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Oliveira RS, Borges BT, Leal AP, de Brum Vieira P, Silva DB, Hyslop S, Vinadé L, Dos Santos TG, Carlini CR, Orchard I, Lange AB, Dal Belo CA. Chemical and functional analyses of Rhinella icterica (Spix, 1824) toad secretion screened on contractions of the heart and oviduct in Locusta migratoria. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 129:104192. [PMID: 33460706 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2021.104192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Rhinella icterica is a Brazilian toad with a parotoid secretion that is toxic to insects. In this work, we examined the entomotoxicity of this secretion in locust (Locusta migratoria) semi-isolated heart and oviduct preparations in vitro. The parotoid secretion caused negative chronotropism in semi-isolated heart preparations (at the highest dose tested: 500 μg) and markedly enhanced the amplitude of spontaneous contractions and tonus of oviduct muscle (0.001-100 μg). In addition, the secretion enhanced neurally-evoked contractions of oviduct muscle, which was more sensitive to low concentrations of secretion than the semi-isolated heart. The highest dose of secretion (100 μg) caused neuromuscular blockade. In zero calcium-high magnesium saline, the secretion still enhanced muscle tonus, suggesting the release of intracellular calcium to stimulate contraction. Reverse-phase HPLC of the secretion yielded eight fractions, of which only fractions 4 and 5 affected oviduct muscle tonus and neurally-evoked contractions. No phospholipase A2 activity was detected in the secretion or its chromatographic fractions. The analysis of fractions 4 and 5 by LC-DAD-MS/MS revealed the following chemical compounds: suberoyl arginine, hellebrigenin, hellebrigenin 3-suberoyl arginine ester, marinobufagin 3-pimeloyl arginine ester, telocinobufagin 3-suberoyl arginine ester, marinobufagin 3-suberoyl arginine ester, bufalin 3-adipoyl arginine, marinobufagin, bufotalinin, and bufalitoxin. These findings indicate that R. icterica parotoid secretion is active in both of the preparations examined, with the activity in oviduct possibly being mediated by bufadienolides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Soares Oliveira
- Laboratório de Neurobiologia e Toxinologia (LANETOX), Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas (PPGCB), Universidade Federal do Pampa (UNIPAMPA), São Gabriel, RS, Brazil
| | - Bruna Trindade Borges
- Laboratório de Neurobiologia e Toxinologia (LANETOX), Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas (PPGCB), Universidade Federal do Pampa (UNIPAMPA), São Gabriel, RS, Brazil.
| | - Allan P Leal
- Laboratório de Neurobiologia e Toxinologia (LANETOX), Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas (PPGCB), Universidade Federal do Pampa (UNIPAMPA), São Gabriel, RS, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica Toxicológica (PPGBTox), Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Patrícia de Brum Vieira
- Laboratório de Neurobiologia e Toxinologia (LANETOX), Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas (PPGCB), Universidade Federal do Pampa (UNIPAMPA), São Gabriel, RS, Brazil
| | - Denise Brentan Silva
- Laboratório de Produtos Naturais e Espectrometria de Massas (LAPNEM), Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Alimentos e Nutrição (FACFAN), Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil.
| | - Stephen Hyslop
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil.
| | - Lúcia Vinadé
- Laboratório de Neurobiologia e Toxinologia (LANETOX), Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas (PPGCB), Universidade Federal do Pampa (UNIPAMPA), São Gabriel, RS, Brazil
| | - Tiago Gomes Dos Santos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica Toxicológica (PPGBTox), Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brazil; Laboratório de Estudos em Biodiversidade Pampiana (LEBIP), Universidade Federal do Pampa (UNIPAMPA), São Gabriel, RS, Brazil
| | - Celia R Carlini
- Laboratório de Neurotoxinas (LANEUROTOX), Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul(PUCRS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - Ian Orchard
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, ON, Canada.
| | - Angela B Lange
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, ON, Canada.
| | - Cháriston A Dal Belo
- Laboratório de Neurobiologia e Toxinologia (LANETOX), Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas (PPGCB), Universidade Federal do Pampa (UNIPAMPA), São Gabriel, RS, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica Toxicológica (PPGBTox), Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
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Mariano DO, Prezotto-Neto JP, Spencer PJ, Sciani JM, Pimenta DC. Proteomic analysis of soluble proteins retrieved from Duttaphrynus melanostictus skin secretion by IEx-batch sample preparation. J Proteomics 2019; 209:103525. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2019.103525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Revised: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Mariano DOC, Messias MDG, Spencer PJ, Pimenta DC. Protein identification from the parotoid macrogland secretion of Duttaphrynus melanostictus. J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 2019; 25:e20190029. [PMID: 31467513 PMCID: PMC6707386 DOI: 10.1590/1678-9199-jvatitd-2019-0029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Bufonid parotoid macrogland secretion contains several low molecular mass
molecules, such as alkaloids and steroids. Nevertheless, its protein content
is poorly understood. Herein, we applied a sample preparation methodology
that allows the analysis of viscous matrices in order to examine its
proteins. Methods: Duttaphrynus melanostictus parotoid macrogland secretion
was submitted to ion-exchange batch sample preparation, yielding two
fractions: salt-displaced fraction and acid-displaced fraction. Each sample
was then fractionated by anionic-exchange chromatography, followed by
in-solution proteomic analysis. Results: Forty-two proteins could be identified, such as acyl-CoA-binding protein,
alcohol dehydrogenase, calmodulin, galectin and histone. Moreover,
de novo analyses yielded 153 peptides, whereas BLAST
analyses corroborated some of the proteomic-identified proteins.
Furthermore, the de novo peptide analyses indicate the
presence of proteins related to apoptosis, cellular structure, catalysis and
transport processes. Conclusions: Proper sample preparation allowed the proteomic and de novo
identification of different proteins in the D.
melanostictus parotoid macrogland secretion. These results may
increase the knowledge about the universe of molecules that compose
amphibian skin secretion, as well as to understand their
biological/physiological role in the granular gland.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Patrick Jack Spencer
- Biotechnology Center, Nuclear and Energy Research Institute (IPEN), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Baldo MA, Cunha AOS, Godoy LD, Liberato JL, Yoneda JS, Fornari-Baldo EC, Ciancaglini P, dos Santos WF, Arantes EC. Assessment of neuropharmacological potential of low molecular weight components extracted from Rhinella schneideri toad poison. J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 2019; 25:e148418. [PMID: 31131006 PMCID: PMC6483406 DOI: 10.1590/1678-9199-jvatitd-1484-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies on toad poison are relevant since they are considered a good source of toxins that act on different biological systems. Among the molecules found in the toad poison, it can be highlighted the cardiotonic heterosides, which have a known mechanism that inhibit Na+/K+-ATPase enzyme. However, these poisons have many other molecules that may have important biological actions. Therefore, this work evaluated the action of the low molecular weight components from Rhinella schneideri toad poison on Na+/K+-ATPase and their anticonvulsive and / or neurotoxic effects, in order to detect molecules with actions of biotechnological interest. METHODS Rhinella schneideri toad (male and female) poison was collected by pressuring their parotoid glands and immediately dried and stored at -20 °C. The poison was dialysed and the water containing the low molecular mass molecules (< 8 kDa) that permeate the dialysis membrane was collected, frozen and lyophilized, resulting in the sample used in the assays, named low molecular weight fraction (LMWF). Na+/K+ ATPase was isolated from rabbit kidneys and enzyme activity assays performed by the quantification of phosphate released due to enzyme activity in the presence of LMWF (1.0; 10; 50 and 100 µg/mL) from Rhinella schneideri poison. Evaluation of the L-Glutamate (L-Glu) excitatory amino acid uptake in brain-cortical synaptosomes of Wistar rats was performed using [3H]L-glutamate and different concentration of LMWF (10-5 to 10 µg/µL). Anticonvulsant assays were performed using pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) to induce seizures in Wistar rats (n= 6), which were cannulated in the lateral ventricle and treated with different concentration of LMWF (0.25; 0.5; 1.0; 2.0; 3.0 and 4.0 µg/µL) 15 min prior to the injection of the seizure agent. RESULTS LMWF induced a concentration-dependent inhibition of Na+/K+-ATPase (IC50% = 107.5 μg/mL). The poison induces an increased uptake of the amino acid L-glutamate in brain-cortical synaptosomes of Wistar rats. This increase in the L-glutamate uptake was observed mainly at the lowest concentrations tested (10-5 to 10-2 µg/µL). In addition, this fraction showed a very relevant central neuroprotection on seizures induced by PTZ and NMDA. CONCLUSIONS LMWF from Rhinella schneideri poison has low molecular weight compounds, which were able to inhibit Na+/K+-ATPase activity, increase the L-glutamate uptake and reduced seizures induced by PTZ and NMDA. These results showed that LMWF is a rich source of components with biological functions of high medical and scientific interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateus Amaral Baldo
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, Ribeirão Preto College of
Pharmaceutical Science, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
- Health and Science Institute, Paulista University, São Paulo, SP,
Brazil
| | - Alexandra Olimpio Siqueira Cunha
- Neurobiology and Venoms Laboratory, Department of Biology, Faculty
of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters at Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo,
Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Lívea Dornela Godoy
- Neurobiology and Venoms Laboratory, Department of Biology, Faculty
of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters at Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo,
Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
- Institute of Neurosciences & Behavior - INeC, Campus USP,
Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - José Luiz Liberato
- Neurobiology and Venoms Laboratory, Department of Biology, Faculty
of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters at Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo,
Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
- Institute of Neurosciences & Behavior - INeC, Campus USP,
Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Juliana Sakamoto Yoneda
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters
at Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Elisa Correa Fornari-Baldo
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, Ribeirão Preto College of
Pharmaceutical Science, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
- Health and Science Institute, Paulista University, São Paulo, SP,
Brazil
| | - Pietro Ciancaglini
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters
at Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Wagner Ferreira dos Santos
- Neurobiology and Venoms Laboratory, Department of Biology, Faculty
of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters at Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo,
Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
- Institute of Neurosciences & Behavior - INeC, Campus USP,
Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Eliane Candiani Arantes
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, Ribeirão Preto College of
Pharmaceutical Science, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
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Shibao PYT, Cologna CT, Morandi-Filho R, Wiezel GA, Fujimura PT, Ueira-Vieira C, Arantes EC. Deep sequencing analysis of toad Rhinella schneideri skin glands and partial biochemical characterization of its cutaneous secretion. J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 2018; 24:36. [PMID: 30519258 PMCID: PMC6267030 DOI: 10.1186/s40409-018-0173-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Animal poisons and venoms are sources of biomolecules naturally selected. Rhinella schneideri toads are widespread in the whole Brazilian territory and they have poison glands and mucous gland. Recently, protein from toads’ secretion has gaining attention. Frog skin is widely known to present great number of host defense peptides and we hypothesize toads present them as well. In this study, we used a RNA-seq analysis from R. schneideri skin and biochemical tests with the gland secretion to unravel its protein molecules. Methods Total RNA from the toad skin was extracted using TRizol reagent, sequenced in duplicate using Illumina Hiseq2500 in paired end analysis. The raw reads were trimmed and de novo assembled using Trinity. The resulting sequences were submitted to functional annotation against non-redundant NCBI database and Database of Anuran Defense Peptide. Furthermore, we performed caseinolytic activity test to assess the presence of serine and metalloproteases in skin secretion and it was fractionated by fast liquid protein chromatography using a reverse-phase column. The fractions were partially sequenced by Edman’s degradation. Results We were able to identify several classes of antimicrobial peptides, such as buforins, peroniins and brevinins, as well as PLA2, lectins and galectins, combining protein sequencing and RNA-seq analysis for the first time. In addition, we could isolate a PLA2 from the skin secretion and infer the presence of serine proteases in cutaneous secretion. Conclusions We identified novel toxins and proteins from R. schneideri mucous glands. Besides, this is a pioneer study that presented the in depth characterization of protein molecules richness from this toad secretion. The results obtained herein showed evidence of novel AMP and enzymes that need to be further explored. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s40409-018-0173-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscila Yumi Tanaka Shibao
- 1Laboratory of Animal Toxins, School of Pharmaceutical Scienes of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Avenida do Café s/n, Ribeirão Preto, SP Brazil
| | - Camila Takeno Cologna
- 1Laboratory of Animal Toxins, School of Pharmaceutical Scienes of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Avenida do Café s/n, Ribeirão Preto, SP Brazil
| | - Romualdo Morandi-Filho
- 2Laboratory of genetics - LABGEN, Institute of Genetics and Biochemistry, Campus Umuarama, Federal University of Uberlândia, Avenida Pará, Uberlândia, MG 1720 Brazil
| | - Gisele Adriano Wiezel
- 1Laboratory of Animal Toxins, School of Pharmaceutical Scienes of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Avenida do Café s/n, Ribeirão Preto, SP Brazil
| | - Patricia Tiemi Fujimura
- 2Laboratory of genetics - LABGEN, Institute of Genetics and Biochemistry, Campus Umuarama, Federal University of Uberlândia, Avenida Pará, Uberlândia, MG 1720 Brazil
| | - Carlos Ueira-Vieira
- 2Laboratory of genetics - LABGEN, Institute of Genetics and Biochemistry, Campus Umuarama, Federal University of Uberlândia, Avenida Pará, Uberlândia, MG 1720 Brazil
| | - Eliane Candiani Arantes
- 2Laboratory of genetics - LABGEN, Institute of Genetics and Biochemistry, Campus Umuarama, Federal University of Uberlândia, Avenida Pará, Uberlândia, MG 1720 Brazil.,3Department of Physics and Chemistry, University of São Paulo, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, Av. do Café s/n°, Monte Alegre, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14040-903 Brazil
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Rostelato-Ferreira S, André Dal Belo C, Ismael da Silva Junior P, Hyslop S, Rodrigues-Simioni L, Augusto Alves Rocha-E-Silva T. Presynaptic Activity of an Isolated Fraction from Rhinella schneideri Poison. Adv Pharm Bull 2018; 8:517-522. [PMID: 30276149 PMCID: PMC6156484 DOI: 10.15171/apb.2018.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Rhinella schneideri is a toad found in many regions of the South America. The poison of the glands has cardiotoxic effect in animals and neuromuscular effects in mice and avian preparation. The purpose of this work was to identify the toxin responsible for the neuromuscular effect in avian and mice neuromuscular preparation. Methods: The methanolic extract from R. schneideri poison was fractioned by reversed phase HPLC. The purity and molecular mass were determined by LC/MS mass spectrometry. Chick biventer cervicis and mouse phrenic-nerve diaphragm were used as neuromuscular preparations to identify the toxin. Results: The purification resulted in 32 fractions, which 4 of them were active in neuromuscular preparation. The toxin of fraction 20 were chosen for better reproducibility of the whole extract activity and its molecular mass was 730.6 Da. The toxin produced facilitation of the muscle contraction followed by a complete neuromuscular blockade in chick biventer cervicis preparation in 90 min without interfering with the exogenous response to ACh and KCl. The quantal content was increased from 128 ± 13 (control) to 216 ± 44 (after 5 min and sustained until 60 min) in the presence of the toxin. Conclusion: In conclusion, our results demonstrated that the neuromuscular action of the poison of Rhinella schneideri is a multitoxin effect. More, the present work first isolated a 730.6 Da toxin that better represent the whole poison neuromuscular effect, to which is attributed a presynaptic action in avian and mouse neuromuscular preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandro Rostelato-Ferreira
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Zip Code 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil.,Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Paulista (UNIP), Zip Code 18087-101, Sorocaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Cháriston André Dal Belo
- Centro de Ciências Rurais de São Gabriel, Universidade Federal do Pampa (UNIPAMPA), São Gabriel, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Stephen Hyslop
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Zip Code 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Léa Rodrigues-Simioni
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Zip Code 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil
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Mariano DOC, Di Giacomo Messias M, Prezotto-Neto JP, Spencer PJ, Pimenta DC. Biochemical Analyses of Proteins from Duttaphrynus melanostictus (Bufo melanostictus) Skin Secretion: Soluble Protein Retrieval from a Viscous Matrix by Ion-Exchange Batch Sample Preparation. Protein J 2018; 37:380-389. [DOI: 10.1007/s10930-018-9780-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Rodríguez C, Rollins-Smith L, Ibáñez R, Durant-Archibold AA, Gutiérrez M. Toxins and pharmacologically active compounds from species of the family Bufonidae (Amphibia, Anura). JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2017; 198:235-254. [PMID: 28034659 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2016.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Among amphibians, 15 of the 47 species reported to be used in traditional medicines belong to the family Bufonidae, which demonstrates their potential in pharmacological and natural products research. For example, Asian and American tribes use the skin and the parotoid gland secretions of some common toads in the treatment of hemorrhages, bites and stings from venomous animals, skin and stomach disorders, as well as several types of cancers. OVERARCHING OBJECTIVE In addition to reviewing the occurrence of chemical constituents present in the family Bufonidae, the cytotoxic and biomedical potential of the active compounds produced by different taxa are presented. METHODOLOGY Available information on bioactive compounds isolated from species of the family Bufonidae was obtained from ACS Publications, Google, Google Scholar, Pubmed, Sciendirect and Springer. Papers written in Chinese, English, German and Spanish were considered. RESULTS Recent reports show more than 30% of amphibians are in decline and some of bufonid species are considered to be extinct. For centuries, bufonids have been used as traditional folk remedies to treat allergies, inflammation, cancer, infections and other ailments, highlighting their importance as a prolific source for novel drugs and therapies. Toxins and bioactive chemical constituents from skin and parotid gland secretions of bufonid species can be grouped in five families, the guanidine alkaloids isolated and characterized from Atelopus, the lipophilic alkaloids isolated from Melanophryniscus, the indole alkaloids and bufadienolides known to be synthesized by species of bufonids, and peptides and proteins isolated from the skin and gastrointestinal extracts of some common toads. Overall, the bioactive secretions of this family of anurans may have antimicrobial, protease inhibitor and anticancer properties, as well as being active at the neuromuscular level. CONCLUSION In this article, the traditional uses, toxicity and pharmacological potential of chemical compounds from bufonids have been summarized. In spite of being reported to be used to treat several diseases, neither extracts nor metabolites from bufonids have been tested in such illness like acne, osteoporosis, arthritis and other illnesses. However, the cytotoxicity of these metabolites needs to be evaluated on adequate animal models due to the limited conditions of in vitro assays. Novel qualitative and quantitative tools based on MS spectrometry and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy is now available to study the complex secretions of bufonids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candelario Rodríguez
- Centro de Biodiversidad y Descubrimiento de Drogas, Instituto de Investigaciones, Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología (INDICASAT-AIP), City of Knowledge, Panama 0843-01103, Republic of Panama; Department of Biotechnology, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Guntur 522510, India
| | - Louise Rollins-Smith
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, and Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Roberto Ibáñez
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Ancon, Panama 0843-03092, Republic of Panama; Department of Zoology, College of Natural, Exact Sciences and Technology, University of Panama, Republic of Panama
| | - Armando A Durant-Archibold
- Centro de Biodiversidad y Descubrimiento de Drogas, Instituto de Investigaciones, Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología (INDICASAT-AIP), City of Knowledge, Panama 0843-01103, Republic of Panama; Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural, Exact Sciences and Technology, University of Panama, Republic of Panama.
| | - Marcelino Gutiérrez
- Centro de Biodiversidad y Descubrimiento de Drogas, Instituto de Investigaciones, Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología (INDICASAT-AIP), City of Knowledge, Panama 0843-01103, Republic of Panama.
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Schmeda-Hirschmann G, Quispe C, Arana GV, Theoduloz C, Urra FA, Cárdenas C. Antiproliferative activity and chemical composition of the venom from the Amazonian toad Rhinella marina (Anura: Bufonidae). Toxicon 2016; 121:119-129. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2016.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Revised: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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