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Elsayad KA, Elmasry GF, Mahmoud ST, Awadallah FM. Sulfonamides as anticancer agents: A brief review on sulfonamide derivatives as inhibitors of various proteins overexpressed in cancer. Bioorg Chem 2024; 147:107409. [PMID: 38714116 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2024.107409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/09/2024]
Abstract
Sulfonamides have gained prominence as versatile agents in cancer therapy, effectively targeting a spectrum of cancer-associated enzymes. This review provides an extensive exploration of their multifaceted roles in cancer biology. Sulfonamides exhibit adaptability by acting as tyrosine kinase inhibitors, disrupting pivotal signaling pathways in cancer progression. Moreover, they disrupt pH regulation mechanisms in cancer cells as carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, inhibiting growth, and survival. Sulfonamides also serve as aromatase inhibitors, interfering with estrogen synthesis in hormone-driven cancers. Inhibition of matrix metalloproteinases presents an opportunity to impede cancer cell invasion and metastasis. Additionally, their emerging role as histone deacetylase inhibitors offers promising prospects in epigenetic-based cancer therapies. These diverse roles underscore sulfonamides as invaluable tools for innovative anti-cancer treatments, warranting further exploration for enhanced clinical applications and patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaled A Elsayad
- Pharmacy Department, Cairo University Hospitals, Cairo University, Cairo, 11662, Egypt; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini Street, 11562, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Ghada F Elmasry
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini Street, 11562, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Sally T Mahmoud
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini Street, 11562, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Fadi M Awadallah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini Street, 11562, Cairo, Egypt
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2
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Baston C, Parosanu AI, Stanciu IM, Nitipir C. Metastatic Kidney Cancer: Does the Location of the Metastases Matter? Moving towards Personalized Therapy for Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma. Biomedicines 2024; 12:1111. [PMID: 38791072 PMCID: PMC11117570 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12051111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The management of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) has been revolutionized over the past two decades with several practice-changing treatments. Treatment for RCC often requires a multimodal approach: Local treatment, such as surgery or ablation, is typically recommended for patients with localized tumors, while stage IV cancers often require both local and systemic therapy. The treatment of advanced RCC heavily relies on immunotherapy and targeted therapy, which are highly contingent upon histological subtypes. Despite years of research on biomarkers for RCC, the standard of care is to choose systemic therapy based on the risk profile according to the International Metastatic RCC Database Consortium and Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Centre models. However, many questions still need to be answered. Should we consider metastatic sites when deciding on treatment options for metastatic RCC? How do we choose between dual immunotherapy and combinations of immunotherapy and tyrosine kinase inhibitors? This review article aims to answer these unresolved questions surrounding the concept of personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catalin Baston
- Faculty of Medicine, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Sanitary Heroes Boulevard, 050474 Bucharest, Romania; (C.B.); (I.-M.S.); (C.N.)
- Department of Urology, Fundeni Clinical Institute, 022328 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Andreea Ioana Parosanu
- Faculty of Medicine, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Sanitary Heroes Boulevard, 050474 Bucharest, Romania; (C.B.); (I.-M.S.); (C.N.)
- Department of Oncology, Elias University Emergency Hospital, 011461 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ioana-Miruna Stanciu
- Faculty of Medicine, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Sanitary Heroes Boulevard, 050474 Bucharest, Romania; (C.B.); (I.-M.S.); (C.N.)
- Department of Oncology, Elias University Emergency Hospital, 011461 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Cornelia Nitipir
- Faculty of Medicine, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Sanitary Heroes Boulevard, 050474 Bucharest, Romania; (C.B.); (I.-M.S.); (C.N.)
- Department of Oncology, Elias University Emergency Hospital, 011461 Bucharest, Romania
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3
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Mangla A, Agarwal N, Schwartz G. Desmoid Tumors: Current Perspective and Treatment. Curr Treat Options Oncol 2024; 25:161-175. [PMID: 38270798 PMCID: PMC10873447 DOI: 10.1007/s11864-024-01177-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
OPINION STATEMENT Desmoid tumors are rare tumors with a tendency to infiltrate locally. The lack of a standard treatment approach makes choosing the most appropriate treatment for patients challenging. Most experts recommend watchful observation for asymptomatic patients as spontaneous regression of tumor is observed in up to 20% of patients. Upfront resection of the desmoid tumor has fallen out of favor due to high morbidity and high relapse rates associated with the tumor. Systemic therapy has evolved over several decades. Where chemotherapy, hormonal therapy, and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs were used over the last several decades, tyrosine kinase inhibitors came to the forefront within the last decade. Most recently, gamma-secretase inhibitors have shown significant clinical benefit in patients with desmoid tumors, bringing forth an entirely new mechanistic approach. Several Wnt pathway inhibitors are also under development. Invasive approaches like cryoablation have also shown clinical benefit in patients with extra-abdominal desmoid tumors in recent years. The recent approval of nirogacestat has ushered in a new era of treatment for patients diagnosed with desmoid tumors. Several new molecules are expected to be approved over the coming years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankit Mangla
- University Hospitals Seidman Cancer Center, Cleveland, OH, USA.
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cleveland, OH, USA.
- Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, 11100 Euclid Avenue, Lakeside Suite#1200, Room 1243, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.
| | - Nikki Agarwal
- Cleveland Clinic Children's Hospitals, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Gary Schwartz
- University Hospitals Seidman Cancer Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, 11100 Euclid Avenue, Lakeside Suite#1200, Room 1243, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
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4
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de Joode K, van de Geer WS, van Leenders GJLH, Hamberg P, Westgeest HM, Beeker A, Oosting SF, van Rooijen JM, Beerepoot LV, Labots M, Mathijssen RHJ, Lolkema MP, Cuppen E, Sleijfer S, van de Werken HJG, van der Veldt AAM. The genomic and transcriptomic landscape of advanced renal cell cancer for individualized treatment strategies. Sci Rep 2023; 13:10720. [PMID: 37400554 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-37764-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Differences in the clinical course and treatment responses in individual patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC) can largely be explained by the different genomics of this disease. To improve the personalized treatment strategy and survival outcomes for patients with advanced RCC, the genomic make-up in patients with advanced RCC was investigated to identify putative actionable variants and signatures. In this prospective multicenter study (NCT01855477), whole-genome sequencing (WGS) data of locally advanced and metastatic tissue biopsies and matched whole-blood samples were collected from 91 patients with histopathologically confirmed RCC. WGS data were analyzed for small somatic variants, copy-number alterations and structural variants. For a subgroup of patients, RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) data could be analyzed. RNA-Seq data were clustered on immunogenic and angiogenic gene expression patterns according to a previously developed angio-immunogenic gene signature. In all patients with papillary and clear cell RCC, putative actionable drug targets were detected by WGS, of which 94% were on-label available. RNA-Seq data of clear cell and papillary RCC were clustered using a previously developed angio-immunogenic gene signature. Analyses of driver mutations and RNA-Seq data revealed clear differences among different RCC subtypes, showing the added value of WGS and RNA-Seq over clinicopathological data. By improving both histological subtyping and the selection of treatment according to actionable targets and immune signatures, WGS and RNA-Seq may improve therapeutic decision making for most patients with advanced RCC, including patients with non-clear cell RCC for whom no standard treatment is available to data. Prospective clinical trials are needed to evaluate the impact of genomic and transcriptomic diagnostics on survival outcome for advanced RCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- K de Joode
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Center, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - W S van de Geer
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Center, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Cancer Computational Biology Center, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Center, Internal Postal Address NA-1218, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - P Hamberg
- Department of Internal Medicine, Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - H M Westgeest
- Department of Internal Medicine, Amphia Hospital, Breda, The Netherlands
| | - A Beeker
- Department of Internal Medicine, Spaarne Gasthuis, Hoofddorp, The Netherlands
| | - S F Oosting
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - J M van Rooijen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Martini Hospital, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - L V Beerepoot
- Department of Internal Medicine, Elisabeth-Tweesteden Hospital, Tilburg, The Netherlands
| | - M Labots
- Department of Medical Oncology, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - R H J Mathijssen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Center, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M P Lolkema
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Center, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Center for Personalized Cancer Treatment, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - E Cuppen
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Oncode Institute, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Hartwig Medical Foundation, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - S Sleijfer
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Center, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Center for Personalized Cancer Treatment, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - H J G van de Werken
- Cancer Computational Biology Center, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Center, Internal Postal Address NA-1218, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
- Department of Urology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - A A M van der Veldt
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Center, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
- Departments of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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5
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Ebrahimi N, Fardi E, Ghaderi H, Palizdar S, Khorram R, Vafadar R, Ghanaatian M, Rezaei-Tazangi F, Baziyar P, Ahmadi A, Hamblin MR, Aref AR. Receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors in cancer. Cell Mol Life Sci 2023; 80:104. [PMID: 36947256 PMCID: PMC11073124 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-023-04729-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
Targeted therapy is a new cancer treatment approach, involving drugs that particularly target specific proteins in cancer cells, such as receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) which are involved in promoting growth and proliferation, Therefore inhibiting these proteins could impede cancer progression. An understanding of RTKs and the relevant signaling cascades, has enabled the development of many targeted drug therapies employing RTK inhibitors (RTKIs) some of which have entered clinical application. Here we discuss RTK structures, activation mechanisms and functions. Moreover, we cover the potential effects of combination drug therapy (including chemotherapy or immunotherapy agents with one RTKI or multiple RTKIs) especially for drug resistant cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasim Ebrahimi
- Genetics Division, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Elmira Fardi
- Medical Branch, Islamic Azad University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hajarossadat Ghaderi
- Laboratory of Regenerative and Medical Innovation, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sahar Palizdar
- Division of Microbiology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Islamic Azad University of Tehran East Branch, Tehran, Iran
| | - Roya Khorram
- Bone and Joint Diseases Research Center, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Reza Vafadar
- Department of Orthopeadic Surgery, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Masoud Ghanaatian
- Master 1 Bio-Santé-Parcours Toulouse Graduate School of Cancer, Ageing and Rejuvenation (CARe), Université Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Fatemeh Rezaei-Tazangi
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
| | - Payam Baziyar
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Faculty of Basic Science, Uinversity of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Ahmadi
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Faculty of Nano and Bio Science and Technology, Persian Gulf University, Bushehr, 75169, Iran.
| | - Michael R Hamblin
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Science, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein, 2028, South Africa.
| | - Amir Reza Aref
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
- Translational Medicine Group, Xsphera Biosciences, 6 Tide Street, Boston, MA, 02210, USA.
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6
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Jahangir M, Yazdani O, Kahrizi MS, Soltanzadeh S, Javididashtbayaz H, Mivefroshan A, Ilkhani S, Esbati R. Clinical potential of PD-1/PD-L1 blockade therapy for renal cell carcinoma (RCC): a rapidly evolving strategy. Cancer Cell Int 2022; 22:401. [PMID: 36510217 PMCID: PMC9743549 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-022-02816-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Programmed death-1 (PD-1)/programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) blockade therapy has become a game-changing therapeutic approach revolutionizing the treatment setting of human malignancies, such as renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Despite the remarkable clinical activity of anti-PD-1 or anti-PD-L1 monoclonal antibodies, only a small portion of patients exhibit a positive response to PD-1/PD-L1 blockade therapy, and the primary or acquired resistance might ultimately favor cancer development in patients with clinical responses. In light of this, recent reports have signified that the addition of other therapeutic modalities to PD-1/PD-L1 blockade therapy might improve clinical responses in advanced RCC patients. Until, combination therapy with PD-1/PD-L1 blockade therapy plus cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4) inhibitor (ipilimumab) or various vascular endothelial growth factor receptors (VEGFRs) inhibitors axitinib, such as axitinib and cabozantinib, has been approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as first-line treatment for metastatic RCC. In the present review, we have focused on the therapeutic benefits of the PD-1/PD-L1 blockade therapy as a single agent or in combination with other conventional or innovative targeted therapies in RCC patients. We also offer a glimpse into the well-determined prognostic factor associated with the clinical response of RCC patients to PD-1/PD-L1 blockade therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammadsaleh Jahangir
- grid.411746.10000 0004 4911 7066Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Omid Yazdani
- grid.411600.2School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Saeed Kahrizi
- grid.411705.60000 0001 0166 0922Department of Surgery, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Alborz Iran
| | - Sara Soltanzadeh
- grid.411705.60000 0001 0166 0922Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamidreza Javididashtbayaz
- grid.411768.d0000 0004 1756 1744Baran Oncology Clinic, Medical Faculty, Islamic Azad University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Azam Mivefroshan
- grid.412763.50000 0004 0442 8645Department of Adult Nephrology, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Saba Ilkhani
- grid.411600.2Department of Surgery and Vascular Surgery, Shohada-ye-Tajrish Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Romina Esbati
- grid.411600.2School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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7
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Doehn C, Bögemann M, Grünwald V, Welslau M, Bedke J, Schostak M, Wolf T, Ehneß R, Degenkolbe E, Witecy S, Goebell PJ. The Non-Interventional PAZOREAL Study to Assess the Effectiveness and Safety of Pazopanib in a Real-Life Setting: Reflecting a Changing mRCC Treatment Landscape. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14225486. [PMID: 36428579 PMCID: PMC9688275 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14225486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The approval of tyrosine kinase inhibitors and checkpoint inhibitors represented a remarkable progression in the therapeutic landscape for the treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC). Yet, in the ever-evolving landscape of mRCC treatment, real-world data on these agents, including pazopanib, are scarce. The non-interventional PAZOREAL study investigated the effectiveness and safety of pazopanib (first-line), nivolumab (second-line), and everolimus (second- and third-line) in a real-life setting. The multicentric study included 376 mRCC patients who received first-line treatment with pazopanib and assessed time on the drug (primary endpoint), overall survival, best responses, disease control rates, as well as safety signals and health-related quality of life. The median overall time on the drug was 10.0 months, with first-line pazopanib having a median time on drug of 6.3 months. The median overall survival was 35.9 months. The disease control rate for first-line pazopanib was 56.9%. No new safety signals were detected. PAZOREAL provides valuable real-world data for first-line treatment with pazopanib.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Martin Bögemann
- Department of Urology, University of Münster Medical Center, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Viktor Grünwald
- Department of Internal Medicine (Tumor Research) and Department of Urology, West German Cancer Center, University Hospital Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Manfred Welslau
- Klinikum Aschaffenburg, Hämato-Onkologische Schwerpunktpraxis, 63739 Aschaffenburg, Germany
| | - Jens Bedke
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Martin Schostak
- Department of Urology, Urooncology, Robot-Assisted and Focal Therapy, University Hospital Magdeburg, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Wolf
- Outpatient Centre for Oncology, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Peter J. Goebell
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
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8
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Brundage MD, Crossnohere NL, O’Donnell J, Cruz Rivera S, Wilson R, Wu AW, Moher D, Kyte D, Reeve BB, Gilbert A, Chen RC, Calvert MJ, Snyder C. Listening to the Patient Voice Adds Value to Cancer Clinical Trials. J Natl Cancer Inst 2022; 114:1323-1332. [PMID: 35900186 PMCID: PMC9552306 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djac128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Randomized clinical trials are critical for evaluating the safety and efficacy of interventions in oncology and informing regulatory decisions, practice guidelines, and health policy. Patient-reported outcomes (PROs) are increasingly used in randomized trials to reflect the impact of receiving cancer therapies from the patient perspective and can inform evaluations of interventions by providing evidence that cannot be obtained or deduced from clinicians' reports or from other biomedical measures. This commentary focuses on how PROs add value to clinical trials by representing the patient voice. We employed 2 previously published descriptive frameworks (addressing how PROs are used in clinical trials and how PROs have an impact, respectively) and selected 9 clinical trial publications that illustrate the value of PROs according to the framework categories. These include 3 trials where PROs were a primary trial endpoint, 3 trials where PROs as secondary endpoints supported the primary endpoint, and 3 trials where PROs as secondary endpoints contrast the primary endpoint findings in clinically important ways. The 9 examples illustrate that PROs add valuable data to the care and treatment context by informing future patients about how they may feel and function on different treatments and by providing clinicians with evidence to support changes to clinical practice and shared decision making. Beyond the patient and clinician, PROs can enable administrators to consider the cost-effectiveness of implementing new interventions and contribute vital information to policy makers, health technology assessors, and regulators. These examples provide a strong case for the wider implementation of PROs in cancer trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Brundage
- Queen’s University Cancer Research Institute, Cancer Care and Epidemiology, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Norah L Crossnohere
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Jennifer O’Donnell
- Queen’s University Cancer Research Institute, Cancer Care and Epidemiology, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Samantha Cruz Rivera
- Centre for Patient Reported Outcomes Research, Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Birmingham Health Partners Centre for Regulatory Science and Innovation, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- DEMAND (Data-Enabled Medical Technologies and Devices) Hub, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Roger Wilson
- NCRI Consumer Forum National Cancer Research Institute, London, UK
| | - Albert W Wu
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health and School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - David Moher
- Centre for Journalology, Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Derek Kyte
- Centre for Patient Reported Outcomes Research, Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- School of Allied Health and Community, University of Worcester, Worcester, UK
| | - Bryce B Reeve
- Center for Health Measurement, Department of Population Health Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Alexandra Gilbert
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St James’s, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Ronald C Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Melanie J Calvert
- Centre for Patient Reported Outcomes Research, Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Birmingham Health Partners Centre for Regulatory Science and Innovation, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre, Birmingham, UK
- NIHR Applied Research Collaboration West Midlands, Coventry, UK
- NIHR Surgical Reconstruction and Microbiology Centre, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Claire Snyder
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health and School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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9
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Choi SA, Park EJ, Lee JH, Min KA, Kim ST, Jang DJ, Maeng HJ, Jin SG, Cho KH. Preparation and Characterization of Pazopanib Hydrochloride-Loaded Four-Component Self-Nanoemulsifying Drug Delivery Systems Preconcentrate for Enhanced Solubility and Dissolution. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14091875. [PMID: 36145623 PMCID: PMC9500606 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14091875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to develop a four-component self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (FCS) to enhance the solubility and dissolution of pazopanib hydrochloride (PZH). In the solubility test, PZH showed a highly pH-dependent solubility (pH 1.2 > water >> pH 4.0 and pH 6.8) and was solubilized at 70 °C in the order Kollisolv PG (5.38%, w/w) > Kolliphor RH40 (0.49%) > Capmul MCM C10 (0.21%) and Capmul MCM C8 (0.19%), selected as the solubilizer, the surfactant, and the oils, respectively. In the characterization of the three-component SNEDDS (TCS) containing Kolliphor RH40/Capmul MCM C10, the particle size of dispersion was very small (<50 nm) and the PZH loading was 0.5% at the weight ratio of 9/1. In the characterization of FCS containing additional Kollisolv PG to TCS, PZH loading was increased to 5.30% without any PZH precipitation, which was 10-fold higher compared to the TCS. The optimized FCS prepared with the selected formulation (Kolliphor RH40/Capmul MCM C10/Kollisolv PG) showed a consistently complete and high dissolution rate (>95% at 120 min) at four different pHs with 1% polysorbate 80, whereas the raw PZH and Kollisolv PG solution showed a pH-dependent poor dissolution rate (about 40% at 120 min), specifically at pH 6.8 with 1% polysorbate 80. In conclusion, PZH-loaded FCS in this work demonstrated enhanced solubility and a consistent dissolution rate regardless of medium pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Ah Choi
- College of Pharmacy and Inje Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Inje University, Gimhae 50834, Korea
| | - Eun Ji Park
- College of Pharmacy and Inje Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Inje University, Gimhae 50834, Korea
| | - Jun Hak Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Inje Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Inje University, Gimhae 50834, Korea
| | - Kyoung Ah Min
- College of Pharmacy and Inje Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Inje University, Gimhae 50834, Korea
| | - Sung Tae Kim
- Department of Nanoscience and Engineering, Inje University, Gimhae 50834, Korea
| | - Dong-Jin Jang
- Department of Bio-Health Technology, College of Biomedical Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - Han-Joo Maeng
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Incheon 21936, Korea
| | - Sung Giu Jin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Dankook University, 119 Dandae-ro, Dongnam-gu, Cheonan 31116, Korea
- Correspondence: (S.G.J.); (K.H.C.); Tel.: +82-41-550-3558 (S.G.J.); +82-55-320-3883 (K.H.C.)
| | - Kwan Hyung Cho
- College of Pharmacy and Inje Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Inje University, Gimhae 50834, Korea
- Correspondence: (S.G.J.); (K.H.C.); Tel.: +82-41-550-3558 (S.G.J.); +82-55-320-3883 (K.H.C.)
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10
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Liu L, Li X, Liu Y, Li Y, Deng Y, Zhang P, Tu S, Wang K, Xu B. Pharmacokinetics and Bioequivalence of a Generic and a Branded Pazopanib Tablet in Healthy Chinese Subjects. Clin Pharmacol Drug Dev 2022; 11:1110-1115. [PMID: 35384398 DOI: 10.1002/cpdd.1096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the bioequivalence of two pazopanib tablet formulations in healthy Chinese subjects. A randomized, open-label, single-dose, two-period, two-sequence, crossover study was conducted under fasting conditions. A total of 32 eligible subjects were randomly administered a single dose of a 200-mg generic or branded pazopanib tablet with a 16-day washout period. Blood samples were collected before and up to 72 hours after dosing. Pharmacokinetic parameters were analyzed with noncompartmental analysis. Safety assessments included physical examinations, laboratory tests, and adverse events reporting. Maximum plasma concentration (Cmax ), area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) from zero to the last quantifiable concentration (AUC0-t ), and AUC from zero to infinity (AUC0-∞ ) were similar between the generic and branded products (all P > .05). The 90% confidence intervals of the geometric mean ratio of the test/reference products for Cmax , AUC0-t , and AUC0-∞ were 89.1%-117.1%, 81.9%-108.5%, and 82.4%-109.6%, respectively. There were no serious adverse events during the study. The newly developed generic pazopanib tablet was bioequivalent to the reference product under fasting conditions. Both formulations were well tolerated in healthy Chinese volunteers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihua Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, The Third Hospital of Changsha, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Pharmacy, The Third Hospital of Changsha, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yujie Liu
- Nanjing Chia Tai Tianqing Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuan Li
- Department of Pharmacy, The Third Hospital of Changsha, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yang Deng
- Department of Pharmacy, The Third Hospital of Changsha, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ping Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Third Hospital of Changsha, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Shengqing Tu
- Department of Pharmacy, The Third Hospital of Changsha, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Keli Wang
- Nanjing Clinical Tech Laboratories Inc., Jiangsu, China
| | - Bing Xu
- Department of Pharmacy, The Third Hospital of Changsha, Changsha, Hunan, China
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11
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Xu S, Liu D, Chang T, Wen X, Ma S, Sun G, Wang L, Chen S, Xu Y, Zhang H. Cuproptosis-Associated lncRNA Establishes New Prognostic Profile and Predicts Immunotherapy Response in Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma. Front Genet 2022; 13:938259. [PMID: 35910212 PMCID: PMC9334800 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.938259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) accounts for 80% of all kidney cancers and has a poor prognosis. Recent studies have shown that copper-dependent, regulated cell death differs from previously known death mechanisms (apoptosis, ferroptosis, and necroptosis) and is dependent on mitochondrial respiration (Tsvetkov et al., Science, 2022, 375 (6586), 1254–1261). Studies also suggested that targeting cuproptosis may be a novel therapeutic strategy for cancer therapy. In ccRCC, both cuproptosis and lncRNA were critical, but the mechanisms were not fully understood. The aim of our study was to construct a prognostic profile based on cuproptosis-associated lncRNAs to predict the prognosis of ccRCC and to study the immune profile of clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC). Methods: We downloaded the transcriptional profile and clinical information of ccRCC from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). Co-expression network analysis, Cox regression method, and least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) method were used to identify cuproptosis-associated lncRNAs and to construct a risk prognostic model. In addition, the predictive performance of the model was validated and recognized by an integrated approach. We then also constructed a nomogram to predict the prognosis of ccRCC patients. Differences in biological function were investigated by GO, KEGG, and immunoassay. Immunotherapy response was measured using tumor mutational burden (TMB) and tumor immune dysfunction and rejection (TIDE) scores. Results: We constructed a panel of 10 cuproptosis-associated lncRNAs (HHLA3, H1-10-AS1, PICSAR, LINC02027, SNHG15, SNHG8, LINC00471, EIF1B-AS1, LINC02154, and MINCR) to construct a prognostic prediction model. The Kaplan–Meier and ROC curves showed that the feature had acceptable predictive validity in the TCGA training, test, and complete groups. The cuproptosis-associated lncRNA model had higher diagnostic efficiency compared to other clinical features. The analysis of Immune cell infiltration and ssGSEA further confirmed that predictive features were significantly associated with the immune status of ccRCC patients. Notably, the superimposed effect of patients in the high-risk group and high TMB resulted in shorter survival. In addition, the higher TIDE scores in the high-risk group suggested a poorer outcome for immune checkpoint blockade response in these patients. Conclusion: The ten cuproptosis-related risk profiles for lncRNA may help assess the prognosis and molecular profile of ccRCC patients and improve treatment options, which can be further applied in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengxian Xu
- Department of Urology, National Key Specialty of Urology Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University Tianjin Key Institute of Urology Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Dongze Liu
- Department of Urology, National Key Specialty of Urology Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University Tianjin Key Institute of Urology Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Taihao Chang
- Department of Urology, National Key Specialty of Urology Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University Tianjin Key Institute of Urology Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaodong Wen
- Department of Urology, National Key Specialty of Urology Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University Tianjin Key Institute of Urology Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Shenfei Ma
- Department of Urology, National Key Specialty of Urology Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University Tianjin Key Institute of Urology Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Guangyu Sun
- Department of Urology, National Key Specialty of Urology Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University Tianjin Key Institute of Urology Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Longbin Wang
- Department of Family Planning, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Shuaiqi Chen
- Department of Urology, National Key Specialty of Urology Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University Tianjin Key Institute of Urology Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yong Xu
- Department of Urology, National Key Specialty of Urology Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University Tianjin Key Institute of Urology Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Hongtuan Zhang
- Department of Urology, National Key Specialty of Urology Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University Tianjin Key Institute of Urology Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
- *Correspondence: Hongtuan Zhang,
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12
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Elshimy G, Gandhi A, Guo R, Correa R. Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors' Newly Reported Endocrine Side Effect: Pazopanib-Induced Primary Adrenal Insufficiency in a Patient With Metastatic Renal Cell Cancer. J Investig Med High Impact Case Rep 2021; 8:2324709620936808. [PMID: 32583692 PMCID: PMC7339903 DOI: 10.1177/2324709620936808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) have been used in the treatment of multiple types of cancer. Pazopanib is one of the TKIs and is considered a first-line treatment for adult patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Many endocrine-related adverse effects have been noted with the use of TKIs including hypothyroidism, vitamin D deficiency, altered bone density, secondary hyperparathyroidism, abnormal glucose metabolism, gynecomastia, and hypogonadism. Subclinical glucocorticoid deficiency and adrenal insufficiency have been reported with the use of TKIs in only a few cases so far; thus, its true prevalence and clinical significance have yet to be fully elucidated. The mechanism is still not fully understood; however, adrenal toxicity with hemorrhage and/or necrosis of the adrenal glands has been observed in studies. In this article, we describe the first reported case of pazopanib inducing primary adrenal insufficiency in a patient with metastatic renal cell carcinoma diagnosed after the exclusion of all other causes of primary adrenal insufficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghada Elshimy
- University of Arizona, Phoenix, AZ, USA.,Phoenix VA Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | | | - Rong Guo
- University of Arizona, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Ricardo Correa
- University of Arizona, Phoenix, AZ, USA.,Phoenix VA Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ, USA
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13
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Wang B, Song JW, Chen HQ. First-Line Pazopanib Treatment in Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma: Real-World Data From a Single Chinese Center. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:517672. [PMID: 33192500 PMCID: PMC7658599 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.517672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The response to pazopanib in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) has been found to differ in Western and Eastern populations. Here, we analyzed the efficacy and side effects of pazopanib as first-line therapy in 31 consecutive patients with mRCC who were treated at a single Chinese center. Thirty-one consecutive patients with mRCC (20 males and 11 females, median age 59 years) were treated with pazopanib between October 2017 and July 2019. All patients had received a pathological diagnosis of RCC by prior radical nephrectomy or biopsy. All cases were treated with pazopanib (800 mg/day orally) as first-line therapy. Administration was continued until disease progression or unacceptable toxicities occurred. Objective response rate (ORR), disease control rate (DCR), progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS), and safety were evaluated. Twenty-nine patients were eligible for final analysis. At the median follow-up of 12.7 months, 34.5% (10/29) patients achieved a partial response (PR), 41.4% (12/29) patients had stable disease (SD), seven (24.1%) patients had disease progression (PD), and one patient had died. The ORR and DCR were 34.5% and 75.9%, respectively, and the median PFS was 10.1 months (95% confidence interval, 4.1–17.7 months). OS could not be determined. The most common side effects were fatigue (11 cases, 37.9%), hand-foot syndrome (10 cases, 34.5%), change of hair color (10 cases, 34.5%), elevated alanine transaminase (ALT)/aspartate transaminase (AST) (10 cases, 34.5%), hypertension (seven cases, 24.1%), neutropenia (three cases, 10.3%), anemia (three cases, 10.3%), thrombocytopenia (two cases, 6.9%), and diarrhea (one cases, 3.4%). Major (grade 3 or higher) adverse events included hand-foot syndrome (two cases, 6.9%) and thrombocytopenia (one case, 3.4%). Most adverse events were ameliorated by dose reduction or treatment interruption. Remissions occurred in almost all patients with local recurrence or pulmonary metastases, whereas PD occurred in patients with bone, liver or brain metastases. Our real-world data suggest that pazopanib is definitely efficacious as first-line therapy for mRCC, with well-tolerated side effects. Different metastatic lesions may have different sensitivity to pazopanib. An additional, large sample, multicenter, prospective study is needed to confirm our results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wang
- Department of Urology, Shanxi Cancer Hospital, Taiyuan, China
| | - Ji-Wen Song
- Department of Urology, Shanxi Cancer Hospital, Taiyuan, China
| | - Hui-Qing Chen
- Department of Urology, Shanxi Cancer Hospital, Taiyuan, China
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14
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Xu K, Li J, Hu M, Zhang H, Yang J, Gong H, Li B, Wan W, Xiao J. Prognostic Significance of Preoperative Inflammatory Biomarkers and Traditional Clinical Parameters in Patients with Spinal Metastasis from Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma: A Retrospective Study of 95 Patients in a Single Center. Cancer Manag Res 2020; 12:59-70. [PMID: 32021423 PMCID: PMC6954859 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s228570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of this retrospective study was to identify preoperative inflammatory biomarkers and clinical parameters and evaluate their prognostic significance in patients with spinal metastasis from clear cell renal cell carcinoma (CCRCC). Patients and methods Correlations of overall survival (OS) with traditional clinical parameters and inflammatory indicators including the neutrophil–lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet–lymphocyte ratio (PLR), lymphocyte–monocyte ratio (LMR), albumin–globulin ratio (AGR), and C-reactive protein to albumin ratio (CRP/Alb ratio) were analyzed in 95 patients with spinal metastasis from CCRCA using the Kaplan–Meier method to identify potential prognostic factors. Factors with P values ≤ 0.1 were subjected to multivariate analysis by Cox regression analysis. P values ≤ 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results The 95 patients included in this study were followed up by a mean of 48.8 months (median 51 months; range 6–132 months), during which 21 patients died, with a death rate of 22.1%. The statistical results indicated that patients with total piecemeal spondylectomy (TPS), targeted therapy, NLR < 3.8 and PLR < 206.9 had a significantly longer OS rate. Conclusion TPS and targeted therapy could significantly prolong the OS of patients with spinal metastasis from CCRCC. In addition, NLR and PLR are robust and convenient prognostic indicators that have a discriminatory ability superior to other inflammatory biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kehan Xu
- Department of Orthopedic Oncology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, People's Republic of China
| | - Jialin Li
- Department of Orthopedic Oncology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengzi Hu
- Department of Orthopedics, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221009, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Orthopedic Oncology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Yang
- Department of Orthopedic Oncology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiyi Gong
- Department of Orthopedic Oncology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Li
- Department of Orthopedic Oncology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Wan
- Department of Orthopedic Oncology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianru Xiao
- Department of Orthopedic Oncology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, People's Republic of China
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15
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Meirelles IO, Couto DHN, Costa RSD. Custo-efetividade do pazopanibe comparado ao sunitinibe para câncer renal metastático na perspectiva de um hospital do Sistema Único de Saúde. CAD SAUDE PUBLICA 2019; 35:e00108218. [DOI: 10.1590/0102-311x00108218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Resumo: O câncer renal é a 13ª neoplasia mais frequente no mundo. Entre 2012 e 2016, representou 1,48% das mortes por câncer no Brasil. A terapia de escolha para o tratamento de câncer renal metastático são os inibidores de tirosina quinase (ITK), sunitinibe e pazopanibe. Este artigo avalia o custo-efetividade do pazopanibe comparado ao sunitinibe no tratamento de câncer renal metastático. Foi realizada uma análise de custo-efetividade sob a perspectiva de um hospital federal do Sistema Único de Saúde. No modelo de árvore de decisão foram aplicados os desfechos de efetividade e segurança dos ITK. Os dados clínicos foram extraídos de prontuários e os custos diretos consultados em fontes oficiais do Ministério da Saúde. O custo de 10 meses de tratamento, englobando o valor dos ITK, procedimentos e manejo de eventos adversos, foi de R$ 98.677,19 para o pazopanibe e R$ 155.227,11 para o sunitinibe. Os medicamentos apresentaram efetividade estatisticamente equivalente e diferença estatisticamente significativa para o desfecho de segurança, no qual o pazopanibe obteve o melhor resultado. O pazopanibe, nesse contexto, é a tecnologia dominante quando os custos de tratamento são associados aos de manejo de eventos adversos.
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