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El Ghassem A, Abdoullah B, Deida J, Ould Lemrabott MA, Ouldabdallahi Moukah M, Ould Ahmedou Salem MS, Briolant S, Basco LK, Ould Brahim K, Ould Mohamed Salem Boukhary A. Arthropod-Borne Viruses in Mauritania: A Literature Review. Pathogens 2023; 12:1370. [PMID: 38003834 PMCID: PMC10675338 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12111370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
During the past four decades, recurrent outbreaks of various arthropod-borne viruses have been reported in Mauritania. This review aims to consolidate the current knowledge on the epidemiology of the major arboviruses circulating in Mauritania. Online databases including PubMed and Web of Science were used to retrieve relevant published studies. The results showed that numerous arboviral outbreaks of variable magnitude occurred in almost all 13 regions of Mauritania, with Rift Valley fever (RVF), Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF), and dengue (DEN) being the most common infections. Other arboviruses causing yellow fever (YF), chikungunya (CHIK), o'nyong-nyong (ONN), Semliki Forest (SF), West Nile fever (WNF), Bagaza (BAG), Wesselsbron (WSL), and Ngari (NRI) diseases have also been found circulating in humans and/or livestock in Mauritania. The average case fatality rates of CCHF and RVF were 28.7% and 21.1%, respectively. RVF outbreaks have often occurred after unusually heavy rainfalls, while CCHF epidemics have mostly been reported during the dry season. The central and southeastern regions of the country have carried the highest burden of RVF and CCHF. Sheep, cattle, and camels are the main animal reservoirs for the RVF and CCHF viruses. Culex antennatus and Cx. poicilipes mosquitoes and Hyalomma dromedarii, H. rufipes, and Rhipicephalus everesti ticks are the main vectors of these viruses. DEN outbreaks occurred mainly in the urban settings, including in Nouakchott, the capital city, and Aedes aegypti is likely the main mosquito vector. Therefore, there is a need to implement an integrated management strategy for the prevention and control of arboviral diseases based on sensitizing the high-risk occupational groups, such as slaughterhouse workers, shepherds, and butchers for zoonotic diseases, reinforcing vector surveillance and control, introducing rapid point-of-care diagnosis of arboviruses in high-risk areas, and improving the capacities to respond rapidly when the first signs of disease outbreak are identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdallahi El Ghassem
- Unité de Recherche Génomes et Milieux, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université de Nouakchott, Nouakchott BP 880, Mauritania; (A.E.G.); (B.A.); (J.D.); (M.A.O.L.); (M.O.M.); (M.S.O.A.S.); (K.O.B.)
| | - Bedia Abdoullah
- Unité de Recherche Génomes et Milieux, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université de Nouakchott, Nouakchott BP 880, Mauritania; (A.E.G.); (B.A.); (J.D.); (M.A.O.L.); (M.O.M.); (M.S.O.A.S.); (K.O.B.)
| | - Jemila Deida
- Unité de Recherche Génomes et Milieux, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université de Nouakchott, Nouakchott BP 880, Mauritania; (A.E.G.); (B.A.); (J.D.); (M.A.O.L.); (M.O.M.); (M.S.O.A.S.); (K.O.B.)
| | - Mohamed Aly Ould Lemrabott
- Unité de Recherche Génomes et Milieux, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université de Nouakchott, Nouakchott BP 880, Mauritania; (A.E.G.); (B.A.); (J.D.); (M.A.O.L.); (M.O.M.); (M.S.O.A.S.); (K.O.B.)
| | - Mohamed Ouldabdallahi Moukah
- Unité de Recherche Génomes et Milieux, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université de Nouakchott, Nouakchott BP 880, Mauritania; (A.E.G.); (B.A.); (J.D.); (M.A.O.L.); (M.O.M.); (M.S.O.A.S.); (K.O.B.)
| | - Mohamed Salem Ould Ahmedou Salem
- Unité de Recherche Génomes et Milieux, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université de Nouakchott, Nouakchott BP 880, Mauritania; (A.E.G.); (B.A.); (J.D.); (M.A.O.L.); (M.O.M.); (M.S.O.A.S.); (K.O.B.)
| | - Sébastien Briolant
- Unité de Parasitologie Entomologie, Département de Microbiologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées (IRBA), 13005 Marseille, France;
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Service de Santé des Armées (SSA), Vecteurs—Infections Tropicales et Méditerranéennes (VITROME), Aix Marseille Université, 13005 Marseille, France;
- Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire (IHU)-Méditerranée Infection, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Leonardo K. Basco
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Service de Santé des Armées (SSA), Vecteurs—Infections Tropicales et Méditerranéennes (VITROME), Aix Marseille Université, 13005 Marseille, France;
- Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire (IHU)-Méditerranée Infection, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Khyarhoum Ould Brahim
- Unité de Recherche Génomes et Milieux, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université de Nouakchott, Nouakchott BP 880, Mauritania; (A.E.G.); (B.A.); (J.D.); (M.A.O.L.); (M.O.M.); (M.S.O.A.S.); (K.O.B.)
| | - Ali Ould Mohamed Salem Boukhary
- Unité de Recherche Génomes et Milieux, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université de Nouakchott, Nouakchott BP 880, Mauritania; (A.E.G.); (B.A.); (J.D.); (M.A.O.L.); (M.O.M.); (M.S.O.A.S.); (K.O.B.)
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Service de Santé des Armées (SSA), Vecteurs—Infections Tropicales et Méditerranéennes (VITROME), Aix Marseille Université, 13005 Marseille, France;
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El Moustapha I, Ouldabdallahi Moukah M, Ould Ahmedou Salem MS, Brahim K, Briolant S, Basco L, Ould Mohamed Salem Boukhary A. Malaria prevalence in Mauritania: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Malar J 2023; 22:146. [PMID: 37131226 PMCID: PMC10152621 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-023-04569-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding malaria epidemiology is a critical step toward efficient malaria control and elimination. The objective of this meta-analysis was to derive robust estimates of malaria prevalence and Plasmodium species from studies conducted in Mauritania and published since 2000. METHODS The present review followed the PRISMA guidelines. Searches were conducted in various electronic databases such as PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus. To obtain pooled prevalence of malaria, meta-analysis was performed using the DerSimonian-Laird random-effects model. Methodological quality of eligible prevalence studies was assessed using Joanna Briggs Institute tool. Inconsistency and heterogeneity between studies were quantified by the I2 index and Cochran's Q test. Publication bias was assessed with funnel plots and Egger's regression tests. RESULTS A total of 16 studies with a good individual methodological quality were included and analysed in this study. The overall random effects pooled prevalence of malaria infection (symptomatic and asymptomatic) across all included studies was 14.9% (95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 6.64, 25.80, I2 = 99.8%, P < 0.0001) by microscopy, 25.6% (95% CI: 8.74, 47.62, I2 = 99.6%, P < 0.0001) by PCR and 24.3% (95% CI: 12.05 to 39.14, I2 = 99.7%, P < 0.0001) by rapid diagnostic test. Using microscopy, the prevalence of asymptomatic malaria was 1.0% (95% CI: 0.00, 3.48) against 21.46% (95% CI: 11.03, 34.21) in symptomatic malaria. The overall prevalence of Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax was 51.14% and 37.55%, respectively. Subgroup analysis showed significant variation (P = 0.039) in the prevalence of malaria between asymptomatic and symptomatic cases. CONCLUSION Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax are widespread in Mauritania. Results of this meta-analysis implies that distinct intervention measures including accurate parasite-based diagnosis and appropriate treatment of confirmed malaria cases are critical for a successful malaria control and elimination programme in Mauritania.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inejih El Moustapha
- Université de Nouakchott, UR-GEMI, nouveau campus universitaire, BP 5026, Nouakchott, Mauritania
| | | | | | - Khyarhoum Brahim
- Université de Nouakchott, UR-GEMI, nouveau campus universitaire, BP 5026, Nouakchott, Mauritania
| | - Sébastien Briolant
- Aix Marseille Université, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, Marseille, France
- IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
- Unité de Parasitologie Entomologie, Département de Microbiologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées (IRBA), Marseille, France
| | - Leonardo Basco
- IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
- Unité de Parasitologie Entomologie, Département de Microbiologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées (IRBA), Marseille, France
| | - Ali Ould Mohamed Salem Boukhary
- Université de Nouakchott, UR-GEMI, nouveau campus universitaire, BP 5026, Nouakchott, Mauritania.
- Aix Marseille Université, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, Marseille, France.
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Djigo OKM, Gomez N, Ould Ahmedou Salem MS, Basco L, Ould Mohamed Salem Boukhary A, Briolant S. Performance of a Commercial Multiplex Allele-Specific Polymerase Chain Reaction Kit to Genotype African-Type Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2023; 108:449-455. [PMID: 36535256 PMCID: PMC9896312 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.21-1081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
8-Aminoquinoline antimalarial drugs (primaquine, tafenoquine) are required for complete cure of Plasmodium vivax malaria, but they are contraindicated in patients with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency. In the absence of spectrophotometry, which is a gold standard for measuring G6PD activity, G6PD genotyping is one of the alternatives to establish a database and distribution map of G6PD enzyme deficiency in Mauritania, which has become a new epicenter of P. vivax malaria in West Africa. The aim of our study was to assess the performance of multiplex allele-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) (African-type Diaplex C™ G6PD kit) against PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism and sequencing. Of 146 mutations associated with G6PD A- genotypes in 177 blood samples from Mauritanian patients, all but two samples were identified correctly using multiplex allele-specific PCR (100% sensitivity and 99% specificity; "almost perfect agreement" between allele-specific PCR and PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism/sequencing, with a kappa coefficient of 0.977). Despite a suboptimal PCR protocol for dried blood spots and the inability of the commercial assay to predict unequivocally the G6PD enzyme level in heterozygous females, the African-type Diaplex C™ G6PD genotyping kit seemed to be a valuable screening tool for male subjects and for research purposes in resource-limited countries where spectrophotometer and DNA sequencing are not available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oum Kelthoum Mamadou Djigo
- Unité de Recherche “Génomes et Milieux” (Jeune Equipe Associée à l’Institut de Recherche pour le Développement), Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université de Nouakchott, Nouakchott, Mauritania
| | - Nicolas Gomez
- Aix Marseille Université, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Service de Santé des Armées, Vecteurs–Infections Tropicales et Méditerranéennes, Marseille, France
- Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire–Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
- Unité de Parasitologie Entomologie, Département de Microbiologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Marseille, France
| | - Mohamed Salem Ould Ahmedou Salem
- Unité de Recherche “Génomes et Milieux” (Jeune Equipe Associée à l’Institut de Recherche pour le Développement), Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université de Nouakchott, Nouakchott, Mauritania
| | - Leonardo Basco
- Aix Marseille Université, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Service de Santé des Armées, Vecteurs–Infections Tropicales et Méditerranéennes, Marseille, France
- Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire–Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Ali Ould Mohamed Salem Boukhary
- Unité de Recherche “Génomes et Milieux” (Jeune Equipe Associée à l’Institut de Recherche pour le Développement), Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université de Nouakchott, Nouakchott, Mauritania
| | - Sébastien Briolant
- Aix Marseille Université, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Service de Santé des Armées, Vecteurs–Infections Tropicales et Méditerranéennes, Marseille, France
- Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire–Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
- Unité de Parasitologie Entomologie, Département de Microbiologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Marseille, France
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El Moustapha I, Deida J, Dadina M, El Ghassem A, Begnoug M, Hamdinou M, Mint Lekweiry K, Ould Ahmedou Salem MS, Khalef Y, Semane A, Ould Brahim K, Briolant S, Bogreau H, Basco L, Ould Mohamed Salem Boukhary A. Changing epidemiology of Plasmodium vivax malaria in Nouakchott, Mauritania: a six-year (2015-2020) prospective study. Malar J 2023; 22:18. [PMID: 36650533 PMCID: PMC9843100 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-023-04451-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plasmodium vivax malaria is one of the major infectious diseases of public health concern in Nouakchott, the capital city of Mauritania and the biggest urban setting in the Sahara. The assessment of the current trends in malaria epidemiology is primordial in understanding the dynamics of its transmission and developing an effective control strategy. METHODS A 6 year (2015-2020) prospective study was carried out in Nouakchott. Febrile outpatients with a clinical suspicion of malaria presenting spontaneously at Teyarett Health Centre or the paediatric department of Mother and Children Hospital Centre were screened for malaria using a rapid diagnostic test, microscopic examination of Giemsa-stained blood films, and nested polymerase chain reaction. Data were analysed using Microsoft Excel and GraphPad Prism and InStat software. RESULTS Of 1760 febrile patients included in this study, 274 (15.5%) were malaria-positive by rapid diagnostic test, 256 (14.5%) were malaria-positive by microscopy, and 291 (16.5%) were malaria-positive by PCR. Plasmodium vivax accounted for 216 of 291 (74.2%) PCR-positive patients; 47 (16.1%) and 28 (9.6%) had P. falciparum monoinfection or P. vivax-P. falciparum mixed infection, respectively. During the study period, the annual prevalence of malaria declined from 29.2% in 2015 to 13.2% in 2019 and 2.1% in 2020 (P < 0.05). Malaria transmission was essentially seasonal, with a peak occurring soon after the rainy season (October-November), and P. vivax infections, but not P. falciparum infections, occurred at low levels during the rest of the year. The most affected subset of patient population was adult male white and black Moors. The decline in malaria prevalence was correlated with decreasing annual rainfall (r = 0.85; P = 0.03) and was also associated with better management of the potable water supply system. A large majority of included patients did not possess or did not use bed nets. CONCLUSIONS Control interventions based on prevention, diagnosis, and treatment should be reinforced in Nouakchott, and P. vivax-specific control measures, including chloroquine and 8-aminoquinolines (primaquine, tafenoquine) for treatment, should be considered to further improve the efficacy of interventions and aim for malaria elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inejih El Moustapha
- grid.442613.60000 0000 8717 1355Unité de Recherche Génomes et Milieux (GEMI), Université de Nouakchott, Nouveau Campus Universitaire, BP 5026, Nouakchott, Mauritania
| | - Jemila Deida
- grid.442613.60000 0000 8717 1355Unité de Recherche Génomes et Milieux (GEMI), Université de Nouakchott, Nouveau Campus Universitaire, BP 5026, Nouakchott, Mauritania
| | - Mariem Dadina
- grid.442613.60000 0000 8717 1355Unité de Recherche Génomes et Milieux (GEMI), Université de Nouakchott, Nouveau Campus Universitaire, BP 5026, Nouakchott, Mauritania
| | - Abdellahi El Ghassem
- grid.442613.60000 0000 8717 1355Unité de Recherche Génomes et Milieux (GEMI), Université de Nouakchott, Nouveau Campus Universitaire, BP 5026, Nouakchott, Mauritania
| | - Mariem Begnoug
- grid.442613.60000 0000 8717 1355Unité de Recherche Génomes et Milieux (GEMI), Université de Nouakchott, Nouveau Campus Universitaire, BP 5026, Nouakchott, Mauritania
| | - Mariem Hamdinou
- grid.442613.60000 0000 8717 1355Unité de Recherche Génomes et Milieux (GEMI), Université de Nouakchott, Nouveau Campus Universitaire, BP 5026, Nouakchott, Mauritania
| | - Khadijetou Mint Lekweiry
- grid.442613.60000 0000 8717 1355Unité de Recherche Génomes et Milieux (GEMI), Université de Nouakchott, Nouveau Campus Universitaire, BP 5026, Nouakchott, Mauritania ,Unité de Recherche Ressources Génétique et Environnement, Institut Supérieur d’Enseignement Technologique (ISET), Rosso, Mauritania
| | - Mohamed Salem Ould Ahmedou Salem
- grid.442613.60000 0000 8717 1355Unité de Recherche Génomes et Milieux (GEMI), Université de Nouakchott, Nouveau Campus Universitaire, BP 5026, Nouakchott, Mauritania
| | - Yacoub Khalef
- Department of Pediatrics, Mother and Children Hospital Centre, Centre Hospitalier Mère et Enfant (CHME), Nouakchott, Mauritania
| | - Amal Semane
- Teyarett Health Centre (Centre de Santé de Teyarett), Nouakchott, Mauritania
| | - Khyarhoum Ould Brahim
- grid.442613.60000 0000 8717 1355Unité de Recherche Génomes et Milieux (GEMI), Université de Nouakchott, Nouveau Campus Universitaire, BP 5026, Nouakchott, Mauritania
| | - Sébastien Briolant
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, Marseille, France ,grid.483853.10000 0004 0519 5986IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France ,grid.418221.cUnité de Parasitologie Entomologie, Département de Microbiologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées (IRBA), Marseille, France
| | - Hervé Bogreau
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, Marseille, France ,grid.483853.10000 0004 0519 5986IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France ,grid.418221.cUnité de Parasitologie Entomologie, Département de Microbiologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées (IRBA), Marseille, France
| | - Leonardo Basco
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, Marseille, France ,grid.483853.10000 0004 0519 5986IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Ali Ould Mohamed Salem Boukhary
- grid.442613.60000 0000 8717 1355Unité de Recherche Génomes et Milieux (GEMI), Université de Nouakchott, Nouveau Campus Universitaire, BP 5026, Nouakchott, Mauritania ,grid.483853.10000 0004 0519 5986IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
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Djigo OKM, Ould Khalef Y, Ould Ahmedou Salem MS, Gomez N, Basco L, Briolant S, Ould Mohamed Salem Boukhary A. Assessment of CareStart G6PD rapid diagnostic test and CareStart G6PD biosensor in Mauritania. Infect Dis Poverty 2021; 10:105. [PMID: 34353361 PMCID: PMC8340529 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-021-00889-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The elimination of Plasmodium vivax malaria requires 8-aminoquinolines, which are contraindicated in patients with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency due to the risk of acute haemolytic anaemia. Several point-of-care devices have been developed to detect G6PD deficiency. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the performance of two of these devices against G6PD genotypes in Mauritania. METHODS Outpatients were screened for G6PD deficiency using CareStart™ rapid diagnostic test (RDT) and CareStart™ G6PD biosensor in Nouakchott, Mauritania, in 2019-2020. African-type and Mediterranean-type G6PD genotypes commonly observed in Africa were determined by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism and sequencing. Qualitative variables were compared using Fisher's exact test. RESULTS Of 323 patients (74 males and 249 females), 5 males and 2 homozygous females had the African-type A- genotype: A-(202) in 3 males and 2 females and G6PD A-(968) in 2 males. Among heterozygous females, 13 carried G6PD A-(202), 12 G6PD A-(968), and 3 G6PD A-(542) variants. None had the Mediterranean-type G6PD genotype. Eight had a positive G6PD RDT result, including all 7 hemizygous males and homozygous females with A- or A-A- (0.12 to 2.34 IU/g haemoglobin, according to G6PD biosensor), but RDT performed poorly (sensitivity, 11.1% at the cut-off level of < 30%) and yielded many false negative tests. Thirty-seven (50.0%) males and 141 (56.6%) females were anaemic. The adjusted median values of G6PD activity were 5.72 and 5.34 IU/g haemoglobin in non-anaemic males (n = 35) and non-anaemic males and females (n = 130) with normal G6PD genotypes using G6PD biosensor, respectively. Based on the adjusted median of 5.34 IU/g haemoglobin, the performance of G6PD biosensor against genotyping was as follows: at 30% cut-off, the sensitivity and specificity were 85.7% and 91.7%, respectively, and at 80% cut-off, the sensitivity was 100% while the specificity was 64.9%. CONCLUSIONS Although this pilot study supports the utility of biosensor to screen for G6PD deficiency in patients, further investigation in parallel with spectrophotometry is required to promote and validate a more extensive use of this point-of-care device in areas where P. vivax is highly prevalent in Mauritania.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oum Kelthoum Mamadou Djigo
- Unité de Recherche "Génomes et Milieux" (Jeune Equipe Associée à l'Institut de Recherche pour le Développement), Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université de Nouakchott Al-Aasriya, Nouakchott, Mauritania
| | - Yacoub Ould Khalef
- Service de Pédiatrie, Centre Hospitalier Mère et Enfant, Nouakchott, Mauritania
| | - Mohamed Salem Ould Ahmedou Salem
- Unité de Recherche "Génomes et Milieux" (Jeune Equipe Associée à l'Institut de Recherche pour le Développement), Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université de Nouakchott Al-Aasriya, Nouakchott, Mauritania
| | - Nicolas Gomez
- IHU, Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, Marseille, France
- Unité de Parasitologie Entomologie, Département de Microbiologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées (IRBA), Marseille, France
| | - Leonardo Basco
- IHU, Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, Marseille, France
| | - Sébastien Briolant
- IHU, Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, Marseille, France
- Unité de Parasitologie Entomologie, Département de Microbiologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées (IRBA), Marseille, France
| | - Ali Ould Mohamed Salem Boukhary
- Unité de Recherche "Génomes et Milieux" (Jeune Equipe Associée à l'Institut de Recherche pour le Développement), Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université de Nouakchott Al-Aasriya, Nouakchott, Mauritania.
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Djigo OKM, Ould Ahmedou Salem MS, Diallo SM, Bollahi MA, Boushab BM, Garre A, Papa Mze N, Basco L, Briolant S, Ould Mohamed Salem Boukhary A. Molecular Epidemiology of G6PD Genotypes in Different Ethnic Groups Residing in Saharan and Sahelian Zones of Mauritania. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10080931. [PMID: 34451395 PMCID: PMC8398068 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10080931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium vivax malaria is endemic in Mauritania. Individuals with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency may develop acute hemolytic anemia when exposed to 8-aminoquinoline antimalarial drugs, which are indispensable for a complete cure. The prevalence of G6PD allelic variants was assessed in different ethno-linguistic groups present in Mauritania. A total of 996 blood samples (447 males and 549 females; 499 white Moors and 497 individuals of black African ancestry) were collected from febrile patients in 6 different study sites: Aleg, Atar, Kiffa, Kobeni, Nouakchott, and Rosso. The presence of the African-type G6PD A- (G202A, A376G, A542T, G680T, and T968C mutations) and the Mediterranean-type G6PD B- (C563T) variants was assessed by PCR followed by restriction fragment length polymorphism and/or DNA sequencing. The prevalence of African-type G6PD A- genotype was 3.6% (36/996), with 6.3% (28/447) of hemizygote (A-) males and 1.5% (8/549) of homozygous (A-A-) females. Forty of 549 (7.3%) women were heterozygous (AA-). The following genotypes were observed among hemizygous men and/or homozygous women: A376G/G202A (22/996; 2.2%), A376G/T968C Betica-Selma (12/996; 1.2%), and A376G/A542T Santamaria (2/996; 0.2%). The Mediterranean-type G6PD B- genotype was not observed. The prevalence rates of G6PD A- genotype in male (10/243; 4.1%) and heterozygous female (6/256; 2.3%) white Moors were lower (p < 0.05) than those of males (18/204; 8.8%) and heterozygous females (34/293; 11.6%) of black African ancestry. There were only a few homozygous women among both white Moors (3/256; 1.2%) and those of black African ancestry (5/293; 1.7%). The prevalence of G6PD deficiency in Mauritania was comparable to that of neighboring countries in the Maghreb. Because of the purportedly close ethnic ties between the Mauritanian white Moors and the peoples in the Maghreb, further investigations on the possible existence of the Mediterranean-type allele are required. Moreover, a surveillance system of G6PD phenotype and/or genotype screening is warranted to establish and monitor a population-based prevalence of G6PD deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oum Kelthoum Mamadou Djigo
- Unité de Recherche “Génomes et Milieux” (Jeune Equipe Associée à l’Institut de Recherche pour le Développement), Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université de Nouakchott Al-Aasriya, Nouakchott, Mauritania; (O.K.M.D.); (M.S.O.A.S.); (S.M.D.)
| | - Mohamed Salem Ould Ahmedou Salem
- Unité de Recherche “Génomes et Milieux” (Jeune Equipe Associée à l’Institut de Recherche pour le Développement), Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université de Nouakchott Al-Aasriya, Nouakchott, Mauritania; (O.K.M.D.); (M.S.O.A.S.); (S.M.D.)
| | - Sileye Mamadou Diallo
- Unité de Recherche “Génomes et Milieux” (Jeune Equipe Associée à l’Institut de Recherche pour le Développement), Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université de Nouakchott Al-Aasriya, Nouakchott, Mauritania; (O.K.M.D.); (M.S.O.A.S.); (S.M.D.)
| | | | - Boushab Mohamed Boushab
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Kiffa Regional Hospital, Assaba, Mauritania;
| | - Aymeric Garre
- Aix Marseille Université, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Service de Santé des Armées (SSA), Vecteurs—Infections Tropicales et Méditerranéennes (VITROME), 13005 Marseille, France; (A.G.); (N.P.M.); (L.B.); (S.B.)
- Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire (IHU)—Méditerranée Infection, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Nasserdine Papa Mze
- Aix Marseille Université, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Service de Santé des Armées (SSA), Vecteurs—Infections Tropicales et Méditerranéennes (VITROME), 13005 Marseille, France; (A.G.); (N.P.M.); (L.B.); (S.B.)
- Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire (IHU)—Méditerranée Infection, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Leonardo Basco
- Aix Marseille Université, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Service de Santé des Armées (SSA), Vecteurs—Infections Tropicales et Méditerranéennes (VITROME), 13005 Marseille, France; (A.G.); (N.P.M.); (L.B.); (S.B.)
- Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire (IHU)—Méditerranée Infection, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Sébastien Briolant
- Aix Marseille Université, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Service de Santé des Armées (SSA), Vecteurs—Infections Tropicales et Méditerranéennes (VITROME), 13005 Marseille, France; (A.G.); (N.P.M.); (L.B.); (S.B.)
- Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire (IHU)—Méditerranée Infection, 13005 Marseille, France
- Unité de Parasitologie Entomologie, Département de Microbiologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées (IRBA), 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Ali Ould Mohamed Salem Boukhary
- Unité de Recherche “Génomes et Milieux” (Jeune Equipe Associée à l’Institut de Recherche pour le Développement), Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université de Nouakchott Al-Aasriya, Nouakchott, Mauritania; (O.K.M.D.); (M.S.O.A.S.); (S.M.D.)
- Correspondence:
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Boushab BM, Ould Ahmedou Salem MS, Ould Mohamed Salem Boukhary A, Parola P, Basco L. Clinical Features and Mortality Associated with Severe Malaria in Adults in Southern Mauritania. Trop Med Infect Dis 2020; 6:tropicalmed6010001. [PMID: 33375214 PMCID: PMC7838900 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed6010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe malaria in adults is not well-studied in Sahelian Africa. Clinical features and mortality associated with severe Plasmodium falciparum malaria in adult patients hospitalized in Kiffa, southern Mauritania, were analysed. Patients over 15 years old admitted for severe malaria between August 2016 and December 2019 were included in the present retrospective study. The World Health Organization (WHO) criteria were used to define severe malaria. The presenting clinical characteristics and outcome were compared. Of 4266 patients hospitalized during the study period, 573 (13.4%) had a positive rapid diagnostic test for malaria, and 99 (17.3%; mean age, 37.5 years; range 15–79 years; sex-ratio M/F, 2.1) satisfied the criteria for severe malaria. On admission, the following signs and symptoms were observed in more than one-fourth of the patients: fever (98%), impairment of consciousness (81.8%), multiple convulsions (70.7%), cardiovascular collapse (61.6%), respiratory distress (43.4%), severe anaemia ≤ 80 g/L (36.4%), haemoglobinuria (27.3%), and renal failure (25.3%). Patients were treated with parenteral quinine or artemether. Fourteen (14.1%) patients died. Multiple convulsions, respiratory distress, severe anaemia, haemoglobinuria, acute renal failure, jaundice, and abnormal bleeding occurred more frequently (p < 0.05) in deceased patients. Mortality due to severe falciparum malaria is high among adults in southern Mauritania. An adoption of the WHO-recommended first-line treatment for severe malaria, such as parenteral artesunate, is required to lower the mortality rate associated with severe malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boushab Mohamed Boushab
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Kiffa Regional Hospital, Assaba, Mauritania;
| | - Mohamed Salem Ould Ahmedou Salem
- Unité de Recherche Génomes et Milieux, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université de Nouakchott Al-Aasriya, Nouveau Campus Universitaire, BP 5026, Nouakchott, Mauritania; (M.S.O.A.S.); (A.O.M.S.B.)
| | - Ali Ould Mohamed Salem Boukhary
- Unité de Recherche Génomes et Milieux, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université de Nouakchott Al-Aasriya, Nouveau Campus Universitaire, BP 5026, Nouakchott, Mauritania; (M.S.O.A.S.); (A.O.M.S.B.)
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Aix-Marseille Université, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, 13005 Marseille, France;
- Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire (IHU)-Méditerranée Infection, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Philippe Parola
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Aix-Marseille Université, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, 13005 Marseille, France;
- Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire (IHU)-Méditerranée Infection, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Leonardo Basco
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Aix-Marseille Université, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, 13005 Marseille, France;
- Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire (IHU)-Méditerranée Infection, 13005 Marseille, France
- Correspondence:
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Ould Lemrabott MA, Le Goff G, Kengne P, Ndiaye O, Costantini C, Mint Lekweiry K, Ould Ahmedou Salem MS, Robert V, Basco L, Simard F, Ould Mohamed Salem Boukhary A. First report of Anopheles (Cellia) multicolor during a study of tolerance to salinity of Anopheles arabiensis larvae in Nouakchott, Mauritania. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:522. [PMID: 33066796 PMCID: PMC7566140 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04400-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anopheles multicolor is known to be present in the arid areas of Africa north of the Sahara Desert, especially in oases. To date, its presence in Mauritania has not been reported. Here, we present the first record of its presence in Nouakchott, the capital of Mauritania. The larvae of An. multicolor, together with those of An. arabiensis, the major malaria vector in the city, were found thriving in highly saline surface water collections. METHODS Entomological surveys were carried out during 2016-2017 in Nouakchott. Mosquito larval habitats were investigated through larval surveys while indoor resting culicid fauna were collected using hand-held aspirator. Physicochemical parameters of the larval habitats were measured on-site, at the time mosquitoes were collected. Larvae and pupae were reared to adults in the insectaries. Morphological and polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based methods were used to identify newly emerged adults. Batches of fourth-instar larvae were used to assess salinity tolerance by exposing them to increasing concentrations of NaCl, and mortality was monitored throughout development. RESULTS Morphological and molecular results confirmed that the specimens were An. multicolor and An. arabiensis. Sequences of 24 An. multicolor adult mosquitoes showed 100% nucleotide identity with the published sequences of An. multicolor from Iran. The physicochemical analysis of the water from the two larval habitats revealed highly saline conditions, with NaCl content ranging between 16.8 and 28.9 g/l (i.e. between c.50-80% seawater). Anopheles multicolor and An. arabiensis fourth-instar larvae survival rates at 17.5 g/l NaCl were 86.5% and 75%, respectively. Anopheles arabiensis larvae showed variable levels of salt tolerance according to the larval habitat. Adult An. multicolor specimens were collected resting indoor at low frequency (0.7%) compared to the other culicid mosquitoes. CONCLUSIONS To the best of our knowledge, this paper is the first report of An. multicolor in Mauritania, extending the known distributional range of the species to the south, as well as to the west. Highly salt-tolerant populations of An. arabiensis and An. multicolor were observed. Because salt-water collections are widespread in Nouakchott, the relevance of these findings for the dynamics and epidemiology of malaria transmission needs to be assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Aly Ould Lemrabott
- Laboratoire environnement, santé et société LE2S, Unité de recherche génomes et milieux (jeune équipe associée à l'IRD), Université de Nouakchott Al-Aasriya, BP 880, Nouakchott, Mauritania. .,MIVEGEC, IRD, CNRS, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France.
| | - Gilbert Le Goff
- MIVEGEC, IRD, CNRS, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Pierre Kengne
- MIVEGEC, IRD, CNRS, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,CIRMF, Franceville, Gabon
| | - Ousmane Ndiaye
- Laboratoire environnement, santé et société LE2S, Unité de recherche génomes et milieux (jeune équipe associée à l'IRD), Université de Nouakchott Al-Aasriya, BP 880, Nouakchott, Mauritania
| | - Carlo Costantini
- MIVEGEC, IRD, CNRS, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Khadijetou Mint Lekweiry
- Laboratoire environnement, santé et société LE2S, Unité de recherche génomes et milieux (jeune équipe associée à l'IRD), Université de Nouakchott Al-Aasriya, BP 880, Nouakchott, Mauritania
| | - Mohamed Salem Ould Ahmedou Salem
- Laboratoire environnement, santé et société LE2S, Unité de recherche génomes et milieux (jeune équipe associée à l'IRD), Université de Nouakchott Al-Aasriya, BP 880, Nouakchott, Mauritania
| | - Vincent Robert
- MIVEGEC, IRD, CNRS, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Leonardo Basco
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, Marseille, France.,IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Frédéric Simard
- MIVEGEC, IRD, CNRS, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Ali Ould Mohamed Salem Boukhary
- Laboratoire environnement, santé et société LE2S, Unité de recherche génomes et milieux (jeune équipe associée à l'IRD), Université de Nouakchott Al-Aasriya, BP 880, Nouakchott, Mauritania. .,Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, Marseille, France. .,IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France.
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Diallo SM, Bogreau H, Papa Mze N, Ould Ahmedou Salem MS, Ould Khairy ML, Parola P, Basco L, Ould Mohamed Salem Boukhary A. Malaria epidemiology in Kobeni department, southeastern Mauritania from 2015 to 2017. Infect Dis Poverty 2020; 9:21. [PMID: 32046780 PMCID: PMC7014702 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-020-0634-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Plasmodium falciparum malaria is endemic in the southern sahelian zone of Mauritania where intense internal and trans-border human and livestock movement occurs. The risk of importation and spread of drug-resistant parasites need to be regularly assessed in this region. The objective of the study was to assess the recent malaria situation near the Mauritania-Mali border. Methods Between February 2015 and December 2017, patients with fever or history of fever during the previous 48 h, presenting at the health centre of Kobeni city, were screened for malaria using a rapid diagnostic test (RDT) and microscopic examination of blood smears. The diagnosis was later confirmed by PCR. Cohen’s kappa statistics was used to estimate the degree of agreement between diagnostic methods. Fisher’s exact test was used to compare proportions. The odds ratio was calculated to measure the association between the use of bed nets and malaria infection. Results A total of 2326 febrile patients (mean age, 20.2 years) were screened for malaria. The presence of malaria parasites was detected by RDT and microscopy in 53.0% and 49.3% of febrile patients, respectively, and was confirmed by PCR in 59.7% (45 missing data). Of 1361 PCR-positive samples, 1205 (88.5%) were P. falciparum, 47 (3.5%) P. vivax, and 99 (7.3%) P. falciparum-P. vivax mixed infection. Malaria transmission occurred mostly during and shortly after the rainy season. The annual rainfall was relatively low in 2016 (267 mm) and 2017 (274 mm), compared to 2015 (448 mm), and coincided with a decline in malaria prevalence in 2016–2017. Although 71.8% of febrile patients reported to possess at least one bed net in the household in our questionnaire, its reported use was not protective against malaria infection (odds ratio: 1.1, 95% CI: 0.91–1.32). Conclusions Our study confirmed that P. falciparum is the dominant species in the sahelian zone and that malaria transmission is seasonal and associated with rainfall in this zone. The application of the current national policy based on rapid and reliable malaria diagnosis, case management with artemisinin-based combination therapy, intermittent preventive treatment for pregnant women, distribution and use of long-lasting insecticide impregnated bed nets, and the planned introduction of seasonal malaria chemoprevention for all children under 6 years old is expected to sustainably reduce malaria transmission in this zone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sileye Mamadou Diallo
- Unité de Recherche Génomes et milieux (Jeune Equipe Associée à l'Institut de Recherche pour le Développement [IRD]), Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université de Nouakchott Al-Aasriya, Nouakchott, Mauritania.,Aix Marseille Université, IRD, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Service de Santé des Armées (SSA), Vecteurs - Infections Tropicales et Méditerranéennes (VITROME), Marseille, France.,Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire (IHU)-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Hervé Bogreau
- Aix Marseille Université, IRD, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Service de Santé des Armées (SSA), Vecteurs - Infections Tropicales et Méditerranéennes (VITROME), Marseille, France.,Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire (IHU)-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France.,Unité Parasitologie et Entomologie, Département des maladies infectieuses, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Marseille, France
| | - Nasserdine Papa Mze
- Aix Marseille Université, IRD, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Service de Santé des Armées (SSA), Vecteurs - Infections Tropicales et Méditerranéennes (VITROME), Marseille, France.,Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire (IHU)-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Mohamed Salem Ould Ahmedou Salem
- Unité de Recherche Génomes et milieux (Jeune Equipe Associée à l'Institut de Recherche pour le Développement [IRD]), Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université de Nouakchott Al-Aasriya, Nouakchott, Mauritania
| | - Mohamed Lemine Ould Khairy
- Ministère de la Santé, Programme National de Lutte contre le Paludisme (PNLP), Nouakchott, Mauritania.,Present Address: Direction régionale de l'action sanitaire, Nouakchott sud, Ministère de la santé, Nouakchott, Mauritania
| | - Philippe Parola
- Aix Marseille Université, IRD, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Service de Santé des Armées (SSA), Vecteurs - Infections Tropicales et Méditerranéennes (VITROME), Marseille, France.,Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire (IHU)-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Leonardo Basco
- Aix Marseille Université, IRD, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Service de Santé des Armées (SSA), Vecteurs - Infections Tropicales et Méditerranéennes (VITROME), Marseille, France.,Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire (IHU)-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Ali Ould Mohamed Salem Boukhary
- Unité de Recherche Génomes et milieux (Jeune Equipe Associée à l'Institut de Recherche pour le Développement [IRD]), Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université de Nouakchott Al-Aasriya, Nouakchott, Mauritania. .,Aix Marseille Université, IRD, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Service de Santé des Armées (SSA), Vecteurs - Infections Tropicales et Méditerranéennes (VITROME), Marseille, France.
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Djigo OKM, Bollahi MA, Hasni Ebou M, Ould Ahmedou Salem MS, Tahar R, Bogreau H, Basco L, Ould Mohamed Salem Boukhary A. Assessment of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity using CareStart G6PD rapid diagnostic test and associated genetic variants in Plasmodium vivax malaria endemic setting in Mauritania. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0220977. [PMID: 31525211 PMCID: PMC6746352 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0220977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Primaquine is recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) for radical treatment of Plasmodium vivax malaria. This drug is known to provoke acute hemolytic anemia in individuals with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency. Due to lack of data on G6PD deficiency, the use of primaquine has been limited in Africa. In the present study, G6PD deficiency was investigated in blood donors of various ethnic groups living in Nouakchott, a P. vivax endemic area in Mauritania. Methodology/Principal findings Venous blood samples from 443 healthy blood donors recruited at the National Transfusion Center in Nouakchott were screened for G6PD activity using the CareStart G6PD deficiency rapid diagnostic test. G6PD allelic variants were investigated using DiaPlexC G6PD genotyping kit that detects African (A-) and Mediterranean (B-) variants. Overall, 50 of 443 (11.3%) individuals (49 [11.8%] men and 1 [3.7%] woman) were phenotypically deficient. Amongst men, Black Africans had the highest prevalence of G6PD deficiency (15 of 100 [15%]) and White Moors the lowest (10 of 168, [5.9%]). The most commonly observed G6PD allelic variants among 44 tested G6PD-deficient men were the African variant A- (202A/376G) in 14 (31.8%), the Mediterranean variant B- (563T) in 13 (29.5%), and the Betica-Selma A- (376G/968C) allelic variant in 6 (13.6%). The Santamaria A- variant (376G/542T) and A variant (376G) were observed in only one and two individuals, respectively. None of the expected variants was observed in 8 (18.2%) of the tested phenotypically G6PD-deficient men. Conclusion This is the first published data on G6PD deficiency in Mauritanians. The prevalence of phenotypic G6PD deficiency was relatively high (11.3%). It was mostly associated with either African or Mediterranean variants, in agreement with diverse Arab and Black African origins of the Mauritanian population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oum kelthoum Mamadou Djigo
- Unité de recherche Génomes et Milieux, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université de Nouakchott Al-Aasriya, Nouveau Campus Universitaire, Nouakchott, Mauritania
| | | | - Moina Hasni Ebou
- Unité de recherche Génomes et Milieux, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université de Nouakchott Al-Aasriya, Nouveau Campus Universitaire, Nouakchott, Mauritania
| | - Mohamed Salem Ould Ahmedou Salem
- Unité de recherche Génomes et Milieux, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université de Nouakchott Al-Aasriya, Nouveau Campus Universitaire, Nouakchott, Mauritania
| | - Rachida Tahar
- UMR 216 MERIT, IRD, Faculté de Pharmacie, Univ. Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Hervé Bogreau
- Unité de Parasitologie et d’Entomologie, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, Marseille, France
- IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
- Centre National de Référence du Paludisme, Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire (IHU) Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Leonardo Basco
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, Marseille, France
- IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Ali Ould Mohamed Salem Boukhary
- Unité de recherche Génomes et Milieux, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université de Nouakchott Al-Aasriya, Nouveau Campus Universitaire, Nouakchott, Mauritania
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, Marseille, France
- * E-mail:
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Ould Lemrabott MA, Ould Ahmedou Salem MS, Ould Brahim K, Brengues C, Rossignol M, Bogreau H, Basco L, Belghyti D, Simard F, Ould Mohamed Salem Boukhary A. Seasonal abundance, blood meal sources and insecticide susceptibility in major anopheline malaria vectors from southern Mauritania. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:232. [PMID: 29636113 PMCID: PMC5894152 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-2819-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Aly Ould Lemrabott
- Unité de Recherche Génomes et Milieux, Université de Nouakchott Al-Aasriya, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Nouveau Campus Universitaire, BP 5026 Nouakchott, Mauritania
- Laboratoire Biotechnologie et Environnement, Equipe de Parasitologie et Environnement, Département de Biologie, Faculté des Sciences, Université Ibn Tofail, BP 133 Kénitra, Morocco
| | - Mohamed Salem Ould Ahmedou Salem
- Unité de Recherche Génomes et Milieux, Université de Nouakchott Al-Aasriya, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Nouveau Campus Universitaire, BP 5026 Nouakchott, Mauritania
| | - Khyarhoum Ould Brahim
- Unité de Recherche Génomes et Milieux, Université de Nouakchott Al-Aasriya, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Nouveau Campus Universitaire, BP 5026 Nouakchott, Mauritania
| | - Cecile Brengues
- Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs: Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle (MIVEGEC), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Université de Montpellier, BP 64501, 34394 Montpellier, France
| | - Marie Rossignol
- Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs: Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle (MIVEGEC), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Université de Montpellier, BP 64501, 34394 Montpellier, France
| | - Hervé Bogreau
- Aix-Marseille Université, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille, Service de Santé des Armées, Unité Mixte de Recherche Vecteurs - Infections Tropicales et Méditerranéennes (VITROME), Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire - Méditerranée Infection, 13005 Marseille, France
- Unité de Parasitologie et d’Entomologie, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées (IRBA), 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Leonardo Basco
- Aix-Marseille Université, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille, Service de Santé des Armées, Unité Mixte de Recherche Vecteurs - Infections Tropicales et Méditerranéennes (VITROME), Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire - Méditerranée Infection, 13005 Marseille, France
- Unité de Parasitologie et d’Entomologie, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées (IRBA), 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Driss Belghyti
- Laboratoire Biotechnologie et Environnement, Equipe de Parasitologie et Environnement, Département de Biologie, Faculté des Sciences, Université Ibn Tofail, BP 133 Kénitra, Morocco
| | - Frédéric Simard
- Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs: Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle (MIVEGEC), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Université de Montpellier, BP 64501, 34394 Montpellier, France
| | - Ali Ould Mohamed Salem Boukhary
- Unité de Recherche Génomes et Milieux, Université de Nouakchott Al-Aasriya, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Nouveau Campus Universitaire, BP 5026 Nouakchott, Mauritania
- Aix-Marseille Université, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille, Service de Santé des Armées, Unité Mixte de Recherche Vecteurs - Infections Tropicales et Méditerranéennes (VITROME), Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire - Méditerranée Infection, 13005 Marseille, France
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Ould Ahmedou Salem MS, Mint Lekweiry K, Bouchiba H, Pascual A, Pradines B, Ould Mohamed Salem Boukhary A, Briolant S, Basco LK, Bogreau H. Characterization of Plasmodium falciparum genes associated with drug resistance in Hodh Elgharbi, a malaria hotspot near Malian-Mauritanian border. Malar J 2017; 16:140. [PMID: 28381273 PMCID: PMC5382448 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-017-1791-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A malaria hotspot in the southeastern region of Mauritania, near the Malian border, may hamper malaria control strategies. The objectives were to estimate the prevalence of genetic polymorphisms associated with drug resistance in Plasmodium falciparum isolates and establish baseline data. METHODS The study was conducted in two malaria-endemic areas in Hodh Elgharbi, situated in the Malian-Mauritanian border area. Blood samples were collected from symptomatic patients. Single nucleotide polymorphisms in Pfcrt, Pfmdr1, Pfdhfr, and Pfdhps were genotyped using PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism, DNA sequencing and primer extension. The Pfmdr1 gene copy number was determined by real-time PCR. RESULTS Of 280 P. falciparum-infected patients, 193 (68.9%) carried the Pfcrt 76T mutant allele. The Pfmdr1 86Y and 184F mutations were found in 61 (23.1%) of 264 isolates and 167 (67.6%) of 247 samples that were successfully genotyped, respectively. Pfmdr1 mutant alleles 1034C, 1042D and 1246Y were rarely observed. Of 102 P. falciparum isolates analysed, ten (9.8%) had more than one copy of Pfmdr1 gene. The prevalence of isolates harbouring at least triple mutant Pfdhfr 51I, 59R, 108 N/T was 42% (112/268), of which 42 (37.5%) had an additional Pfdhps 437G mutation. The Pfdhps 540E mutation was observed in four isolates (1.5%), including three associated with Pfdhfr triple mutant. Only two quintuple mutants (Pfdhfr-51I-59R-108N Pfdhps-437G-540E) were observed. CONCLUSIONS The observed mutations in Pfdhfr, Pfdhps, Pfmdr1, and Pfcrt may jeopardize the future of seasonal malaria chemoprevention based on amodiaquine-sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine, intermittent preventive treatment for pregnant women using sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine, and treatment with artesunate-amodiaquine. Complementary studies should be carried out to document the distribution, origin and circulation of P. falciparum populations in this region and more widely in the country to assess the risk of the spread of resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Salem Ould Ahmedou Salem
- Unité de Recherche «Génomes et Milieux», Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université de Nouakchott Al-Aasriya, Nouveau campus universitaire, BP 5026, Nouakchott, Mauritania.
| | - Khadijetou Mint Lekweiry
- Unité de Recherche «Génomes et Milieux», Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université de Nouakchott Al-Aasriya, Nouveau campus universitaire, BP 5026, Nouakchott, Mauritania
| | - Houssem Bouchiba
- Unité Parasitologie et entomologie, Département des maladies infectieuses, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Marseille, France.,Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes (URMITE), Aix-Marseille Université, UM 63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, Inserm 1095, AP-HM, Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire (IHU) - Méditerranée Infection, 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France
| | - Aurelie Pascual
- Unité Parasitologie et entomologie, Département des maladies infectieuses, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Marseille, France.,Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes (URMITE), Aix-Marseille Université, UM 63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, Inserm 1095, AP-HM, Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire (IHU) - Méditerranée Infection, 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France
| | - Bruno Pradines
- Unité Parasitologie et entomologie, Département des maladies infectieuses, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Marseille, France.,Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes (URMITE), Aix-Marseille Université, UM 63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, Inserm 1095, AP-HM, Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire (IHU) - Méditerranée Infection, 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France.,Centre national de référence pour le paludisme, Marseille, France
| | - Ali Ould Mohamed Salem Boukhary
- Unité de Recherche «Génomes et Milieux», Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université de Nouakchott Al-Aasriya, Nouveau campus universitaire, BP 5026, Nouakchott, Mauritania
| | - Sébastien Briolant
- Unité Parasitologie et entomologie, Département des maladies infectieuses, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Marseille, France.,Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes (URMITE), Aix-Marseille Université, UM 63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, Inserm 1095, AP-HM, Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire (IHU) - Méditerranée Infection, 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France
| | - Leonardo K Basco
- Unité Parasitologie et entomologie, Département des maladies infectieuses, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Marseille, France.,Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes (URMITE), Aix-Marseille Université, UM 63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, Inserm 1095, AP-HM, Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire (IHU) - Méditerranée Infection, 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France
| | - Hervé Bogreau
- Unité Parasitologie et entomologie, Département des maladies infectieuses, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Marseille, France.,Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes (URMITE), Aix-Marseille Université, UM 63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, Inserm 1095, AP-HM, Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire (IHU) - Méditerranée Infection, 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France
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Mint Mohamed Lemine A, Ould Lemrabott MA, Hasni Ebou M, Mint Lekweiry K, Ould Ahmedou Salem MS, Ould Brahim K, Ouldabdallahi Moukah M, Ould Bouraya IN, Brengues C, Trape JF, Basco L, Bogreau H, Simard F, Faye O, Ould Mohamed Salem Boukhary A. Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in Mauritania: a review of their biodiversity, distribution and medical importance. Parasit Vectors 2017; 10:35. [PMID: 28103955 PMCID: PMC5248481 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-1978-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Although mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) are important disease vectors, information on their biodiversity in Mauritania is scarce and very dispersed in the literature. Data from the scientific literature gathered in the country from 1948 to 2016 were collected and analyzed. Overall 51 culicid species comprising 17 Anopheles spp., 14 Aedes spp., 18 Culex spp. and two Mansonia spp. have been described in Mauritania among which Anopheles arabiensis, Aedes vexans, Culex poicilipes and Culex antennatus are of epidemiological significance. Anopheles arabiensis is widely distributed throughout the country and its geographic distribution has increased northwards in recent years, shifting its northern limit form 17°32′N in the 1960s to 18°47′N today. Its presence in the central region of Tagant highlights the great ecological plasticity of the species. Conversely, the distribution of Anopheles gambiae (s.s.) and Anopheles melas has shrunk compared to that of the 1960s. Anopheles rhodesiensis and An. d’thali are mainly confined in the mountainous areas (alt. 200–700 m), whereas Anopheles pharoensis is widely distributed in the Senegal River basin. Culex poicilipes and Cx. antenattus were naturally found infected with Rift valley fever virus in central and northern Mauritania following the Rift valley outbreaks of 1998 and 2012. Recently, Ae. aegypti emerged in Nouakchott and is probably responsible for dengue fever episodes of 2015. This paper provides a concise and up-to-date overview of the existing literature on mosquito species known to occur in Mauritania and highlights areas where future studies should fill a gap in knowledge about vector biodiversity. It aims to help ongoing and future research on mosquitoes particularly in the field of medical entomology to inform evidence-based decision-making for vector control and management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aichetou Mint Mohamed Lemine
- Unité de recherche Génomes et Milieux, Jeune Equipe Associée à l'IRD (RI3M), Université de Nouakchott Al-Aasriya, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Nouveau Campus Universitaire, Nouakchott, BP 5026, Mauritania.,Laboratoire d'Ecologie Vectorielle et Parasitaire, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Mohamed Aly Ould Lemrabott
- Unité de recherche Génomes et Milieux, Jeune Equipe Associée à l'IRD (RI3M), Université de Nouakchott Al-Aasriya, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Nouveau Campus Universitaire, Nouakchott, BP 5026, Mauritania
| | - Moina Hasni Ebou
- Unité de recherche Génomes et Milieux, Jeune Equipe Associée à l'IRD (RI3M), Université de Nouakchott Al-Aasriya, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Nouveau Campus Universitaire, Nouakchott, BP 5026, Mauritania
| | - Khadijetou Mint Lekweiry
- Unité de recherche Génomes et Milieux, Jeune Equipe Associée à l'IRD (RI3M), Université de Nouakchott Al-Aasriya, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Nouveau Campus Universitaire, Nouakchott, BP 5026, Mauritania
| | - Mohamed Salem Ould Ahmedou Salem
- Unité de recherche Génomes et Milieux, Jeune Equipe Associée à l'IRD (RI3M), Université de Nouakchott Al-Aasriya, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Nouveau Campus Universitaire, Nouakchott, BP 5026, Mauritania
| | - Khyarhoum Ould Brahim
- Unité de recherche Génomes et Milieux, Jeune Equipe Associée à l'IRD (RI3M), Université de Nouakchott Al-Aasriya, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Nouveau Campus Universitaire, Nouakchott, BP 5026, Mauritania
| | - Mohamed Ouldabdallahi Moukah
- Unité de recherche Génomes et Milieux, Jeune Equipe Associée à l'IRD (RI3M), Université de Nouakchott Al-Aasriya, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Nouveau Campus Universitaire, Nouakchott, BP 5026, Mauritania
| | | | - Cecile Brengues
- Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs: Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle (MIVEGEC), Unité Mixte de Recherche IRD224-CNRS5290-Université de Montpellier, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Montpellier, France
| | - Jean-François Trape
- Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs: Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle (MIVEGEC), Unité Mixte de Recherche IRD224-CNRS5290-Université de Montpellier, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Montpellier, France
| | - Leonardo Basco
- Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes (URMITE), UM 63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, Inserm 1095, Faculté de Médecine La Timone, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, 13385, France
| | - Hervé Bogreau
- Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes (URMITE), UM 63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, Inserm 1095, Faculté de Médecine La Timone, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, 13385, France.,Unité Parasitologie et Entomologie, Département des Maladies Infectieuses, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Marseille, France
| | - Frédéric Simard
- Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs: Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle (MIVEGEC), Unité Mixte de Recherche IRD224-CNRS5290-Université de Montpellier, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Montpellier, France
| | - Ousmane Faye
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Vectorielle et Parasitaire, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Ali Ould Mohamed Salem Boukhary
- Unité de recherche Génomes et Milieux, Jeune Equipe Associée à l'IRD (RI3M), Université de Nouakchott Al-Aasriya, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Nouveau Campus Universitaire, Nouakchott, BP 5026, Mauritania.
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Lekweiry KM, Salem MSOA, Cotteaux-Lautard C, Jarjaval F, Marin-Jauffre A, Bogreau H, Basco L, Briolant S, Boukhary AOMS, Brahim KO, Pagès F. Circumsporozoite protein rates, blood-feeding pattern and frequency of knockdown resistance mutations in Anopheles spp. in two ecological zones of Mauritania. Parasit Vectors 2016; 9:268. [PMID: 27151152 PMCID: PMC4858835 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-016-1543-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mosquitoes belonging to Anopheles gambiae species complex are the main malaria vector in Mauritania but data on their vector capacities, feeding habits and insecticide susceptibility are still scanty. The objectives of this study were to fill this gap. Methods Adult Anopheles spp. mosquitoes were collected using pyrethrum spray catch method from two ecological zones of Mauritania: Nouakchott (Saharan zone) and Hodh Elgharbi region (Sahelian zone). Circumsporozoite proteins (CSP) for P. falciparum, P. vivax VK210 and P. vivax VK247 were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) from the female anopheline mosquitoes. To confirm CSP-ELISA results, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was also performed. Blood meal identification was performed in all engorged females by partial sequencing of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene. Molecular assessments of pyrethroid knockdown resistance (kdr) and insensitive acetylcholinesterase resistance (ace-1) were conducted. Results In Nouakchott, the only species of Anopheles identified during the survey was Anopheles arabiensis (356 specimens). In Hodh Elgharbi, 1016 specimens of Anopheles were collected, including 578 (56.9 %) Anopheles rufipes, 410 (40.35 %) An. arabiensis, 20 (1.96 %) An. gambiae, 5 (0.5 %) An. pharoensis and 3 (0.3 %) An. funestus. Three of 186 female An. arabiensis collected in Nouakchott and tested by ELISA were found positive for Plasmodium vivax VK210, corresponding to a sporozoite rate of 1.6 %; however PCR confirmed infection by P. vivax sporozoite in only one of these. In Hodh Elgharbi, no mosquito was found positive for Plasmodium spp. infection. There was a statistically significant difference in the percentage of human blood-fed Anopheles spp. between Nouakchott (58.7 %, 47 of 80 blood-engorged An. arabiensis females) and Hodh Elgharbi (11.1 %, 2 of 18 blood-engorged mosquitoes). Analysis of the kdr polymorphisms showed 48.2 % (70/145) of East African kdr mutation (L1014S) in Nouakchott compared to 10 % (4/40) in Hodh Elgharbi region (P < 0.001). Nevertheless, West African kdr mutation (L1014F) was found only in An. gambiae populations (4/40, 10 %) from Hodh Elgharbi region. No ace-1 mutation was found in mosquito specimens from the two study zones. Conclusions Overall, this study confirmed the autochthonous P. vivax malaria transmission in Nouakchott, involving An. arabiensis as the main vector. It also described for the first time the absence of ace-1 mutation, the co-occurrence of both West and East African kdr mutation in An. gambiae in Mauritania, and highlighted the regional variations in the prevalence and type of kdr mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khadijetou Mint Lekweiry
- UR Génome et Milieux, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université des Sciences, de Technologie et de Médecine, Nouveau Campus Universitaire, BP 5026, Nouakchott, Mauritania
| | - Mohamed Salem Ould Ahmedou Salem
- UR Génome et Milieux, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université des Sciences, de Technologie et de Médecine, Nouveau Campus Universitaire, BP 5026, Nouakchott, Mauritania
| | - Christelle Cotteaux-Lautard
- Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Ancienne base aérienne 217, B.P. 73, 91223, Brétigny-sur-Orge, France
| | - Fanny Jarjaval
- Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Ancienne base aérienne 217, B.P. 73, 91223, Brétigny-sur-Orge, France
| | - Adeline Marin-Jauffre
- Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Ancienne base aérienne 217, B.P. 73, 91223, Brétigny-sur-Orge, France
| | - Hervé Bogreau
- Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Ancienne base aérienne 217, B.P. 73, 91223, Brétigny-sur-Orge, France.,Laboratoire de Parasitologie, CNR du Paludisme région Antilles-Guyane, Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, Cayenne, Cedex, France
| | - Leonardo Basco
- Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Ancienne base aérienne 217, B.P. 73, 91223, Brétigny-sur-Orge, France.,Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes, Unité de Recherche 198-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Faculté de Médecine La Timone, Aix-Marseille Université, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, Marseille, 13385, France
| | - Sébastien Briolant
- Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Ancienne base aérienne 217, B.P. 73, 91223, Brétigny-sur-Orge, France.,Laboratoire de Parasitologie, CNR du Paludisme région Antilles-Guyane, Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, Cayenne, Cedex, France
| | - Ali Ould Mohamed Salem Boukhary
- UR Génome et Milieux, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université des Sciences, de Technologie et de Médecine, Nouveau Campus Universitaire, BP 5026, Nouakchott, Mauritania
| | - Khyarhoum Ould Brahim
- UR Génome et Milieux, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université des Sciences, de Technologie et de Médecine, Nouveau Campus Universitaire, BP 5026, Nouakchott, Mauritania
| | - Frédéric Pagès
- Regional office of the French Institute for Public Health Surveillance, Cire Océan Indien, Saint-Denis, Reunion Island, France.
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Ould Ahmedou Salem MS, Basco LK, Ouldabdallahi M, Mint Lekweiry K, Konaté L, Faye O, Ould Mohamed Salem Boukhary A. Malaria-associated morbidity during the rainy season in Saharan and Sahelian zones in Mauritania. Acta Trop 2015; 152:1-7. [PMID: 26276697 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2015.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Revised: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Reliable epidemiological data based on laboratory-confirmed cases are scarce in Mauritania. A large majority of reported malaria cases are based on presumptive clinical diagnosis. The present study was conducted to establish a reliable database on malaria morbidity among febrile paediatric and adult patients consulting spontaneously at public health facilities in Nouakchott, situated in the Saharan zone, and in Hodh Elgharbi region in the Sahelian zone in south-east Mauritania during the peak transmission periods. Giemsa-stained thin and thick films were examined under the microscope, and the parasite density was determined according to the procedures recommended by the World Health Organization. Microscopy results were confirmed by rapid diagnostic test for malaria. A total of 1161 febrile patients (498 in Nouakchott and 663 in Hodh Elgharbi region) were enrolled during two successive peak transmission periods in 2009 and 2010. In Nouakchott, 253 (50.8%) febrile patients had positive smears (83% Plasmodium vivax monoinfections and 17% Plasmodium falciparum monoinfections). In Hodh Elgharbi, 378 of 663 patients (57.0%) were smear-positive, mostly due to P. falciparum monoinfections (96.6%). Unlike in Nouakchott, mixed P. falciparum-P. vivax infections, as well as P. vivax, P. ovale, and P. malariae monoinfections, were also observed at a very low prevalence in southern Mauritania. In Nouakchott, malaria occurred more frequently (P<0.05) with higher slide positivity rates (42-53%) among children aged >5 years old and adults than in young children aged <5 years old in both 2009 and 2010. In Hodh Elgharbi, high slide positivity rates (60.9-86.2%) were observed in all age groups in 2010, and there was no significant trend (P>0.05) in relation with age groups. The present study confirmed the predominance of P. falciparum in southern Mauritania reported in previous studies. The presence of P. vivax in Nouakchott is a new epidemiological reality that requires an urgent adoption of novel strategies for parasitological and vector control to combat urban malaria. Moreover, the present study provides evidence-based data on malaria burden in two regions in Mauritania that may serve as a springboard to establish and develop a national surveillance system of malaria epidemiology.
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Mint Lekweiry K, Ould Ahmedou Salem MS, Ould Brahim K, Ould Lemrabott MA, Brengues C, Faye O, Simard F, Ould Mohamed Salem Boukhary A. Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) in Mauritania: First Report on the Presence of the Arbovirus Mosquito Vector in Nouakchott. J Med Entomol 2015; 52:730-733. [PMID: 26335483 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjv051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Aedes aegypti L. (Diptera: Culicidae) is a major vector of yellow fever, dengue, and chikungunya viruses throughout tropical and subtropical areas of the world. Although the southernmost part of Mauritania along the Senegal river has long been recognized at risk of yellow fever transmission, Aedes spp. mosquitoes had never been reported northwards in Mauritania. Here, we report the first observation of Aedes aegypti aegypti (L.) and Aedes (Ochlerotatus) caspius (Pallas, 1771) in the capital city, Nouakchott. We describe the development sites in which larvae of the two species were found, drawing attention to the risk for emergence of arbovirus transmission in the city.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khadijetou Mint Lekweiry
- Unité de recherche "Génomes et milieux", Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université des Sciences, de Technologie et de Médicine (USTM), nouveau campus universitaire, BP 5026, Nouakchott, Mauritanie.
| | - Mohamed Salem Ould Ahmedou Salem
- Unité de recherche "Génomes et milieux", Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université des Sciences, de Technologie et de Médicine (USTM), nouveau campus universitaire, BP 5026, Nouakchott, Mauritanie
| | - Khyarhoum Ould Brahim
- Unité de recherche "Génomes et milieux", Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université des Sciences, de Technologie et de Médicine (USTM), nouveau campus universitaire, BP 5026, Nouakchott, Mauritanie
| | - Mohamed Aly Ould Lemrabott
- Unité de recherche "Génomes et milieux", Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université des Sciences, de Technologie et de Médicine (USTM), nouveau campus universitaire, BP 5026, Nouakchott, Mauritanie
| | - Cécile Brengues
- MIVEGEC (Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs: Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle), UMR IRD224-CNRS5290-Université de Montpellier, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Montpellier, France
| | - Ousmane Faye
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Vectorielle et Parasitaire, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Frédéric Simard
- MIVEGEC (Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs: Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle), UMR IRD224-CNRS5290-Université de Montpellier, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Montpellier, France
| | - Ali Ould Mohamed Salem Boukhary
- Unité de recherche "Génomes et milieux", Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université des Sciences, de Technologie et de Médicine (USTM), nouveau campus universitaire, BP 5026, Nouakchott, Mauritanie
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Lekweiry KM, Salem MSOA, Basco LK, Briolant S, Hafid J, Boukhary AOMS. Malaria in Mauritania: retrospective and prospective overview. Malar J 2015; 14:100. [PMID: 25880759 PMCID: PMC4350613 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-015-0607-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 02/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria has become a major public health problem in Mauritania since the 1990s, with an average of 181,000 cases per year and 2,233,066 persons at risk during 1995-2012. This paper provides the first publicly available overview of malaria incidence and distribution in Mauritania. Information on the burden and malaria species distribution is critical for guiding national efforts in malaria control. As the incidence of malaria changes over time, regular updates of epidemiological data are necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khadijetou Mint Lekweiry
- UR Génome et Milieux, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université des Sciences, de Technologie et de Médecine, Nouveau Campus Universitaire, BP 5026, Nouakchott, Mauritania.
| | - Mohamed Salem Ould Ahmedou Salem
- UR Génome et Milieux, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université des Sciences, de Technologie et de Médecine, Nouveau Campus Universitaire, BP 5026, Nouakchott, Mauritania.
| | - Leonardo K Basco
- Unité de Parasitologie, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, ancienne base aérienne 217, B. P. 73, 91223, Brétigny-sur-Orge, France. .,Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes, Unité de Recherche 198-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Faculté de Médecine La Timone, Aix-Marseille Université, 27 boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385, Marseille, France.
| | - Sébastien Briolant
- Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Direction interarmées du service de Santé, Laboratoire de Parasitologie, CNR du Paludisme région Antilles-Guyane, Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, Cayenne, Cedex, France.
| | - Jamaleddine Hafid
- Laboratoire Aliments, Environnement et Santé (LAES), Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Cadi Ayyad, Marrakech, Morocco.
| | - Ali Ould Mohamed Salem Boukhary
- UR Génome et Milieux, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université des Sciences, de Technologie et de Médecine, Nouveau Campus Universitaire, BP 5026, Nouakchott, Mauritania.
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Ould Ahmedou Salem MS, Mint Lekweiry K, Mint Deida J, Ould Emouh A, Ould Weddady M, Ould Mohamed Salem Boukhary A, Basco LK. Increasing prevalence of Plasmodium vivax among febrile patients in Nouakchott, Mauritania. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2015; 92:537-40. [PMID: 25582695 PMCID: PMC4350544 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.14-0243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The occurrence of Plasmodium vivax malaria was reported in Nouakchott, Mauritania in the 1990s. Several studies have suggested the frequent occurrence of P. vivax malaria among Nouakchott residents, including those without recent travel history to the southern part of the country where malaria is known to be endemic. To further consolidate the evidence for P. vivax endemicity and the extent of malaria burden in one district in the city of Nouakchott, febrile illnesses were monitored in 2012-2013 in the Teyarett health center. The number of laboratory-confirmed P. vivax cases has attained more than 2,000 cases in 2013. Malaria transmission occurs locally, and P. vivax is diagnosed throughout the year. Plasmodium vivax malaria is endemic in Nouakchott and largely predominates over Plasmodium falciparum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Salem Ould Ahmedou Salem
- Unité de Recherche "Génome et Milieux," Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université des Sciences, de Technologie et de Médecine, Nouveau Campus Universitaire, BP 5026, Nouakchott, Mauritania; Teyarett Health Center, Moughata'a de Teyarett, Nouakchott, Mauritania; Unité Mixte de Recherche 198, Unité de Recherche des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Faculté de Médecine La Timone, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Khadijetou Mint Lekweiry
- Unité de Recherche "Génome et Milieux," Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université des Sciences, de Technologie et de Médecine, Nouveau Campus Universitaire, BP 5026, Nouakchott, Mauritania; Teyarett Health Center, Moughata'a de Teyarett, Nouakchott, Mauritania; Unité Mixte de Recherche 198, Unité de Recherche des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Faculté de Médecine La Timone, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Jemila Mint Deida
- Unité de Recherche "Génome et Milieux," Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université des Sciences, de Technologie et de Médecine, Nouveau Campus Universitaire, BP 5026, Nouakchott, Mauritania; Teyarett Health Center, Moughata'a de Teyarett, Nouakchott, Mauritania; Unité Mixte de Recherche 198, Unité de Recherche des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Faculté de Médecine La Timone, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Ahmed Ould Emouh
- Unité de Recherche "Génome et Milieux," Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université des Sciences, de Technologie et de Médecine, Nouveau Campus Universitaire, BP 5026, Nouakchott, Mauritania; Teyarett Health Center, Moughata'a de Teyarett, Nouakchott, Mauritania; Unité Mixte de Recherche 198, Unité de Recherche des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Faculté de Médecine La Timone, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Mohamed Ould Weddady
- Unité de Recherche "Génome et Milieux," Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université des Sciences, de Technologie et de Médecine, Nouveau Campus Universitaire, BP 5026, Nouakchott, Mauritania; Teyarett Health Center, Moughata'a de Teyarett, Nouakchott, Mauritania; Unité Mixte de Recherche 198, Unité de Recherche des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Faculté de Médecine La Timone, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Ali Ould Mohamed Salem Boukhary
- Unité de Recherche "Génome et Milieux," Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université des Sciences, de Technologie et de Médecine, Nouveau Campus Universitaire, BP 5026, Nouakchott, Mauritania; Teyarett Health Center, Moughata'a de Teyarett, Nouakchott, Mauritania; Unité Mixte de Recherche 198, Unité de Recherche des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Faculté de Médecine La Timone, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Leonardo K Basco
- Unité de Recherche "Génome et Milieux," Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université des Sciences, de Technologie et de Médecine, Nouveau Campus Universitaire, BP 5026, Nouakchott, Mauritania; Teyarett Health Center, Moughata'a de Teyarett, Nouakchott, Mauritania; Unité Mixte de Recherche 198, Unité de Recherche des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Faculté de Médecine La Timone, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
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Ould Ahmedou Salem MS, Mohamed Lemine YO, Deida JM, Lemrabott MAO, Ouldabdallahi M, Ba MDD, Boukhary AOMS, Khairy MLO, Abdel Aziz MB, Ringwald P, Basco LK, Niang SD, Lebatt SM. Efficacy of chloroquine for the treatment of Plasmodium vivax in the Saharan zone in Mauritania. Malar J 2015; 14:39. [PMID: 25626475 PMCID: PMC4318167 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-015-0563-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In 2006, the Mauritanian Ministry of Health adopted a new therapeutic strategy based on the systematic use of artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT), artesunate-amodiaquine and artemether-lumefantrine, for the first- and second-line treatment of uncomplicated malaria, respectively, regardless of Plasmodium spp. In the Saharan zone of the country, recent studies have shown that Plasmodium vivax largely predominates over Plasmodium falciparum. Anti-malarial drug response of P. vivax has not been evaluated in Mauritania. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the clinical efficacy and tolerance of chloroquine to treat P. vivax malaria in Mauritanian patients. METHODS Plasmodium vivax-infected patients aged > 6 months old were enrolled in Nouakchott and Atar in September-October 2013. Chloroquine was administered at the standard dose of 25 mg base/kg body weight over three days. Patients were followed until day 28, according to the standard 2009 World Health Organization protocol. RESULTS A total of 128 patients (67 in Nouakchott and 61 in Atar) were enrolled in the study. Seven patients (5.5%) were either excluded or lost to follow-up. Based on the per protocol analysis, chloroquine efficacy (adequate clinical and parasitological response) was 100%. Treatment was well-tolerated. One patient was excluded on day 1 due to urticaria and treated with artesunate-amodiaquine. CONCLUSIONS Although the current national treatment guideline recommends artesunate-amodiaquine for the first-line treatment of uncomplicated malaria, including P. vivax malaria, chloroquine may still have an important role to play in anti-malarial chemotherapy in Mauritania. Further epidemiological studies are required to map the distribution of P. vivax and P. falciparum in the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Salem Ould Ahmedou Salem
- Unité de Recherche « Génome et Milieux », Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université des Sciences, de Technologie et de Médecine, Nouveau Campus Universitaire, Nouakchott, BP 5026, Mauritania.
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Ouldabdallahi M, Alew I, Salem MSOA, dit Dialaw Ba M, Boukhary AOMS, Khairy MLO, Aziz MBA, Ringwald P, Basco LK, Niang SD, Lebatt SM. Efficacy of artesunate-amodiaquine for the treatment of acute uncomplicated falciparum malaria in southern Mauritania. Malar J 2014; 13:496. [PMID: 25515535 PMCID: PMC4302080 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-13-496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 12/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A regular evaluation of therapeutic efficacy in sentinel sites and a system of surveillance are required to establish treatment guidelines and adapt national anti-malarial drug policy to the rapidly changing epidemiology of drug-resistant malaria. The current anti-malarial treatment guideline in Mauritania, officially recommended since 2006, is based on artemisinin-based combination therapy. The aim of the present study was to evaluate clinical efficacy and tolerance of artesunate-amodiaquine, the first-line treatment for acute uncomplicated malaria, in Mauritanian paediatric and adult patients to validate its continued use in the country. METHODS Plasmodium falciparum-infected symptomatic patients aged > six months were enrolled in Kobeni and Timbedra in southern Mauritania in September to October 2013. Co-formulated artesunate-amodiaquine was administered at the recommended dose over three days. Patients were followed until day 28. Parasitological and clinical response was classified according to the standard 2009 World Health Organization protocol. RESULTS A total of 130 patients (65 in Kobeni and 65 in Timbedra) were enrolled in the study. Seventeen patients (13.1%) were either excluded (before PCR correction) or lost to follow-up. Based on the per protocol analysis, artesunate-amodiaquine efficacy (i.e., the proportion of adequate clinical and parasitological response) was 96.6% in Kobeni and 98.2% in Timbedra before PCR correction. Late clinical failure was observed in two patients in Kobeni and one patient in Timbedra. After PCR correction, the efficacy rate in the two study sites was 98.2%. On day 3, all patients were afebrile and had negative smears. Treatment was well tolerated. CONCLUSIONS Artesunate-amodiaquine is well tolerated and highly efficacious for the treatment of uncomplicated P. falciparum malaria. In the majority of patients, fever and parasitaemia were rapidly cleared before day 3. The results support the national anti-malarial drug guideline for a continued use of artesunate-amodiaquine as a first-line drug for uncomplicated malaria in southern Mauritania.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Ouldabdallahi
- />Unité de Recherche « Génsome et Milieux », Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université des Sciences, de Technologie et de Médecine, Nouakchott, Mauritania
- />Initiative mauritanienne pour la lutte contre les maladies endémiques « MEDCINGO », ilôt 358, Riyad Pk8, Nouakchott, Mauritania
| | - Ismail Alew
- />Ministère de la Santé, Nouakchott, Mauritania
| | - Mohamed Salem Ould Ahmedou Salem
- />Unité de Recherche « Génsome et Milieux », Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université des Sciences, de Technologie et de Médecine, Nouakchott, Mauritania
| | | | - Ali Ould Mohamed Salem Boukhary
- />Unité de Recherche « Génsome et Milieux », Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université des Sciences, de Technologie et de Médecine, Nouakchott, Mauritania
| | | | - Mohamed Boubacar Abdel Aziz
- />World Health Organization, Ilot K140-141, Route de la corniche ouest, Tevragh Zeina, Nouakchott BP 320 Mauritania
| | - Pascal Ringwald
- />Drug Resistance and Containment, Global Malaria Programme, World Health Organization, 20 Avenue Appia, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland
| | - Leonardo K Basco
- />Unité Mixte de Recherche 198, Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes (URMITE), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Faculté de Médecine La Timone, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
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Mint Lekweiry K, Ould Mohamed Salem Boukhary A, Gaillard T, Wurtz N, Bogreau H, Hafid JE, Trape JF, Bouchiba H, Ould Ahmedou Salem MS, Pradines B, Rogier C, Basco LK, Briolant S. Molecular surveillance of drug-resistant Plasmodium vivax using pvdhfr, pvdhps and pvmdr1 markers in Nouakchott, Mauritania. J Antimicrob Chemother 2011; 67:367-74. [PMID: 22086859 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkr464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax occur in Mauritania. Drug-resistant P. falciparum has been reported, but the drug-resistance status of P. vivax is unknown. The aims of the present study were to determine the prevalence of mutant pvdhfr, pvdhps and pvmdr1 genes and of pvmdr1 gene amplification in P. vivax isolates in Nouakchott, the capital city of Mauritania, and to establish a baseline for molecular surveillance of drug-resistant P. vivax in the country. PATIENTS AND METHODS Between 2007 and 2009, 439 febrile patients were screened for malaria in Nouakchott. The sequences of pvdhfr, pvdhps and pvmdr1 markers in 110 P. vivax isolates were determined by direct sequencing of PCR products. The pvmdr1 gene copy number was determined by real-time PCR. RESULTS The majority of the isolates with a successful PCR amplification (76/86, 88%) were characterized to be of the wild-type pvdhfr genotype, while the remaining 10 isolates carried the S58R and S117N double mutations. All isolates had the wild-type pvdhps genotype SAKAV. For pvmdr1, 75 of 103 (73%) had the wild-type Y976, and 28 (27%) carried the mutant F976. Most (98%) carried the mutant L1076 codon. Of 105 isolates, 102 (97%) had one copy and 3 (3%) had two copies of the pvmdr1 gene. CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of mutations associated with antifolate resistance is low in Mauritania. Further studies are required to determine the roles of pvmdr1 mutations and gene amplification in conferring drug resistance. These data will serve as a baseline for further monitoring of drug-resistant malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khadijetou Mint Lekweiry
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologies, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université de Nouakchott, Mauritania
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Wurtz N, Mint Lekweiry K, Bogreau H, Pradines B, Rogier C, Ould Mohamed Salem Boukhary A, Hafid JE, Ould Ahmedou Salem MS, Trape JF, Basco LK, Briolant S. Vivax malaria in Mauritania includes infection of a Duffy-negative individual. Malar J 2011; 10:336. [PMID: 22050867 PMCID: PMC3228859 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-10-336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2011] [Accepted: 11/03/2011] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Duffy blood group polymorphisms are important in areas where Plasmodium vivax is present because this surface antigen is thought to act as a key receptor for this parasite. In the present study, Duffy blood group genotyping was performed in febrile uninfected and P. vivax-infected patients living in the city of Nouakchott, Mauritania. Methods Plasmodium vivax was identified by real-time PCR. The Duffy blood group genotypes were determined by standard PCR followed by sequencing of the promoter region and exon 2 of the Duffy gene in 277 febrile individuals. Fisher's exact test was performed in order to assess the significance of variables. Results In the Moorish population, a high frequency of the FYBES/FYBES genotype was observed in uninfected individuals (27.8%), whereas no P. vivax-infected patient had this genotype. This was followed by a high level of FYA/FYB, FYB/FYB, FYB/FYBES and FYA/FYBES genotype frequencies, both in the P. vivax-infected and uninfected patients. In other ethnic groups (Poular, Soninke, Wolof), only the FYBES/FYBES genotype was found in uninfected patients, whereas the FYA/FYBES genotype was observed in two P. vivax-infected patients. In addition, one patient belonging to the Wolof ethnic group presented the FYBES/FYBES genotype and was infected by P. vivax. Conclusions This study presents the Duffy blood group polymorphisms in Nouakchott City and demonstrates that in Mauritania, P. vivax is able to infect Duffy-negative patients. Further studies are necessary to identify the process that enables this Duffy-independent P. vivax invasion of human red blood cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Wurtz
- Unité de Recherche en Biologie et Epidémiologie Parasitaires, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Parc du Pharo, Marseille Cedex, France.
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