals and humans. However, monitoring data on their occurrence and local distribution are limited. Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) is an arthropod-borne virus that causes major outbreaks throughout the African continent and the Arabian Peninsula. The first Rift Valley fever (RVF) epidemic in Mauritania occurred in 1987 and since then the country has been affected by recurrent outbreaks of the disease. To gain information on the occurrence of RVFV as well as other mosquito-borne viruses and their vectors in Mauritania, we collected and examined 4,950 mosquitoes, belonging to four genera and 14 species. The mosquitoes were captured during 2018 in the capital Nouakchott and in southern parts of Mauritania. Evidence of RVFV was found in a mosquito pool of female Anopheles pharoensis mosquitoes collected in December on a farm near the Senegal River. At that time, 37.5% of 16 tested Montbéliarde cattle on the farm showed RVFV-specific IgM antibodies. Additionally, we detected IgM antibodies in 10.7% of 28 indigenous cattle that had been sampled on the same farm one month earlier. To obtain information on potential RVFV reservoir hosts, blood meals of captured engorged mosquitoes were analyzed. The mosquitoes mainly fed on humans (urban areas) and cattle (rural areas), but also on small ruminants, donkeys, cats, dogs and straw-colored fruit bats. Results of this study demonstrate the circulation of RVFV in Mauritania and thus the need for further research to investigate the distribution of the virus and its vectors. Furthermore, factors that may contribute to its maintenance should be analyzed more closely. In addition, two mosquito pools containing Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes showed evidence of dengue virus (DENV) 2 circulation in the city of Rosso. Further studies are therefore needed to also examine DENV circulation in Mauritania. In Mauritania, various mosquito-borne viruses responsible for devastating diseases in livestock and/or humans occur, threatening both human and animal health. One of these viruses is the Rift Valley fever phlebovirus (RVFV), which is widespread throughout the African continent and the Arabian Peninsula. The first outbreak in Mauritania occurred in 1987, and epidemics have recurred since then. However, little is known about the maintenance of RVFV during inter-epidemic periods, in the absence of reported outbreaks, and although there is evidence of an active circulation of the virus during these times, only limited data are available on the abundance of RVFV and its vectors in Mauritania. Therefore, this study aimed to collect and examine mosquitoes in different areas where outbreaks have already occurred. Additionally, blood of collected blood-fed mosquitoes was analyzed to identify feeding patterns and thus wildlife potentially acting as RVFV reservoir hosts. Furthermore, the collected mosquitoes were analyzed for the presence of other neglected viruses in order to participate in an elucidation of the circulation of different viruses within the mosquito population in Mauritania and to be able to better prevent disease outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Stoek
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Yahya Barry
- Office National de Recherche et de Développement de l’Elevage (ONARDEL), Nouakchott, Mauritania
| | - Aliou Ba
- Office National de Recherche et de Développement de l’Elevage (ONARDEL), Nouakchott, Mauritania
| | - Ansgar Schulz
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Melanie Rissmann
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Claudia Wylezich
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Balal Sadeghi
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Abdellahi Diambar Beyit
- Office National de Recherche et de Développement de l’Elevage (ONARDEL), Nouakchott, Mauritania
| | - Albert Eisenbarth
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | | | - Mohamed Lemine Haki
- Office National de Recherche et de Développement de l’Elevage (ONARDEL), Nouakchott, Mauritania
| | | | | | | | - Martin Eiden
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Martin H. Groschup
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Ould Lemrabott MA, Le Goff G, Kengne P, Ndiaye O, Costantini C, Mint Lekweiry K, Ould Ahmedou Salem MS, Robert V, Basco L, Simard F, Ould Mohamed Salem Boukhary A. First report of Anopheles (Cellia) multicolor during a study of tolerance to salinity of Anopheles arabiensis larvae in Nouakchott, Mauritania. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:522. [PMID: 33066796 PMCID: PMC7566140 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04400-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anopheles multicolor is known to be present in the arid areas of Africa north of the Sahara Desert, especially in oases. To date, its presence in Mauritania has not been reported. Here, we present the first record of its presence in Nouakchott, the capital of Mauritania. The larvae of An. multicolor, together with those of An. arabiensis, the major malaria vector in the city, were found thriving in highly saline surface water collections. METHODS Entomological surveys were carried out during 2016-2017 in Nouakchott. Mosquito larval habitats were investigated through larval surveys while indoor resting culicid fauna were collected using hand-held aspirator. Physicochemical parameters of the larval habitats were measured on-site, at the time mosquitoes were collected. Larvae and pupae were reared to adults in the insectaries. Morphological and polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based methods were used to identify newly emerged adults. Batches of fourth-instar larvae were used to assess salinity tolerance by exposing them to increasing concentrations of NaCl, and mortality was monitored throughout development. RESULTS Morphological and molecular results confirmed that the specimens were An. multicolor and An. arabiensis. Sequences of 24 An. multicolor adult mosquitoes showed 100% nucleotide identity with the published sequences of An. multicolor from Iran. The physicochemical analysis of the water from the two larval habitats revealed highly saline conditions, with NaCl content ranging between 16.8 and 28.9 g/l (i.e. between c.50-80% seawater). Anopheles multicolor and An. arabiensis fourth-instar larvae survival rates at 17.5 g/l NaCl were 86.5% and 75%, respectively. Anopheles arabiensis larvae showed variable levels of salt tolerance according to the larval habitat. Adult An. multicolor specimens were collected resting indoor at low frequency (0.7%) compared to the other culicid mosquitoes. CONCLUSIONS To the best of our knowledge, this paper is the first report of An. multicolor in Mauritania, extending the known distributional range of the species to the south, as well as to the west. Highly salt-tolerant populations of An. arabiensis and An. multicolor were observed. Because salt-water collections are widespread in Nouakchott, the relevance of these findings for the dynamics and epidemiology of malaria transmission needs to be assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Aly Ould Lemrabott
- Laboratoire environnement, santé et société LE2S, Unité de recherche génomes et milieux (jeune équipe associée à l'IRD), Université de Nouakchott Al-Aasriya, BP 880, Nouakchott, Mauritania. .,MIVEGEC, IRD, CNRS, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France.
| | - Gilbert Le Goff
- MIVEGEC, IRD, CNRS, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Pierre Kengne
- MIVEGEC, IRD, CNRS, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,CIRMF, Franceville, Gabon
| | - Ousmane Ndiaye
- Laboratoire environnement, santé et société LE2S, Unité de recherche génomes et milieux (jeune équipe associée à l'IRD), Université de Nouakchott Al-Aasriya, BP 880, Nouakchott, Mauritania
| | - Carlo Costantini
- MIVEGEC, IRD, CNRS, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Khadijetou Mint Lekweiry
- Laboratoire environnement, santé et société LE2S, Unité de recherche génomes et milieux (jeune équipe associée à l'IRD), Université de Nouakchott Al-Aasriya, BP 880, Nouakchott, Mauritania
| | - Mohamed Salem Ould Ahmedou Salem
- Laboratoire environnement, santé et société LE2S, Unité de recherche génomes et milieux (jeune équipe associée à l'IRD), Université de Nouakchott Al-Aasriya, BP 880, Nouakchott, Mauritania
| | - Vincent Robert
- MIVEGEC, IRD, CNRS, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Leonardo Basco
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, Marseille, France.,IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Frédéric Simard
- MIVEGEC, IRD, CNRS, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Ali Ould Mohamed Salem Boukhary
- Laboratoire environnement, santé et société LE2S, Unité de recherche génomes et milieux (jeune équipe associée à l'IRD), Université de Nouakchott Al-Aasriya, BP 880, Nouakchott, Mauritania. .,Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, Marseille, France. .,IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France.
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Monthly Entomological Inoculation Rate Data for Studying the Seasonality of Malaria Transmission in Africa. DATA 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/data5020031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A comprehensive literature review was conducted to create a new database of 197 field surveys of monthly malaria Entomological Inoculation Rates (EIR), a metric of malaria transmission intensity. All field studies provide data at a monthly temporal resolution and have a duration of at least one year in order to study the seasonality of the disease. For inclusion, data collection methodologies adhered to a specific standard and the location and timing of the measurements were documented. Auxiliary information on the population and hydrological setting were also included. The database includes measurements that cover West and Central Africa and the period from 1945 to 2011, and hence facilitates analysis of interannual transmission variability over broad regions.
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Diallo SM, Bogreau H, Papa Mze N, Ould Ahmedou Salem MS, Ould Khairy ML, Parola P, Basco L, Ould Mohamed Salem Boukhary A. Malaria epidemiology in Kobeni department, southeastern Mauritania from 2015 to 2017. Infect Dis Poverty 2020; 9:21. [PMID: 32046780 PMCID: PMC7014702 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-020-0634-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Plasmodium falciparum malaria is endemic in the southern sahelian zone of Mauritania where intense internal and trans-border human and livestock movement occurs. The risk of importation and spread of drug-resistant parasites need to be regularly assessed in this region. The objective of the study was to assess the recent malaria situation near the Mauritania-Mali border. Methods Between February 2015 and December 2017, patients with fever or history of fever during the previous 48 h, presenting at the health centre of Kobeni city, were screened for malaria using a rapid diagnostic test (RDT) and microscopic examination of blood smears. The diagnosis was later confirmed by PCR. Cohen’s kappa statistics was used to estimate the degree of agreement between diagnostic methods. Fisher’s exact test was used to compare proportions. The odds ratio was calculated to measure the association between the use of bed nets and malaria infection. Results A total of 2326 febrile patients (mean age, 20.2 years) were screened for malaria. The presence of malaria parasites was detected by RDT and microscopy in 53.0% and 49.3% of febrile patients, respectively, and was confirmed by PCR in 59.7% (45 missing data). Of 1361 PCR-positive samples, 1205 (88.5%) were P. falciparum, 47 (3.5%) P. vivax, and 99 (7.3%) P. falciparum-P. vivax mixed infection. Malaria transmission occurred mostly during and shortly after the rainy season. The annual rainfall was relatively low in 2016 (267 mm) and 2017 (274 mm), compared to 2015 (448 mm), and coincided with a decline in malaria prevalence in 2016–2017. Although 71.8% of febrile patients reported to possess at least one bed net in the household in our questionnaire, its reported use was not protective against malaria infection (odds ratio: 1.1, 95% CI: 0.91–1.32). Conclusions Our study confirmed that P. falciparum is the dominant species in the sahelian zone and that malaria transmission is seasonal and associated with rainfall in this zone. The application of the current national policy based on rapid and reliable malaria diagnosis, case management with artemisinin-based combination therapy, intermittent preventive treatment for pregnant women, distribution and use of long-lasting insecticide impregnated bed nets, and the planned introduction of seasonal malaria chemoprevention for all children under 6 years old is expected to sustainably reduce malaria transmission in this zone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sileye Mamadou Diallo
- Unité de Recherche Génomes et milieux (Jeune Equipe Associée à l'Institut de Recherche pour le Développement [IRD]), Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université de Nouakchott Al-Aasriya, Nouakchott, Mauritania.,Aix Marseille Université, IRD, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Service de Santé des Armées (SSA), Vecteurs - Infections Tropicales et Méditerranéennes (VITROME), Marseille, France.,Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire (IHU)-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Hervé Bogreau
- Aix Marseille Université, IRD, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Service de Santé des Armées (SSA), Vecteurs - Infections Tropicales et Méditerranéennes (VITROME), Marseille, France.,Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire (IHU)-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France.,Unité Parasitologie et Entomologie, Département des maladies infectieuses, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Marseille, France
| | - Nasserdine Papa Mze
- Aix Marseille Université, IRD, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Service de Santé des Armées (SSA), Vecteurs - Infections Tropicales et Méditerranéennes (VITROME), Marseille, France.,Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire (IHU)-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Mohamed Salem Ould Ahmedou Salem
- Unité de Recherche Génomes et milieux (Jeune Equipe Associée à l'Institut de Recherche pour le Développement [IRD]), Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université de Nouakchott Al-Aasriya, Nouakchott, Mauritania
| | - Mohamed Lemine Ould Khairy
- Ministère de la Santé, Programme National de Lutte contre le Paludisme (PNLP), Nouakchott, Mauritania.,Present Address: Direction régionale de l'action sanitaire, Nouakchott sud, Ministère de la santé, Nouakchott, Mauritania
| | - Philippe Parola
- Aix Marseille Université, IRD, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Service de Santé des Armées (SSA), Vecteurs - Infections Tropicales et Méditerranéennes (VITROME), Marseille, France.,Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire (IHU)-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Leonardo Basco
- Aix Marseille Université, IRD, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Service de Santé des Armées (SSA), Vecteurs - Infections Tropicales et Méditerranéennes (VITROME), Marseille, France.,Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire (IHU)-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Ali Ould Mohamed Salem Boukhary
- Unité de Recherche Génomes et milieux (Jeune Equipe Associée à l'Institut de Recherche pour le Développement [IRD]), Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université de Nouakchott Al-Aasriya, Nouakchott, Mauritania. .,Aix Marseille Université, IRD, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Service de Santé des Armées (SSA), Vecteurs - Infections Tropicales et Méditerranéennes (VITROME), Marseille, France.
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Stica C, Jeffries CL, Irish SR, Barry Y, Camara D, Yansane I, Kristan M, Walker T, Messenger LA. Characterizing the molecular and metabolic mechanisms of insecticide resistance in Anopheles gambiae in Faranah, Guinea. Malar J 2019; 18:244. [PMID: 31315630 PMCID: PMC6637595 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-019-2875-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In recent years, the scale-up of long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) and indoor residual spraying (IRS) has greatly reduced malaria transmission. However, malaria remains a global public health concern with the majority of the disease burden in sub-Saharan Africa. Insecticide resistance is a growing problem among Anopheles vector populations, with potential implications for the continued effectiveness of available control interventions. Improved understanding of current resistance levels and underlying mechanisms is essential to design appropriate management strategies and to mitigate future selection for resistance. METHODS Anopheles gambiae sensu lato mosquitoes were collected from three villages in Faranah Prefecture, Guinea and their levels of susceptibility to seven insecticides were measured using CDC resistance intensity bioassays. Synergist assays with piperonyl butoxide (PBO) were also undertaken to assess the role of elevated mixed-function oxidases in resistance. Five hundred and sixty-three mosquitoes underwent molecular characterization of vector species, presence of target site mutations (L1014F kdr, N1575Y and G119S Ace-1), Plasmodium falciparum infection, and relative expression of three metabolic genes (CYP6M2, CYP6P3 and GSTD3). RESULTS In Faranah, resistance to permethrin and deltamethrin was observed, as well as possible resistance to bendiocarb. All assayed vector populations were fully susceptible to alpha-cypermethrin, pirimiphos-methyl, clothianidin and chlorfenapyr. Plasmodium falciparum infection was detected in 7.3% (37/508) of mosquitoes tested. The L1014F kdr mutation was found in 100% of a sub-sample of 60 mosquitoes, supporting its fixation in the region. The N1575Y mutation was identified in 20% (113/561) of individuals, with ongoing selection evidenced by significant deviations from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. The G119S Ace-1 mutation was detected in 62.1% (18/29) of mosquitoes tested and was highly predictive of bendiocarb bioassay survival. The metabolic resistance genes, CYP6M2, CYP6P3 and GSTD3, were found to be overexpressed in wild resistant and susceptible An. gambiae sensu stricto populations, compared to a susceptible G3 colony. Furthermore, CYP6P3 was significantly overexpressed in bendiocarb survivors, implicating its potential role in carbamate resistance in Faranah. CONCLUSIONS Identification of intense resistance to permethrin and deltamethrin in Faranah, is of concern, as the Guinea National Malaria Control Programme (NMCP) relies exclusively on the distribution of pyrethroid-treated LLINs for vector control. Study findings will be used to guide current and future control strategies in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caleb Stica
- Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Infectious Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Claire L Jeffries
- Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Infectious Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Seth R Irish
- Entomology Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, President's Malaria Initiative, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Yaya Barry
- Programme National de Lutte Contre le Paludisme, Ministère de la Santé, BP. 595, Conakry, Guinea
| | - Denka Camara
- Programme National de Lutte Contre le Paludisme, Ministère de la Santé, BP. 595, Conakry, Guinea
| | | | - Mojca Kristan
- Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Infectious Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Thomas Walker
- Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Infectious Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Louisa A Messenger
- Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Infectious Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
- Entomology Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
- American Society for Microbiology, 1752 N Street NW, Washington, DC, 20036, USA.
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Tandina F, Laroche M, Davoust B, K Doumbo O, Parola P. Blood meal identification in the cryptic species Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles coluzzii using MALDI-TOF MS. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 25:40. [PMID: 30052501 PMCID: PMC6063721 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2018041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) has recently emerged in entomology as a technique to identify arthropods and their blood meal source. In this study, female Anopheles gambiae were fed on five host blood sources: ocelot (Leopardus pardalis), binturong (Arctictis binturong), springbok (Antidorcas marsupialis), jaguar (Panthera onca) and Hamadryas baboon (Papio hamadryas), while Anopheles coluzzii were fed on three hosts: dromedary (Camelus dromedarius), Barbary sheep (Ammotragus lervia) and pig (Sus scrofa). We obtained the MS spectra from 240 engorged mosquito abdomens and selected high quality ones from 72 mosquito abdomens to upgrade our home-made database. We excluded from the analysis any spectra of low quality (n = 80), and the remaining 88 specimens were subjected to a blind test analysis against the home-made database. We obtained 100% correct identification of the blood meal source for the specimens collected, 1, 12 and 24 h post-feeding, whereas for the specimens collected 36 h post-feeding, the correct identification rate decreased dramatically. We confirm here that MALDI-TOF MS can be used to identify the blood meal origin of freshly engorged mosquitoes, which opens new perspectives for further studies, including the impact of the mosquito species on blood meal identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatalmoudou Tandina
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France - Department of Epidemiology of Parasitic Diseases, Malaria Research and Training Center, University of Science, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Maureen Laroche
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Bernard Davoust
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Ogobara K Doumbo
- Department of Epidemiology of Parasitic Diseases, Malaria Research and Training Center, University of Science, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Philippe Parola
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
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9
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Mint Mohamed Lemine A, Ould Lemrabott MA, Niang EHA, Basco LK, Bogreau H, Faye O, Ould Mohamed Salem Boukhary A. Pyrethroid resistance in the major malaria vector Anopheles arabiensis in Nouakchott, Mauritania. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:344. [PMID: 29895314 PMCID: PMC5998517 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-2923-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mauritania is one of the African countries with ongoing malaria transmission where data on insecticide resistance of local malaria vectors are limited despite an increasing use of long-lasting insecticide-treated nets (LLINs) as the main intervention for vector control. This study presents an evaluation of the level of insecticide resistance of Anopheles arabiensis in Nouakchott. METHODS Anopheles gambiae (s.l.) larvae were collected in breeding sites during the rainy season (August-September) in 2015 and 2016 from two selected sites in Nouakchott and reared until emergence. Adult anopheline mosquitoes were tested against malathion (5%), bendiocarb (0.1%), permethrin (0.75%) and deltamethrin (0.05%) using standard World Health Organization (WHO) insecticide-impregnated papers. PCR assays were used for the identification of An. gambiae (s.l.) sibling species as well as knockdown resistance (kdr). RESULTS The mean knockdown times 50% (KDT50) and 95% (KDT95) were 66 ± 17 and 244 ± 13 min, respectively, for permethrin in 2015. The KDT50 and the KDT95 were 39 ± 13 and 119 ± 13 min, respectively, for deltamethrin. The KDT50 and the KDT95 doubled for both molecules in 2016. The mortality rates 24 h post-exposure revealed that An. arabiensis populations in Nouakchott were fully susceptible to bendiocarb and malathion in 2015 as well as in 2016, while they were resistant to permethrin (51.9% mortality in 2015 and 24.1% mortality in 2016) and to deltamethrin (83.7% mortality in 2015 and 39.1% mortality in 2016). The molecular identification showed that Anopheles arabiensis was the only malaria vector species collected in Nouakchott in 2015 and 2016. Both the West and East African kdr mutant alleles were found in An. arabiensis mosquitoes surviving exposure to pyrethroid insecticide, with a high rate of homozygous resistant genotypes (54.3% for the West African kdr mutation and 21.4% for the East African kdr mutation) and a significant departure from Hardy-Weinberg proportions (χ2 = 134, df = 3, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS The study showed high levels of pyrethroid resistance in An. arabiensis populations in Nouakchott and presence of both West and East African kdr alleles in the resistant phenotype. These results highlight a need for routine monitoring of susceptibility of malaria vector populations to insecticides used in public health programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aichetou Mint Mohamed Lemine
- Unité de recherche Génomes et Milieux (JEAI), Université de Nouakchott Al-Aasriya, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Nouveau Campus Universitaire, Nouakchott, BP 5026 Mauritanie
- Laboratoire d’Ecologie Vectorielle et Parasitaire, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Mohamed Aly Ould Lemrabott
- Unité de recherche Génomes et Milieux (JEAI), Université de Nouakchott Al-Aasriya, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Nouveau Campus Universitaire, Nouakchott, BP 5026 Mauritanie
| | - El Hadji Amadou Niang
- Laboratoire d’Ecologie Vectorielle et Parasitaire, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Sénégal
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, MEPHI, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Leonardo K. Basco
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Hervé Bogreau
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
- Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Unité de Parasitologie et d’Entomologie, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Ousmane Faye
- Laboratoire d’Ecologie Vectorielle et Parasitaire, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Ali Ould Mohamed Salem Boukhary
- Unité de recherche Génomes et Milieux (JEAI), Université de Nouakchott Al-Aasriya, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Nouveau Campus Universitaire, Nouakchott, BP 5026 Mauritanie
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
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Ould Lemrabott MA, Ould Ahmedou Salem MS, Ould Brahim K, Brengues C, Rossignol M, Bogreau H, Basco L, Belghyti D, Simard F, Ould Mohamed Salem Boukhary A. Seasonal abundance, blood meal sources and insecticide susceptibility in major anopheline malaria vectors from southern Mauritania. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:232. [PMID: 29636113 PMCID: PMC5894152 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-2819-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Aly Ould Lemrabott
- Unité de Recherche Génomes et Milieux, Université de Nouakchott Al-Aasriya, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Nouveau Campus Universitaire, BP 5026 Nouakchott, Mauritania
- Laboratoire Biotechnologie et Environnement, Equipe de Parasitologie et Environnement, Département de Biologie, Faculté des Sciences, Université Ibn Tofail, BP 133 Kénitra, Morocco
| | - Mohamed Salem Ould Ahmedou Salem
- Unité de Recherche Génomes et Milieux, Université de Nouakchott Al-Aasriya, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Nouveau Campus Universitaire, BP 5026 Nouakchott, Mauritania
| | - Khyarhoum Ould Brahim
- Unité de Recherche Génomes et Milieux, Université de Nouakchott Al-Aasriya, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Nouveau Campus Universitaire, BP 5026 Nouakchott, Mauritania
| | - Cecile Brengues
- Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs: Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle (MIVEGEC), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Université de Montpellier, BP 64501, 34394 Montpellier, France
| | - Marie Rossignol
- Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs: Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle (MIVEGEC), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Université de Montpellier, BP 64501, 34394 Montpellier, France
| | - Hervé Bogreau
- Aix-Marseille Université, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille, Service de Santé des Armées, Unité Mixte de Recherche Vecteurs - Infections Tropicales et Méditerranéennes (VITROME), Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire - Méditerranée Infection, 13005 Marseille, France
- Unité de Parasitologie et d’Entomologie, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées (IRBA), 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Leonardo Basco
- Aix-Marseille Université, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille, Service de Santé des Armées, Unité Mixte de Recherche Vecteurs - Infections Tropicales et Méditerranéennes (VITROME), Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire - Méditerranée Infection, 13005 Marseille, France
- Unité de Parasitologie et d’Entomologie, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées (IRBA), 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Driss Belghyti
- Laboratoire Biotechnologie et Environnement, Equipe de Parasitologie et Environnement, Département de Biologie, Faculté des Sciences, Université Ibn Tofail, BP 133 Kénitra, Morocco
| | - Frédéric Simard
- Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs: Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle (MIVEGEC), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Université de Montpellier, BP 64501, 34394 Montpellier, France
| | - Ali Ould Mohamed Salem Boukhary
- Unité de Recherche Génomes et Milieux, Université de Nouakchott Al-Aasriya, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Nouveau Campus Universitaire, BP 5026 Nouakchott, Mauritania
- Aix-Marseille Université, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille, Service de Santé des Armées, Unité Mixte de Recherche Vecteurs - Infections Tropicales et Méditerranéennes (VITROME), Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire - Méditerranée Infection, 13005 Marseille, France
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11
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Mint Mohamed Lemine A, Ould Lemrabott MA, Hasni Ebou M, Mint Lekweiry K, Ould Ahmedou Salem MS, Ould Brahim K, Ouldabdallahi Moukah M, Ould Bouraya IN, Brengues C, Trape JF, Basco L, Bogreau H, Simard F, Faye O, Ould Mohamed Salem Boukhary A. Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in Mauritania: a review of their biodiversity, distribution and medical importance. Parasit Vectors 2017; 10:35. [PMID: 28103955 PMCID: PMC5248481 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-1978-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Although mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) are important disease vectors, information on their biodiversity in Mauritania is scarce and very dispersed in the literature. Data from the scientific literature gathered in the country from 1948 to 2016 were collected and analyzed. Overall 51 culicid species comprising 17 Anopheles spp., 14 Aedes spp., 18 Culex spp. and two Mansonia spp. have been described in Mauritania among which Anopheles arabiensis, Aedes vexans, Culex poicilipes and Culex antennatus are of epidemiological significance. Anopheles arabiensis is widely distributed throughout the country and its geographic distribution has increased northwards in recent years, shifting its northern limit form 17°32′N in the 1960s to 18°47′N today. Its presence in the central region of Tagant highlights the great ecological plasticity of the species. Conversely, the distribution of Anopheles gambiae (s.s.) and Anopheles melas has shrunk compared to that of the 1960s. Anopheles rhodesiensis and An. d’thali are mainly confined in the mountainous areas (alt. 200–700 m), whereas Anopheles pharoensis is widely distributed in the Senegal River basin. Culex poicilipes and Cx. antenattus were naturally found infected with Rift valley fever virus in central and northern Mauritania following the Rift valley outbreaks of 1998 and 2012. Recently, Ae. aegypti emerged in Nouakchott and is probably responsible for dengue fever episodes of 2015. This paper provides a concise and up-to-date overview of the existing literature on mosquito species known to occur in Mauritania and highlights areas where future studies should fill a gap in knowledge about vector biodiversity. It aims to help ongoing and future research on mosquitoes particularly in the field of medical entomology to inform evidence-based decision-making for vector control and management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aichetou Mint Mohamed Lemine
- Unité de recherche Génomes et Milieux, Jeune Equipe Associée à l'IRD (RI3M), Université de Nouakchott Al-Aasriya, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Nouveau Campus Universitaire, Nouakchott, BP 5026, Mauritania.,Laboratoire d'Ecologie Vectorielle et Parasitaire, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Mohamed Aly Ould Lemrabott
- Unité de recherche Génomes et Milieux, Jeune Equipe Associée à l'IRD (RI3M), Université de Nouakchott Al-Aasriya, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Nouveau Campus Universitaire, Nouakchott, BP 5026, Mauritania
| | - Moina Hasni Ebou
- Unité de recherche Génomes et Milieux, Jeune Equipe Associée à l'IRD (RI3M), Université de Nouakchott Al-Aasriya, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Nouveau Campus Universitaire, Nouakchott, BP 5026, Mauritania
| | - Khadijetou Mint Lekweiry
- Unité de recherche Génomes et Milieux, Jeune Equipe Associée à l'IRD (RI3M), Université de Nouakchott Al-Aasriya, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Nouveau Campus Universitaire, Nouakchott, BP 5026, Mauritania
| | - Mohamed Salem Ould Ahmedou Salem
- Unité de recherche Génomes et Milieux, Jeune Equipe Associée à l'IRD (RI3M), Université de Nouakchott Al-Aasriya, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Nouveau Campus Universitaire, Nouakchott, BP 5026, Mauritania
| | - Khyarhoum Ould Brahim
- Unité de recherche Génomes et Milieux, Jeune Equipe Associée à l'IRD (RI3M), Université de Nouakchott Al-Aasriya, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Nouveau Campus Universitaire, Nouakchott, BP 5026, Mauritania
| | - Mohamed Ouldabdallahi Moukah
- Unité de recherche Génomes et Milieux, Jeune Equipe Associée à l'IRD (RI3M), Université de Nouakchott Al-Aasriya, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Nouveau Campus Universitaire, Nouakchott, BP 5026, Mauritania
| | | | - Cecile Brengues
- Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs: Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle (MIVEGEC), Unité Mixte de Recherche IRD224-CNRS5290-Université de Montpellier, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Montpellier, France
| | - Jean-François Trape
- Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs: Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle (MIVEGEC), Unité Mixte de Recherche IRD224-CNRS5290-Université de Montpellier, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Montpellier, France
| | - Leonardo Basco
- Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes (URMITE), UM 63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, Inserm 1095, Faculté de Médecine La Timone, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, 13385, France
| | - Hervé Bogreau
- Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes (URMITE), UM 63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, Inserm 1095, Faculté de Médecine La Timone, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, 13385, France.,Unité Parasitologie et Entomologie, Département des Maladies Infectieuses, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Marseille, France
| | - Frédéric Simard
- Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs: Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle (MIVEGEC), Unité Mixte de Recherche IRD224-CNRS5290-Université de Montpellier, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Montpellier, France
| | - Ousmane Faye
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Vectorielle et Parasitaire, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Ali Ould Mohamed Salem Boukhary
- Unité de recherche Génomes et Milieux, Jeune Equipe Associée à l'IRD (RI3M), Université de Nouakchott Al-Aasriya, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Nouveau Campus Universitaire, Nouakchott, BP 5026, Mauritania.
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