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Köse SK, Karahilal B, Engin B, Aydoğdu G, Yağar S, Orhan K. Relationships between Interleukin 18 -607 C/A and -137 G/C, Osteopontin -9250 C/T Genetic Polymorphisms and Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome in Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2024; 60:724. [PMID: 38792907 PMCID: PMC11123018 DOI: 10.3390/medicina60050724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) is one of the most significant complications after on-pump heart surgery procedures. High cytokine levels have been shown after open-heart surgeries and a genetic predisposition seems to be an important underlying modulatory characteristic for SIRS. To investigate the association between interleukin 18 -607 C/A, interleukin 18 -137 G/C and osteopontin 9250 C/T genetic polymorphisms and SIRS in on-pump CABG patients. Materials and Methods: Two hundred consecutive elective on-pump CABG patients were recruited prospectively to the study. Genomic DNA was extracted from whole blood and genotyping was determined by sequence specific PCR or PCR-RFLP methods for related polymorphisms. Results: SIRS incidence was 60.2%, 38.1%, 18.9% on postoperative day 1, 2 and 3, respectively, in the whole study population. The SIRS rate on the second postoperative day was 13% and 43.4%, respectively, in osteopontin 9250 C/T T allele non-carriers and carriers (p = 0.004). WBC (White Blood Cell) counts were higher on day 2 and 3 in osteopontin 9250 C/T T allele carriers compared to non-carriers (day 2; 12.7 ± 4 vs. 10.5 ± 2.4 (p = 0.015), day 3; 11.8 ± 4 vs. 9.1 ± 4.7 (p = 0.035)). The average ICU stay was 3.1 ± 7.4, 1.28 ± 0.97 for IL 18-137 G/C C allele carriers and non-carriers, respectively (p = 0.003), and in the IL 18-137 G/C C allele carriers, SIRS developed in 42.2% by the second postoperative day whereas the rate was 57.8% in non-carriers (p = 0.025). Conclusions: The current research revealed a possible link between osteopontin 9250 C/T and IL18-137 G/C genetic polymorphism and SIRS and morbidity in on-pump CABG patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serdal Kenan Köse
- Department of Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara University, 06620 Ankara, Turkey;
| | - Bensu Karahilal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Gazi University Faculty of Pharmacy, 06330 Ankara, Turkey; (B.K.); (B.E.)
| | - Başak Engin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Gazi University Faculty of Pharmacy, 06330 Ankara, Turkey; (B.K.); (B.E.)
| | - Gülçin Aydoğdu
- Department of Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine, Hitit University, 19030 Çorum, Turkey;
| | - Seyhan Yağar
- Department of Anesthesiology, Ankara City Hospital, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Kaan Orhan
- Department of Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Ankara University, 06620 Ankara, Turkey;
- Department of Dental and Maxillofacial Radiodiagnostics, Medical University of Lublin, 20-059 Lublin, Poland
- Medical Design Application and Research Center (MEDITAM), Ankara University, 06620 Ankara, Turkey
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2
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Liu F, Cheng X, Zhao C, Zhang X, Liu C, Zhong S, Liu Z, Lin X, Qiu W, Zhang X. Single-Cell Mapping of Brain Myeloid Cell Subsets Reveals Key Transcriptomic Changes Favoring Neuroplasticity after Ischemic Stroke. Neurosci Bull 2024; 40:65-78. [PMID: 37755676 PMCID: PMC10774469 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-023-01109-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Interactions between brain-resident and peripheral infiltrated immune cells are thought to contribute to neuroplasticity after cerebral ischemia. However, conventional bulk sequencing makes it challenging to depict this complex immune network. Using single-cell RNA sequencing, we mapped compositional and transcriptional features of peri-infarct immune cells. Microglia were the predominant cell type in the peri-infarct region, displaying a more diverse activation pattern than the typical pro- and anti-inflammatory state, with axon tract-associated microglia (ATMs) being associated with neuronal regeneration. Trajectory inference suggested that infiltrated monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) exhibited a gradual fate trajectory transition to activated MDMs. Inter-cellular crosstalk between MDMs and microglia orchestrated anti-inflammatory and repair-promoting microglia phenotypes and promoted post-stroke neurogenesis, with SOX2 and related Akt/CREB signaling as the underlying mechanisms. This description of the brain's immune landscape and its relationship with neurogenesis provides new insight into promoting neural repair by regulating neuroinflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangxi Liu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, China
| | - Xi Cheng
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Chuansheng Zhao
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, China
- Stroke Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, China
| | - Xiaoqian Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, China
| | - Chang Liu
- Stroke Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, China
| | - Shanshan Zhong
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, China
| | - Zhouyang Liu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, China
| | - Xinyu Lin
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, China
| | - Wei Qiu
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, China.
| | - Xiuchun Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, China.
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3
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Alves L, Machado V, Botelho J, Mendes JJ, Cabral JMS, da Silva CL, Carvalho MS. Enhanced Proliferative and Osteogenic Potential of Periodontal Ligament Stromal Cells. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11051352. [PMID: 37239023 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11051352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell-based therapies using periodontal ligament stromal cells (PDLSC) for periodontal regeneration may represent an alternative source for mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) to MSC derived from bone marrow (MSC(M)) and adipose tissue (MSC(AT)). We aimed to characterize the osteogenic/periodontal potential of PDLSC in comparison to MSC(M) and MSC(AT). PDLSC were obtained from surgically extracted healthy human third molars, while MSC(M) and MSC(AT) were obtained from a previously established cell bank. Flow cytometry, immunocytochemistry, and cell proliferation analyses provided cellular characteristics from each group. Cells from the three groups presented MSC-like morphology, MSC-related marker expression, and multilineage differentiation capacity (adipogenic, chondrogenic, and osteogenic). In this study, PDLSC expressed osteopontin, osteocalcin, and asporin, while MSC(M) and MSC(AT) did not. Of note, only PDLSC expressed CD146, a marker previously applied to identify PDLSC, and presented higher proliferative potential compared to MSC(M) and MSC(AT). Upon osteogenic induction, PDLSC exhibited higher calcium content and enhanced upregulation of osteogenic/periodontal genes compared to MSC(M) and MSC(AT), such as Runx2, Col1A1 and CEMP-1. However, the alkaline phosphatase activity of PDLSC did not increase. Our findings suggest that PDLSC might be a promising cell source for periodontal regeneration, presenting enhanced proliferative and osteogenic potential compared to MSC(M) and MSC(AT).
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Alves
- Department of Bioengineering and iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB-Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Vanessa Machado
- Clinical Research Unit, Egas Moniz Center for Interdisciplinary Research, Egas Moniz School of Health and Science, 2829-511 Almada, Portugal
- Evidence-Based Hub, Egas Moniz Center for Interdisciplinary Research, Egas Moniz School of Health and Science, 2829-511 Almada, Portugal
| | - João Botelho
- Clinical Research Unit, Egas Moniz Center for Interdisciplinary Research, Egas Moniz School of Health and Science, 2829-511 Almada, Portugal
- Evidence-Based Hub, Egas Moniz Center for Interdisciplinary Research, Egas Moniz School of Health and Science, 2829-511 Almada, Portugal
| | - José João Mendes
- Clinical Research Unit, Egas Moniz Center for Interdisciplinary Research, Egas Moniz School of Health and Science, 2829-511 Almada, Portugal
- Evidence-Based Hub, Egas Moniz Center for Interdisciplinary Research, Egas Moniz School of Health and Science, 2829-511 Almada, Portugal
| | - Joaquim M S Cabral
- Department of Bioengineering and iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB-Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Cláudia L da Silva
- Department of Bioengineering and iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB-Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Marta S Carvalho
- Department of Bioengineering and iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB-Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
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Raikwar SP, Thangavel R, Ahmed ME, Selvakumar GP, Kempuraj D, Wu K, Khan O, Bazley K, Bussinger B, Kukulka K, Zaheer S, Iyer SS, Govindarajan R, Burton C, James D, Zaheer A. Real-Time Noninvasive Bioluminescence, Ultrasound and Photoacoustic Imaging in NFκB-RE-Luc Transgenic Mice Reveal Glia Maturation Factor-Mediated Immediate and Sustained Spatio-Temporal Activation of NFκB Signaling Post-Traumatic Brain Injury in a Gender-Specific Manner. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2021; 41:1687-1706. [PMID: 32785863 PMCID: PMC8188847 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-020-00937-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Neurotrauma especially traumatic brain injury (TBI) is the leading cause of death and disability worldwide. To improve upon the early diagnosis and develop precision-targeted therapies for TBI, it is critical to understand the underlying molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways. The transcription factor, nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB), which is ubiquitously expressed, plays a crucial role in the normal cell survival, proliferation, differentiation, function, as well as in disease states like neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. Here, we hypothesized that real-time noninvasive bioluminescence molecular imaging allows rapid and precise monitoring of TBI-induced immediate and rapid spatio-temporal activation of NFκB signaling pathway in response to Glia maturation factor (GMF) upregulation which in turn leads to neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration post-TBI. To test and validate our hypothesis and to gain novel mechanistic insights, we subjected NFκB-RE-Luc transgenic male and female mice to TBI and performed real-time noninvasive bioluminescence imaging (BLI) as well as photoacoustic and ultrasound imaging (PAI). Our BLI data revealed that TBI leads to an immediate and sustained activation of NFκB signaling. Further, our BLI data suggest that especially in male NFκB-RE-Luc transgenic mice subjected to TBI, in addition to brain, there is widespread activation of NFκB signaling in multiple organs. However, in the case of the female NFκB-RE-Luc transgenic mice, TBI induces a very specific and localized activation of NFκB signaling in the brain. Further, our microRNA data suggest that TBI induces significant upregulation of mir-9-5p, mir-21a-5p, mir-34a-5p, mir-16-3p, as well as mir-155-5p within 24 h and these microRNAs can be successfully used as TBI-specific biomarkers. To the best of our knowledge, this is one of the first and unique study of its kind to report immediate and sustained activation of NFκB signaling post-TBI in a gender-specific manner by utilizing real-time non-invasive BLI and PAI in NFκB-RE-Luc transgenic mice. Our study will prove immensely beneficial to gain novel mechanistic insights underlying TBI, unravel novel therapeutic targets, as well as enable us to monitor in real-time the response to innovative TBI-specific precision-targeted gene and stem cell-based precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudhanshu P Raikwar
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
- Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA.
| | - Ramasamy Thangavel
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Mohammad Ejaz Ahmed
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Govindhasamy Pushpavathi Selvakumar
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Duraisamy Kempuraj
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Kristopher Wu
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Osaid Khan
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Kieran Bazley
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Bret Bussinger
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Klaudia Kukulka
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Smita Zaheer
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Shankar S Iyer
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Raghav Govindarajan
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | | | | | - Asgar Zaheer
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
- Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA.
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5
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Vay SU, Olschewski DN, Petereit H, Lange F, Nazarzadeh N, Gross E, Rabenstein M, Blaschke SJ, Fink GR, Schroeter M, Rueger MA. Osteopontin regulates proliferation, migration, and survival of astrocytes depending on their activation phenotype. J Neurosci Res 2021; 99:2822-2843. [PMID: 34510519 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The glycoprotein osteopontin is highly upregulated in central nervous system (CNS) disorders such as ischemic stroke. Osteopontin regulates cell growth, cell adhesion, homeostasis, migration, and survival of various cell types. Accordingly, osteopontin is considered an essential regulator of regeneration and repair in the ischemic milieu. Astrocytes are the most abundant cells in the CNS and play significant roles in health and disease. Astrocytes are involved in homeostasis, promote neuroprotection, and regulate synaptic plasticity. Upon activation, astrocytes may adopt different phenotypes, termed A1 and A2. The direct effects of osteopontin on astrocytes, especially in distinct activation states, are yet unknown. The current study aimed to elucidate the impact of osteopontin on resting and active astrocytes. We established an inflammatory in vitro model of activated (A1) primary astrocytes derived from neonatal wistar rats by exposure to a distinct combination of proinflammatory cytokines. To model ischemic stroke in vitro, astrocytes were subjected to oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD) in the presence or absence of osteopontin. Osteopontin modulated the activation phenotype by attenuating A1- and restoring A2-marker expression without compromising the active astrocytes' immunocompetence. Osteopontin promoted the proliferation of active and the migration of resting astrocytes. Following transient OGD, osteopontin mitigated the delayed ongoing death of primary astrocytes, promoting their survival. Data suggest that osteopontin differentially regulates essential functions of resting and active astrocytes and confirm a significant regulatory role of osteopontin in an in vitro ischemia model. Furthermore, the data suggest that osteopontin constitutes a promising target for experimental therapies modulating neuroregeneration and repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Ulrike Vay
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Daniel Navin Olschewski
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Helena Petereit
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Felix Lange
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Nilufar Nazarzadeh
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Elena Gross
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Monika Rabenstein
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Stefan Johannes Blaschke
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-3), Research Centre Juelich, Juelich, Germany
| | - Gereon Rudolf Fink
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-3), Research Centre Juelich, Juelich, Germany
| | - Michael Schroeter
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-3), Research Centre Juelich, Juelich, Germany
| | - Maria Adele Rueger
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-3), Research Centre Juelich, Juelich, Germany
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6
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Okada T, Suzuki H. The Role of Tenascin-C in Tissue Injury and Repair After Stroke. Front Immunol 2021; 11:607587. [PMID: 33552066 PMCID: PMC7859104 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.607587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke is still one of the most common causes for mortality and morbidity worldwide. Following acute stroke onset, biochemical and cellular changes induce further brain injury such as neuroinflammation, cell death, and blood-brain barrier disruption. Matricellular proteins are non-structural proteins induced by many stimuli and tissue damage including stroke induction, while its levels are generally low in a normal physiological condition in adult tissues. Currently, a matricellular protein tenascin-C (TNC) is considered to be an important inducer to promote neuroinflammatory cascades and the resultant pathology in stroke. TNC is upregulated in cerebral arteries and brain tissues including astrocytes, neurons, and brain capillary endothelial cells following subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). TNC may be involved in blood-brain barrier disruption, neuronal apoptosis, and cerebral vasospasm via the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases and nuclear factor-kappa B following SAH. In addition, post-SAH TNC levels in cerebrospinal fluid predicted the development of delayed cerebral ischemia and angiographic vasospasm in clinical settings. On the other hand, TNC is reported to promote fibrosis and exert repair effects for an experimental aneurysm via macrophages-induced migration and proliferation of smooth muscle cells. The authors review TNC-induced inflammatory signal cascades and the relationships with other matricellular proteins in stroke-related pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Okada
- Department of Neurosurgery, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan.,Department of Neurosurgery, Kuwana City Medical Center, Kuwana, Japan
| | - Hidenori Suzuki
- Department of Neurosurgery, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan
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7
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Cappellano G, Vecchio D, Magistrelli L, Clemente N, Raineri D, Barbero Mazzucca C, Virgilio E, Dianzani U, Chiocchetti A, Comi C. The Yin-Yang of osteopontin in nervous system diseases: damage versus repair. Neural Regen Res 2021; 16:1131-1137. [PMID: 33269761 PMCID: PMC8224140 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.300328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteopontin is a broadly expressed pleiotropic protein, and is attracting increased attention because of its role in the pathophysiology of several inflammatory, degenerative, autoimmune, and oncologic diseases. In fact, in the last decade, several studies have shown that osteopontin contributes to tissue damage not only by recruiting harmful inflammatory cells to the site of lesion, but also increasing their survival. The detrimental role of osteopontin has been indeed well documented in the context of different neurological conditions (i.e., multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's, and Alzheimer's diseases). Intriguingly, recent findings show that osteopontin is involved not only in promoting tissue damage (the Yin), but also in repair/regenerative mechanisms (the Yang), mostly triggered by the inflammatory response. These two apparently discordant roles are partly related to the presence of different functional domains in the osteopontin molecule, which are exposed after thrombin or metalloproteases cleavages. Such functional domains may in turn activate intracellular signaling pathways and mediate cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions. This review describes the current knowledge on the Yin and Yang features of osteopontin in nervous system diseases. Understanding the mechanisms behind the Yin/Yang would be relevant to develop highly specific tools targeting this multifunctional protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Cappellano
- Department of Health Sciences, Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases (IRCAD); Center for Translational Research on Autoimmune and Allergic Disease-CAAD, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Domizia Vecchio
- Department of Translational Medicine, Neurology Unit, Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases (IRCAD), University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Luca Magistrelli
- Department of Translational Medicine, Neurology Unit, Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases (IRCAD), University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara; PhD Program in Clinical and Experimental Medicine and Medical Humanities, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Nausicaa Clemente
- Department of Health Sciences, Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases (IRCAD), University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Davide Raineri
- Department of Health Sciences, Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases (IRCAD); Center for Translational Research on Autoimmune and Allergic Disease-CAAD, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Camilla Barbero Mazzucca
- Department of Health Sciences, Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases (IRCAD); Center for Translational Research on Autoimmune and Allergic Disease-CAAD, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Eleonora Virgilio
- Department of Translational Medicine, Neurology Unit, Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases (IRCAD), University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Umberto Dianzani
- Department of Health Sciences, Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases (IRCAD); Center for Translational Research on Autoimmune and Allergic Disease-CAAD, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Annalisa Chiocchetti
- Department of Health Sciences, Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases (IRCAD); Center for Translational Research on Autoimmune and Allergic Disease-CAAD, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Cristoforo Comi
- Department of Translational Medicine, Neurology Unit, Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases (IRCAD), University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
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8
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Madsen SD, Giler MK, Bunnell BA, O'Connor KC. Illuminating the Regenerative Properties of Stem Cells In Vivo with Bioluminescence Imaging. Biotechnol J 2020; 16:e2000248. [PMID: 33089922 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202000248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Preclinical animal studies are essential to the development of safe and effective stem cell therapies. Bioluminescence imaging (BLI) is a powerful tool in animal studies that enables the real-time longitudinal monitoring of stem cells in vivo to elucidate their regenerative properties. This review describes the application of BLI in preclinical stem cell research to address critical challenges in producing successful stem cell therapeutics. These challenges include stem cell survival, proliferation, homing, stress response, and differentiation. The applications presented here utilize bioluminescence to investigate a variety of stem and progenitor cells in several different in vivo models of disease and implantation. An overview of luciferase reporters is provided, along with the advantages and disadvantages of BLI. Additionally, BLI is compared to other preclinical imaging modalities and potential future applications of this technology are discussed in emerging areas of stem cell research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean D Madsen
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, School of Science and Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, 70118, USA.,Center for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Margaret K Giler
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, School of Science and Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, 70118, USA.,Center for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Bruce A Bunnell
- Center for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Kim C O'Connor
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, School of Science and Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, 70118, USA.,Center for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
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9
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Electric Field Application In Vivo Regulates Neural Precursor Cell Behavior in the Adult Mammalian Forebrain. eNeuro 2020; 7:ENEURO.0273-20.2020. [PMID: 32719101 PMCID: PMC7452733 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0273-20.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Deep brain stimulation (DBS), which uses electrical stimulation, is a well-established neurosurgical technique used to treat neurologic disorders. Despite its broad therapeutic use, the effects of electrical stimulation on brain cells is not fully understood. Here, we examine the effects of electrical stimulation on neural stem and progenitor cells (collectively neural precursor cells; NPCs) from the subventricular zone in the adult forebrain of C57BL/6J mice. Previous work has demonstrated that adult-derived NPCs are electro sensitive and undergo rapid and directed migration in response to application of clinically relevant electric fields (EFs). We examine NPC proliferation kinetics and their differentiation profile following EF application using in vitro and in vivo assays. In vitro direct current electrical stimulation of 250 mV/mm is sufficient to elicit a 2-fold increase in the neural stem cell pool and increases neurogenesis and oligogenesis. In vivo, asymmetric biphasic electrical stimulation similarly increases the size of the NPC pool and alters neurogenesis. These findings provide insight into the effects of electrical stimulation on NPCs and suggest its potential use as a regenerative approach to neural repair.
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10
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Protective Mechanism and Treatment of Neurogenesis in Cerebral Ischemia. Neurochem Res 2020; 45:2258-2277. [PMID: 32794152 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-020-03092-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Stroke is the fifth leading cause of death worldwide and is a main cause of disability in adults. Neither currently marketed drugs nor commonly used treatments can promote nerve repair and neurogenesis after stroke, and the repair of neurons damaged by ischemia has become a research focus. This article reviews several possible mechanisms of stroke and neurogenesis and introduces novel neurogenic agents (fibroblast growth factors, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, purine nucleosides, resveratrol, S-nitrosoglutathione, osteopontin, etc.) as well as other treatments that have shown neuroprotective or neurogenesis-promoting effects.
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11
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Okada T, Suzuki H. Mechanisms of neuroinflammation and inflammatory mediators involved in brain injury following subarachnoid hemorrhage. Histol Histopathol 2020; 35:623-636. [PMID: 32026458 DOI: 10.14670/hh-18-208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is a devastating cerebrovascular disorder. Neuroinflammation is a critical cause of brain injury following SAH in both acute and chronic phases. While accumulating evidence has shown that therapies targeting neuroinflammation exerted beneficial effects in experimental SAH, there is little clinical evidence. One of the factors making neuroinflammation complicated is that inflammatory signaling pathways and mediators act as protective or detrimental responses at different phases. In addition, biomarkers to detect neuroinflammation are little known in clinical settings. In this review, first, we discuss how the inflammatory signaling pathways contribute to brain injury and other secondary pathophysiological changes in SAH. Damage-associated molecular patterns arising from mechanical stress, transient global cerebral ischemia, red blood cell breakdown and delayed cerebral ischemia following SAH trigger to activate pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) such as Toll-like receptors, nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptors, and receptors for advanced glycation end products. Most of PRRs activate common downstream signaling transcriptional factor nuclear factor-κΒ and mitogen-activated protein kinases, releasing pro-inflammatory mediators and cytokines. Next, we focus on how pro-inflammatory substances play a role during the course of SAH. Finally, we highlight an important inducer of neuroinflammation, matricellular protein (MCP). MCPs are a component of extracellular matrix and exert beneficial and harmful effects through binding to receptors, other matrix proteins, growth factors, and cytokines. Treatment targeting MCPs is being proved efficacious in pre-clinical models for preventing brain injury including neuroinflammation in SAH. In addition, MCPs may be a candidate of biomarkers predicting brain injury following SAH in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Okada
- Department of Neurosurgery, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Hidenori Suzuki
- Department of Neurosurgery, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan.
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12
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Li HJ, Han NN, Nan Y, Zhang K, Li G, Chen H. Plasma osteopontin acts as a prognostic marker in acute intracerebral hemorrhage patients. Clin Chim Acta 2020; 500:208-212. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2019.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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13
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Kawakita F, Kanamaru H, Asada R, Suzuki H. Potential roles of matricellular proteins in stroke. Exp Neurol 2019; 322:113057. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2019.113057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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14
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Rabenstein M, Unverricht-Yeboah M, Keuters MH, Pikhovych A, Hucklenbroich J, Vay SU, Blaschke S, Ladwig A, Walter HL, Beiderbeck M, Fink GR, Schroeter M, Kriehuber R, Rueger MA. Transcranial Current Stimulation Alters the Expression of Immune-Mediating Genes. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:461. [PMID: 31708742 PMCID: PMC6824260 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite its extensive use in clinical studies, the molecular mechanisms underlying the effects of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) remain to be elucidated. We previously described subacute effects of tDCS on immune- and stem cells in the rat brain. To investigate the more immediate effects of tDCS regulating those cellular responses, we treated rats with a single session of either anodal or cathodal tDCS, and analyzed the gene expression by microarray; sham-stimulated rats served as control. Anodal tDCS increased expression of several genes coding for the major histocompatibility complex I (MHC I), while cathodal tDCS increased the expression of the immunoregulatory protein osteopontin (OPN). We confirmed the effects of gene upregulation by immunohistochemistry at the protein level. Thus, our data show a novel mechanism for the actions of tDCS on immune- and inflammatory processes, providing a target for future therapeutic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Rabenstein
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Marcus Unverricht-Yeboah
- Radiation Biology Unit, Department of Safety and Radiation Protection, Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Meike Hedwig Keuters
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Cologne, Germany.,A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Anton Pikhovych
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Joerg Hucklenbroich
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-3), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Sabine Ulrike Vay
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Stefan Blaschke
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Cologne, Germany.,Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-3), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Anne Ladwig
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Cologne, Germany
| | | | | | - Gereon Rudolf Fink
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-3), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Michael Schroeter
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Cologne, Germany.,Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-3), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Ralf Kriehuber
- Radiation Biology Unit, Department of Safety and Radiation Protection, Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Maria Adele Rueger
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Cologne, Germany.,Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-3), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
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15
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Mallett CL, Shuboni-Mulligan DD, Shapiro EM. Tracking Neural Progenitor Cell Migration in the Rodent Brain Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Front Neurosci 2019; 12:995. [PMID: 30686969 PMCID: PMC6337062 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of neurogenesis and neural progenitor cells (NPCs) is important across the biomedical spectrum, from learning about normal brain development and studying disease to engineering new strategies in regenerative medicine. In adult mammals, NPCs proliferate in two main areas of the brain, the subventricular zone (SVZ) and the subgranular zone, and continue to migrate even after neurogenesis has ceased within the rest of the brain. In healthy animals, NPCs migrate along the rostral migratory stream (RMS) from the SVZ to the olfactory bulb, and in diseased animals, NPCs migrate toward lesions such as stroke and tumors. Here we review how MRI-based cell tracking using iron oxide particles can be used to monitor and quantify NPC migration in the intact rodent brain, in a serial and relatively non-invasive fashion. NPCs can either be labeled directly in situ by injecting particles into the lateral ventricle or RMS, where NPCs can take up particles, or cells can be harvested and labeled in vitro, then injected into the brain. For in situ labeling experiments, the particle type, injection site, and image analysis methods have been optimized and cell migration toward stroke and multiple sclerosis lesions has been investigated. Delivery of labeled exogenous NPCs has allowed imaging of cell migration toward more sites of neuropathology, which may enable new diagnostic and therapeutic opportunities for as-of-yet untreatable neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane L. Mallett
- Molecular and Cellular Imaging Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Dorela D. Shuboni-Mulligan
- Molecular and Cellular Imaging Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Erik M. Shapiro
- Molecular and Cellular Imaging Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
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16
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Lee H, Choi YK. Regenerative Effects of Heme Oxygenase Metabolites on Neuroinflammatory Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 20:ijms20010078. [PMID: 30585210 PMCID: PMC6337166 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20010078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Heme oxygenase (HO) catabolizes heme to produce HO metabolites, such as carbon monoxide (CO) and bilirubin (BR), which have gained recognition as biological signal transduction effectors. The neurovascular unit refers to a highly evolved network among endothelial cells, pericytes, astrocytes, microglia, neurons, and neural stem cells in the central nervous system (CNS). Proper communication and functional circuitry in these diverse cell types is essential for effective CNS homeostasis. Neuroinflammation is associated with the vascular pathogenesis of many CNS disorders. CNS injury elicits responses from activated glia (e.g., astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and microglia) and from damaged perivascular cells (e.g., pericytes and endothelial cells). Most brain lesions cause extensive proliferation and growth of existing glial cells around the site of injury, leading to reactions causing glial scarring, which may act as a major barrier to neuronal regrowth in the CNS. In addition, damaged perivascular cells lead to the breakdown of the blood-neural barrier, and an increase in immune activation, activated glia, and neuroinflammation. The present review discusses the regenerative role of HO metabolites, such as CO and BR, in various vascular diseases of the CNS such as stroke, traumatic brain injury, diabetic retinopathy, and Alzheimer's disease, and the role of several other signaling molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiju Lee
- Department of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea.
| | - Yoon Kyung Choi
- Department of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea.
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17
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Ladwig A, Rogall R, Hucklenbroich J, Willuweit A, Schoeneck M, Langen KJ, Fink GR, Rueger MA, Schroeter M. Osteopontin Attenuates Secondary Neurodegeneration in the Thalamus after Experimental Stroke. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2018; 14:295-311. [PMID: 30488353 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-018-9826-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Cortical cerebral ischemia elicits neuroinflammation as well as secondary neuronal degeneration in remote areas. Locally distinct and specific secondary neurodegeneration affecting thalamic nuclei connected to cortical areas highlights such processes. Osteopontin (OPN) is a cytokine-like glycoprotein that is excreted in high amounts after cerebral ischemia and exerts various immunomodulatory functions. We here examined putative protective effects of OPN in secondary thalamic degeneration. We subjected male Wistar rats to photothrombosis and subsequently injected OPN or placebo intracerebroventricularly. Immunohistochemical and fluorescence staining was used to detect the extent of neuronal degeneration and microglia activation. Ex vivo autoradiography with radiotracers available for human in vivo PET studies, i.e., CIS-4-[18F]Fluor-D-Proline (D-cis-[18F]FPRO), and [6-3H]thymidine ([3H]thymidine), confirmed degeneration and proliferation, respectively. We found secondary neurodegeneration in the thalamus characterized by microglial activation and neuronal loss. Neuronal loss was restricted to areas of microglial infiltration. Treatment with OPN significantly decreased neurodegeneration, inflammation and microglial proliferation. Microglia displayed morphological signs of activation without expressing markers of M1 or M2 polarization. D-CIS-[18F]FPRO-uptake mirrored attenuated degeneration in OPN-treated animals. Notably, [3H]thymidine and BrdU-staining revealed increased stem cell proliferation after treatment with OPN. The data suggest that OPN is able to ameliorate secondary neurodegeneration in thalamic nuclei. These effects can be visualized by radiotracers D-CIS-[18F]FPRO and [3H]thymidine, opening new vistas for translational studies. Graphical Abstract Intracerebroventricular injection of osteopontin attenuates thalamic degeneration after cortical ischemia (pink area). Disruption of thalamocortical connections (blue) and degeneration of thalamic nuclei (encircled) leads to microglia activation. Osteopontin protects from both neurodegeneration and microglia activation as assessed by histological analysis and autoradiograpic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Ladwig
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Cologne, Kerpener Strasse 62, 50924, Cologne, Germany
| | - Rebecca Rogall
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Cologne, Kerpener Strasse 62, 50924, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jörg Hucklenbroich
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Cologne, Kerpener Strasse 62, 50924, Cologne, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Gereon R Fink
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Cologne, Kerpener Strasse 62, 50924, Cologne, Germany.,INM-3, Research Centre Juelich, Juelich, Germany
| | - M Adele Rueger
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Cologne, Kerpener Strasse 62, 50924, Cologne, Germany.,INM-3, Research Centre Juelich, Juelich, Germany
| | - Michael Schroeter
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Cologne, Kerpener Strasse 62, 50924, Cologne, Germany. .,INM-3, Research Centre Juelich, Juelich, Germany.
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