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Emelyanova A, Savolainen A, Oksanen A, Nieminen P, Loginova O, Abass K, Rautio A. Research on Selected Wildlife Infections in the Circumpolar Arctic-A Bibliometric Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:11260. [PMID: 36141528 PMCID: PMC9517571 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191811260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
One Health, a multidisciplinary approach to public health, which integrates human, animal, and environmental studies, is prudent for circumpolar Arctic health research. The objective of our bibliometric review was to identify and compare research in select infectious diseases in Arctic wildlife species with importance to human health indexed in English language databases (PubMed, Scopus) and the Russian database eLibrary.ru. Included articles (in English and Russian languages) needed to meet the following criteria: (1) data comes from the Arctic, (2) articles report original research or surveillance reports, (3) articles were published between 1990 and 2018, and (4) research relates to naturally occurring infections. Of the included articles (total n = 352), most were from Russia (n = 131, 37%), Norway (n = 58, 16%), Canada (n = 39, 11%), and Alaska (n = 39, 11%). Frequently reported infectious agents among selected mammals were Trichinella spp. (n = 39), Brucella spp. (n = 25), rabies virus (n = 11), Echinococcus spp. (n = 10), and Francisella tularensis (n = 9). There were 25 articles on anthrax in eLibrary.ru, while there were none in the other two databases. We identified future directions where opportunities for further research, collaboration, systematic reviews, or monitoring programs are possible and needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Emelyanova
- Thule Institute, University of Oulu & University of the Arctic, P.O. Box 7300, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland
- Arctic Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 5000, FI-90590 Oulu, Finland
| | - Audrey Savolainen
- Arctic Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 5000, FI-90590 Oulu, Finland
- Finnish Food Authority (FINPAR), Elektroniikkatie 3, FI-90590 Oulu, Finland
| | - Antti Oksanen
- Finnish Food Authority (FINPAR), Elektroniikkatie 3, FI-90590 Oulu, Finland
| | - Pentti Nieminen
- Medical Informatics and Data Analysis Research Group, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 5000, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland
| | - Olga Loginova
- Laboratory of Parasite Systematics and Evolution, Center for Parasitology, A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninskii Prospect 33, 119071 Moscow, Russia
| | - Khaled Abass
- Arctic Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 5000, FI-90590 Oulu, Finland
| | - Arja Rautio
- Thule Institute, University of Oulu & University of the Arctic, P.O. Box 7300, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland
- Arctic Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 5000, FI-90590 Oulu, Finland
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Vairo F, Aimè Coussoud-Mavoungou MP, Ntoumi F, Castilletti C, Kitembo L, Haider N, Carletti F, Colavita F, Gruber CEM, Iannetta M, Messina F, Lanini S, Ulrich Judicaël B, Giombini E, Montaldo C, Portella C, Diafouka-Diatela S, Rueca M, Kock R, Bartolini B, Mboera L, Munster V, Fischer R, Seifert S, Muñoz-Fontela C, Escudero-Pérez B, Gomez-Medina S, Nelson EV, Kjia Tungu P, Nicastri E, Puro V, Di Caro A, Capobianchi MR, Mikolo JL, Zumla A, Ippolito G. Chikungunya Outbreak in the Republic of the Congo, 2019-Epidemiological, Virological and Entomological Findings of a South-North Multidisciplinary Taskforce Investigation. Viruses 2020; 12:v12091020. [PMID: 32933109 PMCID: PMC7551106 DOI: 10.3390/v12091020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The Republic of Congo (RoC) declared a chikungunya (CHIK) outbreak on 9 February 2019. We conducted a ONE-Human-Animal HEALTH epidemiological, virological and entomological investigation. Methods: We collected national surveillance and epidemiological data. CHIK diagnosis was based on RT-PCR and CHIKV-specific antibodies. Full CHIKV genome sequences were obtained by Sanger and MinION approaches and Bayesian tree phylogenetic analysis was performed. Mosquito larvae and 215 adult mosquitoes were collected in different villages of Kouilou and Pointe-Noire districts and estimates of Aedes (Ae.) mosquitos' CHIKV-infectious bites obtained. We found two new CHIKV sequences of the East/Central/South African (ECSA) lineage, clustering with the recent enzootic sub-clade 2, showing the A226V mutation. The RoC 2019 CHIKV strain has two novel mutations, E2-T126M and E2-H351N. Phylogenetic suggests a common origin from 2016 Angola strain, from which it diverged around 1989 (95% HPD 1985-1994). The infectious bite pattern was similar for 2017, 2018 and early 2019. One Ae. albopictus pool was RT-PCR positive. The 2019 RoC CHIKV strain seems to be recently introduced or be endemic in sylvatic cycle. Distinct from the contemporary Indian CHIKV isolates and in contrast to the original Central-African strains (transmitted by Ae. aegypti), it carries the A226V mutation, indicating an independent adaptive mutation in response to vector replacement (Ae. albopictus vs Ae. aegypti).
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Vairo
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases ‘Lazzaro Spallanzani’, IRCCS, 00149 Rome, Italy; (F.V.); (C.C.); (F.C.); (F.C.); (C.E.M.G.); (M.I.); (F.M.); (S.L.); (E.G.); (C.M.); (M.R.); (B.B.); (E.N.); (V.P.); (A.D.C.); (M.R.C.)
| | | | - Francine Ntoumi
- Ministry of Science and Technology, Brazzaville CG-BZV, Congo
- University Marien Ngouabi, Brazzaville CG-BZV, Congo
- Institute for Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany;
- Correspondence: (F.N.); (G.I.)
| | - Concetta Castilletti
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases ‘Lazzaro Spallanzani’, IRCCS, 00149 Rome, Italy; (F.V.); (C.C.); (F.C.); (F.C.); (C.E.M.G.); (M.I.); (F.M.); (S.L.); (E.G.); (C.M.); (M.R.); (B.B.); (E.N.); (V.P.); (A.D.C.); (M.R.C.)
| | - Lambert Kitembo
- Ministry of Public Health, Brazzaville CG-BZV, Congo; (L.K.); (B.U.J.); (J.L.M.)
| | - Najmul Haider
- The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hawkshead Lane, Hertfordshire NW1 0TU, UK; (N.H.); (R.K.)
| | - Fabrizio Carletti
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases ‘Lazzaro Spallanzani’, IRCCS, 00149 Rome, Italy; (F.V.); (C.C.); (F.C.); (F.C.); (C.E.M.G.); (M.I.); (F.M.); (S.L.); (E.G.); (C.M.); (M.R.); (B.B.); (E.N.); (V.P.); (A.D.C.); (M.R.C.)
| | - Francesca Colavita
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases ‘Lazzaro Spallanzani’, IRCCS, 00149 Rome, Italy; (F.V.); (C.C.); (F.C.); (F.C.); (C.E.M.G.); (M.I.); (F.M.); (S.L.); (E.G.); (C.M.); (M.R.); (B.B.); (E.N.); (V.P.); (A.D.C.); (M.R.C.)
| | - Cesare E. M. Gruber
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases ‘Lazzaro Spallanzani’, IRCCS, 00149 Rome, Italy; (F.V.); (C.C.); (F.C.); (F.C.); (C.E.M.G.); (M.I.); (F.M.); (S.L.); (E.G.); (C.M.); (M.R.); (B.B.); (E.N.); (V.P.); (A.D.C.); (M.R.C.)
| | - Marco Iannetta
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases ‘Lazzaro Spallanzani’, IRCCS, 00149 Rome, Italy; (F.V.); (C.C.); (F.C.); (F.C.); (C.E.M.G.); (M.I.); (F.M.); (S.L.); (E.G.); (C.M.); (M.R.); (B.B.); (E.N.); (V.P.); (A.D.C.); (M.R.C.)
| | - Francesco Messina
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases ‘Lazzaro Spallanzani’, IRCCS, 00149 Rome, Italy; (F.V.); (C.C.); (F.C.); (F.C.); (C.E.M.G.); (M.I.); (F.M.); (S.L.); (E.G.); (C.M.); (M.R.); (B.B.); (E.N.); (V.P.); (A.D.C.); (M.R.C.)
| | - Simone Lanini
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases ‘Lazzaro Spallanzani’, IRCCS, 00149 Rome, Italy; (F.V.); (C.C.); (F.C.); (F.C.); (C.E.M.G.); (M.I.); (F.M.); (S.L.); (E.G.); (C.M.); (M.R.); (B.B.); (E.N.); (V.P.); (A.D.C.); (M.R.C.)
| | - Biez Ulrich Judicaël
- Ministry of Public Health, Brazzaville CG-BZV, Congo; (L.K.); (B.U.J.); (J.L.M.)
| | - Emanuela Giombini
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases ‘Lazzaro Spallanzani’, IRCCS, 00149 Rome, Italy; (F.V.); (C.C.); (F.C.); (F.C.); (C.E.M.G.); (M.I.); (F.M.); (S.L.); (E.G.); (C.M.); (M.R.); (B.B.); (E.N.); (V.P.); (A.D.C.); (M.R.C.)
| | - Chiara Montaldo
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases ‘Lazzaro Spallanzani’, IRCCS, 00149 Rome, Italy; (F.V.); (C.C.); (F.C.); (F.C.); (C.E.M.G.); (M.I.); (F.M.); (S.L.); (E.G.); (C.M.); (M.R.); (B.B.); (E.N.); (V.P.); (A.D.C.); (M.R.C.)
| | | | | | - Martina Rueca
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases ‘Lazzaro Spallanzani’, IRCCS, 00149 Rome, Italy; (F.V.); (C.C.); (F.C.); (F.C.); (C.E.M.G.); (M.I.); (F.M.); (S.L.); (E.G.); (C.M.); (M.R.); (B.B.); (E.N.); (V.P.); (A.D.C.); (M.R.C.)
| | - Richard Kock
- The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hawkshead Lane, Hertfordshire NW1 0TU, UK; (N.H.); (R.K.)
| | - Barbara Bartolini
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases ‘Lazzaro Spallanzani’, IRCCS, 00149 Rome, Italy; (F.V.); (C.C.); (F.C.); (F.C.); (C.E.M.G.); (M.I.); (F.M.); (S.L.); (E.G.); (C.M.); (M.R.); (B.B.); (E.N.); (V.P.); (A.D.C.); (M.R.C.)
| | - Leonard Mboera
- SACIDS Foundation for One Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro 30007, Tanzania;
| | - Vincent Munster
- Virus Ecology Unit, Laboratory of Virology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, NIAID/NIH, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA; (V.M.); (R.F.); (S.S.)
| | - Robert Fischer
- Virus Ecology Unit, Laboratory of Virology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, NIAID/NIH, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA; (V.M.); (R.F.); (S.S.)
| | - Stephanie Seifert
- Virus Ecology Unit, Laboratory of Virology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, NIAID/NIH, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA; (V.M.); (R.F.); (S.S.)
| | - César Muñoz-Fontela
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Bernhard Nocht Strasse, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany; (C.M.-F.); (B.E.-P.); (S.G.-M.); (E.V.N.)
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg, 38124 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Beatriz Escudero-Pérez
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Bernhard Nocht Strasse, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany; (C.M.-F.); (B.E.-P.); (S.G.-M.); (E.V.N.)
| | - Sergio Gomez-Medina
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Bernhard Nocht Strasse, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany; (C.M.-F.); (B.E.-P.); (S.G.-M.); (E.V.N.)
| | - Emily V. Nelson
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Bernhard Nocht Strasse, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany; (C.M.-F.); (B.E.-P.); (S.G.-M.); (E.V.N.)
| | | | - Emanuele Nicastri
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases ‘Lazzaro Spallanzani’, IRCCS, 00149 Rome, Italy; (F.V.); (C.C.); (F.C.); (F.C.); (C.E.M.G.); (M.I.); (F.M.); (S.L.); (E.G.); (C.M.); (M.R.); (B.B.); (E.N.); (V.P.); (A.D.C.); (M.R.C.)
| | - Vincenzo Puro
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases ‘Lazzaro Spallanzani’, IRCCS, 00149 Rome, Italy; (F.V.); (C.C.); (F.C.); (F.C.); (C.E.M.G.); (M.I.); (F.M.); (S.L.); (E.G.); (C.M.); (M.R.); (B.B.); (E.N.); (V.P.); (A.D.C.); (M.R.C.)
| | - Antonino Di Caro
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases ‘Lazzaro Spallanzani’, IRCCS, 00149 Rome, Italy; (F.V.); (C.C.); (F.C.); (F.C.); (C.E.M.G.); (M.I.); (F.M.); (S.L.); (E.G.); (C.M.); (M.R.); (B.B.); (E.N.); (V.P.); (A.D.C.); (M.R.C.)
| | - Maria Rosaria Capobianchi
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases ‘Lazzaro Spallanzani’, IRCCS, 00149 Rome, Italy; (F.V.); (C.C.); (F.C.); (F.C.); (C.E.M.G.); (M.I.); (F.M.); (S.L.); (E.G.); (C.M.); (M.R.); (B.B.); (E.N.); (V.P.); (A.D.C.); (M.R.C.)
| | - Jacqueline Lydia Mikolo
- Ministry of Public Health, Brazzaville CG-BZV, Congo; (L.K.); (B.U.J.); (J.L.M.)
- Laboratoire National de la Santè Publique, Brazzaville CG-BZV, Congo
| | - Alimuddin Zumla
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Center for Clinical Microbiology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK;
- National Institute of Health Research Biomedical Research Centre at UCL Hospitals, London W1T 7HA, UK
| | - Giuseppe Ippolito
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases ‘Lazzaro Spallanzani’, IRCCS, 00149 Rome, Italy; (F.V.); (C.C.); (F.C.); (F.C.); (C.E.M.G.); (M.I.); (F.M.); (S.L.); (E.G.); (C.M.); (M.R.); (B.B.); (E.N.); (V.P.); (A.D.C.); (M.R.C.)
- Correspondence: (F.N.); (G.I.)
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Deksne G, Davidson RK, Buchmann K, Kärssin A, Kirjušina M, Gavarāne I, Miller AL, Pálsdóttir GR, Robertson LJ, Mørk T, Oksanen A, Palinauskas V, Jokelainen P. Parasites in the changing world - Ten timely examples from the Nordic-Baltic region. Parasite Epidemiol Control 2020; 10:e00150. [PMID: 32435705 PMCID: PMC7232095 DOI: 10.1016/j.parepi.2020.e00150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2019] [Revised: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The world is changing, and parasites adapt. The Nordic-Baltic region in northern Europe - including the Nordic countries Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden, and the Baltic States Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania - is facing new parasitological challenges due to changes in populations of parasites and their hosts and the spread of new parasites to the region due to climate change. Some changes can also be ascribed to increased awareness and detection. In this paper, we review and discuss a convenience selection of ten timely examples of recent observations that exemplify trends and challenges from different fields of parasitology, with particular focus on climate change and potential changes in epidemiology of pathogens in northern Europe. The examples illustrate how addressing parasitological challenges often requires both intersectoral and international collaboration, and how using both historical baseline data and modern methodologies are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunita Deksne
- Institute of Food safety, Animal health and Environment “BIOR”, Lejupes Str. 3, Riga LV-1076, Latvia
- Faculty of Biology, University of Latvia, Jelgavas Str. 1, Riga LV-1004, Latvia
| | | | - Kurt Buchmann
- Laboratory of Aquatic Pathobiology, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Stigbøjlen 7, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Age Kärssin
- Veterinary and Food Laboratory, Kreutzwaldi 30, 51006 Tartu, Estonia
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 62, 51006 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Muza Kirjušina
- Institute of Life Sciences and Technology, Daugavpils University, Parādes Str. 1A, Daugavpils LV-5401, Latvia
| | - Inese Gavarāne
- Institute of Life Sciences and Technology, Daugavpils University, Parādes Str. 1A, Daugavpils LV-5401, Latvia
| | - Andrea L. Miller
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, Department for Terrestrial Ecology, Postboks 5685 Sluppen, 7485 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Guðný Rut Pálsdóttir
- Institute for Experimental Pathology at Keldur, University of Iceland, Keldnavegur 3, IS-112 Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Lucy J. Robertson
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Section for Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Parasitology Lab, Adamstuen Campus, Ullevålsveien 72, 0454 Oslo, Norway
| | - Torill Mørk
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Stakkevollvegen 23b, 9010 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Antti Oksanen
- Finnish Food Authority (FINPAR), Elektroniikkatie 3, 90590 Oulu, Finland
| | | | - Pikka Jokelainen
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Bacteria, Parasites & Fungi, Infectious Disease Preparedness, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, 2300 Copenhagen S, Denmark
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Conservation Genomics in a Changing Arctic. Trends Ecol Evol 2019; 35:149-162. [PMID: 31699414 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2019.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Although logistically challenging to study, the Arctic is a bellwether for global change and is becoming a model for questions pertinent to the persistence of biodiversity. Disruption of Arctic ecosystems is accelerating, with impacts ranging from mixing of biotic communities to individual behavioral responses. Understanding these changes is crucial for conservation and sustainable economic development. Genomic approaches are providing transformative insights into biotic responses to environmental change, but have seen limited application in the Arctic due to a series of limitations. To meet the promise of genome analyses, we urge rigorous development of biorepositories from high latitudes to provide essential libraries to improve the conservation, monitoring, and management of Arctic ecosystems through genomic approaches.
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Quantifying the potential for bluetongue virus transmission in Danish cattle farms. Sci Rep 2019; 9:13466. [PMID: 31530858 PMCID: PMC6749064 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-49866-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We used a mechanistic transmission model to estimate the number of infectious bites (IBs) generated per bluetongue virus (BTV) infected host (cattle) using estimated hourly microclimatic temperatures at 22,004 Danish cattle farms for the period 2000–2016, and Culicoides midge abundance based on 1,453 light-trap collections during 2007–2016. We used a range of published estimates of the duration of the hosts’ infectious period and equations for the relationship between temperature and four key transmission parameters: extrinsic incubation period, daily vector survival rate, daily vector biting rate and host-to-vector transmission rate resulting in 147,456 combinations of daily IBs. More than 82% combinations of the parameter values predicted > 1 IBs per host. The mean IBs (10–90th percentiles) for BTV per infectious host were 59 (0–73) during the transmission period. We estimated a maximum of 14,954 IBs per infectious host at some farms, while a best-case scenario suggested transmission was never possible at some farms. The use of different equations for the vector survival rate and host-to-vector transmission rates resulted in large uncertainty in the predictions. If BTV is introduced in Denmark, local transmission is very likely to occur. Vectors infected as late as mid-September (early autumn) can successfully transmit BTV to a new host until mid-November (late autumn).
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Jokelainen P, Moroni B, Hoberg E, Oksanen A, Laaksonen S. Gastrointestinal parasites in reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus): A review focusing on Fennoscandia. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports 2019; 17:100317. [PMID: 31303237 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2019.100317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) are known to host a wide variety of parasites, including those in the gastrointestinal system. Here, we review the current knowledge of the main gastrointestinal parasites of reindeer focusing on northern Fennoscandia, which comprises parts of Finland, Sweden, Norway and Russia. We explore both the historical baseline data for diversity and distribution and recent advancements in our understanding of parasite faunas in reindeer across this region. It is evident that the balance between reindeer and their gastrointestinal parasites, along with the potential for emergent disease in the changing world warrants careful monitoring and further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pikka Jokelainen
- Department of Bacteria, Parasites & Fungi, Infectious Disease Preparedness, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia
| | | | - Eric Hoberg
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | | | - Sauli Laaksonen
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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Jokelainen P, Moroni B, Hoberg E, Oksanen A, Laaksonen S. Gastrointestinal parasites in reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) calves from Fennoscandia: An epidemiological study. VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY- REGIONAL STUDIES AND REPORTS 2019; 16:100277. [PMID: 31027604 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2019.100277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) host numerous parasites. Although there is a general knowledge about parasite diversity in reindeer, detailed baseline information about parasitic infections is limited. Detailed knowledge of parasite prevalence and diversity provide a pathway for more targeted parasite control, an increasing need expected in the future. The main aim of our cross-sectional study was to estimate the prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in semidomesticated reindeer calves. The 480 reindeer calves included in our study were aged 6-7 months, originated from 9 reindeer herding cooperatives in Finland and 1 in Norway, and were slaughtered during September-November 2015 in 10 reindeer slaughterhouses. All the reindeer calves passed meat inspection, and the detected parasitic infections were subclinical. As the reindeer included in this study were young animals intended for slaughter, they had never been administrated any antiparasitic treatment. Assessments of gastrointestinal parasitism among these reindeer calves were based on fecal examination and morphological identification of coccidian oocysts or helminth eggs. Individual fecal samples collected from the rectum of each of the reindeer were examined using a modified McMaster method. Most (78.3%) of the reindeer calves had eggs or oocysts of at least one parasite species in their feces, and more than half (53.5%) had a mixed infection. Strongylid eggs were detected in 75.6%, Eimeria sp. oocysts in 50.6%, Moniezia sp. eggs in 28.1%, Nematodirus sp. eggs in 22.1%, Capillaria sp. eggs in 9.4%, and Trichuris sp. eggs in 0.6% of the samples. The prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites was similar or higher relative to previous estimates from the region; the proportion of reindeer calves shedding strongylid eggs and the proportion of reindeer calves shedding Moniezia sp. eggs had increased. Prevalence varied by geographical region, which may reflect different herding practices or environmental parameters. Higher reindeer density was a risk factor for testing positive for Eimeria sp. oocysts, and the odds of testing positive for Nematodirus sp. eggs were higher if a peroral route was used for antiparasitic treatment in the reindeer herding cooperative. The mean proportion of reindeer estimated to receive antiparasitic treatment in Finland was 86% in 2004-2005 and 91% in 2014-2015. During the historical time frames of current management practices, this routine annual antiparasitic treatment of breeding reindeer has not decreased the prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in reindeer calves, which can be seen as sentinels or indicators of the infection pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pikka Jokelainen
- Department of Bacteria, Parasites & Fungi, Infectious Disease Preparedness, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia
| | | | - Eric Hoberg
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | | | - Sauli Laaksonen
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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