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Bhatti S, Chaurasia B, Yaqoob E, Ameer J, Shehzad Y, Shahzad K, Mahmood A, Scalia G, Umana GE, Javed S. Assessing bacterial prevalence and resistance in paediatric meningitis: safeguarding the central nervous system. Ann Med Surg (Lond) 2024; 86:2671-2676. [PMID: 38694313 PMCID: PMC11060287 DOI: 10.1097/ms9.0000000000001953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Paediatric bacterial meningitis (PBM) represents a major contributor to childhood morbidity and mortality globally, with heightened susceptibility in low- and middle-income nations where antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is highly prevalent. Pakistan exemplifies this setting, with widespread antibiotic overuse driving AMR expansion. Thus, expediting PBM diagnosis and targeted antibiotic therapy is imperative yet challenged by the dynamic local epidemiology. This study aimed to delineate the recent bacterial etiologies and AMR profiles of PBM from a major Pakistani diagnostics laboratory to inform empirical treatment. Materials and methods This prospective observational investigation evaluated PBM epidemiology in patients under 18 years old admitted to the study hospital. Standard cerebrospinal fluid analysis identified bacterial pathogens and antibiotic susceptibility patterns. Results Among 171 PBM cases, 152 (88.9%) had bacterial isolates confirmed via culture. The cohort was 42.7% male with a mean age of 3 months. The most prevalent pathogens among infants younger than 3 months were Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecium, and Staphylococcus epidermidis, contrasting with S. epidermidis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Staphylococcus hominis predominating in older children. Staphylococcal isolates exhibited considerable penicillin and erythromycin resistance but maintained vancomycin and linezolid susceptibility. Other resistance patterns varied. Conclusion These findings highlight the pressing threat of paediatric AMR in Pakistan, underscoring the need for vigilant AMR surveillance and judicious antimicrobial use. This study provides a reference to current PBM epidemiology to guide context-specific empirical therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sania Bhatti
- Department of Neurosurgery, Holy Family Hospital, Rawalpindi Medical University, Rawalpindi
| | - Bipin Chaurasia
- Violence, Injury Prevention & Disability Unit, Department of Public Health, Health Services Academy, Ministry of National Health Services Regulations and Coordination, Government of Pakistan
- Neurosurgery Clinic, Birgunj, Nepal
| | - Eesha Yaqoob
- Violence, Injury Prevention & Disability Unit, Department of Public Health, Health Services Academy, Ministry of National Health Services Regulations and Coordination, Government of Pakistan
- Health Services Academy, Ministry of National Health Services Regulations and Coordination, Government of Pakistan
| | - Jannat Ameer
- Health Services Academy, Ministry of National Health Services Regulations and Coordination, Government of Pakistan
- Rawal Institute of Health Sciences, Islamabad
| | - Yasir Shehzad
- Rawal Institute of Health Sciences, Islamabad
- District Headquarter Hospital, Jhelum, Pakistan
| | - Khuram Shahzad
- District Headquarter Hospital, Jhelum, Pakistan
- Neurosurgery Clinic, Birgunj, Nepal
| | - Ashraf Mahmood
- Department of Neurosurgery, Holy Family Hospital, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | | | | | - Saad Javed
- Department of Neurosurgery, Holy Family Hospital, Rawalpindi Medical University, Rawalpindi
- Violence, Injury Prevention & Disability Unit, Department of Public Health, Health Services Academy, Ministry of National Health Services Regulations and Coordination, Government of Pakistan
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Xue L, Tang Y, Wang L, Xu C, Cheng Q, Li X. Epidemiology and risk factors of bloodstream infections among adolescents and young adults with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia: An 11-year retrospective cohort study. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2024; 51:e13850. [PMID: 38452755 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.13850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Adolescent and young adults (AYAs) belong to a unique category of patients diagnosed with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL). Bloodstream infection (BSI) is a leading cause of treatment-related mortality in ALL patients. However, the epidemiology and risk factors for mortality from BSIs in AYA patients remain unclear. In this study, we analysed these aspects in AYAs patients and compared similarities and differences with children (<15 years old) and older adults (>39 years old). We analysed the pathogenic epidemiology, antibiotic resistance and BSI risk factors of 73 children, 180 AYAs, and 110 older adults with ALL in three comprehensive hospitals from January 2010 to August 2021. The data on BSIs in AYAs were compared to that of the other two groups. In this study, the epidemiology of BSIs in AYAs was similar to that of older adult patients. Concerning clinical characteristics, most AYAs and older adults with BSIs were in a relapsed or uncontrolled state (34.5% vs. 35.4%, p = 0.861). In terms of pathogen distribution, Gram-negative bacteria (GNB) were the most common causative pathogens in AYAs and older adult groups. Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing bacteria were more commonly found in AYAs than in children (32.8% vs. 16.4%, p = 0.09). Regarding risk factors, the length of hospitalization (>14 days) and renal inadequacy (creatinine ≥ 177 μmol/L) were influencing factors for 30-day mortality in AYAs patients with BSIs. In our study, AYA patients with BSIs showed clinical characteristics and pathogen distributions similar to those of older adult patients but quite different from those of children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longlong Xue
- Department of Hematology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Yishu Tang
- Department of Emergency, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Liwen Wang
- Department of Hematology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Cong Xu
- Department of Hematology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
- Department of Hematology, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Cheng
- Department of Hematology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Hematology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
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Teixeira IM, Guimarães L, da Silva IT, Fonseca C, Assumpção Y, Lima Dos Santos AL, Antunes M, Pesset C, Ferreira E, Penna B. High prevalence of Panton-Valentine Leucocidin among Staphylococcus coagulans isolated from dogs in Rio de Janeiro. J Appl Microbiol 2023; 134:lxad256. [PMID: 37943996 DOI: 10.1093/jambio/lxad256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
AIMS The purpose of this study was to characterize the capacity for biofilm formation, antimicrobial resistance rates, and search for genetic determinants of resistance and virulence in the species. METHODS AND RESULTS Strains were collected from asymptomatic and infected dogs. Identification was conducted using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF), antimicrobial susceptibility using disk diffusion and PCR targeting mecA. Biofilm formation was evaluated on a microtiter plate assay. A total of 27 strains were selected for whole-genome sequencing. We identified 111 Staphylococcus coagulans. The highest number was obtained from infected dogs. The highest resistance rates were observed for penicillin, gentamicin, and ciprofloxacin/erythromycin. Twelve strains were characterized as resistant to methicillin. All isolates had the ability to form biofilm and were strong producers. Among Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus coagulans (MRSC), SCCmec types IIIA, and Vc were identified. Acquired resistance genes, such as aac(6')-aph(2''), tet(K), blaZ, qacG, qacJ, and erm(C) were found. Different virulence genes were identified. Of note, Panton-Valentine Leucocidin was highly prevalent among the isolates. CONCLUSION Staphylococcus coagulans had a high isolation rate among infected dogs and demonstrated significant resistance to commonly used antibiotics such as penicillin and gentamicin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabel M Teixeira
- Laboratório de Biologia de Anaeróbios, Depto. Microbiologia Médica, IMPG, UFRJ, 21941-902 - Rio de janeiro - Brazil
- Laboratório de Cocos Gram Positivos, Depto. de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, UFF, 24210-130 - Niteroi - Brazil
| | - Luciana Guimarães
- Laboratório de Cocos Gram Positivos, Depto. de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, UFF, 24210-130 - Niteroi - Brazil
| | - Isabella T da Silva
- Laboratório de Cocos Gram Positivos, Depto. de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, UFF, 24210-130 - Niteroi - Brazil
| | - Carolina Fonseca
- Laboratório de Cocos Gram Positivos, Depto. de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, UFF, 24210-130 - Niteroi - Brazil
| | - Yasmim Assumpção
- Laboratório de Cocos Gram Positivos, Depto. de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, UFF, 24210-130 - Niteroi - Brazil
| | - Ana Luiza Lima Dos Santos
- Laboratório de Cocos Gram Positivos, Depto. de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, UFF, 24210-130 - Niteroi - Brazil
| | - Milena Antunes
- Laboratório de Cocos Gram Positivos, Depto. de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, UFF, 24210-130 - Niteroi - Brazil
| | - Camilla Pesset
- Laboratório de Cocos Gram Positivos, Depto. de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, UFF, 24210-130 - Niteroi - Brazil
| | - Eliane Ferreira
- Laboratório de Biologia de Anaeróbios, Depto. Microbiologia Médica, IMPG, UFRJ, 21941-902 - Rio de janeiro - Brazil
| | - Bruno Penna
- Laboratório de Cocos Gram Positivos, Depto. de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, UFF, 24210-130 - Niteroi - Brazil
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Mlugu EM, Mohamedi JA, Sangeda RZ, Mwambete KD. Prevalence of urinary tract infection and antimicrobial resistance patterns of uropathogens with biofilm forming capacity among outpatients in morogoro, Tanzania: a cross-sectional study. BMC Infect Dis 2023; 23:660. [PMID: 37798713 PMCID: PMC10557311 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-023-08641-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Urinary tract infection (UTI) is the second most common infectious disease affecting more than 150 million people globally annually. Uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC), the predominant cause of UTI, can occur as a biofilm associated with antimicrobial resistance (AMR). There is a data gap on global AMR patterns from low-income settings, including Tanzania. Data on antimicrobial susceptibility patterns in relation to biofilm formation will help in the proper selection of antibiotics and the fight against AMR. METHODS This analytical cross-sectional study was conducted among consecutively selected outpatients (n = 344) from January to May 2022 at Morogoro Regional Referal Hospital. Mid-stream urine samples were collected aseptically from symptomatic patients. A significant UTI was defined when more than 105 colonies/ml of urine were recorded. Kirby Bauer's disc diffusion method was used for antibiotics susceptibility patterns and a Congo Red Agar method was used to determine biofilm formation. Two-sided χ2 test or Fisher's exact test, Cohen's kappa coefficient and logistic regression were used for data analysis. A p-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS The prevalence of UTIs was 41% (141/344) and elders (>=60 years) had five times higher odds of having UTI as compared to adolescents (p < 0.001). E. coli was the most predominant bacteria (47%; 66/141), which displayed moderate susceptibility against ciprofloxacin (59.1%) and nitrofurantoin (57.6%). A total of 72 (51%) of all isolated bacteria were multi-drug resistant. All isolated bacteria demonstrated high resistance (> 85%) against ampicillin and co-trimoxazole. In this study, 51.5% (34/66) were biofilm-forming E. coli and demonstrated relatively higher antibiotic resistance as compared to non-biofilm forming bacteria (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION We report high antibiotic resistance against commonly used antibiotics. Slightly more than half of the isolated bacteria were biofilm forming E. coli. A need to strengthen stewardship programs is urgently advocated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eulambius M Mlugu
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacy Practice, School of Pharmacy, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
| | - Juma A Mohamedi
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacy Practice, School of Pharmacy, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Raphael Z Sangeda
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, School of Pharmacy, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Kennedy D Mwambete
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, School of Pharmacy, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
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Manandhar S, Singh A, Varma A, Pandey S, Shrivastava N. High level of persister frequency in clinical staphylococcal isolates. BMC Microbiol 2022; 22:109. [PMID: 35448965 PMCID: PMC10124895 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-022-02529-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Staphylococcus aureus is a notorious human pathogen that causes often lethal systemic conditions that are mostly medical device associated biofilm infections. Similarly, coagulase negative staphylococci are emerging as leading pathogen for nosocomial infections owing to their ability to form biofilm on implanted medical equipment. Chronic in nature, these infections are difficult to treat. Such recalcitrance of these infections is caused mainly due to the presence of persister cells, which exhibit transient yet extreme tolerance to antibiotics. Despite tremendous clinical significance, there is lack of studies on persister cells formation among clinical bacterial isolates. Considering the importance of factors influencing persister formation, in this study, we evaluate the association of antibiotic tolerance with biofilm production, antibiotic stress, growth phase, specimen type, and dependency on staphylococcal species. Biofilm formation was detected among 375 clinical staphylococcal isolates by quantitative tissue culture plate method (TCP) and icaAD genes by genotypic method. The antibiotic susceptibility was determined by Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method while minimum inhibitory concentration values were obtained by agar dilution method. Persister cells were measured in the susceptible staphylococcal isolates in the presence of clinically relevant antibiotics. RESULTS In the study, 161 (43%) S. aureus and 214 (57%) coagulase negative staphylococci (CNS) were isolated from different clinical samples. TCP method detected biofilm production in 84 (52.2%) S. aureus and 90 (42.1%) CNS isolates. The genotypic method detected icaAD genes in 86 (22.9%) isolates. Majority (> 90%) of both the biofilm producers and non-producers were sensitive to chloramphenicol and tetracycline but were resistant to penicillin. Interestingly, all isolates were sensitive to vancomycin irrespective of biofilm production. While high persister frequency was observed among all staphylococci isolates in the stationary growth phase, the persister frequency in exponential growth phase was statistically high among isolates possessing icaAD genes compared to icaAD negative isolates. CONCLUSION The research findings provide strong evidence that the clinical staphylococcal isolates exhibit extreme antibiotic tolerance suggesting their causal link with treatment failures. Understanding the factors influencing the formation and maintenance of persister cells are of utmost important aspect to design therapeutics and control recalcitrant bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarita Manandhar
- Tri-Chandra Multiple College, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal.
| | - Anjana Singh
- Central Department of Microbiology, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Ajit Varma
- Amity Institute of Microbial Technology, Amity University, Uttar Pradesh, Noida, UP, 201303, India
| | - Shanti Pandey
- The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS-39406, USA
| | - Neeraj Shrivastava
- Amity Institute of Microbial Technology, Amity University, Uttar Pradesh, Noida, UP, 201303, India
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Kalantar-Neyestanaki D, Mansouri S, Tadjrobehkar O, Pardakhty A, Tabatabaeifar F, Morones-Ramírez JR, Jamali Z, Isaei E. High prevalence of multi-drug resistant and different SCCmec types among coagulase-negative Staphylococci spp. collected from clinical samples and skin of healthcare workers in Kerman, Southeast Iran. GENE REPORTS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2021.101428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Suneel Kumar A, Smiline Girija AS, Naga Srilatha B. Characterization of biofilm producing methicillin resistant coagulase negative Staphylococci from India. Acta Microbiol Immunol Hung 2021; 69:35-40. [PMID: 34898472 DOI: 10.1556/030.2021.01538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci (MR-CoNS) cause infectious diseases due to their potential to form biofilm and further colonization in hospital materials. This study evaluated the antibiotic susceptible phenotypes, biofilm-producing ability, and biofilm-associated genes (mecA, icaAD, bap, cna, and fnbA). Biofilm formation was detected through Congo red agar (CRA) method and MTP method. The presence of biofilm and associated genes in MR-CoNS were detected by PCR. A total of 310 (55.95%) isolates produced the biofilm. Among these isolates, Staphylococcus haemolyticus (34.83%), Staphylococcus epidermis (31.93%), Staphylococcus capitis (16.77%), Staphylococcus cohnii (10.96%), and Staphylococcus hominis (5.48%) were identified. The antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of CoNS isolates indicated resistance to cefoxitin (100%), erythromycin (94.8%), ciprofloxacin (66.7%), sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim (66.7%), gentamicin (66.12%), and clindamycin (62.9%). Resistance rate to mupirocin was 48.5% in S. epidermidis and 38.9% in S. haemolyticus isolates. All isolates were sensitive to vancomycin and linezolid. The prevalence rates of icaAD, bap, fnbA, and cna were 18.06%, 12.5%, 47.4%, and 27.4%, respectively. icaAD and bap genes were detected in 18.06% and 12.5% of MR-CoNS isolates. fnbA and cna genes were detected in 47.41% and 27.41% of MRCoNS isolates. icaAD positive strains exhibited a significant increase in the biofilm formation compared with those that lacked icaAD (0.86 (0.42, 1.39) versus 0.36 (0.14, 0.75), respectively; P < 0.001). In conclusion, the majority of MR-CoNS isolates were biofilm producers, and S. capitis, which possessed icaAD genes, ranked as the great biofilm producer than other Staphylococcus. The study's findings are important to form a strategy to control biofilm formation as an alternative strategy to counter the spread of MR-CoNS in healthcare settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Suneel Kumar
- 1 Department of Microbiology, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences (RIMS), Government Medical College & Hospital, Kadapa, Andhra Pradesh, India
- 2 Department of Microbiology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha University, Chennai, India
| | - A S Smiline Girija
- 2 Department of Microbiology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha University, Chennai, India
| | - B Naga Srilatha
- 1 Department of Microbiology, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences (RIMS), Government Medical College & Hospital, Kadapa, Andhra Pradesh, India
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Manandhar S, Shrestha R, Tuladhar RS, Lekhak S. Inducible Clindamycin Resistance and Biofilm Production among Staphylococci Isolated from Tertiary Care Hospitals in Nepal. Infect Dis Rep 2021; 13:1043-1052. [PMID: 34940405 PMCID: PMC8702181 DOI: 10.3390/idr13040095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Resistance to antibiotics, biofilm formation and the presence of virulence factors play important roles in increased mortality associated with infection by staphylococci. The macrolide lincosamide streptogramin B (MLSB) family of antibiotics is commonly used to treat infections by methicillin-resistant isolates. Clinical failure of clindamycin therapy has been reported due to multiple mechanisms that confer resistance to MLSB. This study aims to find the incidence of different phenotypes of MLSB resistance and biofilm production among staphylococci. A total of 375 staphylococci were isolated from different clinical samples, received from two tertiary care hospitals in Nepal. Methicillin resistance was detected by cefoxitin disc diffusion method and inducible clindamycin resistance by D test, according to CLSI guidelines. Biofilm formation was detected by the tissue culture plate method and PCR was used to detect ica genes. Of the total staphylococci isolates, 161 (42.9%) were Staphylococcus aureus, with 131 (81.4%) methicillin-resistant strains, and 214 (57.1%) isolates were coagulase-negative staphylococci, with 143 (66.8%) methicillin-resistant strains. The overall prevalence of constitutive MLSB (cMLSB) and inducible MLSB (iMLSB) phenotypes was 77 (20.5%) and 87 (23.2%), respectively. Both iMLSB and cMLSB phenotypes predominated in methicillin-resistant isolates. The tissue culture plate method detected biofilm formation in 174 (46.4%) isolates and ica genes in 86 (22.9%) isolates. Among biofilm producing isolates, cMLSB and iMLSB phenotypes were 35 (20.1%) and 27 (15.5%), respectively. The cMLSB and iMLSB were 11 (12.8%) and 19 (22.1%), respectively, in isolates possessing ica genes. Clindamycin resistance in the form of cMLSB and iMLSB, especially among MRSA, emphasizes the need for routine D tests to be performed in the lab.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarita Manandhar
- Department of Microbiology, TriChandra Multiple College, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu 44600, Nepal;
- Correspondence:
| | - Raju Shrestha
- Department of Microbiology, National College, Khushibun, Kathmandu 44611, Nepal;
| | - Ratna Shova Tuladhar
- Department of Microbiology, TriChandra Multiple College, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu 44600, Nepal;
| | - Sunil Lekhak
- Decode Genomics and Research Center, Sinamangal, Kathmandu 310327, Nepal;
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Evaluation of Antibiotic Resistance and Biofilm Production among Clinical Strain Isolated from Medical Devices. Int J Microbiol 2021; 2021:9033278. [PMID: 34426740 PMCID: PMC8380152 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9033278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial biofilms pose a serious threat to patients requiring medical devices (MDs). Prolonged periods of implantation carry a high risk of device-related infections (DRIs). Patients with DRIs often have negative outcomes following the failure of antibiotic treatment. Resistant DRIs are mainly due to the MDs contamination by bacteria producing biofilm. The present study aimed to detect biofilm formation among MD bacterial isolates and to explore their antibiotic resistance profile. The study was conducted on 76 MDs, collected at University Hospital of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli,” between October 2019 and September 2020. Identification of isolates and antibiotic susceptibility testing were performed using Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization-Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) and Phoenix Becton Dickinson, respectively. Biofilm-forming abilities were assessed using the tissue culture plate (TCP) method. Among the 94 MDs isolated strains, 42.7% were Gram-positive, 40.3% Gram-negative, and 17% Candida species. Among 78 bacterial strains, 43.6% were non-biofilm producers while 56.4% produced biofilms. All biofilm producing isolates were sensitive to a limited spectrum of antibiotic classes. All moderate and strong biofilm producers and 81% of weak biofilm producers were Multidrug Resistance (MDR) strains. In contrast, among non-biofilm producers, only 11.8% were classified as MDR strains. Our results highlighted that Sulfamides and Glycopeptides for the major Gram-positive strains and Fluoroquinolones, Carbapenems, and Aminoglycosides for the most represented Gram-negative isolates could be the most suitable therapeutic choice for most biofilm-DRIs.
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Manandhar S, Singh A, Varma A, Pandey S, Shrivastava N. Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of biofilm producing clinical coagulase negative staphylococci from Nepal and their antibiotic susceptibility pattern. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob 2021; 20:41. [PMID: 34059077 PMCID: PMC8166017 DOI: 10.1186/s12941-021-00447-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) survive as commensals of skin, anterior nares and external canals of human and were regarded as non-infectious pathogens. However, they are emerging as a major cause of nosocomial infectious due to their ability to form biofilms and high resistance to several classes of antibiotics. This study examines the biofilm forming abilities of 214 clinical CNS isolates using phenotypic and genotypic methods, and determines their antibiotic susceptibility patterns. Methods A total of 214 clinical isolates collected from different clinical samples were identified as CNS and their antibiotic susceptibility determined by CLSI guidelines. The biofilm forming ability of all isolates was determined by three phenotypic methods; Congo red agar (CRA) method, tube adherence method (TM) and tissue culture plate (TCP) method and by genotypic method for the detection of icaAD genes. Results Among all the isolates, S. epidermidis (57.5%) was found the most frequently, followed by S. saprophyticus (18.7%), S. haemolyticus (11.2%), S. hominis (7%), and S. capitis (5.6%). Antibiotic susceptibility pattern demonstrated 91.6% isolates were resistant to penicillin and 66.8% to cefoxitin while 91.1% isolates were susceptible to chloramphenicol. Constitutive and inducible clindamycin resistant phenotype as measured by D-test was seen among 28% and 14.5% of isolates respectively. Tissue culture plate method detected biofilm production in 42.1% isolate followed by 31.8% through tube method while 20.1% isolates were found to produce slime in Congo red agar method. The genotypic assay revealed presence of icaA and icaD genes in 19.2% isolates. Conclusion The study shows a high prevalence of biofilm formation and inducible clindamycin resistance in CNS isolates, indicating the importance of in-vitro biofilm production test and D-test in routine laboratory diagnostics. Implementation of efficient diagnostic techniques for detection of biofilm production in clinical samples can help manage staphylococcal infections and minimize risks of treatment failures in hospitals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarita Manandhar
- Tri-Chandra Multiple College, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal. .,Amity Institute of Microbial Technology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, UP, 201303, India.
| | - Anjana Singh
- Central Department of Microbiology, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Ajit Varma
- Amity Institute of Microbial Technology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, UP, 201303, India
| | - Shanti Pandey
- The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, 39406, USA
| | - Neeraj Shrivastava
- Amity Institute of Microbial Technology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, UP, 201303, India.
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Shrestha LB, Syangtan G, Basnet A, Acharya KP, Chand AB, Pokhrel K. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Nepal. JNMA J Nepal Med Assoc 2021; 59:518-522. [PMID: 34508427 PMCID: PMC8673459 DOI: 10.31729/jnma.6251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is both a frequent commensal and a leading cause of endocarditis, bacteremia, osteomyelitis and skin and soft tissue infections and device-related infections. We performed this minireview to summarize the prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus among clinical samples and estimate the proportion of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. The prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus among clinical isolates in Nepal is 34.5%. On average, the proportion of multi-drug resistance in Staphylococcus aureus is 57.1%. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus accounts for a total of 41.7%. Inducible clindamycin resistance was detected in about 35% of the isolates. A regular antimicrobial resistance surveillance mechanism is necessary to mitigate the development of resistance among organisms and further spread of superbugs like methicillin-resistance Staphylococcus aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lok Bahadur Shrestha
- School of Medical Sciences and The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Gopiram Syangtan
- Tribhuvan University, Shi-Gan International College of Science and Technology, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Ajaya Basnet
- Tribhuvan University, Shi-Gan International College of Science and Technology, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | | | - Arun Bahadur Chand
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Kist Medical College & Teaching Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Khilasa Pokhrel
- Department of Microbiology, Kathmandu Medical College, Sinamangal, Kathmandu, Nepal
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França A, Gaio V, Lopes N, Melo LDR. Virulence Factors in Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci. Pathogens 2021; 10:170. [PMID: 33557202 PMCID: PMC7913919 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10020170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) have emerged as major pathogens in healthcare-associated facilities, being S. epidermidis, S. haemolyticus and, more recently, S. lugdunensis, the most clinically relevant species. Despite being less virulent than the well-studied pathogen S. aureus, the number of CoNS strains sequenced is constantly increasing and, with that, the number of virulence factors identified in those strains. In this regard, biofilm formation is considered the most important. Besides virulence factors, the presence of several antibiotic-resistance genes identified in CoNS is worrisome and makes treatment very challenging. In this review, we analyzed the different aspects involved in CoNS virulence and their impact on health and food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela França
- Laboratory of Research in Biofilms Rosário Oliveira, Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; (V.G.); (N.L.)
| | | | | | - Luís D. R. Melo
- Laboratory of Research in Biofilms Rosário Oliveira, Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; (V.G.); (N.L.)
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Peng X, Zhu Q, Liu J, Zeng M, Qiu Y, Zhu C, Cheng Y, Zhou Y, Xu Y, Chen M, Wen Z, Chen Y, Li R, Tong J, Shan Q, Lin D, Wu S, Zhuo Z, Wang C, Zhao S, Qi Z, Sun X, Maihebuba B, Jia C, Gao H, Li S, Zhu Y, Wan C. Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance patterns of bacteria isolated from cerebrospinal fluid among children with bacterial meningitis in China from 2016 to 2018: a multicenter retrospective study. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control 2021; 10:24. [PMID: 33516275 PMCID: PMC7847565 DOI: 10.1186/s13756-021-00895-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pediatric bacterial meningitis (PBM) remains a devastating disease that causes substantial neurological morbidity and mortality worldwide. However, there are few large-scale studies on the pathogens causing PBM and their antimicrobial resistance (AMR) patterns in China. The present multicenter survey summarized the features of the etiological agents of PBM and characterized their AMR patterns. Methods Patients diagnosed with PBM were enrolled retrospectively at 13 children’s hospitals in China from 2016 to 2018 and were screened based on a review of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) microbiology results. Demographic characteristics, the causative organisms and their AMR patterns were systematically analyzed. Results Overall, 1193 CSF bacterial isolates from 1142 patients with PBM were obtained. The three leading pathogens causing PBM were Staphylococcus epidermidis (16.5%), Escherichia coli (12.4%) and Streptococcus pneumoniae (10.6%). In infants under 3 months of age, the top 3 pathogens were E. coli (116/523; 22.2%), Enterococcus faecium (75/523; 14.3%), and S. epidermidis (57/523; 10.9%). However, in children more than 3 months of age, the top 3 pathogens were S. epidermidis (140/670; 20.9%), S. pneumoniae (117/670; 17.5%), and Staphylococcus hominis (57/670; 8.5%). More than 93.0% of E. coli isolates were sensitive to cefoxitin, piperacillin/tazobactam, cefoperazone/sulbactam, amikacin and carbapenems, and the resistance rates to ceftriaxone, cefotaxime and ceftazidime were 49.4%, 49.2% and 26.4%, respectively. From 2016 to 2018, the proportion of methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative Staphylococcus isolates (MRCoNS) declined from 80.5 to 72.3%, and the frequency of penicillin-resistant S. pneumoniae isolates increased from 75.0 to 87.5%. The proportion of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing E. coli fluctuated between 44.4 and 49.2%, and the detection rate of ESBL production in Klebsiella pneumoniae ranged from 55.6 to 88.9%. The resistance of E. coli strains to carbapenems was 5.0%, but the overall prevalence of carbapenem-resistant K. pneumoniae (CRKP) was high (54.5%). Conclusions S. epidermidis, E. coli and S. pneumoniae were the predominant pathogens causing PBM in Chinese patients. The distribution of PBM causative organisms varied by age. The resistance of CoNS to methicillin and the high incidence of ESBL production among E. coli and K. pneumoniae isolates were concerning. CRKP poses a critical challenge for the treatment of PBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoshan Peng
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University and Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, No 20, 3rd Section of Renmin South Road, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingxiong Zhu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hunan Children's Hospital, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Mei Zeng
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Qiu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunhui Zhu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yibing Cheng
- Department of Emergency, Children's Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University (Henan Children's Hospital), Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yibo Zhou
- Department of General Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University (Henan Children's Hospital), Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Xu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Minxia Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhengwang Wen
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yiping Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Gastroenterology and Infectious Diseases, Qingdao Women and Children's Hospital, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianning Tong
- Department of Pediatrics, Gastroenterology and Infectious Diseases, Qingdao Women and Children's Hospital, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingwen Shan
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, People's Republic of China
| | - Daojiong Lin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hainan Women and Children's Medical Center, Haikou, People's Republic of China
| | - Shouye Wu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hainan Women and Children's Medical Center, Haikou, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiqiang Zhuo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Xiamen Children's Hospital, Xiamen, People's Republic of China
| | - Caihong Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Xiamen Children's Hospital, Xiamen, People's Republic of China
| | - Shiyong Zhao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou Children's Hospital, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenghong Qi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou Children's Hospital, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaofeng Sun
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Ürümqi, People's Republic of China
| | - Bieerding Maihebuba
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Ürümqi, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunmei Jia
- Department of Pediatrics, The Fourth Hospital of Baotou, Baotou, People's Republic of China
| | - Huiling Gao
- Department of Pharmacy, The Fourth Hospital of Baotou, Baotou, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuangjie Li
- Department of Hepatology, Hunan Children's Hospital, No 86 Ziyuan Road, Changsha, 410000, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yu Zhu
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University and Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, No 20, 3rd Section of Renmin South Road, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China.
| | - Chaomin Wan
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University and Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, No 20, 3rd Section of Renmin South Road, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China.
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14
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Shrestha LB, Bhattarai NR, Rai K, Khanal B. Antibiotic Resistance and mecA Gene Characterization of Coagulase-negative Staphylococci Isolated from Clinical Samples in Nepal. Infect Drug Resist 2020; 13:3163-3169. [PMID: 32982331 PMCID: PMC7501466 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s274163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Coagulase-negative Staphylococci (CoNS) are a significant cause of hospital-acquired and foreign-body-related infections. We conducted this research to assess methicillin susceptibility of CoNS by disc diffusion, agar dilution, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods and to assess the antimicrobial susceptibility pattern. Methods We received 123 CoNS isolates from different specimens including blood, endotracheal tube, and central venous catheter. We performed sample processing, identification, and characterization following standard guidelines. Antimicrobial susceptibility was tested based on clinical and laboratory standards institute guidelines. We detected methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci (MRCoNS) through mecA gene, disc diffusion method, and agar dilution method and compared the accuracy with PCR as reference. Results We detected eight species of CoNS with Staphylococcus epidermidis as the most common. Most of the samples were received from the intensive care unit and blood was the dominant specimen followed by endotracheal-tube aspirate. Seventy-one percentage of isolates were methicillin-resistant by PCR method; disc diffusion and agar dilution method detected methicillin resistance with an accuracy of 96.7% and 98.3%, respectively. Antimicrobial susceptibility revealed an association between the different origins of samples, and also among the types of sample. Similarly, a comparison of the degree of resistance of antimicrobial agents between mecA gene positive and negative isolates showed significant differences. Vancomycin, linezolid, and teicoplanin are still effective for treating MRCoNS. Conclusion CoNS are a crucial cause of human infections especially in an intensive care unit setup where the use of devices is common. Disc diffusion and agar dilution are reliable for the detection of MRCoNS. The degree of antimicrobial resistance is much higher in organisms obtained from intensive care unit and foreign-body-related infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lok Bahadur Shrestha
- Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, B. P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Sunsari 56700, Nepal
| | - Narayan Raj Bhattarai
- Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, B. P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Sunsari 56700, Nepal
| | - Keshav Rai
- Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, B. P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Sunsari 56700, Nepal
| | - Basudha Khanal
- Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, B. P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Sunsari 56700, Nepal
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Sun Y, Wen S, Zhao L, Xia Q, Pan Y, Liu H, Wei C, Chen H, Ge J, Wang H. Association among biofilm formation, virulence gene expression, and antibiotic resistance in Proteus mirabilis isolates from diarrhetic animals in Northeast China. BMC Vet Res 2020; 16:176. [PMID: 32503535 PMCID: PMC7275385 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02372-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of this study was to investigate the association among biofilm formation, virulence gene expression, and antibiotic resistance in P. mirabilis isolates collected from diarrhetic animals (n = 176) in northeast China between September 2014 and October 2016. Results Approximately 92.05% of the isolates were biofilm producers, whereas 7.95% of the isolates were non-producers. The prevalence of virulence genes in the biofilm producer group was significantly higher than that in the non-producer group. Biofilm production was significantly associated with the expression of ureC, zapA, rsmA, hmpA, mrpA, atfA, and pmfA (P < 0.05). The results of drug susceptibility tests revealed that approximately 76.7% of the isolates were multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR). Biofilm production was significantly associated with resistance to doxycycline, tetracycline, sulfamethoxazole, kanamycin, and cephalothin (P < 0.05). Although the pathogenicity of the biofilm producers was stronger than that of the non-producers, the biofilm-forming ability of the isolates was not significantly associated with morbidity and mortality in mice (P > 0.05). Conclusion Our findings suggested that a high level of multidrug resistance in P. mirabilis isolates obtained from diarrhetic animals in northeast China. The results of this study indicated that the positive rates of the genes expressed by biofilm-producing P. mirabilis isolates were significantly higher than those expressed by non-producing isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yadong Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, P.R. China.,Liaoning Vocational College of Ecological Engineering, Shenyang, 110122, P.R. China
| | - Shanshan Wen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, P.R. China
| | - Lili Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150069, P.R. China
| | - Qiqi Xia
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, P.R. China
| | - Yue Pan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, P.R. China
| | - Hanghang Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, P.R. China
| | - Chengwei Wei
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, P.R. China
| | - Hongyan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150069, P.R. China
| | - Junwei Ge
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, P.R. China.,Northeastern Science Inspection Station, China Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogen Biology, Harbin, 150030, P.R. China
| | - Hongbin Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, P.R. China.
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Nasaj M, Saeidi Z, Asghari B, Roshanaei G, Arabestani MR. Identification of hemolysin encoding genes and their association with antimicrobial resistance pattern among clinical isolates of coagulase-negative Staphylococci. BMC Res Notes 2020; 13:68. [PMID: 32041651 PMCID: PMC7011549 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-020-4938-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) are as considered opportunistic pathogens which capable of producing several toxins, enzymes and resistance genes. The current study aimed to determine the occurrence of different hemolysins genes and patterns of antibiotic resistance among CoNS species. RESULTS The highest frequency of antibiotic resistance was observed against cefoxitin in 49 isolates (53.8%), and the lowest resistance was against novobiocin in 5 isolates (5.5%). None of the isolates was resistant to vancomycin. The prevalence of hla, hla_yidD, hld, and hlb genes was: 87.9%, 62.6%, 56%, and 47.3%, respectively. The hla/yidD and hld genes were detected in 69.4% of S. epidermidis and the hla gene in 94.6% of S. haemolyticus isolates; the hlb gene was detected in 53.1% of the S. epidermidis isolates. The mecA gene was identified in 50 (55%) of the CoNS isolates. In conclusion, the results of statistical analysis showed that the hld gene had a significant association with resistance to levofloxacin and erythromycin antibiotics, the hlb with clindamycin resistance and the hla/yidD with rifampicin and novobiocin resistance. The results of this study showed that there is a significant relationship between hemolysin encoding genes and antibiotic resistance patterns; therefore, detection of virulence factors associated with antibiotic resistance has become a significant issue of concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Nasaj
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Shahid Fahmideh Street, Park Mardome, Hamadan, IR, Iran
| | - Zahra Saeidi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Shahid Fahmideh Street, Park Mardome, Hamadan, IR, Iran
| | - Babak Asghari
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Shahid Fahmideh Street, Park Mardome, Hamadan, IR, Iran
| | - Ghodratollah Roshanaei
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Shahid Fahmideh Street, Park Mardome, Hamadan, IR, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Arabestani
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Shahid Fahmideh Street, Park Mardome, Hamadan, IR, Iran. .,Nutrition Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Shahid Fahmideh Street, Park Mardome, Hamadan, IR, Iran.
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Phophi L, Petzer IM, Qekwana DN. Antimicrobial resistance patterns and biofilm formation of coagulase-negative Staphylococcus species isolated from subclinical mastitis cow milk samples submitted to the Onderstepoort Milk Laboratory. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:420. [PMID: 31771575 PMCID: PMC6880574 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-2175-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Increased prevalence of antimicrobial resistance, treatment failure, and financial losses have been reported in dairy cows with coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (CoNS) clinical mastitis, however, studies on CoNS infections are limited in South Africa. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to investigate the antimicrobial resistance patterns and biofilm formation in CoNS isolated from cow milk samples submitted to the Onderstepoort Milk Laboratory. Results A total of 142 confirmed CoNS isolates were used for this study. Biofilm formation was identified in 18% of CoNS tested. Staphylococcus chromogenes (11%) had the highest proportion of biofilm formation followed by S. haemolyticus (4.0%), S. epidermidis, S. hominis, S. xylosus, and S. simulans with 1% respectively. Ninety percent (90%) of CoNS were resistant to at least one antimicrobial (AMR) and 51% were multidrug-resistant (MDR). Resistance among CoNS was the highest to ampicillin (90%) and penicillin (89%), few isolates resistant to cefoxitin and vancomycin, 9% respectively. Similarly, MDR-S. haemolyticus (44%), MDR-S. epidermidis (65%), and MDR-S. chromogenes (52%) were mainly resistant to penicillins. The most common resistance patterns observed were resistance to penicillin-ampicillin (16%) and penicillin-ampicillin-erythromycin (10%). Only 42% of biofilm positive CoNS were MDR. Conclusion The majority of CoNS in this study were resistance to penicillins. In addition, most isolates were β-lactam resistant and MDR. Biofilm formation among the CoNS in this study was uncommon and there was no significant difference in the proportion of MDR-CoNS based on the ability to form a biofilm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lufuno Phophi
- Section Veterinary Public Health, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa
| | - Inge-Marie Petzer
- Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa
| | - Daniel Nenene Qekwana
- Section Veterinary Public Health, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa.
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Eed EM, Ghonaim MM, Khalifa AS, Alzahrani KJ, Alsharif KF, Taha AA. Prevalence of mupirocin and chlorhexidine resistance among methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci isolated during methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus decolonization strategies. Am J Infect Control 2019; 47:1319-1323. [PMID: 31204092 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajic.2019.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The widespread of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) antimicrobial decolonization in the clinical setting may lead to an increase in the prevalence of multiresistance to coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) owing to their selection. This study aimed to investigate the impact of MRSA decolonization strategies, using mupirocin and chlorhexidine, on their CoNS susceptibility. METHODS A total of 312 CoNS isolates were collected before starting the decolonization protocols "baseline strains" (BLS) group, 330 isolates were collected after application of the targeted decolonization protocol "targeted decolonization strains" group, and 355 isolates were collected after application of the universal decolonization protocol "universal decolonization strains" group. Methicillin-resistant CoNS (MR-CoNS) were identified and tested for mupirocin and chlorhexidine susceptibilities. Heptaplex polymerase chain reaction assay was applied for simultaneous screening for chlorhexidine (CHX-R) and mupirocin resistance (Mu-R) genes. RESULTS Mu-R prevalence of MR-CoNS among the BLS group was considered moderate (9.1%); however, CHX-R in the BLS group was 5.8%, the rate of which significantly increased among the universal decolonization strains group. DISCUSSION Both MRSA decolonization strategies have an additional benefit in reducing the prevalence of MR-CoNS. The prevalence Mu-R rate didn't change significantly during either of the MRSA decolonization practices that may be due to the local nature of mupirocin application on the nasal mucosa only. In contrast CHX-R that was found to be significantly higher among the UDS group. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that both MRSA decolonization strategies have an additional benefit in reducing the prevalence of MR-CoNS. Although the universal MRSA decolonization has superior efficacy in decolonization of CoNS, it may increase the risk of selecting CHX-R and Mu-R. In addition, other potential resistance genes should be studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emad M Eed
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Menoufia University, Menoufia, Egypt; Clinical Laboratory Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Mabrouk M Ghonaim
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Menoufia University, Menoufia, Egypt; Clinical Laboratory Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amany S Khalifa
- Department of Clinical Pathology, College of Medicine, Menoufia University, Menoufia, Egypt; Department of Clinical Pathology, College of Pharmacy, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid J Alzahrani
- Clinical Laboratory Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalaf F Alsharif
- Clinical Laboratory Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aza A Taha
- Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, College of Medicine, Menoufia University, Menoufia, Egypt; Department of Family and Community Medicine, College of Medicine, Taif University, Saudi Arabia
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Shah C, Baral R, Bartaula B, Shrestha LB. Virulence factors of uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) and correlation with antimicrobial resistance. BMC Microbiol 2019; 19:204. [PMID: 31477018 PMCID: PMC6720075 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-019-1587-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Escherichia coli has found to be the predominant uropathogen (50–90%) in uncomplicated, community acquired urinary tract infection (UTI). Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) express a multitude of virulence factors, which enable the bacteria to establish UTI. The objective of this study was to evaluate the presence of different phenotypic virulence markers in UPEC isolates and determine their correlation with antibiotic resistance pattern. Results Out of 105 patients, 56 (53%) were females and 49 (47%) were males. The age of the patients in the study ranged from 18 years to 87 years and majority of the patients belonged to the age group 20–29 years. Virulence factor was observed in 65% (n = 69) of UPEC and 20% (n = 22) of control isolates (P = 0.0001). Haemolysin production was observed in 34(32.3%) of uroisolates and 12 (11.4%) of control strain. Similarly, 62% of UPEC and 1% of control produced biofilm (P = 0.0001). The expression of Mannose-resistant hemagglutinin (MRHA) and mannose-sensitive hemagglutinin (MSHA) in uroisolates were 52.3% (n = 55) and 5.7% (n = 6) respectively, whereas in faecal isolates, 8.5% (n = 9) expressed MRHA and none produced MSHA. Antimicrobial resistance showed a high degree of resistance towards ampicillin, cotrimoxazole and norfloxacin. The resistance was observed in significant higher degree in biofilm formers as compared to non-formers. MDR and ESBL was observed in 51 and 46% of test strains and 9 and 7.6% of control strains (P = 0.0001). Conclusion A significant association between virulence factors of UPEC and antimicrobial resistance in UPEC was present. Routine testing of these factors and co-relation with AMR is recommended. These findings will certainly help understand the pathogenicity and proper management of UTI patients, thus decreasing the improper use of antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chhaya Shah
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, B. P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences (BPKIHS), Sunsari, Dharan, 56700, Nepal
| | - Ratna Baral
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, B. P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences (BPKIHS), Sunsari, Dharan, 56700, Nepal
| | - Bijay Bartaula
- Department of Internal Medicine, B. P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences (BPKIHS), Sunsari, Dharan, 56700, Nepal
| | - Lok Bahadur Shrestha
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, B. P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences (BPKIHS), Sunsari, Dharan, 56700, Nepal.
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20
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Acharya KP, Wilson RT. Antimicrobial Resistance in Nepal. Front Med (Lausanne) 2019; 6:105. [PMID: 31179281 PMCID: PMC6543766 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2019.00105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global problem to animal and public health. It has drawn the attention of public health experts, stakeholders, and medical science due to the substantial economic loss that it causes to individuals and nation as a whole. Various cross-sectional studies and some national surveys in developing countries have shown increase in the burden of antimicrobial resistance. Nepal is one of the major contributors to the growing burden of AMR due to widespread irrational use of antibiotics along with poor health care systems poor infection control and prevention measures. This review was conducted to summarize the situation of AMR in Nepal, determinants of AMR, current government intervention strategies and the way forward to reduce the AMR burden in Nepal. Available cross sectional reports warn that bacterial pathogens are becoming highly resistant to most first- and some second-line antibiotics. The irrational and injudicious use of high doses of antibiotics for therapy and sub-optimal doses as growth promoters are leading causes of AMR in Nepal. Establishment of a surveillance programme and a national plan for containment of AMR, following the National Antibiotics Treatment Guideline 2014 and generation of awareness among veterinarians, technicians, and medical physicians on prudent use of antimicrobial drugs in Nepal could reduce the burden of AMR. In addition, there is a need to develop a national laboratory strategic plan to provide guidance and governance to national laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna Prasad Acharya
- Ministry of Land Management, Agriculture and Co-operatives (MoLMAC), Gandaki, Nepal.,Regional Veterinary Laboratory, Pokhara, Nepal
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Cui J, Liang Z, Mo Z, Zhang J. The species distribution, antimicrobial resistance and risk factors for poor outcome of coagulase-negative staphylococci bacteraemia in China. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control 2019; 8:65. [PMID: 31044070 PMCID: PMC6480775 DOI: 10.1186/s13756-019-0523-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) are one of the major opportunistic pathogens and the incidence of CoNS bacteraemia is increasing. However, most of the CoNS-positive blood cultures are contaminants rather than true CoNS bacteraemia. In order to minimize contamination, we defined true CoNS bacteraemia as the patient that has two or more identical CoNS-positive blood cultures drawn within 48 h in this study and the objective of this study was to analyse the species distribution and antibiotic resistance and to identify risk factors for 30-day mortality of the true CoNS-bacteraemia. Method By reviewing the electronic medical database, this study retrospectively analysed patients diagnosed as CoNS bacteraemia by blood cultures in a comprehensive tertiary care hospital in China from January 1, 2014, to December 31, 2017. Result A total of 1241 patients with 1562 episodes of CoNS-positive blood cultures were recorded in the database but only 157 patients were finally diagnosed as true CoNS bacteraemia after contaminants were excluded. All these 157 patients (12.7%, 157/1241) had bacteraemia-related clinical symptoms. Among the 157 patients, the most common species were Staphylococcus hominis (40.8%), Staphylococcus epidermidis (36.3%) and Staphylococcus capitis (11.5%). The antimicrobial susceptibility tests showed that all CoNS had a high rate of resistance to penicillin (94.9%), oxacillin (93.6%) and erythromycin (92.4%). Resistance to gentamicin (22.3%) and rifampicin (10.8%) was low, and none of the bacteria were resistant to vancomycin or linezolid. The 30-day mortality of patients with CoNS bacteraemia was up to 12.7% (20/157), and the multivariate logistics regression analysis showed that chronic renal failure (OR 5.9, 95% CI 1.6–21.5, p = 0.007) and chronic liver failure (OR 4.0, 95% CI 1.2–13.1, p = 0.024) were both the significant independent risk factors for the 30-day mortality of CoNS bacteraemia. Conclusion Staphylococcus hominis and Staphylococcus epidermidis were the most common species in CoNS bacteraemia. All CoNS had high multi-drug resistance, but gentamicin and rifampicin had a relatively lower resistance and could be considered as alternative antibiotics for anti-CoNS bacteraemia in addition to vancomycin and linezolid. Additionally, patients with chronic renal failure or chronic liver failure have a higher 30-day mortality after the onset of CoNS bacteraemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiewei Cui
- 1Department of Respiratory Medicine, the First Medical Centre of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Fuxing Road No. 28, Beijing, 100853 China
| | - Zhixin Liang
- 1Department of Respiratory Medicine, the First Medical Centre of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Fuxing Road No. 28, Beijing, 100853 China
| | - Zhenfei Mo
- 1Department of Respiratory Medicine, the First Medical Centre of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Fuxing Road No. 28, Beijing, 100853 China
| | - Jianpeng Zhang
- 2Department of Respiratory Medicine, the Third Medical Centre of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Yongding Road No.69, Beijing, 100853 China
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Shrestha LB, Baral R, Khanal B. Comparative study of antimicrobial resistance and biofilm formation among Gram-positive uropathogens isolated from community-acquired urinary tract infections and catheter-associated urinary tract infections. Infect Drug Resist 2019; 12:957-963. [PMID: 31118702 PMCID: PMC6503499 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s200988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Gram-positive cocci have emerged to be an important cause of urinary tract infection (UTI) both in community-acquired UTI (Com-UTI) and catheter-associated urinary tract infection (CA-UTI). The objective of this study was to investigate the frequency of Gram-positive cocci urinary tract infections, their susceptibility patterns to commonly used antimicrobial agents and the biofilm forming property with respect to catheter-associated UTI and community-acquired UTI. Methods: A total of 1,360 urine samples from indwelling catheter and 10,423 from mid-stream urine were obtained during a 6-month period and processed following standard microbiological guidelines. Biofilm formation was detected using congo red agar (CRA), tube method (TM) and tissue culture plate (TCP) method. Chi-square test and independent sample t-test were employed to calculate the significance. Statistical significance was set at P-value ≤0.05. Results: The infection rate was significantly higher in CA-UTI as compared to Com-UTI (25% vs 18%, p=0.0001). Among 2,216 organisms isolated, 471 were Gram-positive cocci; 401 were obtained from Com-UTI while 70 were from CA-UTI. Enterococcus faecalis was the most common organism isolated from Com-UTI, while Staphylococcus aureus was commonest among CA-UTI. Multi-drug resistance, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and vancomycin-resistant Enterococci were also significantly higher in CA-UTI as compared to Com-UTI. Biofilm-forming property was significantly higher in CA-UTI than Com-UTI. The sensitivity of congo red agar method and tube method was 79% and 81.9% respectively and specificity was 98.5% each. Antimicrobial resistance was significantly higher in biofilm-formers as compared to non-formers. Conclusion: Gram-positive bacteria are a significant cause of both CA-UTI and Com-UTI with Enterococcus faecalis and Staphylococcus aureus as common pathogen. Biofilm formation and multi-drug resistance is significantly higher in CA-UTI than Com-UTI. Routine surveillance of antimicrobial resistance and biofilm formation is necessary in all cases of UTI to ensure the proper management of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lok Bahadur Shrestha
- Department of Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, B.P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Sunsari 56700, Nepal
| | - Ratna Baral
- Department of Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, B.P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Sunsari 56700, Nepal
| | - Basudha Khanal
- Department of Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, B.P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Sunsari 56700, Nepal
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Dumaru R, Baral R, Shrestha LB. Study of biofilm formation and antibiotic resistance pattern of gram-negative Bacilli among the clinical isolates at BPKIHS, Dharan. BMC Res Notes 2019; 12:38. [PMID: 30658694 PMCID: PMC6339267 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-019-4084-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Gram-negative bacilli are the common causative agents for community-acquired, nosocomial and opportunistic infections. The recent upsurge of biofilm, as well as beta-lactamases producing strains, have synergistically led to the extensive dissemination of multi-drug resistant gram-negative bacilli. This study was carried out with an intention to detect the biofilm formation by gram-negative bacilli and determine their antibiogram along with the detection of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) and metallo-beta-lactamases (MBLs) production. Results Among 314 isolates, Escherichia coli (38%) were the predominant isolates followed by Acinetobacter spp. (20%), Klebsiella spp. (16%), and Pseudomonas spp. (12%). Overall, 197 (62.73%) of isolates were biofilm positive. 84 (26.75%) and 51 (16.24%) were confirmed as ESBL and MBL producers respectively. The association between MBL production and biofilm formation was statistically significant (χ2 = 10.20, P value= 0.002) whereas it was insignificant between ESBL and biofilm production (χ2 = 0.006, P-value= 0.937). Most of the biofilm and MBL producing strains were multi-drug resistant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabina Dumaru
- Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, B.P Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, 56700, Nepal.
| | - Ratna Baral
- Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, B.P Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, 56700, Nepal
| | - Lok Bahadur Shrestha
- Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, B.P Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, 56700, Nepal
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Kitti T, Seng R, Thummeepak R, Boonlao C, Jindayok T, Sitthisak S. Biofilm Formation of Methicillin-resistant Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci Isolated from Clinical Samples in Northern Thailand. J Glob Infect Dis 2019; 11:112-117. [PMID: 31543653 PMCID: PMC6733194 DOI: 10.4103/jgid.jgid_118_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci (MR-CoNS) are multidrug-resistant bacteria that are difficult to treat because of their ability to form biofilms. Objectives: In the present study, we evaluated the antibiotic-resistant phenotypes, biofilm-forming ability, and biofilm associated genes of 55 clinical MR-CoNS isolates obtained from two hospitals in Thailand. Materials and Methods: MALDI-TOF-MS and tuf gene sequencing were performed to determine the species of all isolates. Biofilm production was determined using Congo red agar (CRA) and the microtiter plate (MTP) assay. Biofilm-associated genes were characterized using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Results: Among the 55 MR-CoNS isolates, five species were identified as Staphylococcus haemolyticus (34.5%), Staphylococcus epidermidis (32.7%), Staphylococcus capitis (18.2%), Staphylococcus cohnii (9.1%), and Staphylococcus hominis (5.5%). The antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of MR-CoNS isolates indicated high resistance to cefoxitin (100%), penicillin (98.2%), erythromycin (96.4%), ciprofloxacin (67.3%), sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim (67.3%), gentamicin (67.3%), and clindamycin (63.6%). All the isolates were susceptible to vancomycin and linezolid. The biofilm production was detected in 87.3% isolates through the CRA method and in 38.1% isolates through the MTP assay. The prevalence rates of icaAD, bap, fnbA, and cna were 18.2%, 12.7%, 47.3%, and 27.3%, respectively. There were significant differences in the presence of these biofilm-associated genes among the MR-CoNS isolates. Moreover, quantitative biofilm formation was significantly different among MR-CoNS species. Conclusion: The present study revealed that biofilm-associated genes are important for biofilm biomass in MR-CoNS isolates, and the findings of this study are essential for finding new strategies to control biofilm formation and prevent the spread of MR-CoNS infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thawatchai Kitti
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Oriental Medicine, Chiang Rai College, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Rathanin Seng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Rapee Thummeepak
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Naresuan University, Chiang Rai, Thailand
| | - Chalermchai Boonlao
- Department Clinical Microbiology, Chiangrai Prachanukroh Hospital, Chiang Rai, Thailand
| | - Thanyasiri Jindayok
- Division of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
| | - Sutthirat Sitthisak
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Naresuan University, Chiang Rai, Thailand.,Centre of Excellence in Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
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Manandhar S, Singh A, Varma A, Pandey S, Shrivastava N. Evaluation of methods to detect in vitro biofilm formation by staphylococcal clinical isolates. BMC Res Notes 2018; 11:714. [PMID: 30305150 PMCID: PMC6180658 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-018-3820-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Staphylococcus genus comprising both Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase negative staphylococci (CoNS) are widely distributed in nature and can infect diversity of hosts. Indeed, staphylococci are the major pathogens causing biofilm associated infections caused by contaminated hospital indwelling devices. These infections are persistent in nature being highly refractory to various stresses including antibiotics. Implementation of efficient diagnostic techniques for the biofilm production would help minimize the disease burden. Thus, early detection of pathogenic strains producing biofilms warrant the utmost importance in diagnostic laboratories especially in resource limited settings. Result Among 375 isolates collected from different clinical specimens, 214 (57%) were identified as coagulase negative staphylococci and 161 (43%) S. aureus. Detection of In-vitro biofilm formation in these isolates were carried out by three commonly used phenotypic assays and a genotypic assay. While evaluating the results, tissue-culture method with supplemented glucose and sucrose showed the best correlation with the results of genotypic assay. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13104-018-3820-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarita Manandhar
- Tri-Chandra Multiple College, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal.,Amity Institute of Microbial Technology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, UP, 201303, India
| | - Anjana Singh
- Central Department of Microbiology, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Ajit Varma
- Amity Institute of Microbial Technology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, UP, 201303, India
| | - Shanti Pandey
- The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, 39406, USA
| | - Neeraj Shrivastava
- Amity Institute of Microbial Technology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, UP, 201303, India. .,Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China.
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