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Ballini A, Charitos IA, Cantore S, Topi S, Bottalico L, Santacroce L. About Functional Foods: The Probiotics and Prebiotics State of Art. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12040635. [PMID: 37106999 PMCID: PMC10135203 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12040635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Poor diet, obesity and a sedentary lifestyle have a significant impact on natural microbiota disorders; specifically, the intestinal one. This in turn can lead to a multitude of organ dysfunctions. The gut microbiota contains more than 500 species of bacteria and constitutes 95% of the total number of cells in the human body, thus contributing significantly to the host's resistance to infectious diseases. Nowadays, consumers have turned to purchased foods, especially those containing probiotic bacteria or prebiotics, that constitute some of the functional food market, which is constantly expanding. Indeed, there are many products available that incorporate probiotics, such as yogurt, cheese, juices, jams, cookies, salami sausages, mayonnaise, nutritional supplements, etc. The probiotics are microorganisms that, when taken in sufficient amounts, contribute positively to the health of the host and are the focus of interest for both scientific studies and commercial companies. Thus, in the last decade, the introduction of DNA sequencing technologies with subsequent bioinformatics processing contributes to the in-depth characterization of the vast biodiversity of the gut microbiota, their composition, their connection with the physiological function-known as homeostasis-of the human organism, and their involvement in several diseases. Therefore, in this study, we highlighted the extensive investigation of current scientific research for the association of those types of functional foods containing probiotics and prebiotics in the diet and the composition of the intestinal microbiota. As a result, this study can form the foundation for a new research path based on reliable data from the literature, acting a guide in the continuous effort to monitor the rapid developments in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Ballini
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Ioannis Alexandros Charitos
- National Poisoning Center, Emergency/Urgent Department, Riuniti University Hospital of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy
| | - Stefania Cantore
- Independent Researcher, Regional Dental Community Service "Sorriso & Benessere-Ricerca e Clinica", 70129 Bari, Italy
| | - Skender Topi
- Department of Clinical Disciplines, University of Elbasan, 3001 Elbasan, Albania
| | - Lucrezia Bottalico
- Department of Clinical Disciplines, University of Elbasan, 3001 Elbasan, Albania
| | - Luigi Santacroce
- Microbiology and Virology Unit, Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", 70124 Bari, Italy
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Marcos P, Whyte P, Burgess C, Ekhlas D, Bolton D. Detection and Genomic Characterisation of Clostridioides difficile from Spinach Fields. Pathogens 2022; 11:1310. [PMID: 36365061 PMCID: PMC9695345 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11111310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite an increased incidence of Clostridioides difficile infections, data on the reservoirs and dissemination routes of this bacterium are limited. This study examined the prevalence and characteristics of C. difficile isolates in spinach fields. C. difficile was detected in 2/60 (3.3%) of spinach and 6/60 (10%) of soil samples using culture-based techniques. Whole genome sequencing (WGS) analysis identified the spinach isolates as belonging to the hypervirulent clade 5, sequence type (ST) 11, ribotypes (RT) 078 and 126 and carried the genes encoding toxins A, B and CDT. The soil isolates belonged to clade 1 with different toxigenic ST/RT (ST19/RT614, ST12/RT003, ST46/RT087, ST16/RT050, ST49/RT014/0) strains and one non-toxigenic ST79/RT511 strain. Antimicrobial resistance to erythromycin (one spinach isolate), rifampicin (two soil isolates), clindamycin (one soil isolate), both moxifloxacin and rifampicin (one soil isolate), and multi-drug resistance to erythromycin, vancomycin and rifampicin (two soil isolates) were observed using the E test, although a broader range of resistance genes were detected using WGS. Although the sample size was limited, our results demonstrate the presence of C. difficile in horticulture and provide further evidence that there are multiple sources and dissemination routes for these bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Marcos
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, 15 Dublin, D15 DY05 Dublin, Ireland
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, 4 Dublin, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Paul Whyte
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, 4 Dublin, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Catherine Burgess
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, 15 Dublin, D15 DY05 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Daniel Ekhlas
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, 15 Dublin, D15 DY05 Dublin, Ireland
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, 4 Dublin, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Declan Bolton
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, 15 Dublin, D15 DY05 Dublin, Ireland
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Spagnól MF, Signori D, Comerlato PH, Tonietto TA, Caierão J, Pasqualotto AC, Martins AF, Falci DR. High rate of Clostridioides difficile colonization in patients admitted to intensive care: A prospective cohort study. Anaerobe 2022; 74:102538. [PMID: 35202793 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2022.102538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Here, we evaluated the frequency of C. difficile colonization and its impact on clinical outcomes in patients admitted to intensive care units in Brazil. From ninety-two patients screened 16 (17.3%) were colonized by C. difficile. Colonized patients had higher Simplified Acute Physiology Score III (SAPS III), however there was no association between C. difficile colonization with diarrhea or mortality. The C. difficile strains sequenced belonged to clade 1 and presented high vancomycin-resistant rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcio Fernando Spagnól
- Hospital Nossa Senhora da Conceição, Internal Medicine Service, Álvares Cabral, 565, Porto Alegre, RS, 91350250, Brazil; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Medical Science Post-Graduation Program, Ramiro Barcelos, 2400, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035003, Brazil.
| | - Daniela Signori
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Agriculture and Environment Microbiology Post-Graduation Program, Sarmento Leite, 500, Porto Alegre, RS, 90050170, Brazil.
| | - Pedro Henrique Comerlato
- Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Intensive Care Unit, Ramiro Barcelos, 2350, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035903, Brazil.
| | - Tiago Antônio Tonietto
- Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Intensive Care Unit, Ramiro Barcelos, 2350, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035903, Brazil; Hospital Nossa Senhora da Conceição, Intensive Care Unit, Álvares Cabral, 565, Porto Alegre, RS, 91350250, Brazil.
| | - Juliana Caierão
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Pharmaceutical Science Post-Graduation Program, Ipiranga, 2752, Porto Alegre, RS, 90610000, Brazil.
| | - Alessandro C Pasqualotto
- Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Department of Internal Medicine, Sarmento Leite, 245, Porto Alegre, RS, 90050170, Brazil; Santa Casa de Misericordia de Porto Alegre, Molecular Biology Laboratory, Professor Annes Dias, 295, Porto Alegre, RS, 90020090, Brazil.
| | - Andreza Francisco Martins
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Medical Science Post-Graduation Program, Ramiro Barcelos, 2400, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035003, Brazil; Hospital Nossa Senhora da Conceição, Intensive Care Unit, Álvares Cabral, 565, Porto Alegre, RS, 91350250, Brazil; Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Bioinformatic Core, Ramiro Barcelos, 2350, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035903, Brazil.
| | - Diego R Falci
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Medical Science Post-Graduation Program, Ramiro Barcelos, 2400, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035003, Brazil; Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Infectious Diseases Service, Ramiro Barcelos, 2350, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035903, Brazil.
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