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Laxmi, Golmei P, Srivastava S, Kumar S. Single nucleotide polymorphism-based biomarker in primary hypertension. Eur J Pharmacol 2024; 972:176584. [PMID: 38621507 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2024.176584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2024] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Primary hypertension is a multiplex and multifactorial disease influenced by various strong components including genetics. Extensive research such as Genome-wide association studies and candidate gene studies have revealed various single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) related to hypertension, providing insights into the genetic basis of the condition. This review summarizes the current status of SNP research in primary hypertension, including examples of hypertension-related SNPs, their location, function, and frequency in different populations. The potential clinical implications of SNP research for primary hypertension management are also discussed, including disease risk prediction, personalized medicine, mechanistic understanding, and lifestyle modifications. Furthermore, this review highlights emerging technologies and methodologies that have the potential to revolutionize the vast understanding of the basis of genetics in primary hypertension. Gene editing holds the potential to target and correct any kind of genetic mutations that contribute to the development of hypertension or modify genes involved in blood pressure regulation to prevent or treat the condition. Advances in computational biology and machine learning enable researchers to analyze large datasets and identify complex genetic interactions contributing to hypertension risk. In conclusion, SNP research in primary hypertension is rapidly evolving with emerging technologies and methodologies that have the potential to transform the knowledge about genetic basis related to the condition. These advances hold promise for personalized prevention and treatment strategies tailored to an individual's genetic profile ultimately improving patient outcomes and reducing healthcare costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laxmi
- Department of Pharmacology, Delhi Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University, Pushp Vihar, M B Road, New Delhi, 110017, India
| | - Pougang Golmei
- Department of Pharmacology, Delhi Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University, Pushp Vihar, M B Road, New Delhi, 110017, India
| | - Shriyansh Srivastava
- Department of Pharmacology, Delhi Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University, Pushp Vihar, M B Road, New Delhi, 110017, India
| | - Sachin Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology, Delhi Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University, Pushp Vihar, M B Road, New Delhi, 110017, India.
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Powell NR, Shugg T, Leighty J, Martin M, Kreutz RP, Eadon MT, Lai D, Lu T, Skaar TC. Analysis of the combined effect of rs699 and rs5051 on angiotensinogen expression and hypertension. Chronic Dis Transl Med 2024; 10:102-117. [PMID: 38872760 PMCID: PMC11166681 DOI: 10.1002/cdt3.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Hypertension (HTN) involves genetic variability in the renin-angiotensin system and influences antihypertensive response. We previously reported that angiotensinogen (AGT) messenger RNA (mRNA) is endogenously bound by miR-122-5p and rs699 A > G decreases reporter mRNA in the microRNA functional-assay PASSPORT-seq. The AGT promoter variant rs5051 C > T is in linkage disequilibrium (LD) with rs699 A > G and increases AGT transcription. The independent effect of these variants is understudied due to their LD therefore we aimed to test the hypothesis that increased AGT by rs5051 C > T counterbalances AGT decreased by rs699 A > G, and when these variants occur independently, it translates to HTN-related phenotypes. Methods We used in silico, in vitro, in vivo, and retrospective models to test this hypothesis. Results In silico, rs699 A > G is predicted to increase miR-122-5p binding affinity by 3%. Mir-eCLIP results show rs699 is 40-45 nucleotides from the strongest microRNA-binding site in the AGT mRNA. Unexpectedly, rs699 A > G increases AGT mRNA in an AGT-plasmid-cDNA HepG2 expression model. Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) and UK Biobank analyses demonstrate liver AGT expression and HTN phenotypes are not different when rs699 A > G occurs independently from rs5051 C > T. However, GTEx and the in vitro experiments suggest rs699 A > G confers cell-type-specific effects on AGT mRNA abundance, and suggest paracrine renal renin-angiotensin-system perturbations could mediate the rs699 A > G associations with HTN. Conclusions We found that rs5051 C > T and rs699 A > G significantly associate with systolic blood pressure in Black participants in the UK Biobank, demonstrating a fourfold larger effect than in White participants. Further studies are warranted to determine if altered antihypertensive response in Black individuals might be due to rs5051 C > T or rs699 A > G. Studies like this will help clinicians move beyond the use of race as a surrogate for genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas R. Powell
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of MedicineSchool of Medicine, Indiana UniversityIndianapolisIndianaUSA
| | - Tyler Shugg
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of MedicineSchool of Medicine, Indiana UniversityIndianapolisIndianaUSA
| | - Jacob Leighty
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of MedicineSchool of Medicine, Indiana UniversityIndianapolisIndianaUSA
| | - Matthew Martin
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologySchool of Medicine, Indiana UniversityIndianapolisIndianaUSA
| | - Rolf P. Kreutz
- Department of CardiologySchool of Medicine, Krannert Institute of Cardiology, Indiana UniversityIndianapolisIndianaUSA
| | - Michael T. Eadon
- Division of Nephrology, Department of MedicineSchool of Medicine, Indiana UniversityIndianapolisIndianaUSA
- Department of Medical and Molecular GeneticsSchool of Medicine, Indiana UniversityIndianapolisIndianaUSA
| | - Dongbing Lai
- Department of Medical and Molecular GeneticsSchool of Medicine, Indiana UniversityIndianapolisIndianaUSA
| | - Tao Lu
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologySchool of Medicine, Indiana UniversityIndianapolisIndianaUSA
| | - Todd C. Skaar
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of MedicineSchool of Medicine, Indiana UniversityIndianapolisIndianaUSA
- Department of Medical and Molecular GeneticsSchool of Medicine, Indiana UniversityIndianapolisIndianaUSA
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Mirahmadi M, Salehi A, Golalipour M, Bakhshandeh A, Shahbazi M. Association of rs5051 and rs699 polymorphisms in angiotensinogen with coronary artery disease in Iranian population: A case-control study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2024; 103:e37045. [PMID: 38489704 PMCID: PMC10939567 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000037045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2023] [Revised: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the third most common cause of mortality globally (with 17.8 million deaths annually). Angiotensinogen (AGT) and polymorphisms in this gene can be considered as susceptibility factors for CAD. We performed a retrospective case-control study to determine the correlation of AGT rs5051 and rs699 polymorphisms with CAD in an Iranian population. We genotyped 310 CAD patients and 310 healthy subjects using polymerase chain reaction-based methods. To confirm the accuracy of the screening approach, 10% of genotyped subjects were validated using gold-standard Sanger Sequencing. To evaluate the effect of the candidate polymorphisms, white blood cells were randomly purified from the subjects and AGT expression was measured by quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. Sex stratification indicated a significant correlation between CAD and male sex (P = .0101). We found a significant association between the rs5051 A allele (P = .002) and the rs699 C allele, and CAD (P = .0122) in recessive and dominant models. Moreover, our findings showed a significant association of the haplotype, including the rs5051 A/A and rs699 T/C genotypes, with CAD (P = .0405). Finally, AGT mRNA levels were significantly decreased in patients harboring the candidate polymorphisms (P = .03). According to our findings The AGT rs5051 A and AGT rs699 C alleles are predisposing variants of CAD risk and severity in the Iranian population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Mirahmadi
- Medical Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Exomine, PardisGene company, Tehran, Iran
| | - Aref Salehi
- Ischemic Disorders Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Masoud Golalipour
- Medical Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Azam Bakhshandeh
- Medical Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Majid Shahbazi
- Medical Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
- AryaTinaGene, Biopharmaceutical Company, Gorgan, Iran
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Powell NR, Shugg T, Leighty J, Martin M, Kreutz RP, Eadon MT, Lai D, Lu T, Skaar TC. Analysis of the Combined Effect of rs699 and rs5051 on Angiotensinogen Expression and Hypertension. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.04.07.536073. [PMID: 37066278 PMCID: PMC10104131 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.07.536073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
Hypertension (HTN) involves genetic variability in the renin-angiotensin system and characterizing this variability will help advance precision antihypertensive treatments. We previously reported that angiotensinogen (AGT) mRNA is endogenously bound by mir-122-5p and that rs699 A>G significantly decreases reporter mRNA in the functional mirSNP assay PASSPORT-seq. The AGT promoter variant rs5051 C>T is in linkage disequilibrium (LD) with rs699 A>G and increases AGT transcription. We hypothesized that the increased AGT by rs5051 C>T counterbalances AGT decrease by rs699 A>G, and when these variants occur independently, would translate to HTN-related phenotypes. The independent effect of each of these variants is understudied due to their LD, therefore, we used in silico, in vitro, in vivo, and retrospective clinical and biobank analyses to assess HTN and AGT expression phenotypes where rs699 A>G occurs independently from rs5051 C>T. In silico, rs699 A>G is predicted to increase mir-122-5p binding strength by 3%. Mir-eCLIP assay results show that rs699 is 40-45 nucleotides from the strongest microRNA binding site in the AGT mRNA. Unexpectedly, rs699 A>G increases AGT mRNA in a plasmid cDNA HepG2 expression model. GTEx and UK Biobank analyses demonstrate that liver AGT expression and HTN phenotypes were not different when rs699 A>G occurs independently from rs5051 C>T, allowing us to reject the original hypothesis. However, both GTEx and our in vitro experiments suggest rs699 A>G confers cell-type specific effects on AGT mRNA abundance. We found that rs5051 C>T and rs699 A>G significantly associate with systolic blood pressure in Black participants in the UK Biobank, demonstrating a 4-fold larger effect than in White participants. Further studies are warranted to determine if the altered antihypertensive response in Black individuals might be due to rs5051 C>T or rs699 A>G. Studies like this will help clinicians move beyond the use of race as a surrogate for genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas R. Powell
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Indianapolis IN
| | - Tyler Shugg
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Indianapolis IN
| | - Jacob Leighty
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Indianapolis IN
| | - Matthew Martin
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indianapolis IN
| | - Rolf P. Kreutz
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Krannert Institute of Cardiology, Indianapolis IN
| | - Michael T. Eadon
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Indianapolis IN
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indianapolis IN
| | - Dongbing Lai
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indianapolis IN
| | - Tao Lu
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indianapolis IN
| | - Todd C. Skaar
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Indianapolis IN
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indianapolis IN
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Hussain M, Khan HN, Abbas S, Ali A, Aslam MN, Awan FR. Tetra-ARMS-PCR assay development for genotyping of AGT rs699 T/C polymorphism, its comparison with PCR-RFLP and application in a case-control association study of cardiovascular disease patients. NUCLEOSIDES, NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2023:1-16. [PMID: 36815563 DOI: 10.1080/15257770.2023.2181972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Genetic variations in the AGT gene play a significant role in controlling the plasma concentration of angiotensinogen (precursor protein of bioactive octapeptide angiotensin II) and the efficacy of antihypertensive drugs. In the current study, Tetra-Amplification Refractory Mutation System-Polymerase Chain Reaction (T-ARMS-PCR) was developed for genotyping of AGT rs699 T/C polymorphism and validated through Sanger DNA sequencing. Its efficiency was also tested using 474 human DNA samples [control, n = 181; cardiovascular disease (CVD) patients, n = 293]. Results showed that T-ARMS-PCR is superior to the commonly used PCR-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). Statistical analysis revealed that the AGT rs699 CC genotype is more prevalent in the CVD patient group (37% vs. 28%) and AGT rs699 C allele and CC genotype increased the risk of CVD by 1.4 and 1.9 fold, respectively. In summary, T-ARMS-PCR is the most suitable approach for quick and efficient genotyping of AGT rs699 T/C polymorphism in a large population in resource-limited countries, Furthermore, AGT rs699 T/C polymorphism is associated with the risk of CVD in the Punjabi Pakistani population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misbah Hussain
- Diabetes and Cardio-Metabolic Disorders Lab, Human Molecular Genetics and Metabolic Disorders Group, Health Biotechnology, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), Faisalabad, Pakistan.,Department of Biotechnology, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan.,NIBGE College, Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (NIBGE-C, PIEAS), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Haq Nawaz Khan
- Diabetes and Cardio-Metabolic Disorders Lab, Human Molecular Genetics and Metabolic Disorders Group, Health Biotechnology, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), Faisalabad, Pakistan.,NIBGE College, Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (NIBGE-C, PIEAS), Islamabad, Pakistan.,Department of Biological & Biomedical Sciences, The Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Shahid Abbas
- Faisalabad Institute of Cardiology, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Ansar Ali
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | | | - Fazli Rabbi Awan
- Diabetes and Cardio-Metabolic Disorders Lab, Human Molecular Genetics and Metabolic Disorders Group, Health Biotechnology, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), Faisalabad, Pakistan.,NIBGE College, Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (NIBGE-C, PIEAS), Islamabad, Pakistan
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Genetic Polymorphism in Angiotensinogen and Its Association with Cardiometabolic Diseases. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12121291. [PMID: 36557328 PMCID: PMC9785123 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12121291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiotensinogen (AGT) is one of the most significant enzymes of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) which is involved in the regulation and maintenance of blood pressure. AGT is involved in the production of angiotensin I which is then converted into angiotensin II that leads to renal homeostasis. However, various genetic polymorphisms in AGT have been discovered in recent times which have shown an association with various diseases. Genetic polymorphism increases the level of circulating AGT in blood which exaggerates the effects produced by AGT. The associated diseases occur due to various effects produced by increased AGT levels. Several cardiovascular diseases including myocardial infarction, coronary heart disease, heart failure, hypertrophy, etc. are associated with AGT polymorphism. Other diseases such as depression, obesity, diabetic nephropathy, pre-eclampsia, and liver injury are also associated with some variants of AGT gene. The most common variants of AGT polymorphism are M235T and T174M. The two variants are associated with many diseases. Some other variants such as G-217A, A-6G, A-20C and G-152A, are also present but they are not as significant as that of M235T and T174M variants. These variants increase the level of circulating AGT and are associated with prevalence of different diseases. These diseases occur through various pathological pathways, but the initial reason remains the same, i.e., increased level of AGT in the blood. In this article, we have majorly focused on how genetic polymorphism of different variants of AGT gene is associated with the prevalence of different diseases.
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Rechciński T, Kasprzak JD. A systematic review of nonsynonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. Cardiol J 2022; 29:1020-1027. [PMID: 34060646 PMCID: PMC9788732 DOI: 10.5603/cj.a2021.0055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In this recent publication review the authors aimed to collect evidence of impact of nonsynonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms (nsSNP) in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system on patients' phenotype not only regarding arterial hypertension and its complications, but also the impact on other diseases of interest outside the field of cardiovascular medicine. PubMed database records published between 2017-2020 were searched and all positive case-control studies or positive studies with human DNA were selected. The search identified 104 articles, of which 22 were included on the basis of the inclusion criteria. This paper presents the impact of 44 nsSNPs in panels for genes of renin, angiotensinogen, angiotensin-converting enzyme, angiotensin receptor and aldosterone on the clinical picture of investigated cohorts or on the peptide-protein interactions as consequence of nsSNPs. Genetic variability in nsSNPs of the RAAS is involved in the pathogenesis of arterial hypertension and its complications, and surprisingly also in the pathogenesis of conditions not associated with elevated blood pressure, like neoplasms or inflammatory diseases.
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Habeeb E, Aldosari S, Saghir SA, Cheema M, Momenah T, Husain K, Omidi Y, Rizvi SA, Akram M, Ansari RA. Role of environmental toxicants in the development of hypertensive and cardiovascular diseases. Toxicol Rep 2022; 9:521-533. [PMID: 35371924 PMCID: PMC8971584 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2022.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of hypertension with diabetes mellitus (DM) as a co-morbid condition is on the rise worldwide. In 2000, an estimated 972 million adults had hypertension, which is predicted to grow to 1.56 billion by 2025. Hypertension often leads to diabetes mellitus that strongly puts the patients at an increased risk of cardiovascular, kidney, and/or atherosclerotic diseases. Hypertension has been identified as a major risk factor for the development of diabetes; patients with hypertension are at two-to-three-fold higher risk of developing diabetes than patients with normal blood pressure (BP). Causes for the increase in hypertension and diabetes are not well understood, environmental factors (e.g., exposure to environmental toxicants like heavy metals, organic solvents, pesticides, alcohol, and urban lifestyle) have been postulated as one of the reasons contributing to hypertension and cardiovascular diseases (CVD). The mechanism of action(s) of these toxicants in developing hypertension and CVDs is not well defined. Research studies have linked hypertension with the chronic consumption of alcohol and exposure to metals like lead, mercury, and arsenic have also been linked to hypertension and CVD. Workers chronically exposed to styrene have a higher incidence of CVD. Recent studies have demonstrated that exposure to particulate matter (PM) in diesel exhaust and urban air contributes to increased CVD and mortality. In this review, we have imparted the role of environmental toxicants such as heavy metals, organic pollutants, PM, alcohol, and some drugs in hypertension and CVD along with possible mechanisms and limitations in extrapolating animal data to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehsan Habeeb
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Health Professions Division, Nova Southeastern University, 3200S University Drive, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33200, USA
| | - Saad Aldosari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Health Professions Division, Nova Southeastern University, 3200S University Drive, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33200, USA
| | - Shakil A. Saghir
- The Scotts Company LLC, Marysville, OH 43041, USA
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Mariam Cheema
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Health Professions Division, Nova Southeastern University, 3200S University Drive, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33200, USA
| | - Tahani Momenah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Health Professions Division, Nova Southeastern University, 3200S University Drive, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33200, USA
| | - Kazim Husain
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology (FOB-2), Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Yadollah Omidi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Health Professions Division, Nova Southeastern University, 3200S University Drive, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33200, USA
| | - Syed A.A. Rizvi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Hampton University, VA 23668, USA
| | - Muhammad Akram
- Department of Eastern Medicine and Surgery, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Rais A. Ansari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Health Professions Division, Nova Southeastern University, 3200S University Drive, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33200, USA
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Nurun Nabi A, Ebihara A. Diabetes and Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System: Pathophysiology and Genetics. RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN ALDOSTERONE SYSTEM 2021. [DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.97518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disorder and characterized by hyperglycemia. Being a concern of both the developed and developing world, diabetes is a global health burden and is a major cause of mortality world-wide. The most common is the type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), which is mainly caused by resistance to insulin. Long-term complications of diabetes cause microvascular related problems (eg. nephropathy, neuropathy and retinopathy) along with macrovascular complications (eg. cardiovascular diseases, ischemic heart disease, peripheral vascular disease). Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) regulates homeostasis of body fluid that in turn, maintains blood pressure. Thus, RAAS plays pivotal role in the pathogenesis of long-term DM complications like cardiovascular diseases and chronic kidney diseases. T2DM is a polygenic disease, and the roles of RAAS components in insulin signaling pathway and insulin resistance have been well documented. Hyperglycemia has been found to be associated with the increased plasma renin activity, arterial pressure and renal vascular resistance. Several studies have reported involvement of single variants within particular genes in initiation and development of T2D using different approaches. This chapter aims to investigate and discuss potential genetic polymorphisms underlying T2D identified through candidate gene studies, genetic linkage studies, genome wide association studies.
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Samara M, Papathanassiou M, Farmakioti I, Anagnostou M, Satra M, Mitrakas L, Anastasiou D, Chasiotis G, Christopoulos A, Anagnostou A, Christodoulou A, Daponte A, Ioannou M, Koukoulis G, Tzortzis V, Vlachostergios PJ. Renin-Angiotensin System Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms Are Associated with Bladder Cancer Risk. Curr Oncol 2021; 28:4702-4708. [PMID: 34898568 PMCID: PMC8628720 DOI: 10.3390/curroncol28060396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system (RAS), besides being a major regulator of blood pressure, is also involved in tumor angiogenesis. Emerging evidence suggests a correlation between the use of pharmacologic RAS inhibitors and a delay in urothelial bladder cancer (BC) progression. However, it is unknown whether RAS gene variants may predispose to the development of BC. This study examined the association of RAS single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) including AT1R rs5186, AT2R rs11091046, REN rs12750834, ANG rs4762, and ANG rs699 with the risk of developing non-invasive BC. Peripheral blood samples from 73 patients with T1 urothelial BC (66 men, seven women) and an equal number of healthy subjects (control group) were collected. The TT genotype of the REN rs12750834 SNP (OR: 2.8 [1.3-6.05], p = 0.008) and to a lesser extent the presence of the T allele (OR: 2.3 [1.2-4.48], p = 0.01) conferred a higher risk of BC. The highest risk for BC within SNP carriers of the RAS system was associated with the presence of the CC genotype (OR: 17.6 [7.5-41.35], p < 0.001) and C allele (OR: 17.7 [8.8-35.9], p < 0.001) of the ANG rs699 SNP. The presence of the AT2R rs11091046 SNP, particularly the AA genotype, was associated with a protective effect against developing BC (OR: 0.268 [0.126-057], p < 0.001). In conclusion, these results support the clinical utility of RAS gene SNPs AT2R rs11091046, REN rs12750834, and ANG rs699 in the genetic cancer risk assessment of patients and families with BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Samara
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, 41100 Larissa, Greece; (M.S.); (M.P.); (I.F.); (M.A.); (M.I.); (G.K.)
| | - Maria Papathanassiou
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, 41100 Larissa, Greece; (M.S.); (M.P.); (I.F.); (M.A.); (M.I.); (G.K.)
| | - Ioanna Farmakioti
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, 41100 Larissa, Greece; (M.S.); (M.P.); (I.F.); (M.A.); (M.I.); (G.K.)
| | - Maria Anagnostou
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, 41100 Larissa, Greece; (M.S.); (M.P.); (I.F.); (M.A.); (M.I.); (G.K.)
| | - Maria Satra
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, University Hospital of Larissa, 41100 Larissa, Greece;
| | - Lampros Mitrakas
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, University Hospital of Larissa, 41100 Larissa, Greece; (L.M.); (D.A.); (G.C.); (A.C.); (A.A.); (A.C.)
| | - Dimitrios Anastasiou
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, University Hospital of Larissa, 41100 Larissa, Greece; (L.M.); (D.A.); (G.C.); (A.C.); (A.A.); (A.C.)
| | - Georgios Chasiotis
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, University Hospital of Larissa, 41100 Larissa, Greece; (L.M.); (D.A.); (G.C.); (A.C.); (A.A.); (A.C.)
| | - Agamemnon Christopoulos
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, University Hospital of Larissa, 41100 Larissa, Greece; (L.M.); (D.A.); (G.C.); (A.C.); (A.A.); (A.C.)
| | - Athanasios Anagnostou
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, University Hospital of Larissa, 41100 Larissa, Greece; (L.M.); (D.A.); (G.C.); (A.C.); (A.A.); (A.C.)
| | - Anastasios Christodoulou
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, University Hospital of Larissa, 41100 Larissa, Greece; (L.M.); (D.A.); (G.C.); (A.C.); (A.A.); (A.C.)
| | - Alexandros Daponte
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, 41100 Larissa, Greece;
| | - Maria Ioannou
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, 41100 Larissa, Greece; (M.S.); (M.P.); (I.F.); (M.A.); (M.I.); (G.K.)
| | - George Koukoulis
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, 41100 Larissa, Greece; (M.S.); (M.P.); (I.F.); (M.A.); (M.I.); (G.K.)
| | - Vassilios Tzortzis
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, University Hospital of Larissa, 41100 Larissa, Greece; (L.M.); (D.A.); (G.C.); (A.C.); (A.A.); (A.C.)
| | - Panagiotis J. Vlachostergios
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
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11
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Tesfa E, Demeke D. Prevalence of and risk factors for hypertension in Ethiopia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Health Sci Rep 2021; 4:e372. [PMID: 34589614 PMCID: PMC8459032 DOI: 10.1002/hsr2.372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A number of epidemiological studies were performed to know the prevalence of and the risk factors for hypertension. However, these studies reported inconsistent results. As a result, this systematic review and meta-analysis were planned to generate representative data on the prevalence of and risk factors for hypertension among the Ethiopian adult population. METHODS Five electronic databases, namely, PubMed, Science Direct, Google Scholar, Hinari, and African Journals Online, were searched for studies published in English from 1 January 2010 to 31 August 2020. Joanna Briggs Institute Meta-Analysis of Statistics Assessment and Review Instrument and Newcastle-Ottawa scale were used for data extraction and quality assessment for this review. Stata version 14 statistical software was used for the analysis, and due to high heterogeneity a random effects model was used for meta-analysis at 95% confidence interval (CI). RESULTS In this review, 35 observational studies were included. The pooled prevalence of hypertension in Ethiopia was 20.63% (95% CI [18.70, 22.55]) with the I 2 value of 96.1%. Older age (≥40 years) (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]: 3.46 [95% CI: 2.67, 4.49]), urban residence (AOR: 1.47 [95% CI: 1.28, 1.70]), educational status less than grade 12 (AOR: 1.67 [95% CI: 1.38, 2.01]), family history of hypertension (AOR: 4.33 [95% CI: 2.95, 6.34]), diabetes mellitus (DM) (AOR: 5.18 [95% CI: 3.01, 8.88]), body mass index (BMI) ≥25 (AOR: 3.79 [95% CI: 2.61, 5.50]), central obesity (AOR: 1.91 [95% CI: 1.09, 3.36]), and alcohol consumption (AOR: 1.72 [95% CI: 1.26, 2.34]) were the identified risk factors for hypertension. CONCLUSION The pooled prevalence of hypertension is relatively higher as compared to the previous reports in Ethiopia. Older age, urban residence, lower educational coverage, family history of hypertension, DM, BMI ≥25, alcohol consumption, and central obesity were the risk factors for hypertension. The governments and stakeholders should design an appropriate strategy to prevent and control the disease in the Ethiopian population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Endalamaw Tesfa
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Health Sciences Bahir Dar University Bahir Dar Ethiopia
- Biotechnology Research Institute Bahir Dar University Bahir Dar Ethiopia
| | - Dessalegn Demeke
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences Bahir Dar University Bahir Dar Ethiopia
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12
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Tseng CC, Wong MC, Liao WT, Chen CJ, Lee SC, Yen JH, Chang SJ. Genetic Variants in Transcription Factor Binding Sites in Humans: Triggered by Natural Selection and Triggers of Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22084187. [PMID: 33919522 PMCID: PMC8073710 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22084187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Variants of transcription factor binding sites (TFBSs) constitute an important part of the human genome. Current evidence demonstrates close links between nucleotides within TFBSs and gene expression. There are multiple pathways through which genomic sequences located in TFBSs regulate gene expression, and recent genome-wide association studies have shown the biological significance of TFBS variation in human phenotypes. However, numerous challenges remain in the study of TFBS polymorphisms. This article aims to cover the current state of understanding as regards the genomic features of TFBSs and TFBS variants; the mechanisms through which TFBS variants regulate gene expression; the approaches to studying the effects of nucleotide changes that create or disrupt TFBSs; the challenges faced in studies of TFBS sequence variations; the effects of natural selection on collections of TFBSs; in addition to the insights gained from the study of TFBS alleles related to gout, its associated comorbidities (increased body mass index, chronic kidney disease, diabetes, dyslipidemia, coronary artery disease, ischemic heart disease, hypertension, hyperuricemia, osteoporosis, and prostate cancer), and the treatment responses of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Chun Tseng
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan; (C.-C.T.); (J.-H.Y.)
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80756, Taiwan
| | - Man-Chun Wong
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan;
| | - Wei-Ting Liao
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan;
- Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80756, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (W.-T.L.); (S.-J.C.); Tel.: +886-7-3121101 (W.-T.L.); +886-7-5916679 (S.-J.C.); Fax:+886-7-3125339 (W.-T.L.); +886-7-5919264 (S.-J.C.)
| | - Chung-Jen Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung 80145, Taiwan;
| | - Su-Chen Lee
- Laboratory Diagnosis of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan;
| | - Jeng-Hsien Yen
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan; (C.-C.T.); (J.-H.Y.)
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80756, Taiwan
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao-Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
| | - Shun-Jen Chang
- Department of Kinesiology, Health and Leisure Studies, National University of Kaohsiung, Kaohsiung 81148, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (W.-T.L.); (S.-J.C.); Tel.: +886-7-3121101 (W.-T.L.); +886-7-5916679 (S.-J.C.); Fax:+886-7-3125339 (W.-T.L.); +886-7-5919264 (S.-J.C.)
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13
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Vázquez-Moreno M, Locia-Morales D, Peralta-Romero J, Sharma T, Meyre D, Cruz M, Flores-Alfaro E, Valladares-Salgado A. AGT rs4762 is associated with diastolic blood pressure in Mexicans with diabetic nephropathy. J Diabetes Complications 2021; 35:107826. [PMID: 33423909 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2020.107826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Since angiotensinogen has a pivotal role in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, the analysis of polymorphisms of the angiotensinogen (AGT) gene could help explain its potential involvement in hypertension and diabetic nephropathy (DN) pathogenesis. For that reason, we investigated 1) the association of AGT rs4762 with blood pressure (BP) and kidney function-related traits and 2) the interaction effect of AGT rs4762 with DN on BP and kidney function-related traits in 546 Mexican adults with type 2 diabetes (T2D). METHODS We enrolled 546 unrelated Mexican patients with T2D (350 cases with DN and 196 controls without DN). AGT rs4762 was genotyped in all participants using TaqMan technology (effect allele: A). BP and kidney function-related traits, including serum urea and creatinine, urinary albumin, urine albumin to urine creatinine ratio (ACR), and glomerular filtration rate, were studied. DN was defined as having a previous diagnosis of T2D and an ACR ≥ 30 mg/g. The association between these parameters was investigated using logistic regression with adjustment for covariates. RESULTS AGT rs4762 A allele was significantly associated with diastolic blood pressure (N = 546, β = 1.243 ± 0.918, p = 0.029). A significant interaction between DN and AGT rs4762 was also observed in relation to diastolic blood pressure (DBP) (N = 546, β = 0.930 ± 0.433, p=0.032). A follow-up analysis of simple effects particularly revealed a positive association between AGT rs4762 A allele and DBP only in patients with diabetic nephropathy (N = 350, β = 2.837 ± 1.267, p = 0.026). CONCLUSION Our results evidence that, although AGT rs4762 is not associated with DN, the AGT rs4762 A allele is positively associated with DBP in the Mexican population with DN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Vázquez-Moreno
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Bioquímica, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Daniel Locia-Morales
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Bioquímica, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico; Laboratorio de Investigación en Epidemiología Clínica y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Chilpancingo, Guerrero, Mexico
| | - José Peralta-Romero
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Bioquímica, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Tanmay Sharma
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - David Meyre
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada; Inserm UMR_S1256 Nutrition-Genetics-Environmental Risk Exposure, University of Lorraine, Nancy, France; FHU ARRIMAGE, Department of Biochemistry-Molecular Biology-Nutrition, University Hospital Centre of Nancy, Nancy, France
| | - Miguel Cruz
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Bioquímica, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Eugenia Flores-Alfaro
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Epidemiología Clínica y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Chilpancingo, Guerrero, Mexico
| | - Adan Valladares-Salgado
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Bioquímica, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico.
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14
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Gaowa, Del Coso J, Gu Z, Gerile W, Yang R, Díaz-Peña R, Valenzuela PL, Lucia A, He Z. Interindividual Variation in Cardiorespiratory Fitness: A Candidate Gene Study in Han Chinese People. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:E555. [PMID: 32429201 PMCID: PMC7288307 DOI: 10.3390/genes11050555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiorespiratory fitness, as assessed through peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak), is a powerful health indicator. We aimed to evaluate the influence of several candidate causal genetic variants on VO2peak level in untrained Han Chinese people. A total of 1009 participants (566 women; age [mean ± SD] 40 ± 14 years, VO2peak 29.9 ± 7.1 mL/kg/min) performed a maximal incremental cycling test for VO2peak determination. Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral whole blood, and genotyping analysis was performed on 125 gene variants. Using age, sex, and body mass as covariates, and setting a stringent threshold p-value of 0.0004, only one single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), located in the gene encoding angiotensin-converting enzyme (rs4295), was associated with VO2peak (β = 0.87; p < 2.9 × 10-4). Stepwise multiple regression analysis identified a panel of three SNPs (rs4295 = 1.1%, angiotensin II receptor type 1 rs275652 = 0.6%, and myostatin rs7570532 = 0.5%) that together accounted for 2.2% (p = 0.0007) of the interindividual variance in VO2peak. Participants carrying six 'favorable' alleles had a higher VO2peak (32.3 ± 8.1 mL/kg/min) than those carrying only one favorable allele (24.6 ± 5.2 mL/kg/min, p < 0.0001). In summary, VO2peak at the pre-trained state is partly influenced by several polymorphic variations in candidate genes, but they represent a minor portion of the variance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaowa
- Institute of Physical Education, Inner Mongolia Normal University, Huhehaote 010022, China; (G.); (W.G.)
| | - Juan Del Coso
- Center for Sport Studies, Rey Juan Carlos University, 28943 Fuenlabrada, Spain
| | - Zhuangzhuang Gu
- Sport Science School, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100083, China;
| | - Wuyun Gerile
- Institute of Physical Education, Inner Mongolia Normal University, Huhehaote 010022, China; (G.); (W.G.)
| | - Rui Yang
- Biology Center, China Institute of Sport Science, Beijing 100061, China;
| | - Roberto Díaz-Peña
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Talca 3460000, Chile;
| | | | - Alejandro Lucia
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, European University of Madrid, 28670 Madrid, Spain;
- Research Institute Hospital 12 de Octubre (‘imas12’), 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | - Zihong He
- Biology Center, China Institute of Sport Science, Beijing 100061, China;
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15
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Cuevas S, Villar VAM, Jose PA. Genetic polymorphisms associated with reactive oxygen species and blood pressure regulation. THE PHARMACOGENOMICS JOURNAL 2019; 19:315-336. [PMID: 30723314 PMCID: PMC6650341 DOI: 10.1038/s41397-019-0082-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Revised: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Hypertension is the most prevalent cause of cardiovascular disease and kidney failure, but only about 50% of patients achieve adequate blood pressure control, in part, due to inter-individual genetic variations in the response to antihypertensive medication. Significant strides have been made toward the understanding of the role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the regulation of the cardiovascular system. However, the role of ROS in human hypertension is still unclear. Polymorphisms of some genes involved in the regulation of ROS production are associated with hypertension, suggesting their potential influence on blood pressure control and response to antihypertensive medication. This review provides an update on the genes associated with the regulation of ROS production in hypertension and discusses the controversies on the use of antioxidants in the treatment of hypertension, including the antioxidant effects of antihypertensive drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Cuevas
- Center for Translational Science, Children's National Health System, 111 Michigan Avenue, NW, Washington, DC, 20010, USA.
| | - Van Anthony M Villar
- Department of Medicine, Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Walter G. Ross Hall, Suite 738, 2300 I Street, NW, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
| | - Pedro A Jose
- Department of Medicine, Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Walter G. Ross Hall, Suite 738, 2300 I Street, NW, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
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16
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Jang AY, Chung WJ. Current status of pulmonary arterial hypertension in Korea. Korean J Intern Med 2019; 34:696-707. [PMID: 31272141 PMCID: PMC6610200 DOI: 10.3904/kjim.2019.185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is characterized by remodeling of the distal pulmonary arteries resulting in high pulmonary vascular resistance and, eventually, right ventricular heart failure. Although current advances in PAH therapy have improved outcomes, poor survival remains a reality worldwide, including Korea. One of the most important issues in PAH is the late diagnosis, since screening or diagnostic efforts are often overlooked due to the rarity of disease. Data from Korean registries and observational cohorts show that delayed detection leads to increased morbidity. Additionally, low percentages of Korean patients are committed to intensive PAH-targeted therapy. Current Korean health insurance policies' lack of coverage for new PAH-targeted drugs and upfront combination therapy may also hamper the improvement of treatment outcomes. Understanding individual variability in response to therapeutics through deep phenotyping is a novel strategy that should be considered when treating PAH. Overall, early detection of PAH by proactive screening together with early, intensive, individualized PAH therapy using deep phenotyping is crucial for improving prognoses for PAH patients in Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Youngwoo Jang
- Gachon Cardiovascular Research Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, Korea
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Incheon, Korea
| | - Wook-Jin Chung
- Gachon Cardiovascular Research Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, Korea
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Incheon, Korea
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17
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Manosroi W, Williams GH. Genetics of Human Primary Hypertension: Focus on Hormonal Mechanisms. Endocr Rev 2019; 40:825-856. [PMID: 30590482 PMCID: PMC6936319 DOI: 10.1210/er.2018-00071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Increasingly, primary hypertension is being considered a syndrome and not a disease, with the individual causes (diseases) having a common sign-an elevated blood pressure. To determine these causes, genetic tools are increasingly employed. This review identified 62 proposed genes. However, only 21 of them met our inclusion criteria: (i) primary hypertension, (ii) two or more supporting cohorts from different publications or within a single publication or one supporting cohort with a confirmatory genetically modified animal study, and (iii) 600 or more subjects in the primary cohort; when including our exclusion criteria: (i) meta-analyses or reviews, (ii) secondary and monogenic hypertension, (iii) only hypertensive complications, (iv) genes related to blood pressure but not hypertension per se, (v) nonsupporting studies more common than supporting ones, and (vi) studies that did not perform a Bonferroni or similar multiassessment correction. These 21 genes were organized in a four-tiered structure: distant phenotype (hypertension); intermediate phenotype [salt-sensitive (18) or salt-resistant (0)]; subintermediate phenotypes under salt-sensitive hypertension [normal renin (4), low renin (8), and unclassified renin (6)]; and proximate phenotypes (specific genetically driven hypertensive subgroup). Many proximate hypertensive phenotypes had a substantial endocrine component. In conclusion, primary hypertension is a syndrome; many proposed genes are likely to be false positives; and deep phenotyping will be required to determine the utility of genetics in the treatment of hypertension. However, to date, the positive genes are associated with nearly 50% of primary hypertensives, suggesting that in the near term precise, mechanistically driven treatment and prevention strategies for the specific primary hypertension subgroups are feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Worapaka Manosroi
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Gordon H Williams
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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18
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An Angiotensinogen Gene Polymorphism (rs5050) Is Associated with the Risk of Coronary Artery Aneurysm in Southern Chinese Children with Kawasaki Disease. DISEASE MARKERS 2019; 2019:2849695. [PMID: 30719178 PMCID: PMC6335657 DOI: 10.1155/2019/2849695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Background Kawasaki disease (KD) is an acute vasculitis disease that commonly causes acquired heart disease in children. Coronary artery aneurysm (CAA) is a major complication of KD. However, the pathogenesis of KD remains unclear. The results of a genome-wide association study (GWAS) showed that two functional single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs; rs699A>G and rs5050T>G) in the angiotensinogen (AGT) gene were related to cardiovascular disease susceptibility. The purpose of our study was to estimate the relationship between the two GWAS-identified AGT gene polymorphisms and the risk of CAA in Southern Chinese children with KD. Methods We genotyped the two AGT gene polymorphisms (rs699A>G and rs5050T>G) in 760 KD cases and 972 healthy controls. We used the odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) to estimate the degree of the associations. Results These two AGT gene polymorphisms were not associated with a risk of KD relative to the controls, but after adjusting for sex and age, the carriers of the rs5050G allele with TG/GG vs TT had an adjusted OR = 1.56, 95% CI = 1.01-2.41, and P = 0.044 relative to the carriers of the rs5050TT genotype. The susceptibility to CAA was more predominant in KD patients younger than 12 months old. Conclusions Our results indicate that the AGT gene polymorphism rs5050T>G may increase the risk of CAA in children with KD, especially those who are younger than 12 months. These results need to be verified by a validation study with a larger sample size.
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Caspers M, Blocquiaux S, Charlier R, Lefevre J, De Bock K, Thomis M. Metabolic fitness in relation to genetic variation and leukocyte DNA methylation. Physiol Genomics 2019; 51:12-26. [DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00077.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a highly prevalent condition causing increased risk of several life-threatening diseases. MetS has a pronounced hereditary basis but is also influenced by environmental factors, partly through epigenetic mechanisms. In this study, the five phenotypes underlying MetS were incorporated into a continuous score for metabolic fitness (MF), and associations with both genotypic variation and leukocyte DNA methylation were investigated. Baseline MF phenotypes (waist circumference, blood pressure, blood glucose, serum triglycerides, and high-density lipoproteins) of 710 healthy Flemish adults were measured. After a 10 yr period, follow-up measures were derived from 618 of these subjects. Genotyping was performed for 65 preselected MF-related genetic variants. Next, full genetic predisposition scores (GPSs) were calculated, combining genotype scores of multiple genetic variants. Additionally, stepwise GPSs were constructed, including only the most predictive genetic variants for the different MF phenotypes. For a subset of 68 middle-aged men, global and gene-specific DNA methylation was investigated, and a biological pathway analysis was performed. The full GPSs were predictive for some baseline MF phenotypes, but not for changes over time. Only a limited number of genetic variants were significantly predictive individually. On the contrary, global and gene-specific DNA methylation was associated with changes in the MF phenotypes rather than with the baseline measures, indicating that effects of DNA methylation on MF are somewhat delayed. Furthermore, several biological pathways were associated with the MF phenotypes through gene promoter methylation. For CETP, G6PC2, MC4R, and TFAP2B both a genetic and epigenetic relationship was found with MF.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Caspers
- Department of Movement Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - S. Blocquiaux
- Department of Movement Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - R. Charlier
- Department of Movement Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - J. Lefevre
- Department of Movement Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - K. De Bock
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zürich, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland
| | - M. Thomis
- Department of Movement Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Susanto AH, Widodo, Rohman MS, Utomo DH, Lukitasari M. Analysis in silico of the single nucleotide polymorphism G–152A in the promoter of the angiotensinogen gene of Indonesian patients with essential hypertension. ASIAN BIOMED 2018. [DOI: 10.1515/abm-2018-0027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) G–152A (rs11568020) in the promoter of the angiotensinogen gene (AGT) may modulate its transcription. Translation of mRNA to angiotensinogen induces hypertension during hypoxia. The G allele at position –152 is located within the hypoxia-response element (HRE) transcription factor-binding site for the hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) heterodimer. However, the function of the –152 site in HIF-1 binding is not fully elucidated.
Objectives
To determine the frequency of SNP G–152A in Indonesian patients with hypertension and the function of this SNP.
Methods
We determined the frequency of the SNP in 100 patients by direct sequencing, and the influence of SNP G–152A on predicted binding of HIF-1 to the HRE using a docking approach in silico.
Results
The AGT promoter in our patients had genetic variants –152G and –152A (19:1). Predicted binding indicated that HIF-1 directly contacts the major groove of the G allele, but not the A allele. Scoring according to weighted sum High Ambiguity Driven biomolecular DOCKing showed that the score for the A allele–HIF-1 complex (–47.1 ± 6.9 kcal/mol) was higher than that for the G allele–HIF-1 complex (–94.6 ± 14.1 kcal/mol), indicating more favorable binding of HIF-1 to the G allele.
Conclusions
SNP G–152A reduces the favorability of binding of HIF-1 to the HRE. The occurrence of this SNP in the AGT promoter of Indonesian patients with essential hypertension suggests that the G allele is a genetic susceptibility factor in hypertension regulated by HIF-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akhiyan Hadi Susanto
- Basic Nursing Department , School of Nursing, Faculty of Medicine , Universitas Brawijaya , Malang 65145 , Indonesia
| | - Widodo
- Biology Department , Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences , Universitas Brawijaya , Malang 65145 , Indonesia
| | - Mohammad Saifur Rohman
- Department of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine , Faculty of Medicine , Universitas Brawijaya – Saiful Anwar General Hospital , Malang 65145 , Indonesia
| | - Didik Huswo Utomo
- Biology Department , Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences , Universitas Brawijaya , Malang 65145 , Indonesia
| | - Mifetika Lukitasari
- Medical Surgical Nursing Department , School of Nursing, Faculty of Medicine , Universitas Brawijaya , Malang 65145 , Indonesia
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