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Doss Susai Backiam A, Duraisamy S, Karuppaiya P, Balakrishnan S, Chandrasekaran B, Kumarasamy A, Raju A. Antibiotic Susceptibility Patterns and Virulence-Associated Factors of Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococcal Isolates from Tertiary Care Hospitals. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:981. [PMID: 37370300 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12060981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This study explored the prevalence of multi-drug resistance and virulence factors of enterococcal isolates obtained from various clinical specimens (n = 1575) including urine, blood, pus, tissue, catheter, vaginal wash, semen, and endotracheal secretions. Out of 862 enterococcal isolates, 388 (45%), 246 (29%), 120 (14%), and 108 (13%) were identified as Enterococcus faecalis, Enterococcus faecium, Enterococcus durans, and Enterococcus hirae, respectively, using standard morphological and biochemical methods. The antibiotic resistance profile of all these enterococcal isolates was checked using the disc diffusion technique. High-level resistance was observed for benzylpenicillin (70%) and vancomycin (43%) among E. faecalis and E. faecium isolates, respectively. This study also revealed the prevalence of 'multi-drug resistance (resistant to 3 antibiotic groups)' among the vancomycin-resistant enterococcal strains, and this was about 11% (n = 91). The virulence determinants associated with vancomycin resistance (VR) were determined phenotypically and genotypically. About 70 and 39% of E. faecalis and E. faecium isolates showed to be positive for all four virulence factors (gelatinase, protease, hemolysin, and biofilm). Among the several virulence genes, gelE was the most common virulence gene with a prevalence rate of 76 and 69% among E. faecalis and E. faecium isolates, respectively. More than 50% of VRE isolates harbored other virulence genes, such esp, asa, ace, and cylA. Similarly, the majority of the VR enterococcal isolates (n = 88/91) harbored vanA gene and none of them harbored vanB gene. These results disclose the importance of VR E. faecalis and E. faecium and the associated virulence factors involved in the persistence of infections in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arockia Doss Susai Backiam
- Department of Microbiology, Vivekanandha College of Arts and Science for Women (Autonomous), Tiruchengode 637303, India
| | - Senbagam Duraisamy
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620024, India
| | - Palaniyandi Karuppaiya
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620024, India
| | - Senthilkumar Balakrishnan
- Division of Biological Sciences, Tamil Nadu State Council for Science and Technology, Chennai 600025, India
| | - Balaji Chandrasekaran
- Irma Lerma Rangel School of Pharmacy, Texas A & M University, Kingsville, TX 77843, USA
| | - Anbarasu Kumarasamy
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620024, India
| | - Amutha Raju
- Department of Biotechnology, Periyar University Centre for Post Graduate and Research Studies, Dharmapuri 635205, India
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Healthcare-associated infections and antimicrobial resistance in Canadian acute care hospitals, 2017-2021. CANADA COMMUNICABLE DISEASE REPORT = RELEVE DES MALADIES TRANSMISSIBLES AU CANADA 2023; 49:235-252. [PMID: 38425696 PMCID: PMC10903608 DOI: 10.14745/ccdr.v49i05a09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Background Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) continue to contribute to excess morbidity and mortality among Canadians. This report describes epidemiologic and laboratory characteristics and trends of HAIs and AMR from 2017 to 2021 (Candida auris 2012-2021) using surveillance and laboratory data submitted by hospitals to the Canadian Nosocomial Infection Surveillance Program (CNISP) and by provincial laboratories to the National Microbiology Laboratory (NML). Methods Data collected from 88 Canadian sentinel acute care hospitals between January 1, 2017, and December 31, 2021, for Clostridioides difficile infections (CDI), carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales (CPE), methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) bloodstream infections (BSIs) and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE) BSIs. Candida auris (C. auris) surveillance was initiated in 2019 by CNISP and in 2012 by the NML. Case counts, rates, outcomes, molecular characterization and antimicrobial resistance profiles are presented. Results From 2017 to 2021, increased rates per 10,000 patient days were observed for MRSA BSIs (35%; 0.84-1.13), VRE BSIs (43%; 0.23-0.33) and CPE infections (166%, 0.03-0.08). CDI rates decreased 11% (5.68-5.05). Thirty-one C. auris isolates were identified in Canada from 2012 to 2021, with the majority from Western Canada (68%). Conclusion From 2017 to 2021, the incidence of MRSA and VRE BSIs, and CPE infections increased in Canadian acute care hospitals participating in a national sentinel network (CNISP) while CDI decreased. Few C. auris isolates were identified from 2012 to 2021. Reporting standardized surveillance data and the consistent application of infection prevention and control practises in acute care hospitals are critical to help decrease the burden of HAIs and AMR in Canada.
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Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus sequence type 1478 spread across hospitals participating in the Canadian Nosocomial Infection Surveillance Program from 2013 to 2018. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2023; 44:17-23. [PMID: 35264277 DOI: 10.1017/ice.2022.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To analyze the spread of a novel sequence type (ST1478) of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium across Canadian hospitals. DESIGN Retrospective chart review of patients identified as having ST1478 VRE bloodstream infection. SETTING Canadian hospitals that participate in the Canadian Nosocomial Infection Surveillance Program (CNISP). METHODS From 2013 to 2018, VRE bloodstream isolates collected from participating CNISP hospitals were sent to the National Microbiology Laboratory (NML). ST1478 isolates were identified using multilocus sequence typing, and whole-genome sequencing was performed. Patient characteristics and location data were collected for patients with ST1478 bloodstream infection (BSI). The sequence and patient location information were used to generate clusters of infections and assess for intrahospital and interhospital spread. RESULTS ST1478 VRE BSI occurred predominantly in a small number of hospitals in central and western Canada. Within these hospitals, infections were clustered on certain wards, and isolates often had <20 single-nucleotide variants (SNV) differences from one another, suggesting a large component of intrahospital spread. Furthermore, some patients with bloodstream infections were identified as moving from one hospital to another, potentially having led to interhospital spread. Genomic analysis of all isolates revealed close relatedness between isolates at multiple different hospitals (<20 SNV) not predicted from our epidemiologic data. CONCLUSIONS Both intrahospital and regional interhospital spread have contributed to the emergence of VRE ST1478 infections across Canada. Whole-genome sequencing provides evidence of spread that might be missed with epidemiologic investigation alone.
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Ullrich C, Luescher AM, Koch J, Grass RN, Sax H. Silica nanoparticles with encapsulated DNA (SPED) to trace the spread of pathogens in healthcare. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control 2022; 11:4. [PMID: 35012659 PMCID: PMC8743744 DOI: 10.1186/s13756-021-01041-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background To establish effective infection control protocols, understanding pathogen transmission pathways is essential. Non-infectious surrogate tracers may safely explore these pathways and challenge pre-existing assumptions. We used silica nanoparticles with encapsulated DNA (SPED) for the first time in a real-life hospital setting to investigate potential transmission routes of vancomycin-resistant enterococci in the context of a prolonged outbreak. Methods The two study experiments took place in the 900-bed University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland. A three-run ‘Patient experiment’ investigated pathogen transmission via toilet seats in a two-patient room with shared bathroom. First, various predetermined body and fomite sites in a two-bed patient room were probed at baseline. Then, after the first patient was contaminated with SPED at the subgluteal region, both patients sequentially performed a toilet routine. All sites were consequently swabbed again for SPED contamination. Eight hours later, further spread was tested at predefined sites in the patient room and throughout the ward. A two-run ‘Mobile device experiment’ explored the potential transmission by mobile phones and stethoscopes in a quasi-realistic setting. All SPED contamination statuses and levels were determined by real-time qPCR. Results Over all three runs, the ‘Patient experiment’ yielded SPED in 59 of 73 (80.8%) predefined body and environmental sites. Specifically, positivity rates were 100% on subgluteal skin, toilet seats, tap handles, and entertainment devices, the initially contaminated patients’ hands; 83.3% on patient phones and bed controls; 80% on intravenous pumps; 75% on toilet flush plates and door handles, and 0% on the initially not contaminated patients’ hands. SPED spread as far as doctor’s keyboards (66.6%), staff mobile phones (33.3%) and nurses’ keyboards (33.3%) after eight hours. The ‘Mobile device experiment’ resulted in 16 of 22 (72.7%) positive follow-up samples, and transmission to the second patient occurred in one of the two runs. Conclusions For the first time SPED were used to investigate potential transmission pathways in a real hospital setting. The results suggest that, in the absence of targeted cleaning, toilet seats and mobile devices may result in widespread transmission of pathogens departing from one contaminated patient skin region.
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Piezzi V, Wassilew N, Atkinson A, D'Incau S, Kaspar T, Seth-Smith HMB, Casanova C, Bittel P, Jent P, Sommerstein R, Buetti N, Marschall J. Nosocomial outbreak of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (VRE) ST796, Switzerland, 2017 to 2020. Euro Surveill 2022; 27:2200285. [PMID: 36695463 PMCID: PMC9716646 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2022.27.48.2200285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
A large clonal outbreak caused by vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (VRE) affected the Bern University Hospital group from the end of December 2017 until July 2020. We describe the characteristics of the outbreak and the bundle of infection prevention and control (IPC) measures implemented. The outbreak was first recognised when two concomitant cases of VRE bloodstream infection were identified on the oncology ward. During 32 months, 518 patients in the 1,300-bed hospital group were identified as vanB VRE carriers. Eighteen (3.5%) patients developed an invasive infection, of whom seven had bacteraemia. In 2018, a subset of 328 isolates were analysed by whole genome sequencing, 312 of which were identified as sequence type (ST) 796. The initial IPC measures were implemented with a focus on the affected wards. However, in June 2018, ST796 caused another increase in cases, and the management strategy was intensified and escalated to a hospital-wide level. The clinical impact of this large nosocomial VRE outbreak with the emergent clone ST796 was modest. A hospital-wide approach with a multimodal IPC bundle was successful against this highly transmissible strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanja Piezzi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Bern, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Nasstasja Wassilew
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Bern, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Andrew Atkinson
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Bern, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Stéphanie D'Incau
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Lucerne Cantonal Hospital, Lucerne, Switzerland
| | - Tanja Kaspar
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Bern, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Helena MB Seth-Smith
- Division of Clinical Bacteriology and Mycology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland and Applied Microbiology Research, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland,Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Carlo Casanova
- Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Pascal Bittel
- Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Philipp Jent
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Bern, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Rami Sommerstein
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Bern, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland,Department Health Sciences and Medicine, Clinic St. Anna, University of Lucerne, Lucerne, Switzerland
| | - Niccolò Buetti
- Infection Control Programme, University of Geneva Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland,INSERM, IAME, Université Paris-Cité, Paris, France
| | - Jonas Marschall
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Bern, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
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Vuichard-Gysin D, Sommerstein R, Kronenberg A, Buetti N, Eder M, Piezzi V, Gardiol C, Schlegel M, Harbarth S, Widmer A. High adherence to national IPC guidelines as key to sustainable VRE control in Swiss hospitals: a cross-sectional survey. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control 2022; 11:19. [PMID: 35090563 PMCID: PMC8795934 DOI: 10.1186/s13756-022-01051-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Vancomycin resistant enterococci (VRE) are on the rise in many European hospitals. In 2018, Switzerland experienced its largest nosocomial VRE outbreak. The national center for infection prevention (Swissnoso) elaborated recommendations for controlling this outbreak and published guidelines to prevent epidemic and endemic VRE spread. The primary goal of this study was to evaluate adherence to this new guideline and its potential impact on the VRE epidemiology in Swiss acute care hospitals. Methods In March 2020, Swissnoso distributed a survey among all Swiss acute care hospitals. The level of adherence as well as changes of infection prevention and control (IPC) strategies in the years 2018 and 2019 after publication of the national guidelines were asked along with an inventory on VRE surveillance and outbreaks. Results Data of 97/146 (66%) participants were available, representing 81.6% of all acute care beds operated in Switzerland in 2019. The vast majority—72/81 (88%) responding hospitals—have entirely or largely adopted our new national guideline. 38/51 (74.5%) hospitals which experienced VRE cases were significantly more likely to have changed their IPC strategies than those 19/38 (50%) hospitals without VRE cases p = 0.017). The new IPC guidelines included (1) introduction of targeted admission screening in 89.5%, (2) screening of close contacts of VRE cases in 56%, and (3) contact precaution for suspected VRE cases 58% of these hospitals. 52 (54%) hospitals reported 569 new VRE cases in 2018 including 14 bacteremia, and 472 new cases in 2019 with 10 bacteremia. The ten largest outbreaks encountered between 2018 and 2019 included 671 VRE cases, of which most (93.4%) consisted of colonization events, 29 (4.3%) infections and 15 (2.2%) bacteremia. Conclusion Wide adoption of this VRE control guideline seemed to have a positive effect on VRE containment in Swiss acute care hospitals over two years, even if its long-term impact on the VRE epidemiology remains to be evaluated. Broad dissemination and strict implementation of a uniform national guideline may therefore serve as model for other countries to fight VRE epidemics on a national level. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13756-022-01051-9.
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Germany's Burden of Disease of Bloodstream Infections Due to Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococcus faecium between 2015-2020. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10112273. [PMID: 36422343 PMCID: PMC9717732 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10112273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In Germany, there is an increasing amount of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (VREfm) isolates in bloodstream infections (BSIs); however, estimates on recent incidences and disease burden are missing. We aim to estimate the incidence and calculate the annual disease burden in disease-adjusted life years (DALYs) for BSIs due to VREfm in Germany between 2015 and 2020 to support informed decision-making in the field of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). We used the Antibiotic Resistance Surveillance (ARS) system data to obtain incidence estimates. The estimated incidences were used in the Burden of Communicable Disease in Europe (BCoDE) toolkit to calculate the attributable DALYs. A total of 3417 VREfm blood culture-positive isolates were observed within ARS. The estimated incidence of VREfm-BSIs per 100,000 inhabitants increased from 1.4 (95% Uncertainty Interval [UI]: 0.8−1.9) in 2015 to 2.9 (95% UI: 2.4−3.3) in 2020. The estimated burden, expressed in DALYs per 100,000 inhabitants, increased from 8.5 (95% UI: 7.3−9.7; YLD = 0.9, YLL = 7.6) in 2015 to 15.6 (95% UI: 14.6−16.6; YLD = 1.6, YLL = 14) in 2020. The most affected groups within the observed period are the 65−69-year-old males with 262.9 DALYs per 100,000 inhabitants, and in the younger age groups (<30 years), the under-one-year-old with 43.1 DALYs per 100,000 inhabitants and 34.5 DALYs for male and female, respectively. The increasing DALYs of BSIs due to VREfm require targeted prevention and control measures to address their unequal distribution across gender and age, especially for older hospitalized patients, neonates, and infants in Germany.
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Wardal E, Żabicka D, Hryniewicz W, Sadowy E. VanA-Enterococcus faecalis in Poland: hospital population clonal structure and vanA mobilome. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2022; 41:1245-1261. [PMID: 36057762 PMCID: PMC9489580 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-022-04479-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The aim of our study was to characterize the epidemiological situation concerning nosocomial vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecalis of VanA-phenotype (VREfs-VanA) in Poland by investigating their clonal relationships and the vanA-associated mobilome. One-hundred twenty-five clinical isolates of VREfs-VanA collected between 2004 and 2016 were studied by phenotypic assays, multilocus sequence typing (MLST), pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), PCR detection of plasmid-specific genes, and Tn1546 structure and localization mapping. Selected isolates were subjected to PFGE-S1, Southern hybridization, genomic sequencing and conjugation experiments. The majority of isolates (97.6%) belonged to clonal complexes CC2 and CC87 of E. faecalis. All isolates were resistant to vancomycin and teicoplanin, and resistance to ciprofloxacin and aminoglycosides (high level) was very prevalent in this group. VanA phenotype was associated with 16 types of Tn1546, carrying insertion sequences IS1216, ISEfa4, IS1251 and IS1542, located on repUS1pVEF1, rep1pIP501, rep2pRE25, rep9pAD1/pTEF2/pCF10 and rep6pS86 replicons. The most common Tn1546 B- and BB-type transposons, harbouring one or two copies of IS1216, were inserted between rep18ap200B and repUS1pVEF1 genes and located on ~ 20 kb and 150-200 kb plasmids. VREfs-VanA in Poland represent a polyclonal group, indicating a number of acquisitions of the vanA determinant. The repUS1pVEF1-vanA plasmids, unique for Poland, were the main factor beyond the acquisition of vancomycin resistance by E. faecalis, circulating in Polish hospitals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Wardal
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, National Medicines Institute, Chełmska 30/34, 00-725, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dorota Żabicka
- Department of Epidemiology and Clinical Microbiology, National Medicines Institute, Chełmska 30/34, 00-725, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Waleria Hryniewicz
- Department of Epidemiology and Clinical Microbiology, National Medicines Institute, Chełmska 30/34, 00-725, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ewa Sadowy
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, National Medicines Institute, Chełmska 30/34, 00-725, Warsaw, Poland.
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Boumasmoud M, Dengler Haunreiter V, Schweizer TA, Meyer L, Chakrakodi B, Schreiber PW, Seidl K, Kühnert D, Kouyos RD, Zinkernagel AS. Genomic Surveillance of Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococcus faecium Reveals Spread of a Linear Plasmid Conferring a Nutrient Utilization Advantage. mBio 2022; 13:e0377121. [PMID: 35343787 PMCID: PMC9040824 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.03771-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Healthcare-associated outbreaks of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (VREfm) are a worldwide problem with increasing prevalence. The genomic plasticity of this hospital-adapted pathogen contributes to its efficient spread despite infection control measures. Here, we aimed to identify the genomic and phenotypic determinants of health care-associated transmission of VREfm. We assessed the VREfm transmission networks at the tertiary-care University Hospital of Zurich (USZ) between October 2014 and February 2018 and investigated microevolutionary dynamics of this pathogen. We performed whole-genome sequencing for the 69 VREfm isolates collected during this time frame and assessed the population structure and variability of the vancomycin resistance transposon. Phylogenomic analysis allowed us to reconstruct transmission networks and to unveil external or wider transmission networks undetectable by routine surveillance. Notably, it unveiled a persistent clone, sampled 31 times over a 29-month period. Exploring the evolutionary dynamics of this clone and characterizing the phenotypic consequences revealed the spread of a variant with decreased daptomycin susceptibility and the acquired ability to utilize N-acetyl-galactosamine (GalNAc), one of the primary constituents of the human gut mucins. This nutrient utilization advantage was conferred by a novel plasmid, termed pELF_USZ, which exhibited a linear topology. This plasmid, which was harbored by two distinct clones, was transferable by conjugation. Overall, this work highlights the potential of combining epidemiological, functional genomic, and evolutionary perspectives to unveil adaptation strategies of VREfm. IMPORTANCE Sequencing microbial pathogens causing outbreaks has become a common practice to characterize transmission networks. In addition to the signal provided by vertical evolution, bacterial genomes harbor mobile genetic elements shared horizontally between clones. While macroevolutionary studies have revealed an important role of plasmids and genes encoding carbohydrate utilization systems in the adaptation of Enterococcus faecium to the hospital environment, mechanisms of dissemination and the specific function of many of these genetic determinants remain to be elucidated. Here, we characterize a plasmid providing a nutrient utilization advantage and show evidence for its clonal and horizontal spread at a local scale. Further studies integrating epidemiological, functional genomics, and evolutionary perspectives will be critical to identify changes shaping the success of this pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Boumasmoud
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Vanina Dengler Haunreiter
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Tiziano A. Schweizer
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lilly Meyer
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Bhavya Chakrakodi
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Peter W. Schreiber
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Kati Seidl
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Denise Kühnert
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Roger D. Kouyos
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Annelies S. Zinkernagel
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Büchler AC, Ragozzino S, Wicki M, Spaniol V, Jäger S, Seth-Smith HMB, Goldenberger D, Hinic V, Egli A, Frei R, Widmer AF. Patients exposed to vancomycin-resistant enterococci during in-hospital outbreaks in a low endemic setting: a proposal for risk-based screening. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control 2022; 11:60. [PMID: 35418099 PMCID: PMC9008949 DOI: 10.1186/s13756-022-01089-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The optimal extent of screening of contact patients (CoPat) after exposure to patients infected or colonized with vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) remains controversial. Methods We retrospectively developed a new risk stratification for screening patients exposed to VRE, based on data from three outbreaks—two with Enterococcus faecium vanB and one with Enterococcus faecium vanA involving 1096 CoPat—in a low endemic setting. We classified them into four risk groups: three on environmental exposure, one by healthcare exposure: high (sharing the same room/bathroom with a VRE-colonized patient), medium (hospitalization in the same room after a VRE-colonized patient’s discharge until terminal disinfection including ultraviolet C (UVc)-disinfection), low (hospitalized in the same room within three weeks before the VRE-colonized patient), and “staff” (screening of patients having the same medical care team). Results VRE-transmission occurred in 7.9% in the high-risk group compared to 0.6% and 0% in the medium and low risk groups. There was a significant trend to higher rates of transmission by risk level of exposure (p < 0.001). In the “staff” group, VRE transmission rate was 2.3%. Conclusion Based on this stratification, we recommend to focus screening of exposed CoPat on the high-risk and “staff” group, saving resources and costs, but larger studies will allow to further improve the yield of VRE screening in the outbreak setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea C Büchler
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Basel, Petersgraben 4, 4031, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Silvio Ragozzino
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Basel, Petersgraben 4, 4031, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Melanie Wicki
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Basel, Petersgraben 4, 4031, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Violeta Spaniol
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Basel, Petersgraben 4, 4031, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sammy Jäger
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Basel, Petersgraben 4, 4031, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Helena M B Seth-Smith
- Clinical Bacteriology and Mycology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Applied Microbiology Research Laboratory, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Goldenberger
- Clinical Bacteriology and Mycology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Vladimira Hinic
- Clinical Bacteriology and Mycology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Adrian Egli
- Clinical Bacteriology and Mycology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Applied Microbiology Research Laboratory, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Reno Frei
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Basel, Petersgraben 4, 4031, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andreas F Widmer
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Basel, Petersgraben 4, 4031, Basel, Switzerland.
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Weber MT, Alkhafaji Y, Pioch A, Trips E, Basche S, Dannemann M, Kilistoff A, Hannig C, Sterzenbach T. Quantification of Bacterial DNA from Infected Human Root Canals Using qPCR and DAPI after Disinfection with Established and Novel Irrigation Protocols. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15051911. [PMID: 35269141 PMCID: PMC8912041 DOI: 10.3390/ma15051911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The removal of bacterial infections within the root canal system is still a challenge. Therefore, the cleansing effect of established and new irrigation-protocols (IP) containing silver diamine fluoride (SDF) 3.8% on the whole root canal system was analyzed using quantitative PCR (qPCR) and 4′,6-diamidino-phenylindole-(DAPI)-staining. Extracted human premolars were instrumented up to F2 (ProTaper Gold) under NaCl 0.9% irrigation and incubated with Enterococcus faecalis for 42 days. Subsequently, different ultrasonically agitated IP were applied to the roots: control (no irrigation), 1. NaOCl 3%, EDTA 20%, CHX 2%, 2. NaOCl 3%, EDTA 20%, 3. NaOCl 3%, EDTA 20%, SDF 3.8%, 4. SDF 3.8%, and 5. NaCl 0.9%. One half of the root was investigated fluorescent-microscopically with DAPI. The other half was grinded in a cryogenic mill and the bacterial DNA was quantified with qPCR. The qPCR results showed a statistically significant reduction of bacteria after the application of IP 1, 2, and 3 compared to the control group. While IP 4 lead to a bacterial reduction which was not significant, IP 5 showed no reduction. These data corresponded with DAPI staining. With qPCR a new molecular-biological method for the investigation of the complete root canal system was implemented. The novel IP 3 had an equally good cleansing effect as the already established IP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Theres Weber
- Clinic of Operative and Pediatric Dentistry, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany; (Y.A.); (A.P.); (S.B.); (C.H.); (T.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-351-458-7456
| | - Yousef Alkhafaji
- Clinic of Operative and Pediatric Dentistry, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany; (Y.A.); (A.P.); (S.B.); (C.H.); (T.S.)
| | - Anne Pioch
- Clinic of Operative and Pediatric Dentistry, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany; (Y.A.); (A.P.); (S.B.); (C.H.); (T.S.)
| | - Evelyn Trips
- Coordination Center for Clinical Studies Dresden, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, 01309 Dresden, Germany;
| | - Sabine Basche
- Clinic of Operative and Pediatric Dentistry, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany; (Y.A.); (A.P.); (S.B.); (C.H.); (T.S.)
| | - Martin Dannemann
- Faculty of Automotive Engineering, Institute of Energy and Transport Engineering, Westsächsische Hochschule Zwickau, Scheffelstraße 39, 08012 Zwickau, Germany;
| | - Alan Kilistoff
- Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, 11405 87th Ave NW, Edmonton, AB T6G 1C9, Canada;
| | - Christian Hannig
- Clinic of Operative and Pediatric Dentistry, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany; (Y.A.); (A.P.); (S.B.); (C.H.); (T.S.)
| | - Torsten Sterzenbach
- Clinic of Operative and Pediatric Dentistry, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany; (Y.A.); (A.P.); (S.B.); (C.H.); (T.S.)
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Boccella M, Santella B, Pagliano P, De Filippis A, Casolaro V, Galdiero M, Borrelli A, Capunzo M, Boccia G, Franci G. Prevalence and Antimicrobial Resistance of Enterococcus Species: A Retrospective Cohort Study in Italy. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10121552. [PMID: 34943764 PMCID: PMC8698357 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10121552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance represents one of the main threats to healthy ecosystems. In recent years, among the multidrug-resistant microorganisms responsible for nosocomial infections, the Enterococcus species have received much attention. Indeed, Enterococcus have peculiar skills in their ability to acquire resistance genes and to cause severe diseases, such as endocarditis. This study showed the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance rate of Enterococcus spp. isolated from clinical samples, from January 2015 to December 2019 at the University Hospital "San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi d'Aragona" in Salerno, Italy. A total of 3236 isolates of Enterococcus faecalis (82.2%) and Enterococcus faecium (17.8%) were collected from urine cultures, blood cultures, catheters, respiratory tract, and other samples. Bacterial identification and antibiotic susceptibility were performed with VITEK 2. E. faecium showed a high resistance rate against ampicillin (84.5%), ampicillin/sulbactam (82.7%), and imipenem (86.7%), while E. faecalis showed the highest resistance rate against gentamicin and streptomycin high level, but both were highly sensitive to such antibiotics as tigecycline and vancomycin. Studies of surveillance are an important tool to detect changes in the resistance profiles of the main pathogens. These antimicrobial susceptibility patterns are necessary to improve the empirical treatment guideline of infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariarosaria Boccella
- Department of Laboratory and Infectious Disease Sciences, Agostino Gemelli University Hospital IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy;
| | - Biagio Santella
- Section of Microbiology and Virology, University Hospital “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (B.S.); (M.G.)
| | - Pasquale Pagliano
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry “Scuola Medica Salernitana”, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, Italy; (P.P.); (V.C.); (M.C.); (G.B.)
| | - Anna De Filippis
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy;
| | - Vincenzo Casolaro
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry “Scuola Medica Salernitana”, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, Italy; (P.P.); (V.C.); (M.C.); (G.B.)
| | - Massimiliano Galdiero
- Section of Microbiology and Virology, University Hospital “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (B.S.); (M.G.)
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy;
| | - Anna Borrelli
- Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi D’Aragona, 84131 Salerno, Italy;
| | - Mario Capunzo
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry “Scuola Medica Salernitana”, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, Italy; (P.P.); (V.C.); (M.C.); (G.B.)
- Dai Dipartimento Di Igiene Sanitaria e Medicina Valutativa U.O.C. Patologia Clinica E Microbiologica, A.O.U. San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi D’Aragona Scuola Medica Salernitana, Largo Città di Ippocrate, 84131 Salerno, Italy
| | - Giovanni Boccia
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry “Scuola Medica Salernitana”, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, Italy; (P.P.); (V.C.); (M.C.); (G.B.)
- Dai Dipartimento Di Igiene Sanitaria e Medicina Valutativa U.O.C. Patologia Clinica E Microbiologica, A.O.U. San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi D’Aragona Scuola Medica Salernitana, Largo Città di Ippocrate, 84131 Salerno, Italy
| | - Gianluigi Franci
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry “Scuola Medica Salernitana”, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, Italy; (P.P.); (V.C.); (M.C.); (G.B.)
- Dai Dipartimento Di Igiene Sanitaria e Medicina Valutativa U.O.C. Patologia Clinica E Microbiologica, A.O.U. San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi D’Aragona Scuola Medica Salernitana, Largo Città di Ippocrate, 84131 Salerno, Italy
- Correspondence:
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Determination of a Tentative Epidemiological Cut-Off Value (ECOFF) for Dalbavancin and Enterococcus faecium. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10080915. [PMID: 34438965 PMCID: PMC8388697 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10080915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Dalbavancin is a lipoglycopeptide antibiotic that shows potent activity against Gram-positive bacteria. It circumvents vanB-type glycopeptide resistance mechanisms; however, data on the in vitro activity of dalbavancin for Enterococcus faecium (E. faecium) are scarce, and thus, no breakpoints are provided. In recent years, there has been a continuing shift from vanA-type to vanB-type vancomycin-resistance in enterococci in Central Europe. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the in vitro activity of dalbavancin against different van-genotypes, with particular focus on vanB-type E. faecium. Dalbavancin susceptibility was determined for 25 van-negative, 50 vanA-positive, and 101 vanB-positive clinical E. faecium isolates (typed by cgMLST). Epidemiological Cut-Off Values (ECOFFs) were determined using ECOFFinder. For vanB-type E. faecium isolates, dalbavancin MICs were similar to those of vancomycin-susceptible isolates reaching values no higher than 0.125 mg/L. ECOFFs for van-negative and vanB-positive isolates were 0.5 mg/l and 0.25 mg/L respectively. In contrast, E. faecium possessing vanA predominantly showed dalbavancin MICs >8 mg/L, therefore preventing the determination of an ECOFF. We demonstrated the potent in vitro activity of dalbavancin against vancomycin-susceptible and vanB-type E. faecium. On the basis of the observed wildtype distribution, a dalbavancin MIC of 0.25 mg/L can be suggested as a tentative ECOFF for E. faecium.
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Regasa Dadi B, Solomon Z, Tesfaye M. Vancomycin resistant Enterococci and its associated factors among HIV infected patients on anti-retroviral therapy in Ethiopia. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0251727. [PMID: 34166383 PMCID: PMC8224944 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0251727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The emergence of vancomycin resistant Enterococci (VRE) has alarmed the global community due to its tendency for colonization of the gastrointestinal tract. Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) patients are colonized by vancomycin resistant Enterococci than other groups. The aim of this study was to determine the incidence of vancomycin resistant Enterococci and its associated factors among HIV infected patients on Anti-Retroviral Therapy (ART). METHODS Institution based cross sectional study was conducted among HIV infected patients on ART at from June 1 to August 30, 2020. Socio-demographic and clinical data were collected by pre-tested structured questionnaire. Stool sample was collected and processed by standard microbiological techniques. Kirby Bauer Disc diffusion method was used to perform antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Data were entered by Epi data version 4.6.0.2 and analyzed by SPSS version 25. Bivariable and multivariable logistic regression model was used to analyze the association between dependent and independent variables. P-values in the multivariable analysis, adjusted odds ratio (AOR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were used to determine the strength of association. P-value ≤0.05 was considered as significant. RESULTS Enterococci spp was isolated on 123/200 (61.50%) patients. Among these isolates, the incidence of vancomycin resistant Enterococci was 11.4% [95% CI: (6.0-17.0)]. Antimicrobial susceptibility patterns against Enterococci showed highest rate of resistance to ampicillin (69.9%). Multidrug resistances were observed in 49.59% of Enterococci isolates. Study participants who had prior antibioticexposurer more than two weeks [AOR = 7.35; 95% CI: (1.2144.64)] and hospitalization for the last six months [AOR = 5.68; 95% CI: (1.09 29.74)] were significantly associated with vancomycin resistant Enterococci. CONCLUSIONS In our study high incidence of vancomycin resistant Enterococci was found. Previous exposure to antibiotics for more than two weeks and hospitalization for more than six months were significantly associated with vancomycin resistant Enterococci. The isolated Enterococci had variable degrees of resistance to commonly prescribed antibiotics. Therefore, periodic surveillance on antimicrobial resistance pattern, adhering to rational use of antibiotics and implementing infection prevention protocols may reduce colonization by VRE.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zerihun Solomon
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
| | - Mheret Tesfaye
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
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Saengsuwan P, Singkhamanan K, Madla S, Ingviya N, Romyasamit C. Molecular epidemiology of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium clinical isolates in a tertiary care hospital in southern Thailand: a retrospective study. PeerJ 2021; 9:e11478. [PMID: 34055492 PMCID: PMC8141282 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.11478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Vancomycin-resistant enterococci are nosocomial pathogens that are responsible for commonly causing healthcare-associated infections, and they exhibit increased resistance to many antimicrobials, particularly to vancomycin. The epidemiological data available on vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) in Thailand are inadequate. Methods Using enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus-polymerase chain reaction (ERIC-PCR), this study investigated genes that encode antimicrobial resistance and genetic relatedness to further understand VRE prevalence. Ninety VRE isolates were collected between 2011 and 2019 from a tertiary care hospital in southern Thailand. Antimicrobial susceptibility was determined using the disk diffusion method and E-test methods. Multiplex PCR was performed to detect the van gene and virulence genes. Results The study showed a high prevalence of diverse multidrug-resistant VRE strains. The prevalence of VRE infection was the highest in 2014 (28 isolates, 39.4%). VRE were mostly found in the urogenital tract (26 isolates, 28.9%), followed by the digestive tract (20%), body fluid, i.e., pancreatic cyst fluid, peritoneal dialysis fluid, Jackson–Pratt (JP) drain (20%), and blood specimens (10%). Patients in medical and surgical wards had 71.1% multi-drug-resistant and 28.9% extensively drug-resistant (XDR) VRE strains, respectively. The most prevalent antibiotic resistance was to ampicillin (74.4%). Susceptibility to gentamicin and meropenem were similar (7% and 10%, respectively). Four isolates (4.4%) were resistant to colistin. Only vanA was detected among the strains. The virulence gene test showed that the detection rates of enterococcal surface protein (esp) and hyaluronidase (hyl) genes were 91.1% and 5.6%, respectively. According to ERIC-PCR analysis, 51 of 90 strains had clonality, with a similarity rate of 95%. Conclusions We conclude that there is a need to implement infection control practices and active surveillance. Molecular techniques can effectively detect antibiotic-resistant genes, which would allow monitoring to control VRE infection in hospitals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phanvasri Saengsuwan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Hatyai, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Kamonnut Singkhamanan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Hatyai, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Siribhorn Madla
- School of Pharmacy, Walailak University, Thasala, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
| | - Natnicha Ingviya
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Hatyai, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Chonticha Romyasamit
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Thasala, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
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Bui MT, Rohde AM, Schwab F, Märtin N, Kipnis M, Boldt AC, Behnke M, Denkel LA, Kola A, Zweigner J, Gastmeier P, Wiese-Posselt M. Prevalence and risk factors of colonisation with vancomycin-resistant Enterococci faecium upon admission to Germany's largest university hospital. GMS HYGIENE AND INFECTION CONTROL 2021; 16:Doc06. [PMID: 33643773 PMCID: PMC7894188 DOI: 10.3205/dgkh000377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Background: Hospital-acquired infections due to vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) are emerging globally. The aims of our study were to estimate VRE colonisation prevalence in patients upon admission, to determine possible risk factors for VR E. faecium acquisition that already exist in the outpatient setting, and to monitor whether VRE-colonised patients developed a VRE infection during their current hospital stay. Methods: In 2014 and 2015, patients admitted to non-intensive care units were screened for rectal VRE carriage. The study patients filled out a questionnaire on potential risk factors. Analyses were restricted to VR E. faecium carriage. All patients with VRE colonisation were retrospectively monitored for infections with VRE during their current hospital stay. Results: In 4,013 enrolled patients, the VRE colonisation prevalence upon admission was 1.2% (n=48), and colonisation prevalence was 1.1% (n=45) for VR E. faecium. Only one VRE-colonised patient developed an infection with the detection of a VRE, among others. Colonisation with VR E. faecium was associated with current antibiotic use. Risk factors of VR E. faecium colonisation upon admission were increasing age, previous colonisation or infection with multidrug resistant organisms, sampling year 2015, and, within the previous six months, antibiotic exposure, a stay at a rehabilitation center, and a hospital stay. Conclusions: We observed that antibiotic treatment which occurred prior admission influenced VR E. faecium prevalence upon admission. Thus, wise antibiotic use in outpatient settings plays a major role in the prevention of VR E. faecium acquisition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minh Trang Bui
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health; Institute of Hygiene and Environmental Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anna M Rohde
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health; Institute of Hygiene and Environmental Medicine, Berlin, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Frank Schwab
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health; Institute of Hygiene and Environmental Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nayana Märtin
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health; Institute of Hygiene and Environmental Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marina Kipnis
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health; Institute of Hygiene and Environmental Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anne-Cathérine Boldt
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health; Institute of Hygiene and Environmental Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Behnke
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health; Institute of Hygiene and Environmental Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Luisa A Denkel
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health; Institute of Hygiene and Environmental Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Axel Kola
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health; Institute of Hygiene and Environmental Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Janine Zweigner
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health; Institute of Hygiene and Environmental Medicine, Berlin, Germany.,University Hospital Cologne, Department of Infection Control and Hygiene, Cologne, Germany
| | - Petra Gastmeier
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health; Institute of Hygiene and Environmental Medicine, Berlin, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Miriam Wiese-Posselt
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health; Institute of Hygiene and Environmental Medicine, Berlin, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Braunschweig, Germany
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Shrestha S, Kharel S, Homagain S, Aryal R, Mishra SK. Prevalence of vancomycin-resistant enterococci in Asia-A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Pharm Ther 2021; 46:1226-1237. [PMID: 33630382 DOI: 10.1111/jcpt.13383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
WHAT IS KNOWN AND OBJECTIVE The rise of vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) has been a major health problem in most countries of the world including Asia, since its discovery. There is a paucity of data on VRE in many countries of Asia as well as limited pooled estimates. Therefore, we performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to estimate a pooled prevalence of VRE in Asia. METHODS A literature search in electronic databases like PubMed, Embase and Google Scholar and manual searching of references and grey literature, comprising the information on the prevalence of VRE with at least two species of enterococci, conducted in different countries of Asia from January 1, 2000, to September 20, 2020, was done. The random-effect model and 95% CIs was used to calculate the pooled prevalence. Subgroup, sensitivity and meta-regression analyses were performed to address heterogeneity while Egger's test for publication bias. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS We identified 39 studies, comprising a total of 11,875 enterococcal isolates. The result of the analysis showed that the pooled prevalence of VRE in Asia was 8.10% (95% CI; 7-9; I2 = 93.79%; p < 0.001). Resistance to vancomycin was greater among strains of E. faecium compared to the strains of E. faecalis (22.40% vs. 3.70%). Amongst various regions of Asia, the highest prevalence of VRE was found in the Western Asian region and the lowest in the South-east Asian region. Moreover, the rate of VRE was higher than most European countries and lower than USA. WHAT IS NEW AND CONCLUSIONS With an upsurge of VRE in Asia in recent years, efficient infection control programmes, robust surveillance systems and adherence to antibiotic stewardship are paramount to halt the further rise of VRE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suraj Shrestha
- Maharajgunj Medical Campus, Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Sanjeev Kharel
- Maharajgunj Medical Campus, Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Sushan Homagain
- Maharajgunj Medical Campus, Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Roshan Aryal
- Maharajgunj Medical Campus, Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Shyam Kumar Mishra
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal.,School of Optometry and Vision Science, UNSW Sydney, Australia
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Weterings V, van Oosten A, Nieuwkoop E, Nelson J, Voss A, Wintermans B, van Lieshout J, Kluytmans J, Veenemans J. Management of a hospital-wide vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium outbreak in a Dutch general hospital, 2014-2017: successful control using a restrictive screening strategy. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control 2021; 10:38. [PMID: 33602300 PMCID: PMC7893727 DOI: 10.1186/s13756-021-00906-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The emergence of vancomycin resistant enterococci poses a major problem in healthcare settings. Here we describe a hospital-wide outbreak of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium in a general hospital in The Netherlands in the period December 2014–February 2017. Due to late detection of the outbreak, a large cohort of approximately 25,000 (discharged) patients was classified as ‘VRE suspected’. Hereupon a mitigated screening and isolation policy, as compared with the national guideline, was implemented to control the outbreak. Methods After the outbreak was identified, a screening policy consisting of a single rectal swab culture (with enrichment broth) to discontinue isolation and removing ‘VRE suspected’ label in the electronic patient files for readmitted VRE suspected patients, was implemented. In addition to the on admission screening, periodic hospital-wide point prevalence screening, measures to improve compliance with standard infection control precautions and enhanced environmental cleaning were implemented to control the outbreak. Results Between September 2014 and February 2017, 140 patients were identified to be colonised by vanA mediated vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (VREfm). Two of these patients developed bacteraemia. AFLP typing showed that the outbreak was caused by a single clone. Extensive environmental contamination was found in multiple wards. Within nine months after the detection of the outbreak no new VRE cases were detected. Conclusion We implemented a control strategy based on targeted screening and isolation in combination with implementation of general precautions and environmental cleaning. The strategy was less stringent than the Dutch national guideline for VRE control. This strategy successfully controlled the outbreak, while it was associated with a reduction in the number of isolation days and the number of cultures taken. Supplementary information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13756-021-00906-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Weterings
- Department of Infection Control, Amphia Hospital, P.O. Box 90158, 4800 RK, Breda, The Netherlands.
| | - Anita van Oosten
- Department of Infection Control, Admiraal De Ruyter Hospital, P.O. Box 15, 4460 AA, Goes, The Netherlands
| | - Ellen Nieuwkoop
- Department of Infection Control, Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, P.O. Box 90151, 5000 LC, Tilburg, The Netherlands
| | - Jolande Nelson
- Department of Infection Control, Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, P.O. Box 90151, 5000 LC, Tilburg, The Netherlands
| | - Andreas Voss
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Centre, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Bas Wintermans
- Department of Infection Control, Admiraal De Ruyter Hospital, P.O. Box 15, 4460 AA, Goes, The Netherlands.,Laboratory for Microbiology, Admiraal De Ruyter Hospital, P.O. Box 15, 4460 AA, Goes, The Netherlands
| | - Joris van Lieshout
- Department of Infection Control, Admiraal De Ruyter Hospital, P.O. Box 15, 4460 AA, Goes, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Kluytmans
- Department of Infection Control, Amphia Hospital, P.O. Box 90158, 4800 RK, Breda, The Netherlands.,Microvida Laboratory for Microbiology, Amphia Hospital, P.O. Box 90158, 4800 RK, Breda, The Netherlands.,Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 85500, 3508 GA, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Jacobien Veenemans
- Department of Infection Control, Admiraal De Ruyter Hospital, P.O. Box 15, 4460 AA, Goes, The Netherlands.,Laboratory for Microbiology, Admiraal De Ruyter Hospital, P.O. Box 15, 4460 AA, Goes, The Netherlands
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Reinseth I, Tønnesen HH, Carlsen H, Diep DB. Exploring the Therapeutic Potenital of the Leaderless Enterocins K1 and EJ97 in the Treatment of Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococcal Infection. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:649339. [PMID: 33679682 PMCID: PMC7925398 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.649339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The membrane-bound protease Eep is an important virulence factor in pathogenic enterococci. The protein is involved in stress response via the RIP pathway which is crucial for pathogenic enterococci to evade host immune attacks during infection. Eep serves also as a receptor for the bacteriocins enterocin K1 and enterocin EJ97. The bacteriocins kill Enterococcus faecium and E. faecalis, respectively, and their antibiotic resistant derivatives including vancomycin resistant enterococci (VRE). This functional duality of Eep makes these two enterocins very promising as options in the prospective treatment of enterococcal infections because wildtype enterococcal cells (with an intact Eep) are sensitive to the bacteriocins while bacteriocin-resistant-mutants (without a functional Eep) become less virulent. As a first step to explore their therapeutic potential in the treatment of systemic enterococcal infections, we investigated the compatibility of the bacteriocins with human blood, and the phenotypic changes of eep-mutants toward different stress conditions. We found that the bacteriocins were compatible with blood, as they did not cause haemolysis and that the bacteriocins retained most of their antibacterial effect when incubated in blood. The bacteriocins were autoclavable which is a crucial criterium for the development of parenteral administration. Eep-mutants, which became resistant to the bacteriocin were, as expected, less capable to withstand stress conditions such as exposure to lysozyme and desiccation. Further, their ability to chain, a trait implicated in niche adaptation as well as being necessary for genetic transfer via conjugation, was also severely affected. Together, these results indicate that the bacteriocins are promising for treatment of VRE infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingvild Reinseth
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Hanne H Tønnesen
- Section of Pharmaceutics and Social Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Blindern, Oslo, Norway
| | - Harald Carlsen
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Dzung B Diep
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
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20
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Prevalence of Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococcus (VRE) in Companion Animals: The First Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10020138. [PMID: 33572528 PMCID: PMC7911405 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10020138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance in companion animals is a major public health concern worldwide due to the animals’ zoonotic potential and ability to act as a reservoir for resistant genes. We report on the first use of meta-analysis and a systematic review to analyze the prevalence of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE) in companion animals. Databases such as MedLib, PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar were searched. The information was extracted by two independent reviewers and the results were reviewed by a third. Two reviewers independently assessed the study protocol using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) checklist and the study quality using the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) critical appraisal checklist for prevalence data. OpenMeta analyst and comprehensive meta-analysis (CMA) were used for the meta-analysis. The random effect model was used, and publication bias was assessed using the Eggers test and funnel plot. Between-study heterogeneity was assessed, and the sources were analyzed using the leave-one-out meta-analysis, subgroup analysis and meta-regression. Twenty-two studies met the eligibility criteria, but because some studies reported the prevalence of VRE in more than one companion animal, they were considered as individual studies, and 35 studies were therefore added to the final meta-analysis. Sampling period of the included studies was from 1995–2018. Of the 4288 isolates tested in the included studies, 1241 were VRE. The pooled prevalence of VRE in companion animals was estimated at 14.6% (95% CI; 8.7–23.5%; I2 = 97.10%; p < 0.001). Between-study variability was high (t2 = 2.859; heterogeneity I2 = 97.10% with heterogeneity chi-square (Q) = 1173.346, degrees of freedom (df) = 34, and p < 0.001). The funnel plot showed bias, which was confirmed by Eggers test (t-value = 3.97165; p = 0.00036), and estimates from the leave-one-out forest plot did not affect the pooled prevalence. Pooled prevalence of VRE in dogs and cats were 18.2% (CI = 9.4–32.5%) and 12.3%, CI = 3.8–33.1%), respectively. More studies were reported in Europe than in any other continent, with most studies using feces as the sample type and disc diffusion as the detection method. With the emergence of resistant strains, new antimicrobials are required in veterinary medicine.
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21
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Piezzi V, Gasser M, Atkinson A, Kronenberg A, Vuichard-Gysin D, Harbarth S, Marschall J, Buetti N. Increasing proportion of vancomycin-resistance among enterococcal bacteraemias in Switzerland: a 6-year nation-wide surveillance, 2013 to 2018. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 25. [PMID: 32885778 PMCID: PMC7472687 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2020.25.35.1900575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Background Vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE), mostly Enterococcus faecium, are multidrug-resistant microorganisms that can cause nosocomial infections. VRE has increased throughout many European countries, but data from Switzerland are scarce. Aim The aim of this work was to characterise the epidemiology of enterococcal bacteraemias in Switzerland with a focus on VRE. Methods In this observational study, we retrospectively investigated bacteraemias from 81 healthcare institutions from January 2013 to December 2018 using data from the Swiss Centre for Antibiotic Resistance. Only the first blood isolate with E. faecalis or E. faecium from an individual patient was considered. We analysed the annual incidences of enterococcal bacteraemias and determined the proportion of VRE over time. We also assessed epidemiological factors potentially associated with VRE bacteraemia. Results We identified 5,369 enterococcal bacteraemias, of which 3,196 (59.5%) were due to E. faecalis and 2,173 (40.5%) to E. faecium. The incidence of enterococcal bacteraemias increased by 3.2% per year (95% confidential interval (CI): 1.6–4.8%), predominantly due to a substantial increase in E. faecalis bacteraemic episodes. Vancomycin resistance affected 30 (1.4%) E. faecium and one E. faecalis bacteraemic episodes. Among all E. faecium bacteraemias, the proportion of vancomycin-resistant isolates increased steadily from 2013 to 2018 (2% per year; 95% CI: 1.5–2.9%). No independent epidemiological factor for higher prevalence of vancomycin-resistant E. faecium bacteraemias was identified. Conclusions Vancomycin-resistant E. faecium bacteraemias remain infrequent in Switzerland. However, an important increase was observed between 2013 and 2018, highlighting the need for implementing active surveillance and targeted prevention strategies in the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanja Piezzi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Michael Gasser
- Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Andrew Atkinson
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Kronenberg
- Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Danielle Vuichard-Gysin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cantonal Hospital Muensterlingen, Thurgau Hospital Group, Kreuzlingen, Switzerland
| | - Stephan Harbarth
- Infection Control Programme, University of Geneva Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jonas Marschall
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Niccolò Buetti
- IAME, DeSCID team, INSERM, Université Paris Diderot and Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Infection Control Programme, University of Geneva Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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- The members of the advisory board of ANRESIS are acknowledged at the end of the article
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- The members of Swissnoso are acknowledged at the end of the article
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22
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Fioriti S, Simoni S, Caucci S, Morroni G, Ponzio E, Coccitto SN, Brescini L, Cirioni O, Menzo S, Biavasco F, Giovanetti E, Brenciani A, Vignaroli C. Trend of clinical vancomycin-resistant enterococci isolated in a regional Italian hospital from 2001 to 2018. Braz J Microbiol 2020; 51:1607-1613. [PMID: 32783169 PMCID: PMC7688800 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-020-00360-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A retrospective study of the epidemiology of vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) in a regional hospital of central Italy in 2001-2018 demonstrated an increased VRE prevalence since 2016. A total of 113 VRE isolates, 89 E. faecium (VREfm) and 24 E. faecalis (VREfs), were collected in the study period. All strains showed high-level resistance to vancomycin; 107 also showed teicoplanin resistance. Altogether, 84 VREfm and 20 VREfs carried vanA, whereas 5 VREfm and 1 VREfs carried vanB. MLST analysis documented that 89 VREfm isolates mainly belonged to ST78, ST80, and ST117. Most strains were isolated from 2001 to 2007, ST78 being the predominant clone. VREfm re-emerged in 2016 with a prevalence of the ST80 lineage. Most VREfs were isolated from 2001 to 2006; although they belonged to 7 different STs, there was a prevalence of ST88 and ST6. Notably, ST88 was sporadically recovered throughout the study period. The increasing rate of VREfm isolation from 2016 to 2018 may be related to the influx of new successful clones and to the renewed and widespread use of vancomycin. Improved infection control measures in hospital wards should be adopted to limit the spread of new epidemic VRE strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Fioriti
- Unit of Microbiology of Department of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Tronto 10/A, 60126, Ancona, Italy
| | - Serena Simoni
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Sara Caucci
- Unit of Microbiology of Department of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Tronto 10/A, 60126, Ancona, Italy
| | - Gianluca Morroni
- Unit of Microbiology of Department of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Tronto 10/A, 60126, Ancona, Italy
| | - Elisa Ponzio
- Section of Hygiene of Department of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Sonia Nina Coccitto
- Unit of Microbiology of Department of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Tronto 10/A, 60126, Ancona, Italy
| | - Lucia Brescini
- Infectious Diseases Clinic of Department of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Oscar Cirioni
- Infectious Diseases Clinic of Department of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Stefano Menzo
- Unit of Microbiology of Department of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Tronto 10/A, 60126, Ancona, Italy
| | - Francesca Biavasco
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Eleonora Giovanetti
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Andrea Brenciani
- Unit of Microbiology of Department of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Tronto 10/A, 60126, Ancona, Italy.
| | - Carla Vignaroli
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
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23
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Cherkaoui A, Renzi G, Martischang R, Harbarth S, Vuilleumier N, Schrenzel J. Impact of Total Laboratory Automation on Turnaround Times for Urine Cultures and Screening Specimens for MRSA, ESBL, and VRE Carriage: Retrospective Comparison With Manual Workflow. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:552122. [PMID: 33194794 PMCID: PMC7664309 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.552122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Using computerized time-stamps, we compared the turnaround-times (TAT) for urine samples and screening ESwabs of MRSA, VRE, and ESBL carriage in the bacteriology laboratory of Geneva University Hospitals between January and December 2017 (period preceding the implementation of the WASPLabTM) with the same specimen types analyzed between January and December 2019 (period after the implementation of the automation). During both 1-year periods, a total of 98'380 specimens were analyzed (48'158 in 2017 vs. 50'222 in 2019). On the WASPLabTM, all culture plates were imaged at defined intervals each day of incubation, but the processing of the cultures (i.e., pathogen identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing) was only performed during day shift hours (~8:00 A.M. to 4:30 P.M.). The median TAT for negative reports decreased by almost half for urine samples from 52.1 (2017) to 28.3 h (2019) (p < 0.001), and for MRSA screening specimens from 50.7 to 26.3 h (p < 0.001). The difference in median TAT for negative reports was less pronounced for screening of ESBL (50.2 vs. 43.0 h) (p < 0.001) and VRE (50.6 vs. 45.7 h) (p < 0.001). Despite a trend toward shorter result delivery for positive samples, there was no significant change in the median TAT. These results suggest that TAT for negative samples immediately benefit from automation, whereas TAT for positive samples also depend on the laboratory hours of operation and daily human resource management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdessalam Cherkaoui
- Bacteriology Laboratory, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Diagnostics, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Gesuele Renzi
- Bacteriology Laboratory, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Diagnostics, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Romain Martischang
- Infection Control Program, Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Stephan Harbarth
- Infection Control Program, Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Vuilleumier
- Division of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Diagnostics, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland.,Division of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Medical Specialties, Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jacques Schrenzel
- Bacteriology Laboratory, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Diagnostics, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland.,Genomic Research Laboratory, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Specialties, Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
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24
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Kerschner H, Rosel AC, Hartl R, Hyden P, Stoeger A, Ruppitsch W, Allerberger F, Apfalter P. Oxazolidinone Resistance Mediated by optrA in Clinical Enterococcus faecalis Isolates in Upper Austria: First Report and Characterization by Whole Genome Sequencing. Microb Drug Resist 2020; 27:685-690. [PMID: 33090061 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2020.0098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The genetic mechanisms associated with acquisition of linezolid (LZD) resistance are diverse, including point mutations in the V domain of the 23S rRNA and the 50S ribosomal proteins as well as cfr, optrA, and/or poxtA genes, which may be plasmid- or chromosomally encoded. The aim of this study was to investigate through Whole Genome Sequencing (WGS)-based typing the presence and location of genes and point mutations associated with LZD resistance in two Enterococcus faecalis isolates from Upper Austrian patients. The isolates were retrieved during screening by LZD disk diffusion test of a total of 911 clinical E. faecalis isolates in 2017. The two E. faecalis isolates had LZD minimum inhibitory concentrations of 8 and 32 mg/L and were optrA-positive (ST476 and ST585). Bioinformatic analysis revealed the presence of optrA located in the chromosome of both isolates. One isolate carried the optrA gene in the transposon 6674, previously reported as chromosomally encoded, and the second isolate in fragments originating from the integrative plasmid pEF10748. Additional mechanisms of LZD resistance on the 23S rRNA and the 50S ribosomal proteins were detected. None of the patients reported travels to geographical areas with high LZD resistance or previous LZD treatments. This is the first report of optrA carrying E. faecalis, including characterization by WGS from Austria. LZD resistance in a low-prevalence setting is of concern and should be further monitored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidrun Kerschner
- National Reference Center for Antimicrobial Resistance and Nosocomial Infections (NRZ), Institute for Hygiene, Microbiology and Tropical Medicine, Ordensklinikum Linz Elisabethinen, Linz, Austria
| | - Adriana Cabal Rosel
- AGES-Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety, Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Vienna, Austria
| | - Rainer Hartl
- National Reference Center for Antimicrobial Resistance and Nosocomial Infections (NRZ), Institute for Hygiene, Microbiology and Tropical Medicine, Ordensklinikum Linz Elisabethinen, Linz, Austria
| | - Patrick Hyden
- CUBE, Division of Computational Systems Biology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Anna Stoeger
- AGES-Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety, Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Vienna, Austria
| | - Werner Ruppitsch
- AGES-Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety, Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Vienna, Austria
| | - Franz Allerberger
- AGES-Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety, Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Vienna, Austria
| | - Petra Apfalter
- National Reference Center for Antimicrobial Resistance and Nosocomial Infections (NRZ), Institute for Hygiene, Microbiology and Tropical Medicine, Ordensklinikum Linz Elisabethinen, Linz, Austria
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25
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A critical review of antibiotic resistance in probiotic bacteria. Food Res Int 2020; 136:109571. [PMID: 32846610 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Probiotics are defined as live microorganisms that, when administered in adequate amounts, confer a health benefit upon the host. At present, probiotics are gaining popularity worldwide and are widely used in food and medicine. Consumption of probiotics is increasing with further in-depth research on the relationship between intestinal flora and host health. Most people pay more attention to the function of probiotics but ignore their potential risks, such as infection and antibiotic resistance transfer to pathogenic microbes. Physiological functions, effects and mechanisms of action of probiotics were covered in this review, as well as the antibiotic resistance phenotypes, mechanisms and genes found in probiotics. Typical cases of antibiotic resistance of probiotics were also highlighted, as well as the potential risks (including pathogenicity, infectivity and excessive immune response) and corresponding strategies (dosage, formulation, and administration route). This timely study provides an avenue for further research, development and application of probiotics.
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26
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Cherkaoui A, Renzi G, Charretier Y, Blanc DS, Vuilleumier N, Schrenzel J. Automated Incubation and Digital Image Analysis of Chromogenic Media Using Copan WASPLab Enables Rapid Detection of Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococcus. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 9:379. [PMID: 31781516 PMCID: PMC6851235 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: The aim of the present study was to assess whether the WASPLab automation enables faster detection of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE) on chromogenic VRE-specific plates by shortening the incubation time. Methods: Ninety different VRE culture negative rectal ESwab specimens were spiked with various concentrations (ranging from 3 × 102 to 3 × 107 CFU/ml) of 10 Enterococcus faecium strains (vancomycin MICs ranging from 32 to >256 mg/l), 3 E. faecium VanB strains (vancomycin MICs: 4, 8, and 16 mg/l), and 2 E. faecium VanB strains displaying vancomycin heteroresistance (vancomycin MICs: 64 and 96 mg/l). Results: Besides the two strains exhibiting vancomycin heteroresistance, all the other 13 VRE strains included in this study were detected as early as 24 h on the WASPLab even if the inoculum was low (3 × 103 CFU/ml). When the vancomycin MICs were high, all strains were detected as early as at 18 h. However, 30 h was a conservative time point for finalizing the analysis of chromogenic cultures. Conclusion: These results suggested that the WASPLab automated incubation could allow decreasing the initial incubation time to 18 h, followed by an intermediate time at 24 h and a final incubation period of 30 h for VRE culture screening, to deliver rapid results without affecting the analytical sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdessalam Cherkaoui
- Bacteriology Laboratory, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Diagnostics, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Gesuele Renzi
- Bacteriology Laboratory, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Diagnostics, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Yannick Charretier
- Genomic Research Laboratory, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Specialities, Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Dominique S Blanc
- Service of Hospital Preventive Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Swiss National Reference Center for Emerging Antibiotic Resistance (NARA), Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Vuilleumier
- Division of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Diagnostics, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland.,Division of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Medical Specialities, Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jacques Schrenzel
- Bacteriology Laboratory, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Diagnostics, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland.,Genomic Research Laboratory, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Specialities, Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
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27
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Markwart R, Willrich N, Haller S, Noll I, Koppe U, Werner G, Eckmanns T, Reuss A. The rise in vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium in Germany: data from the German Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance (ARS). Antimicrob Resist Infect Control 2019; 8:147. [PMID: 31485325 PMCID: PMC6712849 DOI: 10.1186/s13756-019-0594-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Due to limited therapeutic options, vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (VREF) is of great clinical significance. Recently, rising proportions of vancomycin resistance in enterococcal infections have been reported worldwide. This study aims to describe current epidemiological trends of VREF in German hospitals and to identify factors that are associated with an increased likelihood of vancomycin resistance in clinical E. faecium isolates. Methods 2012 to 2017 data from routine vancomycin susceptibility testing of 35,906 clinical E. faecium isolates from 148 hospitals were analysed using data from the German Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance System. Descriptive statistical analyses and uni- and multivariable regression analyses were performed to investigate the impact of variables, such as year of sampling, age and region, on vancomycin resistance in clinical E. faecium isolates. Results From 2014 onwards the proportions of clinical E. faecium isolates exhibiting resistance to vancomycin increased from 11.2% (95% confidence interval [CI] 9.4-13.3%) to 26.1% (95% CI 23.1-29.4%) in 2017. The rise of VREF proportions is primarily observed in the southern regions of Germany, whereas northern regions do not show a major increase. In the Southwest and Southeast, VREF proportions increased from 10.8% (95% CI 6.9-16.5%) and 3.8% (95% CI 3.0-11.5%) in 2014 to 36.7% (95% CI 32.9-40.8%) and 36.8% (95% CI 29.2-44.7%) in 2017, respectively. VREF proportions were considerably higher in isolates from patients aged 40-59 years compared to younger patients. Further regression analyses show that in relation to secondary care hospitals, E. faecium samples collected in specialist care hospitals and prevention and rehabilitation care centres are more likely to be vancomycin-resistant (odds ratios: 2.4 [95% CI 1.2-4.6] and 2.4 [95% CI 1.9-3.0], respectively). No differences in VREF proportions were found between female and male patients as well as between different clinical specimens. Conclusion The proportion of VREF is increasing in German hospitals, particularly in southern regions in Germany. Increased efforts in infection control and antibiotic stewardship activities accounting for local resistance patterns are necessary to combat the spread of VREF in Germany.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robby Markwart
- 1Robert Koch Institute, Department 3: Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Unit 37: Healthcare-associated Infections, Surveillance of Antibiotic Resistance and Consumption, Robert Koch Institute, Nordufer 20, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Niklas Willrich
- 1Robert Koch Institute, Department 3: Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Unit 37: Healthcare-associated Infections, Surveillance of Antibiotic Resistance and Consumption, Robert Koch Institute, Nordufer 20, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sebastian Haller
- 1Robert Koch Institute, Department 3: Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Unit 37: Healthcare-associated Infections, Surveillance of Antibiotic Resistance and Consumption, Robert Koch Institute, Nordufer 20, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ines Noll
- 1Robert Koch Institute, Department 3: Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Unit 37: Healthcare-associated Infections, Surveillance of Antibiotic Resistance and Consumption, Robert Koch Institute, Nordufer 20, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Uwe Koppe
- 2Robert Koch Institute, Department 3: Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Unit 34: HIV/AIDS, STI and Blood-borne Infections, Robert Koch Institute, Nordufer 20, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Guido Werner
- 3Robert Koch Institute, Department 1: Infectious Diseases, Unit 13: Nosocomial Pathogens and Antibiotic Resistances, Robert Koch Institute, Nordufer 20, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Tim Eckmanns
- 1Robert Koch Institute, Department 3: Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Unit 37: Healthcare-associated Infections, Surveillance of Antibiotic Resistance and Consumption, Robert Koch Institute, Nordufer 20, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Annicka Reuss
- 1Robert Koch Institute, Department 3: Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Unit 37: Healthcare-associated Infections, Surveillance of Antibiotic Resistance and Consumption, Robert Koch Institute, Nordufer 20, 13353 Berlin, Germany
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