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Cao X, Guo T, Xin H, Du J, Yang C, Feng B, He Y, Shen L, Di Y, Li Z, Chen Y, Liang J, Jin Q, Wang L, Gao L. Cost-effectiveness of latent tuberculosis infection testing and treatment with 6-week regimen among key population in rural communities in China: a decision analysis study. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2024; 43:809-820. [PMID: 38383889 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-024-04777-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Several model studies suggested the implementation of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) testing and treatment could greatly reduce the incidence of tuberculosis (TB) and achieve the 2035 target of the "End TB" Strategy in China. The present study aimed to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of LTBI testing and TB preventive treatment among key population (≥ 50 years old) susceptible to TB at community level in China. METHODS A Markov model was developed to investigate the cost-effectiveness of LTBI testing using interferon gamma release assay (IGRA) and subsequent treatment with 6-month daily isoniazid regimen (6H) (as a standard regimen for comparison) or 6-week twice-weekly rifapentine and isoniazid regimen (6-week H2P2) in a cohort of 10,000 adults with an average initial age of 50 years. RESULTS In the base-case analysis, LTBI testing and treatment with 6H was dominated (i.e., more expensive with a lower quality-adjusted life year (QALY)) by LTBI testing and treatment with 6-week H2P2. LTBI testing and treatment with 6-week H2P2 was more effective than no intervention at a cost of $20,943.81 per QALY gained, which was below the willingness-to-pay (WTP) threshold of $24,211.84 per QALY gained in China. The one-way sensitivity analysis showed the change of LTBI prevalence was the parameter that most influenced the results of the incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs). CONCLUSION As estimated by a Markov model, LTBI testing and treatment with 6-week H2P2 was cost-saving compared with LTBI testing and treatment with 6H, and it was considered to be a cost-effective option for TB control in rural China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefang Cao
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, National Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, 100730, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Pathogen Infection Prevention and Control (Ministry of Education), National Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, 100730, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Tonglei Guo
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, National Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, 100730, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Pathogen Infection Prevention and Control (Ministry of Education), National Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, 100730, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Henan Xin
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, National Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, 100730, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Pathogen Infection Prevention and Control (Ministry of Education), National Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, 100730, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiang Du
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, National Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, 100730, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Pathogen Infection Prevention and Control (Ministry of Education), National Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, 100730, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Chenlu Yang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, 100005, Beijing, China
| | - Boxuan Feng
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, National Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, 100730, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Pathogen Infection Prevention and Control (Ministry of Education), National Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, 100730, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yijun He
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, National Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, 100730, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Pathogen Infection Prevention and Control (Ministry of Education), National Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, 100730, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Lingyu Shen
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, National Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, 100730, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Pathogen Infection Prevention and Control (Ministry of Education), National Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, 100730, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanzhi Di
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, National Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, 100730, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Pathogen Infection Prevention and Control (Ministry of Education), National Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, 100730, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zihan Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, National Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, 100730, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Pathogen Infection Prevention and Control (Ministry of Education), National Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, 100730, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Hainan Medical University-The University of Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Tropical Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, Hainan Medical University, 571199, Haikou, China
| | - Yanxiao Chen
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, 450001, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jianguo Liang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, National Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, 100730, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Pathogen Infection Prevention and Control (Ministry of Education), National Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, 100730, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Jin
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, National Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, 100730, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Pathogen Infection Prevention and Control (Ministry of Education), National Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, 100730, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, 100005, Beijing, China.
| | - Lei Gao
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, National Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, 100730, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Pathogen Infection Prevention and Control (Ministry of Education), National Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, 100730, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
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Wei X, Fu T, Chen D, Gong W, Zhang S, Long Y, Wu X, Shao Z, Liu K. Spatial-temporal patterns and influencing factors for pulmonary tuberculosis transmission in China: an analysis based on 15 years of surveillance data. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:96647-96659. [PMID: 37580473 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-29248-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
Profiting from a series of anti-tuberculosis programs in China, the number of tuberculosis (TB) cases has diminished dramatically in the past decades. However, long-term spatial-temporal variations, regional trends of prevalence, and mechanisms of determinant factors remain unclear. Age-period-cohort analysis and Bayesian space-time hierarchy statistics were conducted to identify high-risk populations and areas in mainland China, and the geographical detector model was used to evaluate the important drivers of the disease. The prevalence of pulmonary TB has declined from 73.3/100,000 in 2004 to 55.45/100,000 in 2018. A bimodal distribution was found in age groups, and the birth cohorts before 1978 had relative higher risk. The high-risk areas were mainly distributed in western China and south-central China, and several provinces in eastern China showed a potential increasing trend, including Beijing, Shanghai, Liaoning, and Guangdong province. The index of night light (Q = 0.46), the population density (Q = 0.41), PM10 (Q = 0.38), urbanization rate (Q = 0.32), and PM 2.5 (Q = 0.31) contributed substantially to the spatial distribution of pulmonary tuberculosis. The identifications of epidemic patterns, high-risk areas and influence factors would help design targeted intervention measures to achieve milestones of the end TB strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Wei
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
- Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and control in Special Operational Environment, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Fu
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
- Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and control in Special Operational Environment, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Di Chen
- RDFZ Chaoyang Experimental School, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenping Gong
- Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory, Senior Department of Tuberculosis, The Eighth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Shuyuan Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Long
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Xubin Wu
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
- Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and control in Special Operational Environment, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongjun Shao
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
- Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and control in Special Operational Environment, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Kun Liu
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China.
- Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and control in Special Operational Environment, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China.
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Addo J, Pearce D, Metcalf M, Lundquist C, Thomas G, Barros-Aguirre D, Koh GCKW, Strange M. Living with tuberculosis: a qualitative study of patients’ experiences with disease and treatment. BMC Public Health 2022; 22:1717. [PMID: 36085073 PMCID: PMC9462890 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-022-14115-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Although tuberculosis (TB) is a curable disease, treatment is complex and prolonged, requiring considerable commitment from patients. This study aimed to understand the common perspectives of TB patients across Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa throughout their disease journey, including the emotional, psychological, and practical challenges that patients and their families face.
Methods
This qualitative market research study was conducted between July 2020 and February 2021. Eight TB patients from each country (n = 40) completed health questionnaires, video/telephone interviews, and diaries regarding their experiences of TB. Additionally, 52 household members were interviewed. Patients at different stages of their TB treatment journey, from a range of socioeconomic groups, with or without TB risk factors were sought. Anonymized data underwent triangulation and thematic analysis by iterative coding of statements.
Results
The sample included 23 men and 17 women aged 13–60 years old, with risk factors for TB reported by 23/40 patients. Although patients were from different countries and cultural backgrounds, experiencing diverse health system contexts, five themes emerged as common across the sample. 1) Economic hardship from loss of income and medical/travel expenses. 2) Widespread stigma, delaying presentation and deeply affecting patients’ emotional wellbeing. 3) TB and HIV co-infection was particularly challenging, but increased TB awareness and accelerated diagnosis. 4) Disruption to family life strained relationships and increased patients’ feelings of isolation and loneliness. 5) The COVID-19 pandemic made it easier for TB patients to keep their condition private, but disrupted access to services.
Conclusions
Despite disparate cultural, socio-economic, and systemic contexts across countries, TB patients experience common challenges. A robust examination of the needs of individual patients and their families is required to improve the patient experience, encourage adherence, and promote cure, given the limitations of current treatment.
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Ghazy RM, El Saeh HM, Abdulaziz S, Hammouda EA, Elzorkany AM, Khidr H, Zarif N, Elrewany E, Abd ElHafeez S. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the catastrophic costs incurred by tuberculosis patients. Sci Rep 2022; 12:558. [PMID: 35017604 PMCID: PMC8752613 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-04345-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the strategies of the World Health Organization End Tuberculosis (TB) was to reduce the catastrophic costs incurred by TB-affected families to 0% by 2020.Catastrophic cost is defined by the total cost related to TB management exceeding 20% of the annual pre-TB household income. This study aimed to estimate the pooled proportion of TB affected households who incurred catastrophic costs. We searched PubMed, SciELO, Scopus, Embase, Google Scholar, ProQuest, SAGE, and Web of Science databases according to Preferred Reporting Items of the Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines till November 20, 2020. Eligible studies were identified and data on catastrophic costs due to TB were extracted. We performed a meta-analysis to generate the pooled proportion of patients with TB facing catastrophic costs. From 5114 studies identified, 29 articles were included in the final analysis. The pooled proportion of patients faced catastrophic costs was (43%, 95% CI [34-51]). Meta-regression revealed that country, drug sensitivity, and Human immune-deficiency Virus (HIV) co-infection were the main predictors of such costs. Catastrophic costs incurred by drug sensitive, drug resistant, and HIV co-infection were 32%, 81%, and 81%, respectively. The catastrophic costs incurred were lower among active than passive case findings (12% vs. 30%). Half (50%) of TB-affected households faced catastrophic health expenditure at 10% cut-off point. The financial burden of patients seeking TB diagnosis and treatment continues to be a worldwide impediment. Therefore, the End TB approach should rely on socioeconomic support and cost-cutting initiatives.PROSPERO registration: CRD42020221283.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramy Mohamed Ghazy
- Tropical Health Department, High Institute of Public Health, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Haider M El Saeh
- Community Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tripoli, Tripoli, Libya
| | | | | | | | - Heba Khidr
- Ministry of Health and Population, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Nardine Zarif
- Ministry of Health and Population, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Ehab Elrewany
- Tropical Health Department, High Institute of Public Health, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Samar Abd ElHafeez
- Epidemiology Department, High Institute of Public Health, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
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5
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Zhao F, Zhang C, Yang C, Xia Y, Xing J, Zhang G, Xu L, Wang X, Lu W, Li J, Liu F, Lin D, Wu J, Shen X, Hou S, Yu Y, Hu D, Fu C, Wang L, Cheng J, Zhang H. Comparison of yield and relative costs of different screening algorithms for tuberculosis in active case-finding: a cross-section study. BMC Infect Dis 2021; 21:813. [PMID: 34388976 PMCID: PMC8361931 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-021-06486-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Part of tuberculosis (TB) patients were missed if symptomatic screening was based on the main TB likely symptoms. This study conducted to compare the yield and relative costs of different TB screening algorithms in active case-finding in the whole population in China. Methods The study population was screened based on the TB likely symptoms through a face-to-face interview in selected 27 communities from 10 counties of 10 provinces in China. If the individuals had any of the enhanced TB likely symptoms, both chest X-ray and sputum tests were carried out for them furtherly. We used the McNemar test to analyze the difference in TB detection among four algorithms in active case-finding. Of four algorithms, two were from WHO recommendations including 1a/1c, one from China National Tuberculosis Program, and one from this study with the enhanced TB likely symptoms. Furthermore, a two-way ANOVA analysis was performed to analyze the cost difference in the performance of active case-finding adjusted by different demographic and health characteristics among different algorithms. Results Algorithm with the enhanced TB likely symptoms defined in this study could increase the yield of TB detection in active case-finding, compared with algorithms recommended by WHO (p < 0.01, Kappa 95% CI: 0. 93–0.99) and China NTP (p = 0.03, Kappa 95% CI: 0.96–1.00). There was a significant difference in the total costs among different three algorithms WHO 1c/2/3 (F = 59.13, p < 0.01). No significant difference in the average costs for one active TB case screened and diagnosed through the process among Algorithms 1c/2/3 was evident (F = 2.78, p = 0.07). The average costs for one bacteriological positive case through algorithm WHO 1a was about two times as much as the costs for one active TB case through algorithms WHO 1c/2/3. Conclusions Active case-finding based on the enhanced symptom screening is meaningful for TB case-finding and it could identify more active TB cases in time. The findings indicated that this enhanced screening approach cost more compared to algorithms recommend by WHO and China NTP, but the increased yield resulted in comparative costs per patient. And it cost much more that only smear/bacteriological-positive TB cases are screened in active case-finding. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12879-021-06486-w.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Zhao
- National Center for Tuberculosis Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Clinical Trial Center, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Canyou Zhang
- National Center for Tuberculosis Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Chongguang Yang
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Yinyin Xia
- National Center for Tuberculosis Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin Xing
- Institute of Tuberculosis Control and Prevention, Henan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhengzhou, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Guolong Zhang
- Institute of Tuberculosis Control and Prevention, Henan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhengzhou, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Xu
- Division of Tuberculosis Control and Prevention, Yunnan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Kunming, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaomeng Wang
- Institute of TB Control, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Lu
- Department of Chronic Communicable Disease, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianwei Li
- Center for Tuberculosis Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Feiying Liu
- Guangxi Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Dingwen Lin
- Guangxi Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianlin Wu
- Sichuan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Shen
- Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuangyi Hou
- Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanling Yu
- Heilongjiang Provincial Center for Tuberculosis Control and Prevention, Harbin, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongmei Hu
- National Center for Tuberculosis Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunyi Fu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Lixia Wang
- National Center for Tuberculosis Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Cheng
- National Center for Tuberculosis Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hui Zhang
- National Center for Tuberculosis Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
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Kirubi B, Ong'ang'o J, Nguhiu P, Lönnroth K, Rono A, Sidney-Annerstedt K. Determinants of household catastrophic costs for drug sensitive tuberculosis patients in Kenya. Infect Dis Poverty 2021; 10:95. [PMID: 34225790 PMCID: PMC8256229 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-021-00879-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Despite free diagnosis and treatment for tuberculosis (TB), the costs during treatment impose a significant financial burden on patients and their households. The study sought to identify the determinants for catastrophic costs among patients with drug-sensitive TB (DSTB) and their households in Kenya. Methods The data was collected during the 2017 Kenya national patient cost survey from a nationally representative sample (n = 1071). Treatment related costs and productivity losses were estimated. Total costs exceeding 20% of household income were defined as catastrophic and used as the outcome. Multivariable Poisson regression analysis was performed to measure the association between selected individual, household and disease characteristics and occurrence of catastrophic costs. A deterministic sensitivity analysis was carried using different thresholds and the significant predictors were explored. Results The proportion of catastrophic costs among DSTB patients was 27% (n = 294). Patients with catastrophic costs had higher median productivity losses, 39 h [interquartile range (IQR): 20–104], and total median costs of USD 567 (IQR: 299–1144). The incidence of catastrophic costs had a dose response with household expenditure. The poorest quintile was 6.2 times [95% confidence intervals (CI): 4.0–9.7] more likely to incur catastrophic costs compared to the richest. The prevalence of catastrophic costs decreased with increasing household expenditure quintiles (proportion of catastrophic costs: 59.7%, 32.9%, 23.6%, 15.9%, and 9.5%) from the lowest quintile (Q1) to the highest quintile (Q5). Other determinants included hospitalization: prevalence ratio (PR) = 2.8 (95% CI: 1.8–4.5) and delayed treatment: PR = 1.5 (95% CI: 1.3–1.7). Protective factors included receiving care at a public health facility: PR = 0.8 (95% CI: 0.6–1.0), and a higher body mass index (BMI): PR = 0.97 (95% CI: 0.96–0.98). Pre TB expenditure, hospitalization and BMI were significant predictors in all sensitivity analysis scenarios. Conclusions There are significant inequities in the occurrence of catastrophic costs. Social protection interventions in addition to existing medical and public health interventions are important to implement for patients most at risk of incurring catastrophic costs. Graphic abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40249-021-00879-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Kirubi
- Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,WHO Collaborating Centre for Tuberculosis and Social Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden.,The Health and Social Protection Action Research & Knowledge Sharing Network (SPARKS), Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jane Ong'ang'o
- Centre for Respiratory Disease Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Peter Nguhiu
- Health Economics Research Unit, KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Program, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Knut Lönnroth
- Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,WHO Collaborating Centre for Tuberculosis and Social Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden.,The Health and Social Protection Action Research & Knowledge Sharing Network (SPARKS), Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Aiban Rono
- Monitoring, Evaluation & Research, National Tuberculosis, Leprosy and Lung Disease Program, Ministry of Health, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Kristi Sidney-Annerstedt
- Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. .,WHO Collaborating Centre for Tuberculosis and Social Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden. .,The Health and Social Protection Action Research & Knowledge Sharing Network (SPARKS), Stockholm, Sweden.
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Ghazy RM, Saeh HME, Abdulaziz S, Hammouda EA, Elzorkany A, Kheder H, Zarif N, Elrewany E, Elhafeez SA. A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis on Catastrophic Cost incurred by Tuberculosis Patients and their Households.. [DOI: 10.1101/2021.02.27.21252453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
AbstractBackgroundAs one of the World Health Organization (WHO) End Tuberculosis (TB) Strategy is to reduce the proportion of TB affected families that face catastrophic costs to 0% by 2020. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to estimate the pooled proportion of TB affected households who face catastrophic cost.MethodA search of the online database through September 2020 was performed. A total of 5114 articles were found, of which 29 articles got included in quantitative synthesis. Catastrophic cost is defined if total cost related to TB exceeded 20% of annual pre-TB household income. R software was used to estimate the pooled proportion at 95% confidence intervals (CIs) using the fixed/random-effect models.ResultThe proportion of patients faced catastrophic cost was 43% (95% CI 34-52, I2= 99%); 32% (95% CI 29 – 35, I2= 70%) among drug sensitive, and 80% (95% CI 74-85, I2= 54%) among drug resistant, and 81% (95%CI 78-84%, I2= 0%) among HIV patients. Regarding active versus passive case finding the pooled proportion of catastrophic cost was 12% (95% CI 9-16, I2= 95%) versus 42% (95% CI 35-50, I2= 94%). The pooled proportion of direct cost to the total cost was 45% (95% CI 39-51, I2= 91%). The pooled proportion of patients facing catastrophic health expenditure (CHE) at cut of point of 10% of their yearly income was 45% (95% CI 35-56, I2= 93%) while at 40% of their capacity to pay was 63% (95% CI 40-80, I2= 96%).ConclusionDespite the ongoing efforts, there is a significant proportion of patients facing catastrophic cost, which represent a main obstacle against TB control.PROSPERO registrationCRD42020221283
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Wang YS, Zhu WL, Li T, Chen W, Wang WB. Changes in newly notified cases and control of tuberculosis in China: time-series analysis of surveillance data. Infect Dis Poverty 2021; 10:16. [PMID: 33627191 PMCID: PMC7903934 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-021-00806-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND China has made progress in tuberculosis control, but this disease remains a burden in many regions of China. We performed time-series analysis to examine changes in the rates of newly notified and newly smear-positive cases of tuberculosis in different regions of China from 1997 to 2018 and assessed the effect of the current control program. METHODS National and provincial notification data on tuberculosis from 1997 to 2018, which covers 31 provinces in the mainland of China, were extracted from the Chinese public health science data center. The annual percentage changes in newly notified and smear-positive cases were analyzed using a joinpoint regression method. RESULTS There were 18 646 672 newly notified tuberculosis cases from 1997 to 2018, with the greatest number in 2005. A total of 6 605 414 of these cases (35.42%) were smear-positive cases. The number of newly notified cases in China overall decreased (96.88-59.27 cases per 100 000) significantly during the most recent years. The decline during this period ranged from -3.9% (95% CI -5.7 to -2.9) in the western region to -4.3% (95% CI -4.8 to -3.7) in the eastern region. Most provinces had significant declines in newly notified and smear-positive cases, whereas the decline of newly smear-positive cases in Xinjiang was about half of that observed during the same period in China overall (-4.1% vs -9.9%). In addition to disparities in annual percentage changes, the rate of newly notified cases was higher in the western region than in the eastern and central regions. CONCLUSIONS The burden of tuberculosis has been on declining throughout China during recent years, but tuberculosis in western China continues to be a public health emergency that needs to be urgently addressed. Effective prevention and control strategies are needed for regions with high disease burdens and those with increasing or unchanging numbers of newly notified and smear-positive cases of tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye-Sheng Wang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Fudan University, No. 130 Dong'an Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen-Long Zhu
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Fudan University, No. 130 Dong'an Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, China
| | - Tao Li
- National Center for Tuberculosis Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Chen
- National Center for Tuberculosis Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Wei-Bing Wang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Fudan University, No. 130 Dong'an Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, China.
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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Wang Y, Xu C, Ren J, Wu W, Zhao X, Chao L, Liang W, Yao S. Secular Seasonality and Trend Forecasting of Tuberculosis Incidence Rate in China Using the Advanced Error-Trend-Seasonal Framework. Infect Drug Resist 2020; 13:733-747. [PMID: 32184635 PMCID: PMC7062399 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s238225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Tuberculosis (TB) is a major public health problem in China, and contriving a long-term forecast is a useful aid for better launching prevention initiatives. Regrettably, such a forecasting method with robust and accurate performance is still lacking. Here, we aim to investigate its potential of the error-trend-seasonal (ETS) framework through a series of comparative experiments to analyze and forecast its secular epidemic seasonality and trends of TB incidence in China. Methods We collected the TB incidence data from January 1997 to August 2019, and then partitioning the data into eight different training and testing subsamples. Thereafter, we constructed the ETS and seasonal autoregressive integrated moving average (SARIMA) models based on the training subsamples, and multiple performance indices including the mean absolute deviation, mean absolute percentage error, root-mean-squared error, and mean error rate were adopted to assess their simulation and projection effects. Results In the light of the above performance measures, the ETS models provided a pronounced improvement for the long-term seasonality and trend forecasting in TB incidence rate over the SARIMA models, be it in various training or testing subsets apart from the 48-step ahead forecasting. The descriptive results to the data revealed that TB incidence showed notable seasonal characteristics with predominant peaks of spring and early summer and began to be plunging at on average 3.722% per year since 2008. However, this rate reduced to 2.613% per year since 2015 and furthermore such a trend would be predicted to continue in years ahead. Conclusion The ETS framework has the ability to conduct long-term forecasting for TB incidence, which may be beneficial for the long-term planning of the TB prevention and control. Additionally, considering the predicted dropping rate of TB morbidity, more particular strategies should be formulated to dramatically accelerate progress towards the goals of the End TB Strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongbin Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunjie Xu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingchao Ren
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Weidong Wu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangmei Zhao
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling Chao
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenjuan Liang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Sanqiao Yao
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, People's Republic of China
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Du L, Chen X, Zhu X, Zhang Y, Wu R, Xu J, Ji H, Zhou L, Lu X. Determinants of Medication Adherence for Pulmonary Tuberculosis Patients During Continuation Phase in Dalian, Northeast China. Patient Prefer Adherence 2020; 14:1119-1128. [PMID: 32753852 PMCID: PMC7354008 DOI: 10.2147/ppa.s243734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Medication adherence is crucial for decreasing the burden of tuberculosis, but few relevant studies have been conducted in northeast China. This study aimed to explore the level of medication adherence among pulmonary tuberculosis outpatients and the predictive factors based on the bio-psycho-social medical model. PATIENTS AND METHODS A cross-sectional multi-center survey was conducted in four tuberculosis medical institutions in Dalian, northeast China. Medication adherence was measured using the eight-item Chinese version of the Morisky Medication Adherence Scale, which divides adherence into three levels. The independent variables consisted of sociodemographic characteristics, treatment factors, knowledge about TB, mental health, and behavioral characteristics. Descriptive statistics, the chi-square test, and multivariate ordinal logistic regression were applied to analyze the data using Stata/MP 14.0. RESULTS Among the 564 eligible participants, 236 (41.84%) and 183 (32.45%) exhibited high and medium medication adherence, respectively, but 145 (25.71%) exhibited low medication adherence. Multivariate ordinal logistic regression showed that patients who were older (OR: 1.02, p=0.013) were employed (OR: 1.61, p=0.011), had better tuberculosis knowledge (OR: 1.34, p<0.001), and did not consume alcohol (OR: 1.84, p=0.032) exhibited higher medication adherence. However, patients who did not follow their doctors' advice to take adjuvant drugs (OR: 0.44, p=0.001), had a history of TB treatment (OR: 1.76, p=0.009), experienced adverse drug reactions (OR: 0.65, p=0.017), experienced stigma (OR: 0.67, p=0.032), and needed supervised treatment (OR: 0.66, p=0.012) exhibited lower medication adherence. CONCLUSION Tuberculosis patients' medication adherence was not very high and it was influenced by diverse and complex factors involving sociodemographic characteristics, treatment factors, knowledge about TB, mental health, and behavioral characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Du
- School of Public Health, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning116044, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xu Chen
- School of Public Health, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning116044, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xuexue Zhu
- School of Public Health, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning116044, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yu Zhang
- School of Public Health, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning116044, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ruiheng Wu
- School of Public Health, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning116044, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jia Xu
- School of Public Health, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning116044, People’s Republic of China
| | - Haoqiang Ji
- School of Public Health, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning116044, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ling Zhou
- School of Public Health, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning116044, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Ling Zhou; Xiwei Lu Tel +86-411-8611-0368 Email ;
| | - Xiwei Lu
- Department of Tuberculosis Internal Medicine, Dalian Tuberculosis Hospital, Dalian, Liaoning116031, People’s Republic of China
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11
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Du L, Wu R, Chen X, Xu J, Ji H, Zhou L. Role of Treatment Adherence, Doctor-Patient Trust, and Communication in Predicting Treatment Effects Among Tuberculosis Patients: Difference Between Urban and Rural Areas. Patient Prefer Adherence 2020; 14:2327-2336. [PMID: 33262582 PMCID: PMC7700001 DOI: 10.2147/ppa.s277650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE China is the second highest tuberculosis (TB) burden in the world, and TB patients in the rural areas are about twice as many as urban patients. The purpose of present study was to explore the roles of medication adherence, doctor-patient trust and communication on treatment effects, and its inequality between urban and rural areas. METHODS There were 564 eligible TB patients, from four tuberculosis hospitals in China, participating in this cross-sectional study. They filled out questionnaires regarding socio-demographic characteristics, medication adherence, treatment effect, doctor-patient trust, and communication. The structural equation model (SEM) was applied to explore the hypotheses in this study. All statistical analysis was done by SPSS 25.0 and Mplus 7.0 statistical software. RESULTS This study included 267 (47.34%) urban and 297 (52.66%) rural eligible TB patients. The data fitted the research model well, and the urban TB patients reported better treatment effect than the rural ones (P=0.027). Overall, treatment adherence positively predicted treatment effect (Est.=0.353, P<0.001); doctor-patient communication positively influenced treatment adherence (Est.=0.214, P=0.002); and treatment adherence positively mediated the role of communication on treatment effect (Est.=0.076), 95% CI (0.026, 0.152). While in the grouping model, the urban patients' treatment effect was only influenced by adherence (Est.=0.286, P=0.003); for the rural patients, treatment adherence (Est.=0.464, P<0.001) and doctor-patient trust (Est.=0.382, P=0.019) directly predicted treatment effects, and treatment adherence positively mediated the role of doctor-patient communication on treatment effect (Est.=0.175, P=0.006). CONCLUSION The treatment effect of TB patients, from urban and rural China, was influenced by a different mechanism, among which rural TB patients need not only improve the treatment adherence but also establish good doctor-patient trust and communication to improve treatment effects. These findings provided a theoretical guide on treatment and control for rural TB patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Du
- School of Public Health, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning116044, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ruiheng Wu
- School of Public Health, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning116044, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xu Chen
- School of Public Health, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning116044, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jia Xu
- School of Public Health, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning116044, People’s Republic of China
| | - Haoqiang Ji
- School of Public Health, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning116044, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ling Zhou
- School of Public Health, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning116044, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Ling Zhou School of Public Health, Dalian Medical University, 9 Western Section, Lvshun South Street, Lvshunkou District, Dalian116044, People’s Republic of ChinaTel +86-411-8611-0368 Email
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