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Ruszkowska-Ciastek B, Kwiatkowska K, Marques-da-Silva D, Lagoa R. Cancer Stem Cells from Definition to Detection and Targeted Drugs. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3903. [PMID: 38612718 PMCID: PMC11011379 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25073903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancers remain the second leading cause of mortality in the world. Preclinical and clinical studies point an important role of cancer/leukaemia stem cells (CSCs/LSCs) in the colonisation at secondary organ sites upon metastatic spreading, although the precise mechanisms for specific actions are still not fully understood. Reviewing the present knowledge on the crucial role of CSCs/LSCs, their plasticity, and population heterogeneity in treatment failures in cancer patients is timely. Standard chemotherapy, which acts mainly on rapidly dividing cells, is unable to adequately affect CSCs with a low proliferation rate. One of the proposed mechanisms of CSC resistance to anticancer agents is the fact that these cells can easily shift between different phases of the cell cycle in response to typical cell stimuli induced by anticancer drugs. In this work, we reviewed the recent studies on CSC/LSC alterations associated with disease recurrence, and we systematised the functional assays, markers, and novel methods for CSCs screening. This review emphasises CSCs' involvement in cancer progression and metastasis, as well as CSC/LSC targeting by synthetic and natural compounds aiming at their elimination or modulation of stemness properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Ruszkowska-Ciastek
- Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Collegium Medicum, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Kwiatkowska
- Department of Laboratory Diagnostics, Jan Biziel University Hospital No. 2, 85-168 Bydgoszcz, Poland;
| | - Dorinda Marques-da-Silva
- Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering-Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials (LSRE-LCM), Polytechnic Institute of Leiria, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal; (D.M.-d.-S.); (R.L.)
- Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering (ALiCE), Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
- School of Technology and Management, Polytechnic Institute of Leiria, Morro do Lena-Alto do Vieiro, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Lagoa
- Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering-Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials (LSRE-LCM), Polytechnic Institute of Leiria, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal; (D.M.-d.-S.); (R.L.)
- Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering (ALiCE), Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
- School of Technology and Management, Polytechnic Institute of Leiria, Morro do Lena-Alto do Vieiro, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal
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2
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Lyu C, Stadlbauer B, Wang L, Buchner A, Pohla H. Identification of a novel combination treatment strategy in clear cell renal cell carcinoma stem cells with shikonin and ipilimumab. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1186388. [PMID: 37622107 PMCID: PMC10445237 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1186388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Management of clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) has changed rapidly in recent years with the advent of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). However, only a limited number of patients can sustainably respond to immune checkpoint inhibitors and many patients develop resistance to therapy, creating an additional need for therapeutic strategies to improve the efficacy of systemic therapies. Methods Binding probability and target genes prediction using online databases, invasion, migration, and apoptosis assays as well as the inhibition of cancer stem cells (CSCs) markers in ccRCC cell lines were used to select the most promising phytochemicals (PTCs). Mixed lymphocyte tumor cell culture (MLTC) system and flow cytometry were performed to confirm the potential combination strategy. The potential immunotherapeutic targets and novel CSC markers were identified via the NanoString analysis. The mRNA and protein expression, immune signatures as well as survival characteristics of the marker in ccRCC were analyzed via bioinformation analysis. Results Shikonin was selected as the most promising beneficial combination partner among 11 PTCs for ipilimumab for the treatment of ccRCC patients due to its strong inhibitory effect on CSCs, the significant reduction of FoxP3+ Treg cells in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of patients and activation of the endogenous effector CD3+CD8+ and CD3+CD4+ T cells in response to the recognition of tumor specific antigens. Based on NanoString analysis VCAM1, CXCL1 and IL8 were explored as potential immunotherapeutic targets and novel CSC markers in ccRCC. The expression of VCAM1 was higher in the tumor tissue both at mRNA and protein levels in ccRCC compared with normal tissue, and was significantly positively correlated with immune signatures and survival characteristics in ccRCC patients. Conclusion We propose that a combination of shikonin and ipilimumab could be a promising treatment strategy and VCAM1 a novel immunotherapeutic target for the treatment of ccRCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Lyu
- Tumor Immunology Laboratory, LIFE Center, LMU Klinikum, University Munich, Planegg, Germany
| | - Birgit Stadlbauer
- Tumor Immunology Laboratory, LIFE Center, LMU Klinikum, University Munich, Planegg, Germany
- Department of Urology, LMU Klinikum, University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Lili Wang
- Tumor Immunology Laboratory, LIFE Center, LMU Klinikum, University Munich, Planegg, Germany
- Department of Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Alexander Buchner
- Tumor Immunology Laboratory, LIFE Center, LMU Klinikum, University Munich, Planegg, Germany
- Department of Urology, LMU Klinikum, University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Heike Pohla
- Tumor Immunology Laboratory, LIFE Center, LMU Klinikum, University Munich, Planegg, Germany
- Department of Urology, LMU Klinikum, University Munich, Munich, Germany
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3
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Hakuno SK, Janson SGT, Trietsch MD, de Graaf M, de Jonge-Muller E, Crobach S, Harryvan TJ, Boonstra JJ, Dinjens WNM, Slingerland M, Hawinkels LJAC. Endoglin and squamous cell carcinomas. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1112573. [PMID: 37396898 PMCID: PMC10313935 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1112573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the fact that the role of endoglin on endothelial cells has been extensively described, its expression and biological role on (epithelial) cancer cells is still debatable. Especially its function on squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) cells is largely unknown. Therefore, we investigated SCC endoglin expression and function in three types of SCCs; head and neck (HNSCC), esophageal (ESCC) and vulvar (VSCC) cancers. Endoglin expression was evaluated in tumor specimens and 14 patient-derived cell lines. Next to being expressed on angiogenic endothelial cells, endoglin is selectively expressed by individual SCC cells in tumor nests. Patient derived HNSCC, ESCC and VSCC cell lines express varying levels of endoglin with high interpatient variation. To assess the function of endoglin in signaling of TGF-β ligands, endoglin was overexpressed or knocked out or the signaling was blocked using TRC105, an endoglin neutralizing antibody. The endoglin ligand BMP-9 induced strong phosphorylation of SMAD1 independent of expression of the type-I receptor ALK1. Interestingly, we observed that endoglin overexpression leads to strongly increased soluble endoglin levels, which in turn decreases BMP-9 signaling. On the functional level, endoglin, both in a ligand dependent and independent manner, did not influence proliferation or migration of the SCC cells. In conclusion, these data show endoglin expression on individual cells in the tumor nests in SCCs and a role for (soluble) endoglin in paracrine signaling, without directly affecting proliferation or migration in an autocrine manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah K. Hakuno
- Department of Gastroenterology-Hepatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Stefanus G. T. Janson
- Department of Gastroenterology-Hepatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Marjolijn D. Trietsch
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
- Department of Gynecology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Manon de Graaf
- Department of Gastroenterology-Hepatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
- Department of Medical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Eveline de Jonge-Muller
- Department of Gastroenterology-Hepatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Stijn Crobach
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Tom J. Harryvan
- Department of Gastroenterology-Hepatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Jurjen J. Boonstra
- Department of Gastroenterology-Hepatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Winand N. M. Dinjens
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Marije Slingerland
- Department of Medical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Lukas J. A. C. Hawinkels
- Department of Gastroenterology-Hepatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
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4
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Hassan G, Ohara T, Afify SM, Kumon K, Zahra MH, Fu X, Al Kadi M, Seno A, Salomon DS, Seno M. Different pancreatic cancer microenvironments convert iPSCs into cancer stem cells exhibiting distinct plasticity with altered gene expression of metabolic pathways. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2022; 41:29. [PMID: 35063003 PMCID: PMC8781112 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-021-02167-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are generated under irregular microenvironment in vivo, of which mimic is quite difficult due to the lack of enough information of the factors responsible for cancer initiation. Here, we demonstrated that mouse induced pluripotent cells (miPSCs) reprogrammed from normal embryonic fibroblasts were susceptible to the microenvironment affected by cancer cells to convert into CSCs in vivo. METHODS Three different pancreatic cancer line cells, BxPC3, PANC1, and PK8 cells were mixed with miPSCs and subcutaneously injected into immunodeficient mice. Tumors were evaluated by histological analysis and cells derived from iPSCs were isolated and selected from tumors. The isolated cells were characterized for cancer stem cell characters in vitro and in vivo as well as their responses to anticancer drugs. The impact of co-injection of iPSCs with cancer cells on transcriptome and signaling pathways of iPSCs was investigated. RESULTS The injection of miPSCs mixed with human pancreatic cancer cells into immunodeficient mice maintained the stemness of miPSCs and changed their phenotype. The miPSCs acquired CSC characteristics of tumorigenicity and self-renewal. The drug responses and the metastatic ability of CSCs converted from miPSCs varied depending on the microenvironment of cancer cells. Interestingly, transcriptome profiles of these cells indicated that the pathways related with aggressiveness and energy production were upregulated from the levels of miPSCs. CONCLUSIONS Our result suggests that cancer-inducing microenvironment in vivo could rewire the cell signaling and metabolic pathways to convert normal stem cells into CSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghmkin Hassan
- Department of Biotechnology and Drug Discovery, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University, 3.1.1 Tsushima-Naka, Kita, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
- Department of Genomic Oncology and Oral Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Science, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Ohara
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Medicine, Medical School, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Said M Afify
- Department of Biotechnology and Drug Discovery, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University, 3.1.1 Tsushima-Naka, Kita, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
- Division of Biochemistry, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Menoufia University, Shebin El Koum-Menoufia, 32511, Egypt
| | - Kazuki Kumon
- Department of Biotechnology and Drug Discovery, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University, 3.1.1 Tsushima-Naka, Kita, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
| | - Maram H Zahra
- Department of Biotechnology and Drug Discovery, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University, 3.1.1 Tsushima-Naka, Kita, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
| | - Xiaoying Fu
- Department of Biotechnology and Drug Discovery, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University, 3.1.1 Tsushima-Naka, Kita, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
- Department of Pathology, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China
| | - Mohamad Al Kadi
- Department of Bacterial Infections, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Akimasa Seno
- Department of Biotechnology and Drug Discovery, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University, 3.1.1 Tsushima-Naka, Kita, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
- The Laboratory of Natural Food and Medicine, Co., Ltd., Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
| | - David S Salomon
- Mouse genetics program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, 21702-1201, USA
| | - Masaharu Seno
- Department of Biotechnology and Drug Discovery, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University, 3.1.1 Tsushima-Naka, Kita, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan.
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Zhang W, Wei L, Weng J, Yu F, Qin H, Wang D, Zeng H. Advances in the Research of Osteosarcoma Stem Cells and its Related Genes. Cell Biol Int 2021; 46:336-343. [PMID: 34941001 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.11752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Osteosarcoma is a malignant tumor that often occurs in adolescents. There is an urgent need of new treatment options for osteosarcoma due to its poor prognosis after metastasis. Cancer stem cell theory states that cancer stem cells represent a small proportion of cancer cells. These cancer stem cells have self-renewal ability and are closely associated with cancer growth and metastasis as well as chemotherapy resistance. Similarly, osteosarcoma stem cells (OSCs) play an important role in the growth, metastasis, and chemotherapy resistance of osteosarcoma cells. Targeting OSCs may represent a future treatment of osteosarcoma. Furthermore, some genes have shown to regulate the growth, metastasis, and chemotherapy resistance of osteosarcoma cells by altering the stemness of OSCs. Targeting these genes may help in the treatment of osteosarcoma. This review mainly discusses recent advances in the research of OSCs and its related genes. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weifei Zhang
- Department of Bone & Joint Surgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, PR China, 518036.,National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Orthopaedic Biomaterials, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, PR China, 518036
| | - Liangchen Wei
- Department of Bone & Joint Surgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, PR China, 518036.,National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Orthopaedic Biomaterials, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, PR China, 518036
| | - Jian Weng
- Department of Bone & Joint Surgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, PR China, 518036.,National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Orthopaedic Biomaterials, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, PR China, 518036
| | - Fei Yu
- Department of Bone & Joint Surgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, PR China, 518036.,National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Orthopaedic Biomaterials, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, PR China, 518036
| | - Haotian Qin
- Department of Bone & Joint Surgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, PR China, 518036.,National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Orthopaedic Biomaterials, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, PR China, 518036
| | - Deli Wang
- Department of Bone & Joint Surgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, PR China, 518036.,National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Orthopaedic Biomaterials, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, PR China, 518036
| | - Hui Zeng
- Department of Bone & Joint Surgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, PR China, 518036.,National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Orthopaedic Biomaterials, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, PR China, 518036
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Kumbar VM, Muddapur UM, Bhat KG, Shwetha HR, Kugaji MS, Peram MR, Dindawar S. Cancer Stem Cell Traits in Tumor Spheres Derived from Primary Laryngeal Carcinoma Cell Lines. Contemp Clin Dent 2021; 12:247-254. [PMID: 34759681 PMCID: PMC8525812 DOI: 10.4103/ccd.ccd_252_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Cancer stem cells (CSCs) belong to a subpopulation of undifferentiated cells present within tumors that have the potential to regenerate, differentiate, maintenance of pluripotency, drug resistance, and tumorigenicity when transplanted into an innate host. These can influence the growth and behavior of these tumors and are used to investigate the initiation, progression, and treatment strategies of laryngeal cancer. Research on CSC science and targeted therapies were hinge on their isolation and/or enrichment procedures. The object of the study is to isolate cancer stem cells from primary laryngeal carcinoma (CSCPLC) by tumor spheres enrichment. We checked the properties of self-renewal, stemness, clonogenicity, and chemotherapeutic resistance. Materials and Methods We performed tumor sphere formation assay (primary, secondary, and tertiary) chemotherapy resistance by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay were performed to evaluate the CSC cells. Immunofluorescence for stem cell markers (CD133+, CD44+) and gene expression of stem cell markers for CD133+, CD44+, OCT4, SOX2, and NANOG was done using the real-time polymerase chain reaction technique. Results We were able to isolated CSC subpopulations from PLC cell lines by the tumor sphere method. These cells exhibited good primary, secondary, and tertiary tumor sphere formation efficiency and also disclosed a resistant index of more than 2. Immunofluorescence for stem cell markers (CD133+ and CD44+) confirms the presence of CSC. There was significantly higher mRNA expression of stem cell markers in CSC enriched subpopulations compared to the parental cell lines. Conclusion We conclude that tumor spheres enrichment is an efficient, economical, and reliable approach for the isolation and characterization of CSC from PLC cell lines. These cells demonstrated the properties of self-renewal, stemness, clonogenicity, and chemotherapeutic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Mahadev Kumbar
- Central Research Laboratory, Maratha Mandal's Nathajirao G. Halgekar Institute of Dental Sciences and Research Centre, Hubballi, India.,Department of Biotechnology, KLE Technological University, BVB Campus, Hubballi, India
| | - Uday M Muddapur
- Department of Biotechnology, KLE Technological University, BVB Campus, Hubballi, India
| | - Kishore G Bhat
- Central Research Laboratory, Maratha Mandal's Nathajirao G. Halgekar Institute of Dental Sciences and Research Centre, Hubballi, India
| | - H R Shwetha
- Department of Oral Pathology, Maratha Mandal's N. G. Halgekar Institute of Dental Sciences and Research Centre, Belagavi, Karnataka, India
| | - Manohar S Kugaji
- Central Research Laboratory, Maratha Mandal's Nathajirao G. Halgekar Institute of Dental Sciences and Research Centre, Hubballi, India.,Department of Biotechnology, KLE Technological University, BVB Campus, Hubballi, India
| | - Malleswara Rao Peram
- Central Research Laboratory, Maratha Mandal's Nathajirao G. Halgekar Institute of Dental Sciences and Research Centre, Hubballi, India.,Department of Pharmaceutics, Maratha Mandal's College of Pharmacy, Belagavi, Karnataka, India
| | - Santosh Dindawar
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Maratha Mandal's N. G. Halgekar Institute of Dental Sciences and Research Centre, Belagavi, Karnataka, India
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Crous A, Abrahamse H. Aluminium (III) phthalocyanine chloride tetrasulphonate is an effective photosensitizer for the eradication of lung cancer stem cells. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2021; 8:210148. [PMID: 34527268 PMCID: PMC8424323 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.210148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are considered to contribute to the recurrence of lung cancer due to their stem-like nature and the involvement of genetic markers associated with drug efflux, regeneration and metastases. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a cost-effective and non-invasive therapeutic application that can act as an alternative therapy for lung cancer when considering CSC involvement. Stem-like cells derived from the A549 lung cancer cell line, positive for CD133, CD56 and CD44 antigen markers, were characterized, intracellular localization of aluminium (III) phthalocyanine chloride tetrasulphonate (AlPcS4Cl) determined and its anti-cancer PDT effects were evaluated. Results confirmed that isolated cells were stem cell-like and subcellular localization of AlPcS4Cl in integral organelles involved in cell homeostasis supported the destruction of CSC. AlPcS4Cl's effectivity was demonstrated with CSC eradication showing a significant increase in cytotoxicity and cell death via apoptosis, caused by a decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential. PDT could serve as a palliative treatment for lung cancer and improve prognosis by elimination of lung CSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anine Crous
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, PO Box 17011, Johannesburg 2028, South Africa
| | - Heidi Abrahamse
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, PO Box 17011, Johannesburg 2028, South Africa
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Nowicki A, Kulus M, Wieczorkiewicz M, Pieńkowski W, Stefańska K, Skupin-Mrugalska P, Bryl R, Mozdziak P, Kempisty B, Piotrowska-Kempisty H. Ovarian Cancer and Cancer Stem Cells-Cellular and Molecular Characteristics, Signaling Pathways, and Usefulness as a Diagnostic Tool in Medicine and Oncology. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13164178. [PMID: 34439332 PMCID: PMC8394875 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13164178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Ovarian cancer is still a high-risk, metastatic disease, often diagnosed at a late stage. Difficulties in its treatment are associated with high resistance to chemotherapy and recurrence. Responsible for the malignant features of cancer are considered to be cancer stem cells (CSCs), which generate new cells by modifying various signaling pathways. Signaling pathways are crucial for the regulation of epithelial-mesenchymal transition, metastasis, and self-renewal of CSCs. New therapies based on the use of inhibitors that block CSC growth and proliferation signals are being investigated. The current histological classification of ovarian tumors, their epidemiology, and the recent knowledge of ovarian CSCs, with particular emphasis on their molecular basis, are important considerations. Abstract Despite the increasing development of medicine, ovarian cancer is still a high-risk, metastatic disease that is often diagnosed at a late stage. In addition, difficulties in its treatment are associated with high resistance to chemotherapy and frequent relapse. Cancer stem cells (CSCs), recently attracting significant scientific interest, are considered to be responsible for the malignant features of tumors. CSCs, as the driving force behind tumor development, generate new cells by modifying different signaling pathways. Moreover, investigations on different types of tumors have shown that signaling pathways are key to epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) regulation, metastasis, and self-renewal of CSCs. Based on these established issues, new therapies are being investigated based on the use of inhibitors to block CSC growth and proliferation signals. Many reports indicate that CSC markers play a key role in cancer metastasis, with hopes placed in their targeting to block this process and eliminate relapses. Current histological classification of ovarian tumors, their epidemiology, and the most recent knowledge of ovarian CSCs, with particular emphasis on their molecular background, are important aspects for consideration. Furthermore, the importance of signaling pathways involved in tumor growth, development, and metastasis, is also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej Nowicki
- Department of Toxicology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-631 Poznan, Poland;
| | - Magdalena Kulus
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 87-100 Torun, Poland; (M.K.); (B.K.)
| | - Maria Wieczorkiewicz
- Department of Basic and Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 87-100 Torun, Poland;
| | - Wojciech Pieńkowski
- Division of Perinatology and Women’s Diseases, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-535 Poznan, Poland;
| | - Katarzyna Stefańska
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-781 Poznan, Poland;
| | - Paulina Skupin-Mrugalska
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-780 Poznan, Poland;
| | - Rut Bryl
- Department of Anatomy, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-781 Poznan, Poland;
| | - Paul Mozdziak
- Department of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA;
| | - Bartosz Kempisty
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 87-100 Torun, Poland; (M.K.); (B.K.)
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-781 Poznan, Poland;
- Department of Anatomy, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-781 Poznan, Poland;
- Department of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA;
| | - Hanna Piotrowska-Kempisty
- Department of Toxicology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-631 Poznan, Poland;
- Department of Basic and Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 87-100 Torun, Poland;
- Correspondence:
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9
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Kaushik V, Kulkarni Y, Felix K, Azad N, Iyer AKV, Yakisich JS. Alternative models of cancer stem cells: The stemness phenotype model, 10 years later. World J Stem Cells 2021; 13:934-943. [PMID: 34367485 PMCID: PMC8316871 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v13.i7.934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The classical cancer stem cell (CSCs) theory proposed the existence of a rare but constant subpopulation of CSCs. In this model cancer cells are organized hierarchically and are responsible for tumor resistance and tumor relapse. Thus, eliminating CSCs will eventually lead to cure of cancer. This simplistic model has been challenged by experimental data. In 2010 we proposed a novel and controversial alternative model of CSC biology (the Stemness Phenotype Model, SPM). The SPM proposed a non-hierarchical model of cancer biology in which there is no specific subpopulation of CSCs in tumors. Instead, cancer cells are highly plastic in term of stemness and CSCs and non-CSCs can interconvert into each other depending on the microenvironment. This model predicts the existence of cancer cells ranging from a pure CSC phenotype to pure non-CSC phenotype and that survival of a single cell can originate a new tumor. During the past 10 years, a plethora of experimental evidence in a variety of cancer types has shown that cancer cells are indeed extremely plastic and able to interconvert into cells with different stemness phenotype. In this review we will (1) briefly describe the cumulative evidence from our laboratory and others supporting the SPM; (2) the implications of the SPM in translational oncology; and (3) discuss potential strategies to develop more effective therapeutic regimens for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Kaushik
- School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hampton University, Hampton, VA 23668, United States
| | - Yogesh Kulkarni
- School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hampton University, Hampton, VA 23668, United States
| | - Kumar Felix
- School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hampton University, Hampton, VA 23668, United States
| | - Neelam Azad
- School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hampton University, Hampton, VA 23668, United States
| | - Anand Krishnan V Iyer
- School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hampton University, Hampton, VA 23668, United States
| | - Juan Sebastian Yakisich
- School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hampton University, Hampton, VA 23668, United States
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10
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Momoi Y, Nishida J, Miyakuni K, Kuroda M, Kubota SI, Miyazono K, Ehata S. Heterogenous expression of endoglin marks advanced renal cancer with distinct tumor microenvironment fitness. Cancer Sci 2021; 112:3136-3149. [PMID: 34091990 PMCID: PMC8353946 DOI: 10.1111/cas.15007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Intratumoral heterogeneity, including in clear cell renal cell carcinoma, is a potential cause of drug resistance and metastatic cancer progression. We specified the heterogeneous population marked by endoglin (also known as CD105) in a preclinical model of clear cell renal cell carcinoma progression. Highly malignant derivatives of human clear cell renal cell carcinoma OS‐RC‐2 cells were established as OS5Ks by serial orthotopic inoculation in our previous study. Expression of both ENG (encoding endoglin) mRNA and protein were heterogeneously upregulated in OS5Ks, and the endoglin‐positive (ENG+) population exhibited growth dependency on endoglin in anchorage‐independent cultures. Despite the function of endoglin as a type III receptor, transforming growth factor β and bone morphogenetic protein‐9 signaling were unlikely to contribute to the proliferative phenotype. Although endoglin has been proposed as a marker for renal cancer‐initiating cells, the OS5K‐3 ENG+ population did not enrich other reported cancer‐initiating cell markers or differentiate into the ENG– population. Mouse tumor inoculation models revealed that the tumor‐forming capabilities of OS5K‐3 ENG+ and ENG– cells in vivo were highly dependent on the microenvironment, with the renal microenvironment most preferable to ENG+ cells. In conclusion, the renal microenvironment, rather than the hypothesized ENG+ cell‐centered hierarchy, maintains cellular heterogeneity in clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Therefore, the effect of the microenvironment should be considered when evaluating the proliferative capability of renal cancer cells in the experimental settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusaku Momoi
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Japan
| | - Jun Nishida
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Japan
| | - Kosuke Miyakuni
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Japan
| | - Masafumi Kuroda
- International Research Center for Neurointelligence (WPI-IRCN), UTIAS, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Japan
| | - Shimpei I Kubota
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Japan
| | - Kohei Miyazono
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Japan
| | - Shogo Ehata
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Japan.,Environmental Science Center, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Japan
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11
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Chowdhury S, Ghosh S. Cancer Stem Cells. Stem Cells 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-16-1638-9_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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12
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Zhang X, Powell K, Li L. Breast Cancer Stem Cells: Biomarkers, Identification and Isolation Methods, Regulating Mechanisms, Cellular Origin, and Beyond. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E3765. [PMID: 33327542 PMCID: PMC7765014 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12123765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite recent advances in diagnosis and treatment, breast cancer (BC) is still a major cause of cancer-related mortality in women. Breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs) are a small but significant subpopulation of heterogeneous breast cancer cells demonstrating strong self-renewal and proliferation properties. Accumulating evidence has proved that BCSCs are the driving force behind BC tumor initiation, progression, metastasis, drug resistance, and recurrence. As a heterogeneous disease, BC contains a full spectrum of different BC subtypes, and different subtypes of BC further exhibit distinct subtypes and proportions of BCSCs, which correspond to different treatment responses and disease-specific outcomes. This review summarized the current knowledge of BCSC biomarkers and their clinical relevance, the methods for the identification and isolation of BCSCs, and the mechanisms regulating BCSCs. We also discussed the cellular origin of BCSCs and the current advances in single-cell lineage tracing and transcriptomics and their potential in identifying the origin and lineage development of BCSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, 320B Lincoln Tower, 1800 Cannon Dr., Columbus, OH 43210, USA;
| | | | - Lang Li
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, 320B Lincoln Tower, 1800 Cannon Dr., Columbus, OH 43210, USA;
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13
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Liu Q, Gu J, Zhang E, He L, Yuan ZX. Targeted Delivery of Therapeutics to Urological Cancer Stem Cells. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 26:2038-2056. [PMID: 32250210 DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666200403131514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Urological cancer refers to cancer in organs of the urinary system and the male reproductive system. It mainly includes prostate cancer, bladder cancer, renal cancer, etc., seriously threatening patients' survival. Although there are many advances in the treatment of urological cancer, approved targeted therapies often result in tumor recurrence and therapy failure. An increasing amount of evidence indicated that cancer stem cells (CSCs) with tumor-initiating ability were the source of treatment failure in urological cancer. The development of CSCstargeted strategy can provide a possibility for the complete elimination of urological cancer. This review is based on a search of PubMed, Google scholar and NIH database (http://ClinicalTrials.gov/) for English language articles containing the terms: "biomarkers", "cancer stem cells", "targeting/targeted therapy", "prostate cancer", bladder cancer" and "kidney cancer". We summarized the biomarkers and stem cell features of the prostate, bladder and renal CSCs, outlined the targeted strategies for urological CSCs from signaling pathways, cytokines, angiogenesis, surface markers, elimination therapy, differentiation therapy, immunotherapy, microRNA, nanomedicine, etc., and highlighted the prospects and future challenges in this research field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Liu
- Yaopharma Co., Ltd. Chongqing, China
| | - Jian Gu
- College of Pharmacy, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - E Zhang
- Officers college of PAP, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Lili He
- College of Pharmacy, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhi-Xiang Yuan
- College of Pharmacy, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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14
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Fang P, Zhou L, Lim LY, Fu H, Yuan ZX, Lin J. Targeting Strategies for Renal Cancer Stem Cell Therapy. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 26:1964-1978. [PMID: 32188377 DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666200318153106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is an intractable genitourinary malignancy that accounts for approximately 4% of adult malignancies. Currently, there is no approved targeted therapy for RCC that has yielded durable remissions, and they remain palliative in intent. Emerging evidence has indicated that renal tumorigenesis and RCC treatment-resistance may originate from renal cancer stem cells (CSCs) with tumor-initiating capacity (CSC hypothesis). A better understanding of the mechanism underlying renal CSCs will help to dissect RCC heterogeneity and drug treatment efficiency, to promote more personalized and targeted therapies. In this review, we summarized the stem cell characteristics of renal CSCs. We outlined the targeting strategies and challenges associated with developing therapies that target renal CSCs angiogenesis, immunosuppression, signaling pathways, surface biomarkers, microRNAs and nanomedicine. In conclusion, CSCs are an important role in renal carcinogenesis and represent a valid target for treatment of RCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengchao Fang
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Liuting Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lee Y Lim
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, The University of Western Australia, Crawley WA 6009, Perth, Australia
| | - Hualin Fu
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhi-Xiang Yuan
- College of Pharmacy, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Juchun Lin
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
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15
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Singh D. Current updates and future perspectives on the management of renal cell carcinoma. Life Sci 2020; 264:118632. [PMID: 33115605 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) refers to renal-epithelial cancer, which represents over 90% of kidney cancer and is a cause for cancer related deaths in the world. Studies suggested somatic VHL mutations to be the cause for the occurrence of cancer, but with the time, more latest genomic and biological studies have detected variation in epigenetic regulatory genes and showed significant heterogeneity of the intratumor that may lead to strategies of diagnostic, predictive, and therapeutic importance. Immune dysfunction is responsible for almost all types of renal cancer, and angiogenesis and immunosuppression function together in the tumor microenvironment of renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Over the past few years, advancement in the management of the RCC has finally revolutionized with the arrival of the entrapped immune inhibitors which particularly concentrated on the receptor (programmed cell death-1) and focus on the new generation receptor i.e. TKRI (tyrosine-kinase receptor inhibitors). The present review deals with the comprehensive review of RCC and emphasizes on its types, pathogenesis and advancement in these diseases. This review also overviews the role of innate and adaptive immune response-related mechanism, the function of cancer stem cell in this diseases, therapeutic targeted drugs and hormonal signaling pathways as an emerging strategy in the management of the renal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepika Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology & Sciences, Allahabad 211007, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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16
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Metastasis Model of Cancer Stem Cell-Derived Tumors. Methods Protoc 2020; 3:mps3030060. [PMID: 32825540 PMCID: PMC7565080 DOI: 10.3390/mps3030060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastasis includes the dissemination of cancer cells from a malignant tumor and seed in distant sites inside the body forming secondary tumors. Metastatic cells from the primary tumor can move even before the cancer is detected. Therefore, metastases are responsible for more than 90% of cancer-related deaths. Over recent decades there has been adequate evidence suggesting the existence of CSCs with self-renewing and drug-resistant potency within heterogeneous tumors. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) act as a tumor initiating cells and have roles in tumor retrieve and metastasis. Our group recently developed a unique CSC model from mouse induced pluripotent stem cells cultured in the presence of cancer cell-conditioned medium that mimics tumors microenvironment. Using this model, we demonstrated a new method for studying metastasis by intraperitoneal transplantation of tumors and investigate the metastasis ability of cells from these segments. First of all, CSCs were injected subcutaneously in nude mice. The developed malignant tumors were minimized then transplanted into the peritoneal cavity. Following this, the developed tumor in addition to lung, pancreas and liver were then excised and analyzed. Our method showed the metastatic potential of CSCs with the ability of disseminated and moving to blood circulation and seeding in distant organs such as lung and pancreas. This method could provide a good model to study the mechanisms of metastasis according to CSC theory.
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17
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Gong LP, Chen JN, Dong M, Xiao ZD, Feng ZY, Pan YH, Zhang Y, Du Y, Zhang JY, Bi YH, Huang JT, Liang J, Shao CK. Epstein-Barr virus-derived circular RNA LMP2A induces stemness in EBV-associated gastric cancer. EMBO Rep 2020; 21:e49689. [PMID: 32790025 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201949689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are cancer-initiating cells that are not only a source of tumorigenesis but also the cause of tumour progression, metastasis and therapy resistance. EBV-associated gastric cancer (EBVaGC) is a distinct subtype of gastric cancer with unique clinicopathological and molecular features. However, whether CSCs exist in EBVaGC, and the tumorigenic mechanism of EBV, remains unclear. Here, NOD/SCID mice were injected subcutaneously with the EBVaGC cell line SNU719 and treated with 5-fluorouracil weekly. Successive generations of xenografts yielded a highly malignant EBVaGC cell line, SNU-4th, which displays properties of CSCs and mainly consists of CD44+ CD24- cells. In SNU-4th cells, an EBV-encoded circRNA, ebv-circLMP2A, expression increased and plays crucial roles in inducing and maintaining stemness phenotypes through targeting miR-3908/TRIM59/p53 axis. Additionally, high expression of ebv-circLMP2A is significantly associated with metastasis and poor prognosis in patients with EBVaGC. These findings not only provide evidence for the existence of CSCs in EBVaGC and elucidate the pathogenic mechanism of ebv-circLMP2A in EBVaGC, but also provide a promising therapeutic target for EBVaGC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Ping Gong
- Department of Pathology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jian-Ning Chen
- Department of Pathology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Min Dong
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhen-Dong Xiao
- Biotherapy Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhi-Ying Feng
- Department of Pathology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu-Hang Pan
- Department of Pathology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Pathology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu Du
- Department of Pathology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing-Yue Zhang
- Department of Pathology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuan-Hua Bi
- Department of Pathology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Pathology, The People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, China
| | - Jun-Ting Huang
- Department of Pathology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing Liang
- Department of Pathology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chun-Kui Shao
- Department of Pathology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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18
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Kumbar VM, Muddapur UM, Bhat KG, Shwetha H.R., Kugaji MS, Peram MR. Indirect Immunofluorescence and Tumorspheres Enrichment Technique for Identifying Cancer Stem Cell Markers in Cancer Cell Lines From Primary Oral Cancer Tissues: An In Vitro Study. JOURNAL OF ADVANCED ORAL RESEARCH 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/2320206820941379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Aim: The cancer stem cells (CSCs) are known to be responsible for drug resistance and cancer relapse in the treatment of cancer. Identification and isolation of CSCs and study of their properties will play a crucial role in developing an effective drug against these targets. The aim of the study was to isolate CSCs from primary cancer by the tumorspheres enrichment method, to confirm by indirect immunofluorescence and gene expression of stem cell markers by using real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) technique. Materials and Methods: In this in vitro study, we enriched oral CSCs through tumorsphere formation assay from seven primary cultures of OSCC patients with defined serum media. The expression and localization of the cell surface markers of CD133 and CD44 were tested by indirect immunofluorescence. Gene expression of stem cell markers such as CD44, CD133, Oct4, Sox2, and Nanog were quantified by RT-PCR technique. One-way analysis of variance was applied to analyze gene expression. Results: Tumorsphere formation has been used to isolate the CSCs from the OSCC tissue culture. Both CD133 and CD44 antibody confirmed the presence of CSCs through indirect immunofluorescence. In comparison to parental cell lines, the expression levels of CD133, CD44, Oct4, Sox2, and Nanog stem cell were significantly higher in CSC-enriched subpopulations. Conclusions: The cost-effective spheroid enrichment and the indirect immunofluorescence methods are useful for the isolation of CSCs from the primary tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay M. Kumbar
- Central Research Laboratory, Maratha Mandal’s Nathajirao G Halgekar Institute of Dental, Sciences & Research Centre, Belagavi, Karnataka, India
- Department of Biotechnology, KLE Technological University (Formerly Known as B V Bhoomaraddi College of Engineering and Technology), BVB Campus, Hubballi, Karnataka, India
| | - Uday M. Muddapur
- Department of Biotechnology, KLE Technological University (Formerly Known as B V Bhoomaraddi College of Engineering and Technology), BVB Campus, Hubballi, Karnataka, India
| | - Kishore G. Bhat
- Central Research Laboratory, Maratha Mandal’s Nathajirao G Halgekar Institute of Dental, Sciences & Research Centre, Belagavi, Karnataka, India
| | - Shwetha H.R.
- Department of Oral Pathology, Maratha Mandal’s N G Halgekar Institute of Dental Sciences and Research Centre, Belagavi, Karnataka, India
| | - Manohar S. Kugaji
- Central Research Laboratory, Maratha Mandal’s Nathajirao G Halgekar Institute of Dental, Sciences & Research Centre, Belagavi, Karnataka, India
- Department of Biotechnology, KLE Technological University (Formerly Known as B V Bhoomaraddi College of Engineering and Technology), BVB Campus, Hubballi, Karnataka, India
| | - Malleswara Rao Peram
- Central Research Laboratory, Maratha Mandal’s Nathajirao G Halgekar Institute of Dental, Sciences & Research Centre, Belagavi, Karnataka, India
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Maratha Mandal’s College of Pharmacy, Belagavi, Karnataka, India
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19
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Effective Gold Nanoparticle-Antibody-Mediated Drug Delivery for Photodynamic Therapy of Lung Cancer Stem Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21113742. [PMID: 32466428 PMCID: PMC7311980 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21113742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are a leading contributor to lung cancer mortality rates. CSCs are responsible for tumor growth and recurrence through inhibition of drug-induced cell death, decreasing the effect of traditional cancer therapy and photodynamic therapy (PDT). PDT can be improved to successfully treat lung cancer by using gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), due to their size and shape, which have been shown to facilitate drug delivery and retention, along with the targeted antibody (Ab) mediated selection of CSCs. In this study, a nanobioconjugate (NBC) was constructed, using a photosensitizer (PS) (AlPcS4Cl), AuNPs and Abs. The NBC was characterized, using spectroscopy techniques. Photodynamic effects of the NBC on lung CSCs was evaluated, using biochemical assays 24 h post-irradiation, in order to establish its anticancer effect. Results showed successful conjugation of the nanocomposite. Localization of the NBC was seen to be in integral organelles involved in cell homeostasis. Biochemical responses of lung CSCs treated using AlPcS4Cl-AuNP and AlPcS4Cl-AuNP-Ab showed significant cell toxicity and cell death, compared to free AlPcS4Cl. The PDT effects were enhanced when using the NBC, showing significant lung CSC destruction to the point of eradication.
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20
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Renal carcinoma CD105-/CD44- cells display stem-like properties in vitro and form aggressive tumors in vivo. Sci Rep 2020; 10:5379. [PMID: 32214151 PMCID: PMC7096525 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-62205-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is the most common kidney cancer. Prognosis for ccRCC is generally poor since it is largely resistant to chemo- and radiotherapy. Many studies suggested that cancer stem cells/tumor initiating cells (CSCs/TICs) are responsible for development of tumor, disease progression, aggressiveness, metastasis and drug resistance. However, tumorigenic potential of CSCs/TICs isolated from established RCC cell lines – basic ccRCC research model – has never been investigated in vivo. CD105+, CD105−, CD44+ and CD44− as well as CD44−/CD105− CD44+/CD105+ and CD44−/CD105+ cells were isolated from Caki-1 RCC cell line, confirming coexistence of multiple subpopulations of stem-related phenotype in stable cell line. Sorted cells were injected subcutaneously into NOD SCID mice and tumor growth was monitored with MRI and PET/CT. Tumor growth was observed after implantation of CD105+, CD44+, CD44−, CD44−/CD105+ and CD44−/CD105− but not CD105− or CD44+/CD105+. Implantation of CD44−/CD105− cells induced tumors that were characterized by longer T1 and distinct metabolic pattern than other tumors. All the tumors were characterized by low uptake of [18F]FDG. CD105+ and CD44− tumors expresses Nanog and Oct-4, while CD44− tumors additionally expressed endothelial cell marker - CD31.
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21
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Kobayashi G, Sentani K, Babasaki T, Sekino Y, Shigematsu Y, Hayashi T, Oue N, Teishima J, Matsubara A, Sasaki N, Yasui W. Claspin overexpression is associated with high-grade histology and poor prognosis in renal cell carcinoma. Cancer Sci 2020; 111:1020-1027. [PMID: 31912588 PMCID: PMC7060467 DOI: 10.1111/cas.14299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is one of the most common human cancers. We previously reported that claspin is a key regulator in the progression of gastric cancer, and it likely plays an important role in cancer stem cells of gastric cancer. However, the significance of claspin in RCC has not been examined. First, we analyzed the expression and distribution of claspin in 95 RCC cases by immunohistochemistry. In the nonneoplastic kidney, the staining of claspin was either weak or absent, whereas RCC tissue showed nuclear staining. In total, claspin expression was detected in 45 (47%) of 95 RCC cases. The claspin staining appeared relatively stronger in high nuclear grade RCC than in low nuclear grade RCC. Claspin-positive RCC cases were associated with higher T grade, tumor stage, nuclear grade, vein invasion, and poorer prognosis. CLSPN siRNA treatment decreased RCC cell proliferation. The levels of phosphorylated Erk and Akt were lower in CLSPN siRNA-transfected RCC cells than in control cells. In addition, claspin was coexpressed with CD44, epidermal growth factor receptor, p53, and programmed death ligand-1. These results suggest that claspin plays an important role in tumor progression in RCC and might be a prognostic marker and novel therapeutic target molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Go Kobayashi
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.,Department of Pathology, Federation of National Public Service Personnel Mutual Aid Associations, Kure-Kyosai Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Sentani
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Takashi Babasaki
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.,Department of Urology, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yohei Sekino
- Department of Urology, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Shigematsu
- Department of Urology, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Tetsutaro Hayashi
- Department of Urology, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Naohide Oue
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Jun Teishima
- Department of Urology, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Akio Matsubara
- Department of Urology, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Naomi Sasaki
- Department of Pathology, Federation of National Public Service Personnel Mutual Aid Associations, Kure-Kyosai Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Wataru Yasui
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
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22
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Li Z, Hu J, Qin Z, Tao Y, Lai Z, Wang Q, Li T. High-dimensional single-cell proteomics analysis reveals the landscape of immune cells and stem-like cells in renal tumors. J Clin Lab Anal 2019; 34:e23155. [PMID: 31855296 PMCID: PMC7246380 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.23155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Renal tumors are highly heterogeneous, and identification of tumor heterogeneity is an urgent clinical need for effective treatment. Mass cytometry (MC) can be used to perform high‐dimensional single‐cell proteomics analysis of heterogeneous samples via cytometry by time‐of‐flight (CyTOF), in order to achieve more accurate observation and classification of phenotypes within a cell population. This study aimed to develop a high‐dimensional MC method for the detection and analysis of heterogeneity in renal tumors. Materials and Methods We collected tissue samples from 8 patients with different types of renal tumors. Single‐cell suspensions were prepared and stained using a panel of 28 immune cell‐centric antibodies and a panel of 21 stem‐like cell‐centric antibodies. The stained cells were detected using CyTOF. Result Renal tumors were divided into 25 immune cell subsets (4 CD4+ T cells, 7 CD8+ T cells, 1 B cells, 8 macrophages, 1 dendritic cells, 2 natural killer (NK) cells, 1 granulocyte, and 1 other subset) and 7 stem‐like cells subsets (based on positivity of vimentin, CD326, CD34, CD90, CD13, CD44, and CD47). Different types of renal tumors have different cell subsets with significantly different characteristics. Conclusion High‐dimensional single‐cell proteomics analysis using MC aids in the discovery and analysis of renal tumors heterogeneity. Additionally, it can be used to accurately classify the immune cell population and analyze the expression of stem cell‐related markers in renal tumors. Our findings provide a valuable resource for deciphering tumor heterogeneity and might improve the clinical management of patients with renal tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijian Li
- Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Jiaxin Hu
- Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Zhao Qin
- Department of Plastic and Aesthetic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Yuting Tao
- Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Zhiyong Lai
- Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China.,Guangxi key laboratory for genomic and personalized medicine, Guangxi collaborative innovation center for genomic and personalized medicine, Nanning, China
| | - Qiuyan Wang
- Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China.,Guangxi key laboratory for genomic and personalized medicine, Guangxi collaborative innovation center for genomic and personalized medicine, Nanning, China
| | - Tianyu Li
- Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China.,Guangxi key laboratory for genomic and personalized medicine, Guangxi collaborative innovation center for genomic and personalized medicine, Nanning, China.,Department of Urology and Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
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23
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Keyvani V, Farshchian M, Esmaeili SA, Yari H, Moghbeli M, Nezhad SRK, Abbaszadegan MR. Ovarian cancer stem cells and targeted therapy. J Ovarian Res 2019; 12:120. [PMID: 31810474 PMCID: PMC6896744 DOI: 10.1186/s13048-019-0588-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ovarian cancer has the highest ratio of mortality among gynecologic malignancies. Chemotherapy is one of the most common treatment options for ovarian cancer. However, tumor relapse in patients with advanced tumor stage is still a therapeutic challenge for its clinical management. Main body Therefore, it is required to clarify the molecular biology and mechanisms which are involved in chemo resistance to improve the survival rate of ovarian cancer patients. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are a sub population of tumor cells which are related to drug resistance and tumor relapse. Conclusion In the present review, we summarized the recent findings about the role of CSCs in tumor relapse and drug resistance among ovarian cancer patients. Moreover, we focused on the targeted and combinational therapeutic methods against the ovarian CSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vahideh Keyvani
- Medical Genetics Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Moein Farshchian
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research Group, Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research (ACECR), Khorasan Razavi Branch, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Seyed-Alireza Esmaeili
- Immunology Research Center, Bu-Ali Research Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Science, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hadi Yari
- Human Genetics Division, Medical Biotechnology Department, National Institute of Genetics Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Meysam Moghbeli
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
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24
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Li E, Zhang T, Sun X, Li Y, Geng H, Yu D, Zhong C. Sonic hedgehog pathway mediates genistein inhibition of renal cancer stem cells. Oncol Lett 2019; 18:3081-3091. [PMID: 31452785 PMCID: PMC6704282 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2019.10657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) have been implicated in the genesis, progression and recurrence of renal cancer. The sonic hedgehog (Shh) pathway serves a critical role in maintaining the stemness of CSCs. Genistein, a major isoflavone component extracted from soybeans and soy products, has been demonstrated to possess anticancer activity. However, the effects of genistein on renal CSCs and its underlying mechanisms remain to be fully elucidated. The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of the Shh pathway in genistein inhibition of renal CSCs. The results of the present study demonstrated that expression levels of renal CSC markers were markedly upregulated in the sphere-forming cells, which were isolated and enriched from 786-O and ACHN cells in a tumor sphere formation assay, and more cells were arrested at the G0/G1 phase instead of the S1 phase compared with the adherent cells. Furthermore, the present study demonstrated that genistein could effectively diminish the activity of renal CSCs by suppressing tumor sphere formation, decreasing renal CSCs markers, inhibiting proliferation and inducing apoptosis. Additionally, the downregulation of Shh pathway activity could inhibit renal CSCs. Genistein exhibited an inhibitory effect on renal CSCs by attenuating the activation of the Shh pathway. In conclusion, the results illustrated the role of the Shh pathway in regulating renal CSC traits and the intervention of renal CSCs by genistein, which could provide novel insights into the molecular mechanisms of renal CSC intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enlai Li
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, P.R. China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, P.R. China
| | - Xianchao Sun
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, P.R. China
| | - Yuan Li
- Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, P.R. China
| | - Hao Geng
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, P.R. China
| | - Dexin Yu
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, P.R. China
| | - Caiyun Zhong
- Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, P.R. China
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25
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Lee YM, Kim JM, Lee HJ, Seong IO, Kim KH. Immunohistochemical expression of CD44, matrix metalloproteinase2 and matrix metalloproteinase9 in renal cell carcinomas. Urol Oncol 2019; 37:742-748. [PMID: 31053527 DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2019.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of our study was to investigate the clinicopathologic values of the expression of CD44, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)2, and MMP9 in renal cell carcinoma (RCC). PATIENTS AND METHODS A total of 107 clear cell RCCs (ccRCCs) and 32 nonclear cell RCCs (non-ccRCCs) were examined for CD44, MMP2, and MMP9 expression by immunohistochemistry. The membrane and cytoplasmic expression levels of the 3 proteins were scored by semiquantitative methods, and the correlations of the 3 proteins with clinicopathological parameters were verified. RESULTS The expression levels of CD44, MMP2, and MMP9 were positively correlated with nuclear grade (grade 1-2 vs. grade 3-4) (P = 0.003, P < 0.001 and P < 0.001, respectively) in the ccRCCs, while in the non-ccRCCs, only CD44 expression was correlated with higher nuclear grade (grade 1-3 vs. grade 4) (P = 0.001). Furthermore, CD44 expression in ccRCCs and non-ccRCCs was correlated with shorter overall survival in the univariate analyses (P < 0.001 and P = 0.015, respectively). In the multivariate analysis, which accounted for age, sex, nuclear grade, and pathologic stage, CD44 expression was an independent predictor of shorter overall survival only in ccRCCs. Correlations among the 3 proteins were all positive in ccRCCs, but in non-ccRCCs, only MMP2 and MMP9 were positively correlated. CONCLUSION CD44 expression may play an important role in the progression of both ccRCC and non-ccRCC. CD44 expression in ccRCC may be associated with elevated MMP2 and MMP9 expression levels, which is in contrast to non-ccRCC. The different correlations between CD44, MMP2, and MMP9 in ccRCC and non-ccRCC can be useful in understanding the mechanisms of carcinogenesis and stratifying patients for therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Moon Lee
- Department of Pathology, Dankook University, School of Medicine, Cheonan, South Korea
| | - Jin Man Kim
- Department of Pathology/Medical science, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Hyo Jin Lee
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - In-Ock Seong
- Department of Pathology/Medical science, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Kyung-Hee Kim
- Department of Pathology/Medical science, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea.
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26
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Development of extracellular matrix supported 3D culture of renal cancer cells and renal cancer stem cells. Cytotechnology 2018; 71:149-163. [PMID: 30599072 PMCID: PMC6368519 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-018-0273-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel experimental conditions of cancer cell line culture have evolved throughout the recent years, with significantly growing interest in xeno-free, serum-free and three-dimensional culture variants. The choice of proper culture media may enable to mimic tumor microenvironment and promotion of cancer stem cells proliferation. To assess whether stem-like phenotype inducing media may be applied in renal cancer stem cell research, we performed a widespread screening of 13 cell culture media dedicated for mesenchymal cells, stem cells as well as mesenchymal stem cells. We have also screened extracellular matrix compounds and selected optimal RCC 3D-ECM supported culture model. Our results revealed that 786-O as well as HKCSCs cell line cultures in xeno-free media (NutriStem/StemXvivo) and laminin coated plates provide a useful tool in RCC cancer biology research and at the same time enable effective drug toxicity screening. We propose bio-mimic 3D RCC cell culture model with specific low-serum and xeno-free media that promote RCC cell viability and stem-like phenotype according to the tested genes encoding stemness factors including E-cadherin, N-cadherin, HIF1, HIF2, VEGF, SOX2, PAX2 and NESTIN.
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27
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Kornakiewicz A, Czarnecka AM, Khan MI, Krasowski P, Kotrys AV, Szczylik C. Effect of Everolimus on Heterogenous Renal Cancer Cells Populations Including Renal Cancer Stem Cells. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2018; 14:385-397. [PMID: 29508215 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-018-9804-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare effect of everolimus on growth of different renal cell carcinoma (RCC) populations and develop experimental design to measure the early response of everolimus in clear cell RCC (ccRCC) cell lines including renal cancer stem cells. Effect of everolimus on RCC cell lines which include primary (786-0) and metastatic (ACHN) RCC cell lines as well as heterogenous populations of tumor cells of different histological RCC subtypes (clear cell RCC and papillary RCC) was measured when treated with everolimus in the range of 1-9 µM. Gene expression profiling using microarray was performed to determine the early response to everolimus in ccRCC cell lines after optimizing concentration of drug. Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) was done which mainly focused on basic genes related to mTOR, hormonal and metabolic pathways. Everolimus acts on RCC cells in a dose-dependent manner. In all examined cell lines IC50 dose was possible to calculate after the third day of treatment. In ccRCC lines (parental and stem cell) everolimus changes expression of mTOR complexes elements and elements of related pathways when treated with optimized doses of drug. Characteristic expression profile for ccRCC cells at an early exposure time to everolimus is to elucidate. Wevarie include some basic observations derived from data analysis in the context of mechanism of action of drug with a view to better understand biology of renal cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kornakiewicz
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Oncology, Military Institute of Medicine, ul. Szaserów 128, 04-141, Warsaw, Poland. .,Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Warsaw Medical University, Żwirki i Wigury 61, 02-091, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Anna M Czarnecka
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Oncology, Military Institute of Medicine, ul. Szaserów 128, 04-141, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Mohammed I Khan
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Oncology, Military Institute of Medicine, ul. Szaserów 128, 04-141, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Paweł Krasowski
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Oncology, Military Institute of Medicine, ul. Szaserów 128, 04-141, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna V Kotrys
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics Polish Academy of Sciences, Laboratory of RNA Biology and Functional Genomics, Pawińskiego 5A, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Cezary Szczylik
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Oncology, Military Institute of Medicine, ul. Szaserów 128, 04-141, Warsaw, Poland.,Warsaw Medical University, Żwirki i Wigury 61, 02-091, Warsaw, Poland
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28
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Fonsato V, De Lena M, Tritta S, Brossa A, Calvetti R, Tetta C, Camussi G, Bussolati B. Human liver stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles enhance cancer stem cell sensitivity to tyrosine kinase inhibitors through Akt/mTOR/PTEN combined modulation. Oncotarget 2018; 9:36151-36165. [PMID: 30546834 PMCID: PMC6281417 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.26319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
It is well recognized that Cancer Stem Cells (CSCs) sustain the initiation, the maintenance and the recurrence of tumors. We previously reported that extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from human liver stem cells (HLSCs) were able to limit tumor development. In this study, we evaluated whether EV derived from HLSCs could act in synergy with tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) on apoptosis of CSCs isolated from renal carcinomas. For this purpose, we administered to renal CSCs, HLSC-EVs and TKIs, as co-incubation or sequential administration. We found that HLSC-EVs in combination with Sunitinb or Sorafenib significantly increased renal CSCs apoptosis induced by low TKI dose. At variance, no synergistic effect was observed when bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell-derived EVs were used. In particular, renal CSCs chemosensitivity to TKIs was enhanced when HLSC-EVs were either co-administered with TKIs or added after, but not before. CSC apoptosis was also incremented at a percentage comparable to that of co-administration when TKIs were loaded in HLSC-EVs. By a mechanistic point of view, Akt/mTOR and Erk and Creb intracellular pathways, known to be pivotal in the induction of tumor growth and survival, appeared modulated as consequence of TKIs/HLSC-EVs co-administration. Together, our results indicate that the synergistic effect of HLSC-EVs with TKIs may increase the response to TKIs at low doses, providing a rational for their combined use in the treatment of renal carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Fonsato
- 2i3T, Società per la gestione dell'incubatore di imprese e per il trasferimento tecnologico, Scarl University of Torino, Torino, Italy.,Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Michela De Lena
- 2i3T, Società per la gestione dell'incubatore di imprese e per il trasferimento tecnologico, Scarl University of Torino, Torino, Italy.,Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Stefania Tritta
- 2i3T, Società per la gestione dell'incubatore di imprese e per il trasferimento tecnologico, Scarl University of Torino, Torino, Italy.,Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Alessia Brossa
- 2i3T, Società per la gestione dell'incubatore di imprese e per il trasferimento tecnologico, Scarl University of Torino, Torino, Italy.,Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Ruggero Calvetti
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Torino, Italy
| | | | - Giovanni Camussi
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
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29
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Genadry KC, Pietrobono S, Rota R, Linardic CM. Soft Tissue Sarcoma Cancer Stem Cells: An Overview. Front Oncol 2018; 8:475. [PMID: 30416982 PMCID: PMC6212576 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2018.00475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Soft tissue sarcomas (STSs) are an uncommon group of solid tumors that can arise throughout the human lifespan. Despite their commonality as non-bony cancers that develop from mesenchymal cell precursors, they are heterogeneous in their genetic profiles, histology, and clinical features. This has made it difficult to identify a single target or therapy specific to STSs. And while there is no one cell of origin ascribed to all STSs, the cancer stem cell (CSC) principle—that a subpopulation of tumor cells possesses stem cell-like properties underlying tumor initiation, therapeutic resistance, disease recurrence, and metastasis—predicts that ultimately it should be possible to identify a feature common to all STSs that could function as a therapeutic Achilles' heel. Here we review the published evidence for CSCs in each of the most common STSs, then focus on the methods used to study CSCs, the developmental signaling pathways usurped by CSCs, and the epigenetic alterations critical for CSC identity that may be useful for further study of STS biology. We conclude with discussion of some challenges to the field and future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katia C Genadry
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Silvia Pietrobono
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, Bambino Gesù Pediatric Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Rossella Rota
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, Bambino Gesù Pediatric Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Corinne M Linardic
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States.,Department of Pharmacology & Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
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30
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Liu L, Wang Q, Mao J, Qin T, Sun Y, Yang J, Han Y, Li L, Li Q. Salinomycin suppresses cancer cell stemness and attenuates TGF-β-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition of renal cell carcinoma cells. Chem Biol Interact 2018; 296:145-153. [PMID: 30273566 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2018.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Revised: 09/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Metastatic Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) remains a difficult oncologic challenge. Salinomycin is a monocarboxylic polyether antibiotic, which has been proved to possess anti-tumor activities in multiple types of cancer cells. However, its effects on RCC cells remains unclear. In our study, salinomycin could inhibit the proliferation and viability of RCC cell lines 786-O and ACHN. The TUNEL assay revealed that treatment with salinomycin induced DNA breaking in RCC cells. Consistently, Western blotting showed up-regulation of pro-apoptotic biomarkers (cleaved caspase3/9 and cleaved PARP1) and down-regulation of anti-apoptotic biomarker (survivin) in RCC cells after salinomycin treatment, suggesting that salinomycin could induce RCC cell apoptosis. salinomycin treatment also suppressed the sphere formation ability of RCC cells and decreased the expressions of CD105, ALDH1 and CD44, biomarkers for reflecting the stemness of RCC cells. salinomycin treatment effectively down-regulated SMO and Gli1, two key proteins in Hedghog signaling pathway, in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, salinomycin could suppress the invasion and migration of RCC cells in the presence of TGF-β1, as observed in wound-healing and Transwell assays. salinomycin treatment attenuated TGF-β1-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), as evidenced by its ability to increase E-cadherin expression and decrease N-cadherin, Snail and MMP-2 expressions in RCC cells. Finally, salinomycin inhibited the tumorigenecity of RCC cells in vivo. Our study provides the evidence that salinomycin possess multiple anti-tumor activities against RCC, as it, in particular, suppressed the cancer stem cell properties and attenuated TGF-β-induced EMT. Therefore, it may serve as a potentially therapeutic candidate for metastatic RCC and improve the prognosis of RCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Liu
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Qifei Wang
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Jun Mao
- Department of Pathology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Tao Qin
- Department of Pathology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Yan Sun
- Department of Pathology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Jinfeng Yang
- Department of Pathology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Yanyan Han
- Department of Pathology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Lianhong Li
- Department of Pathology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.
| | - Quanlin Li
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.
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31
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Skvortsov S, Skvortsova II, Tang DG, Dubrovska A. Concise Review: Prostate Cancer Stem Cells: Current Understanding. Stem Cells 2018; 36:1457-1474. [PMID: 29845679 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is heterogeneous, harboring phenotypically diverse cancer cell types. PCa cell heterogeneity is caused by genomic instability that leads to the clonal competition and evolution of the cancer genome and by epigenetic mechanisms that result in subclonal cellular differentiation. The process of tumor cell differentiation is initiated from a population of prostate cancer stem cells (PCSCs) that possess many phenotypic and functional properties of normal stem cells. Since the initial reports on PCSCs in 2005, there has been much effort to elucidate their biological properties, including unique metabolic characteristics. In this Review, we discuss the current methods for PCSC enrichment and analysis, the hallmarks of PCSC metabolism, and the role of PCSCs in tumor progression. Stem Cells 2018;36:1457-1474.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergej Skvortsov
- Laboratory for Experimental and Translational Research on Radiation Oncology (EXTRO-Lab), Department of Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria.,Tyrolean Cancer Research Institute, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ira-Ida Skvortsova
- Laboratory for Experimental and Translational Research on Radiation Oncology (EXTRO-Lab), Department of Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria.,Tyrolean Cancer Research Institute, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Dean G Tang
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, USA.,Cancer Stem Cell Institute, Research Center for Translational Medicine, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Anna Dubrovska
- OncoRay-National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden and Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Dresden, Germany, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiooncology-OncoRay, Dresden, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site Dresden, and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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32
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Su P, Yang Y, Wang G, Chen X, Ju Y. Curcumin attenuates resistance to irinotecan via induction of apoptosis of cancer stem cells in chemoresistant colon cancer cells. Int J Oncol 2018; 53:1343-1353. [PMID: 29956726 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2018.4461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Resistance to conventional chemotherapeutic agents, including irinotecan (CPT‑11), 5-fluorouracil and capecitabine is a major cause for therapeutic failure in patients with colorectal cancer (CRC). Increasing evidence has demonstrated that cancer cells exhibiting stem cell-like characteristics are associated with the development of resistance to chemotherapeutic agents. As a plant polyphenol, curcumin has been demonstrated to have the ability to ameliorate resistance of CRC to chemotherapeutic agents, but the associations among curcumin, cancer stem cells (CSCs) and chemoresistance of CRC remain unclear. The present study established a CPT‑11-resistant colon cancer cell line, LoVo/CPT‑11 cells, and detected the expression levels of CSC identification markers [cluster of differentiation (CD)44, CD133, epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) and CD24] in parental cells and CPT‑11-resistant cells. It was revealed that the expression levels of the colon CSC markers in LoVo/CPT‑11 cells were significantly higher compared those in parental cells at the mRNA and protein level. The effect of curcumin on the chemoresistance to CPT‑11 and the expression levels of CSC identification markers in LoVo/CPT‑11 cells separately treated with curcumin and CPT‑11 were further investigated. The results revealed that curcumin significantly attenuated chemoresistance to CPT‑11, and treatment with curcumin resulted in a significant reduction of the expression levels of CSC identification markers. Furthermore, a tumor sphere formation assay was used to enrich colon CSCs from LoVo/CPT‑11 cells, and demonstrated that curcumin efficiently diminished the traits of colon CSCs, as evidenced by the inability to form tumor spheres, the reduction in the expression of CSC identification markers, and apoptosis-induced effects on sphere-forming cells treated with curcumin alone or in combination with CPT‑11. Altogether, the present data demonstrated that curcumin attenuated resistance to chemotherapeutic drugs through induction of apoptosis of CSCs among colon cancer cells. These findings may provide novel evidence for the therapeutic application of curcumin in CRC intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Su
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shunde, Guangdong 528300, P.R. China
| | - Yong Yang
- Department of General Surgery, Heping Hospital Affiliated with Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi, Shanxi 046000, P.R. China
| | - Guoxin Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shunde, Guangdong 528300, P.R. China
| | - Xiaowu Chen
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shunde, Guangdong 528300, P.R. China
| | - Yongle Ju
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shunde, Guangdong 528300, P.R. China
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33
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Saeednejad Zanjani L, Madjd Z, Abolhasani M, Shariftabrizi A, Rasti A, Asgari M. Expression of CD105 cancer stem cell marker in three subtypes of renal cell carcinoma. Cancer Biomark 2018; 21:821-837. [DOI: 10.3233/cbm-170755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Zahra Madjd
- Oncopathology Research Center,
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine,
| | | | - Ahmad Shariftabrizi
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology,
| | | | - Mojgan Asgari
- Oncopathology Research Center,
- Hasheminejad Kidney Center,
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34
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Qian W, Kong X, Zhang T, Wang D, Song J, Li Y, Li X, Geng H, Min J, Kong Q, Liu J, Liu Z, Wang D, Zhang Z, Yu D, Zhong C. Cigarette smoke stimulates the stemness of renal cancer stem cells via Sonic Hedgehog pathway. Oncogenesis 2018; 7:24. [PMID: 29540668 PMCID: PMC5852977 DOI: 10.1038/s41389-018-0029-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are essentially responsible for tumor initiation, growth, progression, metastasis and recurrence, and cigarette smoke (CS) is closely involved in the occurrence and development of kidney cancer. However, the effect of CS on renal CSCs has not been elucidated yet. In the present study, tumorsphere formation assay was used to enrich renal CSCs from 786-O and ACHN cells. We illustrated that CS effectively promoted renal CSCs stemness by enhancing tumorsphere formation, increasing the expression of renal CSCs markers (CD133, CD44, ALDHA1, Oct4, and Nanog) and elevating CD133+ cell population. Moreover, our results showed that CS triggered the activation of Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) pathway, while inhibition of SHH pathway dampened the promotive effects of CS on renal CSCs. Finally, higher levels of renal CSCs markers and SHH pathway-related proteins were observed in kidney cancer tissues from smokers than non-smoking cancer tissues. Taken together, these results demonstrated the important role of SHH pathway in regulating CS-induced renal CSCs stemness augment. Findings from this study could provide new insight into the molecular mechanisms of CS-elicited stemness of renal CSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Qian
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Xiaochuan Kong
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Dengdian Wang
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Jin Song
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Yuan Li
- Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Xiaoting Li
- Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Hao Geng
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Jie Min
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Qi Kong
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Zhiqi Liu
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Daming Wang
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Zhiqiang Zhang
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Dexin Yu
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China.
| | - Caiyun Zhong
- Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China.
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Song L, Ye W, Cui Y, Lu J, Zhang Y, Ding N, Hu W, Pei H, Yue Z, Zhou G. Ecto-5'-nucleotidase (CD73) is a biomarker for clear cell renal carcinoma stem-like cells. Oncotarget 2018; 8:31977-31992. [PMID: 28404888 PMCID: PMC5458263 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.16667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Identification of a specific biomarker for cancer stem cells (CSCs) is of potential applications in the development of effective therapeutic strategies for renal cell carcinoma (RCC). In this study, both the RCC cell line 786-O and surgically removed clear cell RCC (ccRCC) tissues were implemented to grew as spheroids in serum-free medium supplemented with mitogens. This subpopulation possessed key characteristics defining CSCs. We also identified that surgically removed ccRCC tissues were heterogenic and there was a subpopulation of cells that was highly stained with rhodamine-123. Based on membrane-proteomic analyses, CD73 was identified as a candidate biomarker. We further found that CD73high cells were highly tumorigenic. As few as 100 CD73high cells were capable of forming xenograft tumors in non obese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficiency disease mice, whereas 1 × 105 CD73low cells did not initiate tumor formation. During successive culture, the CD73high population regenerated both CD73high and CD73low cells, whereas the CD73low population remained low expression level of CD73. Furthermore, the CD73high cells were more resistant to radiation and DNA-damaging agents than the CD73low cells, and expressed a panel of 'stemness' genes at a higher level than the CD73low cells. These findings suggest that a high level of CD73 expression is a bona fide biomarker of ccRCC stem-like cells. Future research will aim at the elucidation of the underlying mechanisms of CD73 in RCC development and the distinct aspects of ccRCC stem-like cells from other tumor types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Song
- Medical College, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou 730030, China.,Department of Space Radiobiology, Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine, Institute of Modem Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Wenling Ye
- Medical College, Henan University, Kaifeng 475001, China.,Department of Space Radiobiology, Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine, Institute of Modem Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yong Cui
- Department of Urology Surgery, Shuyang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Suqian 223600, China.,Department of Space Radiobiology, Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine, Institute of Modem Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Jianzhong Lu
- Institute of Urology, Department of Urology, Gansu Nephro-Urological Clinical Center, Key Laboratory of Urological Diseases in Gansu Province, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou 730030, China
| | - Yanan Zhang
- Department of Space Radiobiology, Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine, Institute of Modem Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Nan Ding
- Department of Space Radiobiology, Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine, Institute of Modem Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Wentao Hu
- School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College of Soochow University, Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiological Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Hailong Pei
- School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College of Soochow University, Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiological Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Zhongjin Yue
- Institute of Urology, Department of Urology, Gansu Nephro-Urological Clinical Center, Key Laboratory of Urological Diseases in Gansu Province, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou 730030, China
| | - Guangming Zhou
- School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College of Soochow University, Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiological Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Suzhou 215123, China
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Corrò C, Moch H. Biomarker discovery for renal cancer stem cells. J Pathol Clin Res 2018; 4:3-18. [PMID: 29416873 PMCID: PMC5783955 DOI: 10.1002/cjp2.91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Revised: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Characterised by high intra- and inter-tumor heterogeneity, metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is resistant to chemo- and radiotherapy. Therefore, the development of new prognostic and diagnostic markers for RCC patients is needed. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are a small population of neoplastic cells within a tumor which present characteristics reminiscent of normal stem cells. CSCs are characterised by unlimited cell division, maintenance of the stem cell pool (self-renewal), and capability to give rise to all cell types within a tumor; and contribute to metastasis in vivo (tumourigenicity), treatment resistance and recurrence. So far, many studies have tried to establish unique biomarkers to identify CSC populations in RCC. At the same time, different approaches have been developed with the aim to isolate CSCs. Consequently, several markers were found to be specifically expressed in CSCs and cancer stem-like cells derived from RCC such as CD105, ALDH1, OCT4, CD133, and CXCR4. However, the contribution of genetic and epigenetic mechanisms, and tumor microenvironment, to cellular plasticity have made the discovery of unique biomarkers a very difficult task. In fact, contrasting results regarding the applicability of such markers to the isolation of renal CSCs have been reported in the literature. Therefore, a better understanding of the mechanism underlying CSC may help dissecting tumor heterogeneity and drug treatment efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Corrò
- Department of Pathology and Molecular PathologyUniversity Hospital ZurichSwitzerland
| | - Holger Moch
- Department of Pathology and Molecular PathologyUniversity Hospital ZurichSwitzerland
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CD24, CD44 and EpCAM enrich for tumour-initiating cells in a newly established patient-derived xenograft of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Sci Rep 2017; 7:12372. [PMID: 28959019 PMCID: PMC5620042 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-12045-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Subpopulations of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) contain cells with differential tumourigenic properties. Our study evaluates the tumourigenic potential of CD24, CD44, EpCAM and combination of EpCAM/CD44 cells in NPC. CD44br and EpCAMbr cells enriched for higher S-phase cell content, faster-growing tumourigenic cells leading to tumours with larger volume and higher mitotic figures. Although CD44br and EpCAMbr cells significantly enriched for tumour-initiating cells (TICs), all cells could retain self-renewal property for at least four generations. Compared to CD44 marker alone, EpCAM/CD44dbr marker did not enhance for cells with faster-growing ability or higher TIC frequency. Cells expressing high CD44 or EpCAM had lower KLF4 and p21 in NPC subpopulations. KLF4-overexpressed EpCAMbr cells had slower growth while Kenpaullone inhibition of KLF4 transcription increased in vitro cell proliferation. Compared to non-NPC, NPC specimens had increased expression of EPCAM, of which tumours from advanced stage of NPC had higher expression. Together, our study provides evidence that EpCAM is a potentially important marker in NPC.
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Therapeutic resistance and cancer recurrence mechanisms: Unfolding the story of tumour coming back. J Biosci 2017; 41:497-506. [PMID: 27581940 DOI: 10.1007/s12038-016-9624-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cancer recurrence is believed to be one of the major reasons for the failure of cancer treatment strategies. This biological phenomenon could arise from the incomplete eradication of tumour cells after chemo- and radiotherapy. Recent developments in the design of models reflecting cancer recurrence and in vivo imaging techniques have led researchers to gain a deeper and more detailed insight into the mechanisms underlying tumour relapse. Here, we provide an overview of three important drivers of recurrence including cancer stem cells (CSCs), neosis, and phoenix rising. The survival of cancer stem cells is well recognized as one of the primary causes of therapeutic resistance in malignant cells. CSCs have a relatively latent metabolism and show resistance to therapeutic agents through a variety of routes. Neosis has proven to be as an important mechanism behind tumour self-proliferation after treatment which gives rise to the expansion of tumour cells in the injured site via production of Raju cells. Phoenix rising is a prorecurrence pathway through which apoptotic cancer cells send strong signals to the neighbouring diseased cells leading to their multiplication. The mechanisms involved in therapeutic resistance and tumour recurrence have not yet been fully understood and mostly remain unexplained. Without doubt, an improved understanding of the cellular machinery contributing to recurrence will pave the way for the development of novel, sophisticated and effective antitumour therapeutic strategies which can eradicate tumour without the threat of relapse.
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Xiao W, Gao Z, Duan Y, Yuan W, Ke Y. Notch signaling plays a crucial role in cancer stem-like cells maintaining stemness and mediating chemotaxis in renal cell carcinoma. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2017; 36:41. [PMID: 28279221 PMCID: PMC5345133 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-017-0507-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Background Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are correlated with the initiation, chemoresistance and relapse of tumors. Notch pathway has been reported to function in CSCs maintenance, but whether it is involved in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) CSCs maintaining stemness remain unclear. This study aims to explore the effect of Notch pathway on stemness of CSCs in RCC and the underlying mechanisms. Methods The CD133+/CD24+ cells were isolated from RCC ACHN and Caki-1 cell line using Magnetic-activated cell sorting and identified by Flow cytometry analysis. RT-PCR and immunoblot analyses were used for determining the stemness maker expression. The effect of Notch pathway on function of CSCs was assessed by self-renewal ability, chemosensitivity, invasive and migratory ability tumorigenicity in vivo using soft agar colony formation assay, sphere-forming assay, MTT assay, Transwell assay. Results Here, we found that the sorted CD133+/CD24+cells possessed elevated stemness maker CTR2, BCL-2, MDR1, OCT-4, KLF4, compared with parental cells, as well as enhanced self-renewal ability, stronger resistance to cisplatin and sorafenib, increased invasion and migration, and higher tumorigenesis in vivo, suggesting the CD133+/CD24+ cells have the stem-like characteristics of CSCs and thus identified as RCC CSCs. Then the enhanced notch1, notch2, Jagged1, Jagged2, DLL1 and DLL4 expression were detected in RCC CSCs and blockage of Notch1 or notch2 using pharmacological inhibitor MRK-003 or its endogenous inhibitor Numb resulted in loss of its stemness features: self-renewal, chemoresistance, invasive and migratory potential, and tumorigenesis in vivo. Moreover, it is confirmed that overexpression of notch1 up-regulated CXCR4 inRCC CSCs and augmented SDF-1-induced chemotaxis in RCC CSCs in vitro, which could be rescued when treatment of CXCR4 inhibitor, suggesting that notch signaling promotes the chemotaxis of RCC CSCs by SDF-1/CXCR4 axis. Conclusions Our results provide a new mechanism of RCC CSCs maintaining stemness via notch pathway as well as a potential therapeutic target in human RCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xiao
- Department of Urology, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, JiefangWest Road 61, Changsha, Hunan, China.
| | - Zhiyong Gao
- Department of Urology, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, JiefangWest Road 61, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yixing Duan
- Department of Urology, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, JiefangWest Road 61, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Wuxiong Yuan
- Department of Urology, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, JiefangWest Road 61, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yang Ke
- Department of Urology, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, JiefangWest Road 61, Changsha, Hunan, China
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Liu B, Sun T, Wu G, Shang-Guan H, Jiang ZJ, Zhang JR, Zheng YF. MiR-15a suppresses hepatocarcinoma cell migration and invasion by directly targeting cMyb. Am J Transl Res 2017; 9:520-532. [PMID: 28337280 PMCID: PMC5340687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to determine the function of miR-15a in HCC, and identify cMyb as a target of miR-15a. METHODS RNA expression was evaluated by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). The effects of miR-15a or cMyb on HCC cells were evaluated by transwell migration assay and western blot analysis. CMyb, the predicted target, has been frequently verified by luciferase assay. RESULTS MiR-15a was markedly downregulated in sphere culture HCC cells by qRT-PCR. CMyb was predicted to be a potential target of miR-15a using bioinformatics analysis. This prediction has been frequently verified by luciferase assay and western blot. A positive correlation between cMyb and the migration ability of HCC cells was demonstrated by transwell assays. MiR-15a mimic suppressed cMyb expression to weaken HCC cell migration ability. On the other hand, miR-15a inhibitor upregulated cMyb and induced HCC cell migration. CONCLUSION MiR-15a could suppress HCC progression through the repression of cMyb, making miR-15a a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Liu
- Oncology Center, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhou 510282, Guangdong, China
| | - Ting Sun
- Oncology Center, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhou 510282, Guangdong, China
| | - Gang Wu
- Oncology Center, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhou 510282, Guangdong, China
| | - Hui Shang-Guan
- Department of Oncology, Foshan Hospital, Southern Medical UniversityFoshan 528000, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhao-Jin Jiang
- Oncology Center, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhou 510282, Guangdong, China
| | - Ji-Ren Zhang
- Oncology Center, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhou 510282, Guangdong, China
| | - Yan-Fang Zheng
- Oncology Center, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhou 510282, Guangdong, China
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Functional significance of CD105-positive cells in papillary renal cell carcinoma. BMC Cancer 2017; 17:21. [PMID: 28056882 PMCID: PMC5217207 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-016-2985-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background CD105 was postulated as a renal cell carcinoma (RCC) stem cell marker, and CD133 as a putative RCC progenitor. Hypoxia, a natural microenvironment that prevails in tumors, was also incorporated into the study, especially in terms of the promotion of hypothetical stem-like cell properties. Methods Within this study, we verify the existence of CD105+ and CD133+ populations in selected papillary subtype RCC (pRCC) cell lines. Both populations were analyzed for correlation with stem-like cell properties, such as stemness gene expression, and sphere and colony formation. For the preliminary analysis, several RCC cell lines were chosen (786-O, SMKT-R2, Caki-2, 796-P, ACHN, RCC6) and the control was human kidney cancer stem cells (HKCSC) and renal cells of embryonic origin (ASE-5063). Four cell lines were chosen for further investigation: Caki-2 (one of the highest numbers of CD105+ cells; primary origin), ACHN (a low number of CD105+ cells; metastatic origin), HKCSC (putative positive control), and ASE-5063 (additional control). Results In 769-P and RCC6, we could not detect a CD105+ population. Hypoxia variously affects pRCC cell growth, and mainly diminishes the stem-like properties of cells. Furthermore, we could not observe the correlation of CD105 and/or CD133 expression with the enhancement of stem-like properties. Conclusions Based on this analysis, CD105/CD133 cannot be validated as cancer stem cell markers of pRCC cell lines.
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Brodaczewska KK, Szczylik C, Fiedorowicz M, Porta C, Czarnecka AM. Choosing the right cell line for renal cell cancer research. Mol Cancer 2016; 15:83. [PMID: 27993170 PMCID: PMC5168717 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-016-0565-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell lines are still a tool of choice for many fields of biomedical research, including oncology. Although cancer is a very complex disease, many discoveries have been made using monocultures of established cell lines. Therefore, the proper use of in vitro models is crucial to enhance our understanding of cancer. Therapeutics against renal cell cancer (RCC) are also screened with the use of cell lines. Multiple RCC in vitro cultures are available, allowing in vivo heterogeneity in the laboratory, but at the same time, these can be a source of errors. In this review, we tried to sum up the data on the RCC cell lines used currently. An increasing amount of data on RCC shed new light on the molecular background of the disease; however, it revealed how much still needs to be done. As new types of RCC are being distinguished, novel cell lines and the re-exploration of old ones seems to be indispensable to create effective in vitro tools for drug screening and more.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaudia K Brodaczewska
- Department of Oncology with Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Military Institute of Medicine, Szaserow 128, 04-141, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Cezary Szczylik
- Department of Oncology with Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Military Institute of Medicine, Szaserow 128, 04-141, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Michal Fiedorowicz
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Science Medical Research Centre, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Camillo Porta
- Department of Medical Oncology, IRCCS San Matteo University Hospital Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Anna M Czarnecka
- Department of Oncology with Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Military Institute of Medicine, Szaserow 128, 04-141, Warsaw, Poland.
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Khan MI, Czarnecka AM, Lewicki S, Helbrecht I, Brodaczewska K, Koch I, Zdanowski R, Król M, Szczylik C. Comparative Gene Expression Profiling of Primary and Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma Stem Cell-Like Cancer Cells. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0165718. [PMID: 27812180 PMCID: PMC5094751 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0165718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Recent advancement in cancer research has shown that tumors are highly heterogeneous, and multiple phenotypically different cell populations are found in a single tumor. Cancer development and tumor growth are driven by specific types of cells—stem cell-like cancer cells (SCLCCs)—which are also responsible for metastatic spread and drug resistance. This research was designed to verify the presence of SCLCCs in renal cell cancer cell lines. Subsequently, we aimed to characterize phenotype and cell biology of CD105+ cells, defined previously as renal cell carcinoma tumor-initiating cells. The main goal of the project was to describe the gene-expression profile of stem cell-like cancer cells of primary tumor and metastatic origin. Materials and Methods Real-time PCR analysis of stemness genes (Oct-4, Nanog and Ncam) and soft agar colony formation assay were conducted to check the stemness properties of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) cell lines. FACS analysis of CD105+ and CD133+ cells was performed on RCC cells. Isolated CD105+ cells were verified for expression of mesenchymal markers—CD24, CD146, CD90, CD73, CD44, CD11b, CD19, CD34, CD45, HLA-DR and alkaline phosphatase. Hanging drop assay was used to investigate CD105+ cell-cell cohesion. Analysis of free-floating 3D spheres formed by isolated CD105+ was verified, as spheres have been hypothesized to contain undifferentiated multipotent progenitor cells. Finally, CD105+ cells were sorted from primary (Caki-2) and metastatic (ACHN) renal cell cancer cell lines. Gene-expression profiling of sorted CD105+ cells was performed with Agilent’s human GE 4x44K v2 microarrays. Differentially expressed genes were further categorized into canonical pathways. Network analysis and downstream analysis were performed with Ingenuity Pathway Analysis. Results Metastatic RCC cell lines (ACHN and Caki-1) demonstrated higher colony-forming ability in comparison to primary RCC cell lines. Metastatic RCC cell lines harbor numerous CD105+ cell subpopulations and have higher expression of stemness genes (Oct-4 and Nanog). CD105+ cells adopt 3D grape-like floating structures under handing drop conditions. Sorted CD105+ cells are positive for human mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) markers CD90, CD73, CD44, CD146, and alkaline phosphatase activity, but not for CD24 and hematopoietic lineage markers CD34, CD11b, CD19, CD45, and HLA-DR. 1411 genes are commonly differentially expressed in CD105+ cells (both from primary [Caki-2] and metastatic RCC [ACHN] cells) in comparison to a healthy kidney epithelial cell line (ASE-5063). TGF-β, Wnt/β-catenine, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), Rap1 signaling, PI3K-Akt signaling, and Hippo signaling pathway are deregulated in CD105+ cells. TGFB1, ERBB2, and TNF are the most significant transcriptional regulators activated in these cells. Conclusions All together, RCC-CD105+ cells present stemlike properties. These stem cell-like cancer cells may represent a novel target for therapy. A unique gene-expression profile of CD105+ cells could be used as initial data for subsequent functional studies and drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed I. Khan
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Oncology, Military Institute of Medicine, Warsaw, Poland
- * E-mail: (MIK); (AMC)
| | - Anna M. Czarnecka
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Oncology, Military Institute of Medicine, Warsaw, Poland
- * E-mail: (MIK); (AMC)
| | - Sławomir Lewicki
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Igor Helbrecht
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Oncology, Military Institute of Medicine, Warsaw, Poland
- Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, Warsaw University, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Klaudia Brodaczewska
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Oncology, Military Institute of Medicine, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Irena Koch
- Department of Pathomorphology, Institute of Mother and Child, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Robert Zdanowski
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Magdalena Król
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences—WULS, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Cezary Szczylik
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Oncology, Military Institute of Medicine, Warsaw, Poland
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Shanmugasundaram K, Block K. Renal Carcinogenesis, Tumor Heterogeneity, and Reactive Oxygen Species: Tactics Evolved. Antioxid Redox Signal 2016; 25:685-701. [PMID: 27287984 PMCID: PMC5069729 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2015.6569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Revised: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE The number of kidney cancers is growing 3-5% each year due to unknown etiologies. Intra- and inter-tumor mediators increase oxidative stress and drive tumor heterogeneity. Recent Advances: Technology advancement in state-of-the-art instrumentation and methodologies allows researchers to detect and characterize global landscaping modifications in genes, proteins, and pathophysiology patterns at the single-cell level. CRITICAL ISSUES We postulate that the sources of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and their activation within subcellular compartments will change over a timeline of tumor evolvement and contribute to tumor heterogeneity. Therefore, the complexity of intracellular changes within a tumor and ROS-induced tumor heterogeneity coupled to the advancement of detecting these events globally are limited at the level of data collection, organization, and interpretation using software algorithms and bioinformatics. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Integrative and collaborative research, combining the power of numbers with careful experimental design, protocol development, and data interpretation, will translate cancer biology and therapeutics to a heightened level or leave the abundant raw data as stagnant and underutilized. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 25, 685-701.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karen Block
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas
- South Texas Veterans Health Care System, Audie L. Murphy Memorial Hospital Division, San Antonio, Texas
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45
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Sung KS, Shim JK, Lee JH, Kim SH, Park S, Roh TH, Moon JH, Kim EH, Kim SH, Lee SJ, Huh YM, Kang SG, Chang JH. Success of tumorsphere isolation from WHO grade IV gliomas does not correlate with the weight of fresh tumor specimens: an immunohistochemical characterization of tumorsphere differentiation. Cancer Cell Int 2016; 16:75. [PMID: 27708549 PMCID: PMC5037893 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-016-0350-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A trend of stage-by-stage increase in tumorsphere (TS) formation from glioma samples has been reported. Despite this trend, not all surgical specimens give rise to TSs, even World Health Organization (WHO) grade IV gliomas. Furthermore, it has been reported that differences in overall survival of primary glioblastoma patients depends on the propensity of their tumors to form TSs. However, the weights of fresh specimens vary from one surgical isolate to the next. METHODS Accordingly, we evaluated the relationship between the weights of surgical specimens in WHO grade IV gliomas with the capacity to isolate TSs. Thirty-five fresh WHO grade IV glioma specimens were separated into two groups, based on whether they were positive or negative for TS isolation, and the relationship between TS isolation and weight of surgical specimens was assessed. RESULTS We observed no significant difference in the weights of surgical samples in the two groups, and found that the optimal weight of specimens for TSs isolation was 500 mg. CONCLUSION Thus, contrary to our expectations, the ability to isolate TSs from WHO grade IV glioma specimens was not related to the weight of fresh specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung Su Sung
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Tumor Center, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 120-752 Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Kyoung Shim
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Tumor Center, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 120-752 Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Hyun Lee
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Tumor Center, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 120-752 Republic of Korea
| | - Se Hoon Kim
- Department of Pathology, Brain Tumor Center, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 120-752 Republic of Korea
| | - Sohee Park
- Department of Biostatistics, Graduate School of Public Health, Yonsei University, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 120-752 Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Hoon Roh
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Tumor Center, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 120-752 Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Hyung Moon
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Tumor Center, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 120-752 Republic of Korea
| | - Eui-Hyun Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Tumor Center, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 120-752 Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Ho Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Tumor Center, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 120-752 Republic of Korea
| | - Su Jae Lee
- Department of Life Science, Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, 133-791 Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Min Huh
- Department of Radiology, Brain Tumor Center, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 120-752 Republic of Korea
| | - Seok-Gu Kang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Tumor Center, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 120-752 Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Hee Chang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Tumor Center, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 120-752 Republic of Korea
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Barbieri F, Bajetto A, Thellung S, Würth R, Florio T. Drug design strategies focusing on the CXCR4/CXCR7/CXCL12 pathway in leukemia and lymphoma. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2016; 11:1093-1109. [DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2016.1233176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Wnt Signaling in Renal Cell Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2016; 8:cancers8060057. [PMID: 27322325 PMCID: PMC4931622 DOI: 10.3390/cancers8060057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 06/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) accounts for 90% of all kidney cancers. Due to poor diagnosis, high resistance to the systemic therapies and the fact that most RCC cases occur sporadically, current research switched its focus on studying the molecular mechanisms underlying RCC. The aim is the discovery of new effective and less toxic anti-cancer drugs and novel diagnostic markers. Besides the PI3K/Akt/mTOR, HGF/Met and VHL/hypoxia cellular signaling pathways, the involvement of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway in RCC is commonly studied. Wnt signaling and its targeted genes are known to actively participate in different biological processes during embryonic development and renal cancer. Recently, studies have shown that targeting this pathway by alternating/inhibiting its intracellular signal transduction can reduce cancer cells viability and inhibit their growth. The targets and drugs identified show promising potential to serve as novel RCC therapeutics and prognostic markers. This review aims to summarize the current status quo regarding recent research on RCC focusing on the involvement of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway and how its understanding could facilitate the identification of potential therapeutic targets, new drugs and diagnostic biomarkers.
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Zhou D, Kannappan V, Chen X, Li J, Leng X, Zhang J, Xuan S. RBP2 induces stem-like cancer cells by promoting EMT and is a prognostic marker for renal cell carcinoma. Exp Mol Med 2016; 48:e238. [PMID: 27282106 PMCID: PMC4929691 DOI: 10.1038/emm.2016.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Revised: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC), one of the most common kidney cancers, has a poor prognosis. Epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a hallmark of carcinoma invasion and metastasis. Several studies have examined the molecular regulation of EMT, but the relationship between histone demethylases and EMT is little understood. In this study, we investigated the role of retinoblastoma-binding protein-2 (RBP2), a histone demethylase that is highly expressed in RCC and is positively correlated with poor RCC prognosis in the regulation of EMT. We found that ectopic overexpression of RBP2 can induce cancer stem cell-like (CSC) phenotypes through EMT in RCC cells by converting them to a more mesenchymal phenotype. This results in increased resistance to apoptosis, which leads to enhanced tumor growth in xenograft models. Together, our data show that RBP2 is an epigenetic regulator that has an important role in the initiation of CSC phenotypes through EMT, leading to tumor progression. RBP2 is also a novel biomolecule for RCC diagnosis, and prognosis and may be a therapeutic target.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Biomarkers, Tumor/analysis
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Carcinogenesis/metabolism
- Carcinogenesis/pathology
- Carcinoma, Renal Cell/diagnosis
- Carcinoma, Renal Cell/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Renal Cell/pathology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition
- Follow-Up Studies
- Humans
- Kidney/metabolism
- Kidney/pathology
- Kidney Neoplasms/diagnosis
- Kidney Neoplasms/metabolism
- Kidney Neoplasms/pathology
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Nude
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/metabolism
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/pathology
- Prognosis
- Retinol-Binding Proteins, Cellular/analysis
- Retinol-Binding Proteins, Cellular/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Dahai Zhou
- College of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- Department of Urology, 401 Hospital of PLA, Qingdao, China
| | - Vinodh Kannappan
- Research Institute in Healthcare Science, Faculty of Science & Engineering, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, UK
| | | | - Jingqin Li
- Department of Urology, 401 Hospital of PLA, Qingdao, China
| | - Xuefeng Leng
- Department of Urology, 401 Hospital of PLA, Qingdao, China
| | - Jinping Zhang
- Department of Urology, 401 Hospital of PLA, Qingdao, China
| | - Shiying Xuan
- College of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, China
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Khan MI, Dębski KJ, Dabrowski M, Czarnecka AM, Szczylik C. Gene set enrichment analysis and ingenuity pathway analysis of metastatic clear cell renal cell carcinoma cell line. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2016; 311:F424-36. [PMID: 27279483 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00138.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, genome-wide RNA expression analysis has become a routine tool that offers a great opportunity to study and understand the key role of genes that contribute to carcinogenesis. Various microarray platforms and statistical approaches can be used to identify genes that might serve as prognostic biomarkers and be developed as antitumor therapies in the future. Metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) is a serious, life-threatening disease, and there are few treatment options for patients. In this study, we performed one-color microarray gene expression (4×44K) analysis of the mRCC cell line Caki-1 and the healthy kidney cell line ASE-5063. A total of 1,921 genes were differentially expressed in the Caki-1 cell line (1,023 upregulated and 898 downregulated). Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) and Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) approaches were used to analyze the differential-expression data. The objective of this research was to identify complex biological changes that occur during metastatic development using Caki-1 as a model mRCC cell line. Our data suggest that there are multiple deregulated pathways associated with metastatic clear cell renal cell carcinoma (mccRCC), including integrin-linked kinase (ILK) signaling, leukocyte extravasation signaling, IGF-I signaling, CXCR4 signaling, and phosphoinositol 3-kinase/AKT/mammalian target of rapamycin signaling. The IPA upstream analysis predicted top transcriptional regulators that are either activated or inhibited, such as estrogen receptors, TP53, KDM5B, SPDEF, and CDKN1A. The GSEA approach was used to further confirm enriched pathway data following IPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed I Khan
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Oncology, Military Institute of Medicine, Warsaw, Poland; and
| | - Konrad J Dębski
- Bioinformatics Laboratory, Center of Neurobiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology PAS, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Michał Dabrowski
- Bioinformatics Laboratory, Center of Neurobiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology PAS, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna M Czarnecka
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Oncology, Military Institute of Medicine, Warsaw, Poland; and
| | - Cezary Szczylik
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Oncology, Military Institute of Medicine, Warsaw, Poland; and
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Renal Cancer Stem Cells: Characterization and Targeted Therapies. Stem Cells Int 2016; 2016:8342625. [PMID: 27293448 PMCID: PMC4884584 DOI: 10.1155/2016/8342625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 04/24/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is a major neoplasm with high incidence in western countries. Tumors are heterogeneous and are composed of differentiated cancer cells, stromal cells, and cancer stem cells (CSCs). CSCs possess two main properties: self-renewal and proliferation. Additionally, they can generate new tumors once transplanted into immunodeficient mice. Several approaches have been described to identify them, through the expression of cell markers, functional assays, or a combination of both. As CSCs are involved in the resistance mechanisms to radio- and chemotherapies, several new strategies have been proposed to directly target CSCs in RCC. One approach drives CSCs to differentiate into cancer cells sensitive to conventional treatments, while the other proposes to eradicate them selectively. A series of innovative therapies aiming at eliminating CSCs have been designed to treat other types of cancer and have not been experimented with on RCC yet, but they reveal themselves to be promising. In conclusion, CSCs are an important player in carcinogenesis and represent a valid target for therapy in RCC patients.
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