1
|
Steinkrauss AC, Slotnick SD. Is implicit memory associated with the hippocampus? Cogn Neurosci 2024; 15:56-70. [PMID: 38368598 DOI: 10.1080/17588928.2024.2315816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
According to the traditional memory-systems view, the hippocampus is critical during explicit (conscious) long-term memory, whereas other brain regions support implicit (nonconscious) memory. In the last two decades, some fMRI studies have reported hippocampal activity during implicit memory tasks. The aim of the present discussion paper was to identify whether any implicit memory fMRI studies have provided convincing evidence that the hippocampus is associated with nonconscious processes without being confounded by conscious processes. Experimental protocol and analysis parameters included the stimulus type(s), task(s), measures of subjective awareness, explicit memory accuracy, the relevant fMRI contrast(s) or analysis, and confound(s). A systematic review was conducted to identify implicit memory studies that reported fMRI activity in the hippocampus. After applying exclusion criteria, 13 articles remained for analysis. We found that there were no implicit memory fMRI studies where subjective awareness was absent, explicit memory performance was at chance, and there were no confounds that could have driven the observed hippocampal activity. The confounds included explicit memory (including false memory), imbalanced attentional states between conditions (yielding activation of the default-mode network), imbalanced stimuli between conditions, and differential novelty. As such, not a single fMRI study provided convincing evidence that implicit memory was associated with the hippocampus. Neuropsychological evidence was also considered, and implicit memory deficits were caused by factors known to disrupt brain regions beyond the hippocampus, such that the behavioral effects could not be attributed to this region. The present results indicate that implicit memory is not associated with the hippocampus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashley C Steinkrauss
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, USA
| | - Scott D Slotnick
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Thakral PP, Cutting ER, Lawless KE. The dead salmon strikes again: Reports of unconscious processing in the hippocampus may reflect Type-I error. Cogn Neurosci 2024; 15:79-82. [PMID: 38647209 DOI: 10.1080/17588928.2024.2343667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Steinkrauss and Slotnick (2024) reviewed neuroimaging studies linking the hippocampus with implicit memory. They conclude that there is no convincing evidence that the hippocampus is associated with implicit memory because prior studies are confounded by explicit memory (among other factors). Here, we ask a different yet equally important question: do reports of unconscious hippocampal activity reflect a Type-I error (i.e. a false positive)? We find that 39% of studies linking the hippocampus with implicit memory (7 of 18) do not report correcting for multiple comparisons. These results indicate that many unconscious hippocampal effects may reflect a Type-I error.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Preston P Thakral
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, USA
- Department of Psychology, Smith College, Northampton, MA, USA
| | - Elizabeth R Cutting
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, USA
| | - Kiera E Lawless
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Brain Macro-Structural Alterations in Aging Rats: A Longitudinal Lifetime Approach. Cells 2023; 12:cells12030432. [PMID: 36766774 PMCID: PMC9914014 DOI: 10.3390/cells12030432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging is accompanied by macro-structural alterations in the brain that may relate to age-associated cognitive decline. Animal studies could allow us to study this relationship, but so far it remains unclear whether their structural aging patterns correspond to those in humans. Therefore, by applying magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and deformation-based morphometry (DBM), we longitudinally screened the brains of male RccHan:WIST rats for structural changes across their average lifespan. By combining dedicated region of interest (ROI) and voxel-wise approaches, we observed an increase in their global brain volume that was superimposed by divergent local morphologic alterations, with the largest aging effects in early and middle life. We detected a modality-dependent vulnerability to shrinkage across the visual, auditory, and somato-sensory cortical areas, whereas the piriform cortex showed partial resistance. Furthermore, shrinkage emerged in the amygdala, subiculum, and flocculus as well as in frontal, parietal, and motor cortical areas. Strikingly, we noticed the preservation of ectorhinal, entorhinal, retrosplenial, and cingulate cortical regions, which all represent higher-order brain areas and extraordinarily grew with increasing age. We think that the findings of this study will further advance aging research and may contribute to the establishment of interventional approaches to preserve cognitive health in advanced age.
Collapse
|
4
|
Kawles A, Minogue G, Zouridakis A, Keszycki R, Gill N, Nassif C, Coventry C, Zhang H, Rogalski E, Flanagan ME, Castellani R, Bigio EH, Mesulam MM, Geula C, Gefen T. Differential vulnerability of the dentate gyrus to tauopathies in dementias. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2023; 11:1. [PMID: 36597124 PMCID: PMC9811688 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-022-01485-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The dentate gyrus (DG), a key hippocampal subregion in memory processing, generally resists phosphorylated tau accumulation in the amnestic dementia of the Alzheimer's type due to Alzheimer's disease (DAT-AD), but less is known about the susceptibility of the DG to other tauopathies. Here, we report stereologic densities of total DG neurons and tau inclusions in thirty-two brains of human participants with autopsy-confirmed tauopathies with distinct isoform profiles-3R Pick's disease (PiD, N = 8), 4R corticobasal degeneration (CBD, N = 8), 4R progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP, N = 8), and 3/4R AD (N = 8). All participants were diagnosed during life with primary progressive aphasia (PPA), an aphasic clinical dementia syndrome characterized by progressive deterioration of language abilities with spared non-language cognitive abilities in early stages, except for five patients with DAT-AD as a comparison group. 51% of total participants were female. All specimens were stained immunohistochemically with AT8 to visualize tau pathology, and PPA cases were stained for Nissl substance to visualize neurons. Unbiased stereological analysis was performed in granule and hilar DG cells, and inclusion-to-neuron ratios were calculated. In the PPA group, PiD had highest mean total (granule + hilar) densities of DG tau pathology (p < 0.001), followed by CBD, AD, then PSP. PPA-AD cases showed more inclusions in hilar cells compared to granule cells, while the opposite was true in PiD and CBD. Inclusion-to-neuron ratios revealed, on average, 33% of all DG neurons in PiD cases contained a tau inclusion, compared to ~ 7% in CBD, 2% in AD, and 0.4% in PSP. There was no significant difference between DAT-AD and PPA-AD pathologic tau burden, suggesting that differences in DG burden are not specific to clinical phenotype. We conclude that the DG is differentially vulnerable to pathologic tau accumulation, raising intriguing questions about the structural integrity and functional significance of hippocampal circuits in neurodegenerative dementias.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Allegra Kawles
- Mesulam Center for Cognitive Neurology & Alzheimer’s Disease, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 300 E. Superior Street, Tarry Building, 8th Floor, Chicago, IL 60611 USA
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Grace Minogue
- Mesulam Center for Cognitive Neurology & Alzheimer’s Disease, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 300 E. Superior Street, Tarry Building, 8th Floor, Chicago, IL 60611 USA
| | - Antonia Zouridakis
- Mesulam Center for Cognitive Neurology & Alzheimer’s Disease, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 300 E. Superior Street, Tarry Building, 8th Floor, Chicago, IL 60611 USA
| | - Rachel Keszycki
- Mesulam Center for Cognitive Neurology & Alzheimer’s Disease, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 300 E. Superior Street, Tarry Building, 8th Floor, Chicago, IL 60611 USA
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Nathan Gill
- Mesulam Center for Cognitive Neurology & Alzheimer’s Disease, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 300 E. Superior Street, Tarry Building, 8th Floor, Chicago, IL 60611 USA
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Caren Nassif
- Mesulam Center for Cognitive Neurology & Alzheimer’s Disease, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 300 E. Superior Street, Tarry Building, 8th Floor, Chicago, IL 60611 USA
| | - Christina Coventry
- Mesulam Center for Cognitive Neurology & Alzheimer’s Disease, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 300 E. Superior Street, Tarry Building, 8th Floor, Chicago, IL 60611 USA
| | - Hui Zhang
- Mesulam Center for Cognitive Neurology & Alzheimer’s Disease, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 300 E. Superior Street, Tarry Building, 8th Floor, Chicago, IL 60611 USA
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Emily Rogalski
- Mesulam Center for Cognitive Neurology & Alzheimer’s Disease, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 300 E. Superior Street, Tarry Building, 8th Floor, Chicago, IL 60611 USA
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Margaret E. Flanagan
- Mesulam Center for Cognitive Neurology & Alzheimer’s Disease, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 300 E. Superior Street, Tarry Building, 8th Floor, Chicago, IL 60611 USA
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Rudolph Castellani
- Mesulam Center for Cognitive Neurology & Alzheimer’s Disease, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 300 E. Superior Street, Tarry Building, 8th Floor, Chicago, IL 60611 USA
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Eileen H. Bigio
- Mesulam Center for Cognitive Neurology & Alzheimer’s Disease, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 300 E. Superior Street, Tarry Building, 8th Floor, Chicago, IL 60611 USA
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL USA
| | - M. Marsel Mesulam
- Mesulam Center for Cognitive Neurology & Alzheimer’s Disease, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 300 E. Superior Street, Tarry Building, 8th Floor, Chicago, IL 60611 USA
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Changiz Geula
- Mesulam Center for Cognitive Neurology & Alzheimer’s Disease, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 300 E. Superior Street, Tarry Building, 8th Floor, Chicago, IL 60611 USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, USA
| | - Tamar Gefen
- Mesulam Center for Cognitive Neurology & Alzheimer’s Disease, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 300 E. Superior Street, Tarry Building, 8th Floor, Chicago, IL 60611 USA
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kilpatrick LA, Siddarth P, Krause-Sorio B, Milillo MM, Aguilar-Faustino Y, Ercoli L, Narr KL, Khalsa DS, Lavretsky H. Impact of Yoga Versus Memory Enhancement Training on Hippocampal Connectivity in Older Women at Risk for Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2023; 95:149-159. [PMID: 37482992 PMCID: PMC10578221 DOI: 10.3233/jad-221159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Yoga may be an ideal early intervention for those with modifiable risk factors for Alzheimer's disease (AD) development. OBJECTIVE To examine the effects of Kundalini yoga (KY) training versus memory enhancement training (MET) on the resting-state connectivity of hippocampal subregions in women with subjective memory decline and cardiovascular risk factors for AD. METHODS Participants comprised women with subjective memory decline and cardiovascular risk factors who participated in a parent randomized controlled trial (NCT03503669) of 12-weeks of KY versus MET and completed pre- and post-intervention resting-state magnetic resonance imaging scans (yoga: n = 11, age = 61.45±6.58 years; MET: n = 11, age = 64.55±6.41 years). Group differences in parcellated (Cole-anticevic atlas) hippocampal connectivity changes (post- minus pre-intervention) were evaluated by partial least squares analysis, controlling for age. Correlations between hippocampal connectivity and perceived stress and frequency of forgetting (assessed by questionnaires) were also evaluated. RESULTS A left anterior hippocampal subregion assigned to the default mode network (DMN) in the Cole-anticevic atlas showed greater increases in connectivity with largely ventral visual stream regions with KY than with MET (p < 0.001), which showed associations with lower stress (p < 0.05). Several posterior hippocampal subregions assigned to sensory-based networks in the Cole-anticevic atlas showed greater increases in connectivity with regions largely in the DMN and frontoparietal network with MET than with KY (p < 0.001), which showed associations with lower frequency of forgetting (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION KY training may better target stress-related hippocampal connectivity, whereas MET may better target hippocampal sensory-integration supporting better memory reliability, in women with subjective memory decline and cardiovascular risk factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A. Kilpatrick
- Department of Psychiatry, Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- G. Oppenheimer Center for Neurobiology of Stress and Resilience, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Goodman-Luskin Microbiome Center, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Prabha Siddarth
- Department of Psychiatry, Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Beatrix Krause-Sorio
- Department of Psychiatry, Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Michaela M. Milillo
- Department of Psychiatry, Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Yesenia Aguilar-Faustino
- Department of Psychiatry, Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Linda Ercoli
- Department of Psychiatry, Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Katherine L. Narr
- Department of Neurology, Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Helen Lavretsky
- Department of Psychiatry, Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Seib DR, Princz-Lebel O, Chahley ER, Floresco SB, Snyder JS. Hippocampal neurogenesis promotes effortful responding but does not regulate effort-based choice. Hippocampus 2022; 32:818-827. [PMID: 36177887 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.23472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
A fundamental trait of depression is low motivation. Hippocampal neurogenesis has been associated with motivational deficits but detailed evidence on how it regulates human-relevant behavioral traits is still missing. We used the hGFAP-TK rat model to deplete actively dividing neural stem cells in the rat hippocampus. Use of the effort-discounting operant task allowed us to identify specific and detailed deficits in motivation behavior. In this task, rats are given a choice between small and large food rewards, where 2-20 lever presses are required to obtain the large reward (four sugar pellets) versus one press to receive the smaller reward (two sugar pellets). We found that depleting adult neurogenesis did not affect effort-based choice or general motivation to complete the task. However, lack of adult neurogenesis reduced the pressing rate and thus increased time to complete the required presses to obtain a reward. In summary, the present study finds that adult hippocampal neurogenesis specifically reduces response vigor to obtain rewards and thus deepens our understanding in how neurogenesis shapes depression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Désirée R Seib
- Department of Psychology, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Oren Princz-Lebel
- Department of Psychology, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Erin R Chahley
- Department of Psychology, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Stan B Floresco
- Department of Psychology, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jason S Snyder
- Department of Psychology, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Reinders AATS, Dimitrova LI, Schlumpf YR, Vissia EM, Dean SL, Jäncke L, Chalavi S, Veltman DJ, Nijenhuis ERS. The elusive search for a biomarker of dissociative amnesia: an overstated response to understated findings? Psychol Med 2022; 52:2837-2845. [PMID: 35855668 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291722001660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Antje A T S Reinders
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Lora I Dimitrova
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, Location VUmc, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Yolanda R Schlumpf
- Division of Neuropsychology, Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Clienia Littenheid AG, Private Clinic for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Sirnach, Switzerland
| | - Eline M Vissia
- Heelzorg, Centre for Psychotrauma, Zwolle, The Netherlands
| | - Sophie L Dean
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Lutz Jäncke
- Division of Neuropsychology, Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Research Unit for Plasticity and Learning of the Healthy Aging Brain, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sima Chalavi
- Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dick J Veltman
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, Location VUmc, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ellert R S Nijenhuis
- Clienia Littenheid AG, Private Clinic for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Sirnach, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Fixemer S, Ameli C, Hammer G, Salamanca L, Uriarte Huarte O, Schwartz C, Gérardy JJ, Mechawar N, Skupin A, Mittelbronn M, Bouvier DS. Microglia phenotypes are associated with subregional patterns of concomitant tau, amyloid-β and α-synuclein pathologies in the hippocampus of patients with Alzheimer's disease and dementia with Lewy bodies. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2022; 10:36. [PMID: 35296366 PMCID: PMC8925098 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-022-01342-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The cellular alterations of the hippocampus lead to memory decline, a shared symptom between Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and dementia with Lewy Bodies (DLB) patients. However, the subregional deterioration pattern of the hippocampus differs between AD and DLB with the CA1 subfield being more severely affected in AD. The activation of microglia, the brain immune cells, could play a role in its selective volume loss. How subregional microglia populations vary within AD or DLB and across these conditions remains poorly understood. Furthermore, how the nature of the hippocampal local pathological imprint is associated with microglia responses needs to be elucidated. To this purpose, we employed an automated pipeline for analysis of 3D confocal microscopy images to assess CA1, CA3 and DG/CA4 subfields microglia responses in post-mortem hippocampal samples from late-onset AD (n = 10), DLB (n = 8) and age-matched control (CTL) (n = 11) individuals. In parallel, we performed volumetric analyses of hyperphosphorylated tau (pTau), amyloid-β (Aβ) and phosphorylated α-synuclein (pSyn) loads. For each of the 32,447 extracted microglia, 16 morphological features were measured to classify them into seven distinct morphological clusters. Our results show similar alterations of microglial morphological features and clusters in AD and DLB, but with more prominent changes in AD. We identified two distinct microglia clusters enriched in disease conditions and particularly increased in CA1 and DG/CA4 of AD and CA3 of DLB. Our study confirms frequent concomitance of pTau, Aβ and pSyn loads across AD and DLB but reveals a specific subregional pattern for each type of pathology, along with a generally increased severity in AD. Furthermore, pTau and pSyn loads were highly correlated across subregions and conditions. We uncovered tight associations between microglial changes and the subfield pathological imprint. Our findings suggest that combinations and severity of subregional pTau, Aβ and pSyn pathologies transform local microglia phenotypic composition in the hippocampus. The high burdens of pTau and pSyn associated with increased microglial alterations could be a factor in CA1 vulnerability in AD.
Collapse
|
9
|
Seok JW, Cheong C. Correction to: Functional dissociation of hippocampal subregions corresponding to memory types and stages. J Physiol Anthropol 2020; 39:33. [PMID: 33054859 PMCID: PMC7559197 DOI: 10.1186/s40101-020-00243-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via the original article.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Woo Seok
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.,Department of Rehabilitation Counseling Psychology, Seoul Hanyoung University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chaejoon Cheong
- Center for Research Equipment, Korea Basic Science Institute, 162 Yeongudanji-ro, Ochang, Cheongju, 28119, Chungbook, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|