1
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Akyuz E, Celik BR, Aslan FS, Sahin H, Angelopoulou E. Exploring the Role of Neurotransmitters in Multiple Sclerosis: An Expanded Review. ACS Chem Neurosci 2023; 14:527-553. [PMID: 36724132 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.2c00589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory and neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system (CNS). Although emerging evidence has shown that changes in neurotransmitter levels in the synaptic gap may contribute to the pathophysiology of MS, their specific role has not been elucidated yet. In this review, we aim to analyze preclinical and clinical evidence on the structural and functional changes in neurotransmitters in MS and critically discuss their potential role in MS pathophysiology. Preclinical studies have demonstrated that alterations in glutamate metabolism may contribute to MS pathophysiology, by causing excitotoxic neuronal damage. Dysregulated interaction between glutamate and GABA results in synaptic loss. The GABAergic system also plays an important role, by regulating the activity and plasticity of neural networks. Targeting GABAergic/glutamatergic transmission may be effective in fatigue and cognitive impairment in MS. Acetylcholine (ACh) and dopamine can also affect the T-mediated inflammatory responses, thereby being implicated in MS-related neuroinflammation. Also, melatonin might affect the frequency of relapses in MS, by regulating the sleep-wake cycle. Increased levels of nitric oxide in inflammatory lesions of MS patients may be also associated with axonal neuronal degeneration. Therefore, neurotransmitter imbalance may be critically implicated in MS pathophysiology, and future studies are needed for our deeper understanding of their role in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enes Akyuz
- Department of Biophysics, International School of Medicine, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey, 34668
| | - Betul Rana Celik
- Hamidiye School of Medicine, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey, 34668
| | - Feyza Sule Aslan
- Hamidiye International School of Medicine, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey, 34668
| | - Humeyra Sahin
- School of Medicine, Bezmialem Vakif University, Istanbul, Turkey, 34093
| | - Efthalia Angelopoulou
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece, 115 27
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2
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Falkenstein M, Elek M, Stark H. Chemical Probes for Histamine Receptor Subtypes. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2021; 59:29-76. [PMID: 34595743 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2021_254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Ligands with different properties and different selectivity are highly needed for in vitro and in vivo studies on the (patho)physiological influence of the chemical mediator histamine and its receptor subtypes. A selection of well-described ligands for the different receptor subtypes and different studies is shown with a particular focus on affinity and selectivity. In addition, compounds with radioactive or fluorescence elements will be presented with their beneficial use for other species or different investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Falkenstein
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Milica Elek
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Holger Stark
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany.
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3
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Morin F, Singh N, Mdzomba JB, Dumas A, Pernet V, Vallières L. Conditional Deletions of Hdc Confirm Roles of Histamine in Anaphylaxis and Circadian Activity but Not in Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2021; 206:2029-2037. [PMID: 33846226 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Histamine is best known for its role in allergies, but it could also be involved in autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis. However, studies using experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), the most widely used animal model for multiple sclerosis, have reported conflicting observations and suggest the implication of a nonclassical source of histamine. In this study, we demonstrate that neutrophils are the main producers of histamine in the spinal cord of EAE mice. To assess the role of histamine by taking into account its different cellular sources, we used CRISPR-Cas9 to generate conditional knockout mice for the histamine-synthesizing enzyme histidine decarboxylase. We found that ubiquitous and cell-specific deletions do not affect the course of EAE. However, neutrophil-specific deletion attenuates hypothermia caused by IgE-mediated anaphylaxis, whereas neuron-specific deletion reduces circadian activity. In summary, this study refutes the role of histamine in EAE, unveils a role for neutrophil-derived histamine in IgE-mediated anaphylaxis, and establishes a new mouse model to re-explore the inflammatory and neurologic roles of histamine.
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MESH Headings
- Anaphylaxis/genetics
- Anaphylaxis/immunology
- Anaphylaxis/metabolism
- Animals
- Cells, Cultured
- Circadian Rhythm/immunology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/genetics
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/metabolism
- Histamine/immunology
- Histamine/metabolism
- Histidine Decarboxylase/genetics
- Histidine Decarboxylase/immunology
- Histidine Decarboxylase/metabolism
- Humans
- Kaplan-Meier Estimate
- Male
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Multiple Sclerosis/genetics
- Multiple Sclerosis/immunology
- Multiple Sclerosis/metabolism
- Neutrophils/cytology
- Neutrophils/immunology
- Neutrophils/metabolism
- Spinal Cord/immunology
- Spinal Cord/metabolism
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Françoise Morin
- Neuroscience Unit, University Hospital Center of Quebec, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Noopur Singh
- Neuroscience Unit, University Hospital Center of Quebec, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Julius Baya Mdzomba
- Regenerative Medicine Unit, University Hospital Center of Quebec, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Aline Dumas
- Neuroscience Unit, University Hospital Center of Quebec, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Vincent Pernet
- Regenerative Medicine Unit, University Hospital Center of Quebec, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Neurology, Inselspital Bern, University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Luc Vallières
- Neuroscience Unit, University Hospital Center of Quebec, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada;
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4
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Srivastava P, Cronin CG, Scranton VL, Jacobson KA, Liang BT, Verma R. Neuroprotective and neuro-rehabilitative effects of acute purinergic receptor P2X4 (P2X4R) blockade after ischemic stroke. Exp Neurol 2020; 329:113308. [PMID: 32289314 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2020.113308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Stroke remains a leading cause of disability in the United States. Despite recent advances, interventions to reduce damage and enhance recovery after stroke are lacking. P2X4R, a receptor for adenosine triphosphate (ATP), regulates activation of myeloid immune cells (infiltrating monocytes/macrophages and brain-resident microglia) after stroke injury. However, over-stimulation of P2X4Rs due to excessive ATP release from dying or damaged neuronal cells can contribute to ischemic injury. Therefore, we pharmacologically inhibited P2X4R to limit the over-stimulated myeloid cell immune response and improve both acute and chronic stroke recovery. We subjected 8-12-week-old male and female wild type mice to a 60 min right middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo) followed by 3 or 30 days of reperfusion. We performed histological, RNA sequencing, behavioral (sensorimotor, anxiety, and depressive), and biochemical (Evans blue dye extravasation, western blot, quantitative PCR, and flow cytometry) analyses to determine the acute (3 days after MCAo) and chronic (30 days after MCAo) effects of P2X4R antagonist 5-BDBD (1 mg/kg P.O. daily x 3 days post 4 h of MCAo) treatment. 5-BDBD treatment significantly (p < .05) reduced infarct volume, neurological deficit (ND) score, levels of cytokine interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) and blood brain barrier (BBB) permeability in the 3-day group. Chronically, 5-BDBD treatment also conferred progressive recovery (p < .05) of motor balance and coordination using a rotarod test, as well as reduced anxiety-like behavior over 30 days. Interestingly, depressive-type behavior was not observed in mice treated with 5-BDBD for 3 days. In addition, flow cytometric analysis revealed that 5-BDBD treatment decreased the total number of infiltrated leukocytes, and among those infiltrated leukocytes, pro-inflammatory cells of myeloid origin were specifically reduced. 5-BDBD treatment reduced the cell surface expression of P2X4R in flow cytometry-sorted monocytes and microglia without reducing the total P2X4R level in brain tissue. In summary, acute P2X4R inhibition protects against ischemic injury at both acute and chronic time-points after stroke. Reduced numbers of infiltrating pro-inflammatory myeloid cells, decreased surface P2X4R expression, and reduced BBB disruption are likely its mechanism of neuroprotection and neuro-rehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chunxia G Cronin
- Calhoun Cardiology Center, UConn Health, Farmington, CT 06032, USA
| | | | - Kenneth A Jacobson
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892-0810, USA
| | - Bruce T Liang
- Calhoun Cardiology Center, UConn Health, Farmington, CT 06032, USA
| | - Rajkumar Verma
- Department of Neuroscience, UConn Health, Farmington, CT 06032, USA.
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5
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Musio S, Costanza M, Poliani PL, Fontana E, Cominelli M, Abolafio G, Steinman L, Pedotti R. Treatment with anti-FcεRIα antibody exacerbates EAE and T-cell immunity against myelin. NEUROLOGY-NEUROIMMUNOLOGY & NEUROINFLAMMATION 2017; 4:e342. [PMID: 28616446 PMCID: PMC5462602 DOI: 10.1212/nxi.0000000000000342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Objective: To investigate the effects of targeting the high-affinity receptor for immunoglobulin E (FcεRI), that plays a central role in allergic responses and is constitutively expressed on mast cells and basophils, in clinical disease and autoimmune T-cell response in experimental MS. Methods: Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) was induced in C57BL/6 mice by immunization with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein 35–55. Anti-FcεRI α-chain antibody was administered intraperitoneally. CNS immunohistochemistry, flow cytometry analysis of immune cell populations, IgE and histamine serum concentration, immune cell proliferation, and cytokine measurement were performed. In BALB/c mice, EAE was induced by immunization with myelin proteolipid protein 185–206. Results: Treatment with anti-FcεRIα antibody resulted in exacerbation of EAE and increased CNS inflammation in C57BL/6 mice. Treated mice displayed long-lasting complete depletion of basophils in the blood stream and peripheral lymphoid organs and increased antigen-induced immune cell proliferation and production of interferon-γ, interleukin (IL)-17, IL-6, and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor. In BALB/c mice, which are T-helper (Th) 2 prone and resistant to EAE, treatment with anti-FcεRIα antibody restored susceptibility to EAE. Conclusion: Our observations that anti-FcεRIα antibody increases Th1 and Th17 responses against myelin antigen and exacerbates EAE suggest that FcεRI, basophils, and possibly other FcεRI-bearing cells that might be affected by this antibody play important roles in influencing the severity of CNS autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Musio
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience (S.M., M. Costanza, R.P.), Foundation Neurological Institute IRCCS C. Besta, Milan; Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine (P.L.P., E.F., M. Cominelli), Pathology Unit, University of Brescia; Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine (G.A.), Fondazione IRCCS "Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori," Milan, Italy; and Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences (L.S.), Stanford University School of Medicine, CA
| | - Massimo Costanza
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience (S.M., M. Costanza, R.P.), Foundation Neurological Institute IRCCS C. Besta, Milan; Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine (P.L.P., E.F., M. Cominelli), Pathology Unit, University of Brescia; Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine (G.A.), Fondazione IRCCS "Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori," Milan, Italy; and Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences (L.S.), Stanford University School of Medicine, CA
| | - Pietro Luigi Poliani
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience (S.M., M. Costanza, R.P.), Foundation Neurological Institute IRCCS C. Besta, Milan; Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine (P.L.P., E.F., M. Cominelli), Pathology Unit, University of Brescia; Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine (G.A.), Fondazione IRCCS "Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori," Milan, Italy; and Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences (L.S.), Stanford University School of Medicine, CA
| | - Elena Fontana
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience (S.M., M. Costanza, R.P.), Foundation Neurological Institute IRCCS C. Besta, Milan; Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine (P.L.P., E.F., M. Cominelli), Pathology Unit, University of Brescia; Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine (G.A.), Fondazione IRCCS "Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori," Milan, Italy; and Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences (L.S.), Stanford University School of Medicine, CA
| | - Manuela Cominelli
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience (S.M., M. Costanza, R.P.), Foundation Neurological Institute IRCCS C. Besta, Milan; Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine (P.L.P., E.F., M. Cominelli), Pathology Unit, University of Brescia; Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine (G.A.), Fondazione IRCCS "Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori," Milan, Italy; and Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences (L.S.), Stanford University School of Medicine, CA
| | - Gabriella Abolafio
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience (S.M., M. Costanza, R.P.), Foundation Neurological Institute IRCCS C. Besta, Milan; Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine (P.L.P., E.F., M. Cominelli), Pathology Unit, University of Brescia; Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine (G.A.), Fondazione IRCCS "Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori," Milan, Italy; and Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences (L.S.), Stanford University School of Medicine, CA
| | - Lawrence Steinman
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience (S.M., M. Costanza, R.P.), Foundation Neurological Institute IRCCS C. Besta, Milan; Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine (P.L.P., E.F., M. Cominelli), Pathology Unit, University of Brescia; Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine (G.A.), Fondazione IRCCS "Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori," Milan, Italy; and Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences (L.S.), Stanford University School of Medicine, CA
| | - Rosetta Pedotti
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience (S.M., M. Costanza, R.P.), Foundation Neurological Institute IRCCS C. Besta, Milan; Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine (P.L.P., E.F., M. Cominelli), Pathology Unit, University of Brescia; Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine (G.A.), Fondazione IRCCS "Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori," Milan, Italy; and Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences (L.S.), Stanford University School of Medicine, CA
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6
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Alonso N, Diaz Nebreda A, Monczor F, Gutkind JS, Davio C, Fernandez N, Shayo C. PI3K pathway is involved in ERK signaling cascade activation by histamine H2R agonist in HEK293T cells. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2016; 1860:1998-2007. [PMID: 27316323 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2016.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Revised: 06/12/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Histamine, through histamine H2 receptor (H2R), modulates different biological processes, involving the modulation of PI3K/AKT/mTOR and RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK pathways. Many evidences have demonstrated the existence and importance of the crossregulation between these two signaling pathways. The aim of the present work was to determine the molecular mechanisms leading to PI3K and ERK pathways modulation induced by the H2R agonist amthamine and to evaluate the possible interplay between them. METHODS Phosphorylation levels of ERK and Akt were examined by Western blot in HEK293T cells expressing the human H2R, in the presence of H2R agonist and dominant negative mutants or pharmacological inhibitors of different proteins/pathways. Transcriptional activity assays were assessed to determine SRE activity. Amthamine-mediated cellular proliferation was investigated in MA-10A cells in the presence of PI3K inhibitor. RESULTS H2R agonist inhibits PI3K/Akt/mTOR and stimulates Ras/MEK/ERK pathways. Moreover, PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling inhibition is necessary to achieve H2R mediated ERK activation. In the presence of a constitutive active mutant of Akt, amthamine is not able to mediate ERK activation. This crosstalk affects classical ERK downstream targets such as Elk1 phosphorylation and the transcriptional activity of the SRE, classically associated to proliferation. We further demonstrate that amthamine-induced proliferation in Leydig MA-10 tumor cells, is enhanced by LY294002, a PI3K inhibitor. CONCLUSIONS These results describe a crosstalk between PI3K/AKT/mTOR and Ras/MEK/ERK pathways induced by H2R stimulation with implications in cell proliferation. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE This work indicates that the modulation of PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway by H2R in turn regulates Ras/MEK/ERK activation conditioning the proliferative capacity of the cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Alonso
- IBYME, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Laboratorio de Patología y Farmacología Molecular, CONICET, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Antonela Diaz Nebreda
- IBYME, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Laboratorio de Patología y Farmacología Molecular, CONICET, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Federico Monczor
- Cátedra de Química Medicinal, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina; ININFA, Instituto de Investigaciones Farmacológicas, UBA-CONICET, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Junin 956, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - J Silvio Gutkind
- Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, National Institute of Dental Research, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Carlos Davio
- Cátedra de Química Medicinal, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina; ININFA, Instituto de Investigaciones Farmacológicas, UBA-CONICET, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Junin 956, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Natalia Fernandez
- Cátedra de Química Medicinal, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina; ININFA, Instituto de Investigaciones Farmacológicas, UBA-CONICET, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Junin 956, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carina Shayo
- IBYME, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Laboratorio de Patología y Farmacología Molecular, CONICET, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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7
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Mocking TAM, Bosma R, Rahman SN, Verweij EWE, McNaught-Flores DA, Vischer HF, Leurs R. Molecular Aspects of Histamine Receptors. HISTAMINE RECEPTORS 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-40308-3_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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8
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Barkauskas DS, Dixon Dorand R, Myers JT, Evans TA, Barkauskas KJ, Askew D, Purgert R, Huang AY. Focal transient CNS vessel leak provides a tissue niche for sequential immune cell accumulation during the asymptomatic phase of EAE induction. Exp Neurol 2015; 266:74-85. [PMID: 25708987 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2015.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Revised: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Peripheral immune cells are critical to the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases including multiple sclerosis (MS) (Hendriks et al., 2005; Kasper and Shoemaker, 2010). However, the precise sequence of tissue events during the early asymptomatic induction phase of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) pathogenesis remains poorly defined. Due to the spatial-temporal constrains of traditional methods used to study this disease, most studies had been performed in the spine during peak clinical disease; thus the debate continues as to whether tissue changes such as vessel disruption represent a cause or a byproduct of EAE pathophysiology in the cortex. Here, we provide dynamic, high-resolution information on the evolving structural and cellular processes within the gray matter of the mouse cortex during the first 12 asymptomatic days of EAE induction. We observed that transient focal vessel disruptions precede microglia activation, followed by infiltration of and directed interaction between circulating dendritic cells and T cells. Histamine antagonist minimizes but not completely ameliorates blood vessel leaks. Histamine H1 receptor blockade prevents early microglia function, resulting in subsequent reduction in immune cell accumulation, disease incidence and clinical severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah S Barkauskas
- Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - R Dixon Dorand
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Jay T Myers
- Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Teresa A Evans
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Kestutis J Barkauskas
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University School of Engineering, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - David Askew
- Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Robert Purgert
- Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Alex Y Huang
- Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
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9
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Costanza M, Di Dario M, Steinman L, Farina C, Pedotti R. Gene expression analysis of histamine receptors in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from individuals with clinically-isolated syndrome and different stages of multiple sclerosis. J Neuroimmunol 2014; 277:186-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2014.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Revised: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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10
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Bosticardo M, Musio S, Fontana E, Angiari S, Draghici E, Constantin G, Poliani PL, Pedotti R, Villa A. Development of central nervous system autoimmunity is impaired in the absence of Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein. PLoS One 2014; 9:e86942. [PMID: 24466296 PMCID: PMC3900702 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0086942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Accepted: 12/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome protein (WASP) is a key regulator of the actin cytoskeleton in hematopoietic cells. Defective expression of WASP leads to multiple abnormalities in different hematopoietic cells. Despite severe impairment of T cell function, WAS patients exhibit a high prevalence of autoimmune disorders. We attempted to induce EAE, an animal model of organ-specific autoimmunity affecting the CNS that mimics human MS, in Was−/− mice. We describe here that Was−/− mice are markedly resistant against EAE, showing lower incidence and milder score, reduced CNS inflammation and demyelination as compared to WT mice. Microglia was only poorly activated in Was−/− mice. Antigen-induced T-cell proliferation, Th-1 and -17 cytokine production and integrin-dependent adhesion were increased in Was−/− mice. However, adoptive transfer of MOG-activated T cells from Was−/− mice in WT mice failed to induce EAE. Was−/− mice were resistant against EAE also when induced by adoptive transfer of MOG-activated T cells from WT mice. Was+/− heterozygous mice developed an intermediate clinical phenotype between WT and Was−/− mice, and they displayed a mixed population of WASP-positive and -negative T cells in the periphery but not in their CNS parenchyma, where the large majority of inflammatory cells expressed WASP. In conclusion, in absence of WASP, T-cell responses against a CNS autoantigen are increased, but the ability of autoreactive T cells to induce CNS autoimmunity is impaired, most probably because of an inefficient T-cell transmigration into the CNS and defective CNS resident microglial function.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Autoimmunity/immunology
- Blotting, Western
- Cell Adhesion
- Cell Movement
- Cell Proliferation
- Cells, Cultured
- Central Nervous System/immunology
- Central Nervous System/metabolism
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/metabolism
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/pathology
- Female
- Humans
- Immunoenzyme Techniques
- Integrins/metabolism
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Microglia
- Myelin Sheath
- Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome Protein/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Silvia Musio
- Foundation IRCCS Neurological Institute “C.Besta”, Neuroimmunology and Neuromuscular Disorders Unit, Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Fontana
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Pathology Unit, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Stefano Angiari
- Department of Pathology and Diagnosis, Section of General Pathology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | | | - Gabriela Constantin
- Department of Pathology and Diagnosis, Section of General Pathology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Pietro L. Poliani
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Pathology Unit, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Rosetta Pedotti
- Foundation IRCCS Neurological Institute “C.Besta”, Neuroimmunology and Neuromuscular Disorders Unit, Milan, Italy
- * E-mail: (AV); (RP)
| | - Anna Villa
- TIGET, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Milan Unit, Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Milan, Italy
- * E-mail: (AV); (RP)
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11
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Ling GS, Bennett J, Woollard KJ, Szajna M, Fossati-Jimack L, Taylor PR, Scott D, Franzoso G, Cook HT, Botto M. Integrin CD11b positively regulates TLR4-induced signalling pathways in dendritic cells but not in macrophages. Nat Commun 2014; 5:3039. [PMID: 24423728 PMCID: PMC3905776 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms4039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuned and distinct responses of macrophages and dendritic cells to Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) activation induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) underpin the balance between innate and adaptive immunity. However, the molecule(s) that confer these cell-type-specific LPS-induced effects remain poorly understood. Here we report that the integrin α(M) (CD11b) positively regulates LPS-induced signalling pathways selectively in myeloid dendritic cells but not in macrophages. In dendritic cells, which express lower levels of CD14 and TLR4 than macrophages, CD11b promotes MyD88-dependent and MyD88-independent signalling pathways. In particular, in dendritic cells CD11b facilitates LPS-induced TLR4 endocytosis and is required for the subsequent signalling in the endosomes. Consistent with this, CD11b deficiency dampens dendritic cell-mediated TLR4-triggered responses in vivo leading to impaired T-cell activation. Thus, by modulating the trafficking and signalling functions of TLR4 in a cell-type-specific manner CD11b fine tunes the balance between adaptive and innate immune responses initiated by LPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang Sheng Ling
- Centre for Complement and Inflammation Research, Department of Medicine, Imperial College, Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Jason Bennett
- Centre for Cell Signalling and Inflammation, Department of Medicine, Imperial College, Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Kevin J. Woollard
- Renal and Vascular Inflammation Section, Division of Immunology and Inflammation, Department of Medicine, Imperial College, Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Marta Szajna
- Centre for Complement and Inflammation Research, Department of Medicine, Imperial College, Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Liliane Fossati-Jimack
- Centre for Complement and Inflammation Research, Department of Medicine, Imperial College, Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Philip R. Taylor
- Cardiff Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Tenovus Building, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Diane Scott
- Centre for Complement and Inflammation Research, Department of Medicine, Imperial College, Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Guido Franzoso
- Centre for Cell Signalling and Inflammation, Department of Medicine, Imperial College, Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - H. Terence Cook
- Centre for Complement and Inflammation Research, Department of Medicine, Imperial College, Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Marina Botto
- Centre for Complement and Inflammation Research, Department of Medicine, Imperial College, Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
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12
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Neuroendocrine immunoregulation in multiple sclerosis. Clin Dev Immunol 2013; 2013:705232. [PMID: 24382974 PMCID: PMC3870621 DOI: 10.1155/2013/705232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Revised: 09/29/2013] [Accepted: 09/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Currently, it is generally accepted that multiple sclerosis (MS) is a complex multifactorial disease involving genetic and environmental factors affecting the autoreactive immune responses that lead to damage of myelin. In this respect, intrinsic or extrinsic factors such as emotional, psychological, traumatic, or inflammatory stress as well as a variety of other lifestyle interventions can influence the neuroendocrine system. On its turn, it has been demonstrated that the neuroendocrine system has immunomodulatory potential. Moreover, the neuroendocrine and immune systems communicate bidirectionally via shared receptors and shared messenger molecules, variously called hormones, neurotransmitters, or cytokines. Discrepancies at any level can therefore lead to changes in susceptibility and to severity of several autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. Here we provide an overview of the complex system of crosstalk between the neuroendocrine and immune system as well as reported dysfunctions involved in the pathogenesis of autoimmunity, including MS. Finally, possible strategies to intervene with the neuroendocrine-immune system for MS patient management will be discussed. Ultimately, a better understanding of the interactions between the neuroendocrine system and the immune system can open up new therapeutic approaches for the treatment of MS as well as other autoimmune diseases.
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Costanza M, Colombo MP, Pedotti R. Mast cells in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Int J Mol Sci 2012. [PMID: 23203114 PMCID: PMC3509630 DOI: 10.3390/ijms131115107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Mast cells (MCs) are best known as key immune players in immunoglobulin E (IgE)-dependent allergic reactions. In recent years, several lines of evidence have suggested that MCs might play an important role in several pathological conditions, including autoimmune disorders such as multiple sclerosis (MS) and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model for MS. Since their first description in MS plaques in the late 1800s, much effort has been put into elucidating the contribution of MCs to the development of central nervous system (CNS) autoimmunity. Mouse models of MC-deficiency have provided a valuable experimental tool for dissecting MC involvement in MS and EAE. However, to date there is still major controversy concerning the function of MCs in these diseases. Indeed, although MCs have been classically proposed as having a detrimental and pro-inflammatory role, recent literature has questioned and resized the contribution of MCs to the pathology of MS and EAE. In this review, we will present the main evidence obtained in MS and EAE on this topic, and discuss the critical and controversial aspects of such evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Costanza
- Neuroimmunology and Neuromuscular Disorder Unit, Neurological Institute Foundation IRCCS C. Besta, via Amadeo 42, Milan 20133, Italy; E-Mail:
| | - Mario P. Colombo
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, via Amadeo 42, Milan 20133, Italy; E-Mail:
| | - Rosetta Pedotti
- Neuroimmunology and Neuromuscular Disorder Unit, Neurological Institute Foundation IRCCS C. Besta, via Amadeo 42, Milan 20133, Italy; E-Mail:
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +39-02-23944654; Fax: +39-02-23944708
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Saligrama N, Noubade R, Case LK, del Rio R, Teuscher C. Combinatorial roles for histamine H1-H2 and H3-H4 receptors in autoimmune inflammatory disease of the central nervous system. Eur J Immunol 2012; 42:1536-46. [PMID: 22678907 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201141859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system in which histamine (HA) and its receptors have been implicated in disease pathogenesis. HA exerts its effects through four different G protein-coupled receptors designated H(1)-H(4). We previously examined the effects of traditional single HA receptor (HR) knockouts (KOs) in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE), the autoimmune model of MS. Our results revealed that H(1) R and H(2) R are propathogenic, while H(3) R and H(4) R are antipathogenic. This suggests that combinatorial targeting of HRs may be an effective disease-modifying therapy (DMT) in MS. To test this hypothesis, we generated H(1) H(2) RKO and H(3) H(4) RKO mice and studied them for susceptibility to EAE. Compared with wild-type (WT) mice, H(1) H(2) RKO mice developed a less severe clinical disease course, whereas the disease course of H(3) H(4) RKO mice was more severe. H(1) H(2) RKO mice also developed less neuropathology and disrupted blood brain barrier permeability compared with WT and H(3) H(4) RKO mice. Additionally, splenocytes from immunized H(1) H(2) RKO mice produced less interferon(IFN)-γ and interleukin(IL)-17. These findings support the concept that combined pharmacological targeting of HRs may be an appropriate ancillary DMT in MS and other immunopathologic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naresha Saligrama
- Department of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont 05405, USA
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15
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Biswas S, Benedict SH, Lynch SG, LeVine SM. Potential immunological consequences of pharmacological suppression of gastric acid production in patients with multiple sclerosis. BMC Med 2012; 10:57. [PMID: 22676575 PMCID: PMC3386885 DOI: 10.1186/1741-7015-10-57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2012] [Accepted: 06/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Corticosteroids are standard treatment for patients with multiple sclerosis experiencing acute relapse. Because dyspeptic pain is a common side effect of this intervention, patients can be given a histamine receptor-2 antagonist, proton pump inhibitor or antacid to prevent or ameliorate this disturbance. Additionally, patients with multiple sclerosis may be taking these medications independent of corticosteroid treatment. Interventions for gastric disturbances can influence the activation state of the immune system, a principal mediator of pathology in multiple sclerosis. Although histamine release promotes inflammation, activation of the histamine receptor-2 can suppress a proinflammatory immune response, and blocking histamine receptor-2 with an antagonist could shift the balance more towards immune stimulation. Studies utilizing an animal model of multiple sclerosis indicate that histamine receptor-2 antagonists potentially augment disease activity in patients with multiple sclerosis. In contrast, proton pump inhibitors appear to favor immune suppression, but have not been studied in models of multiple sclerosis. Antacids, histamine receptor-2 antagonists and proton pump inhibitors also could alter the intestinal microflora, which may indirectly lead to immune stimulation. Additionally, elevated gastric pH can promote the vitamin B12 deficiency that patients with multiple sclerosis are at risk of developing. Here, we review possible roles of gastric acid inhibitors on immunopathogenic mechanisms associated with multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangita Biswas
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
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16
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Passani MB, Ballerini C. Histamine and neuroinflammation: insights from murine experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Front Syst Neurosci 2012; 6:32. [PMID: 22563309 PMCID: PMC3342557 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2012.00032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2012] [Accepted: 04/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory, neurodegenerative disease of the CNS whose pathogenesis remains largely unknown, and available therapies are rarely successful in reversing neurological deficits or stopping disease progression. Ongoing studies on MS and the widely used murine model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) are focused on the many components of this complex and heterogeneous neurodegenerative disease in the hope of providing a mechanism-based characterization of MS that will afford successful strategies to limit and repair the neuronal damage. Recently, histamine has been postulated to have a key regulatory role in EAE and MS pathogenesis. Histamine is a mediator of inflammation and immune responses, exerting its many actions through four G protein-coupled receptors (H1,2,3,4R) that signal through distinct intracellular pathways and have different therapeutic potentials as they vary in expression, isoform distribution, signaling properties, and function. Immune cells involved in MS/EAE, including dendritic cells (DCs) and T lymphocytes, express H1R, H2R and H4R, and histamine may have varying and counteracting effects on a particular cell type, depending on the receptor subtypes being activated. Here, we review evidence of the complex and controversial role of histamine in the pathogenesis of MS and EAE and evaluate the therapeutic potential of histaminergic ligands in the treatment of autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria B Passani
- Dipartimento di Farmacologia Preclinica e Clinica, Universita' di Firenze Firenze, Italy
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del Rio R, Noubade R, Saligrama N, Wall EH, Krementsov DN, Poynter ME, Zachary JF, Thurmond RL, Teuscher C. Histamine H4 receptor optimizes T regulatory cell frequency and facilitates anti-inflammatory responses within the central nervous system. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 188:541-7. [PMID: 22147765 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1101498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Histamine is a biogenic amine that mediates multiple physiological processes, including immunomodulatory effects in allergic and inflammatory reactions, and also plays a key regulatory role in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis, the autoimmune model of multiple sclerosis. The pleiotropic effects of histamine are mediated by four G protein-coupled receptors, as follows: Hrh1/H(1)R, Hrh2/H(2)R, Hrh3/H(3)R, and Hrh4/H(4)R. H(4)R expression is primarily restricted to hematopoietic cells, and its role in autoimmune inflammatory demyelinating disease of the CNS has not been studied. In this study, we show that, compared with wild-type mice, animals with a disrupted Hrh4 (H(4)RKO) develop more severe myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)(35\x{2013}55)-induced experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. Mechanistically, we also show that H(4)R plays a role in determining the frequency of T regulatory (T(R)) cells in secondary lymphoid tissues, and regulates T(R) cell chemotaxis and suppressor activity. Moreover, the lack of H(4)R leads to an impairment of an anti-inflammatory response due to fewer T(R) cells in the CNS during the acute phase of the disease and an increase in the proportion of Th17 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxana del Rio
- Department of Medicine, Immunobiology Program, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
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Larochelle C, Alvarez JI, Prat A. How do immune cells overcome the blood-brain barrier in multiple sclerosis? FEBS Lett 2011; 585:3770-80. [PMID: 21550344 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2011.04.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 260] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2011] [Revised: 04/26/2011] [Accepted: 04/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The presence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) restricts the movement of soluble mediators and leukocytes from the periphery to the central nervous system (CNS). Leukocyte entry into the CNS is nonetheless an early event in multiple sclerosis (MS), an inflammatory disorder of the CNS. Whether BBB dysfunction precedes immune cell infiltration or is the consequence of perivascular leukocyte accumulation remains enigmatic, but leukocyte migration modifies BBB permeability. Immune cells of MS subjects express inflammatory cytokines, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and enzymes that can facilitate their migration to the CNS by influencing BBB function, either directly or indirectly. In this review, we describe how immune cells from the peripheral blood overcome the BBB and promote CNS inflammation in MS through BBB disruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Larochelle
- Neuroimmunology Research Laboratory, Center of Excellence in Neuromics, CRCHUM, Notre-Dame Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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Exacerbated experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in mast-cell-deficient Kit W-sh/W-sh mice. J Transl Med 2011; 91:627-41. [PMID: 21321538 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2011.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Mast cell (MC)-deficient c-Kit mutant Kit(W/W-v) mice are protected against experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of multiple sclerosis, suggesting a detrimental role for MCs in this disease. To further investigate the role of MCs in EAE, we took advantage of a recently characterized model of MC deficiency, Kit(W-sh/W-sh). Surprisingly, we observed that myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)(35-55)-induced chronic EAE was exacerbated in Kit(W-sh/W-sh) compared with Kit(+/+) mice. Kit(W-sh/W-sh) mice showed more inflammatory foci in the central nervous system (CNS) and increased T-cell response against myelin. To understand whether the discrepant results obtained in Kit(W-sh/W-sh) and in Kit(W/W-v) mice were because of the different immunization protocols, we induced EAE in these two strains with varying doses of MOG(35-55) and adjuvants. Although Kit(W-sh/W-sh) mice exhibited exacerbated EAE under all immunization protocols, Kit(W/W-v) mice were protected from EAE only when immunized with high, but not low, doses of antigen and adjuvants. Kit(W-sh/W-sh) mice reconstituted systemically, but not in the CNS, with bone marrow-derived MCs still developed exacerbated EAE, indicating that protection from disease could be exerted by MCs mainly in the CNS, and/or by other cells possibly dysregulated in Kit(W-sh/W-sh) mice. In summary, these data suggest to reconsider MC contribution to EAE, taking into account the variables of using different experimental models and immunization protocols.
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